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Brief Summary

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Pachycondyla is a diverse group of 261 species and 61 species of stinging ponerine ants that are widespread in the world's tropics and subtropics. Most are general predators or scavengers, with some specializing in hunting termites. They nest on the ground, sometimes in the open, sometimes under rocks, logs or grass tufts.16 fossil species have also been identified (Wikipedia 2013; Bolton 2014).

Although officially a genus, Pachycondyla is a polyphyletic group, consisting of many subgenera with unclear relationships that will likely prove to be valid, distinct genera (Wikipedia 2013; TOL 2004).

Because they are similar in body shape, Pachycondyla workers are often confused with workers of species in the genera Cryptopone, Hypoponera and Ponera. Pachycondyla can be distinguished by the two spurs on the tip of the tibia on their hind legs: a larger serrated one and a smaller simple one. Species in the other genera have just the large spur (Shattuck 2000).

Two known Malayan Pachycondyla species are extraordinary in producing large quantities of defensive foam when threatened. These species have enlarged venom glands in their sting, in which they produce proteinaceous secretions.Scientists suggest that spiricles on the spiracular plate force air into the sting chamber to froth the secretions into a foam, which is then expelled in threads.These species also have a reduced Defore’s gland, so don’t produce the lipophilic hydrocarbons usually contributed by this organ to venom; when tested, these lipophilic hydrocarbons inhibited foaming of protein solutions, suggesting that in order to produce the foam, Defore’s gland must be deactivated. These ants do retain the ability to sting which is useful for prey capture and defense from large predators, but far less effective against small, fast, numerous invading arthropods (such as ants).Production of defensive foam, on the other hand, successfully fights off these smaller pests (Wikipedia 2013; Maschwitz et al. 1981).

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Diagnostic Description

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(Fig. 9)

Males winged. Antennal scrobe absent. Mandibles reduced in size. If triangular in form (one species) then the masticatory margins do not completely overlap each other even when fully closed. Basal cavity of mandible extends to its front face. Basal cavity visible in full-face view in species with reduced mandibles, but invisible in species with triangular mandible. Notauli not impressed on mesoscutum in large species but clearly impressed in several medium or small species. Mesepimeron bearing distinct (epimeral) lobe posterodorsally, lobe covering mesothoracic spiracle and forming a seemingly isolated plate. Dorsolateral corner of petiole in anterior view without distinct projection, usually evenly rounded. Apical margin of abdominal tergum VIII projecting strongly into sharp spine in most cases, though spine lacking in several small species. Jugal lobe of hind wing present in most but not all species. Each middle and hind tibia with two spurs. Claws simple or with one or two preapical teeth, but never multidentate or pectinate.

Remarks. This genus (sensu Bolton 1995) is now considered to be paraphyletic (P. S. Ward unpublished). In the region, the males are divided into four distinct groups (Table 1). We keep these groups separate to facilitate naming them once a new generic classification for Pachycondyla is developed based on molecular work.

Each is characterized by a combination of characters in the notauli, the terminal spine on abdominal tergum VIII, and the jugal lobe (Table 1). Section 01 consists of large, blackish-colored males (Figs. 9a-e), section 02 of small, yellowish-colored males (Figs. 9f-i), section 03 includes males having somewhat developed mandibles, and section 04 consists of reddish-colored males having a clypeus as long as males in Leptogenys . Several sections are similar to other genera; characters distinguishing Pachycondyla from those genera are given under the respective genera.

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bibliographic citation
Yoshimura, M., 2007, A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae., Zootaxa, pp. 21-40, vol. 1654
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Yoshimura, M.
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Diagnostic Description

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[[ worker ]] Der Kopf ohne Oberkiefer viereckig, diese sind lang dreieckig mit saegezaehnigem Kaurande, vom Rande des Mandibelgelenkes zieht bei manchen Arten eine Kante zum Auge. Der Clypeus ist in der Mitte gewoelbt, vor den Fuehlergelenken bogenfoermig ausgeschnitten, zwischen den Stirnleisten verschmaelert sich der Clypeus stark zwischen den Fuehlern zu einem schmalen Kiele und erweitert sich zuletzt abgerundet lanzettlich vor dem hintern Ende der Stirnleisten. Die Fuehler zwoelfgliedrig, das erste Geisselglied ist kuerzer als das zweite. Die Augen liegen meist vor, selten in der Mitte am Seitenrande des Kopfes. Die Ocellen fehlen. Der Thorax ist unbewehrt, oben von vorne nach hinten gerade oder schwach gekruemmt, nicht oder sehr wenig eingeschnuert. Das Pronotum ist oben ziemlich abgeflacht und hat seitlich eine scharfe oder stumpfe Kante. Das Mesonotum ist halb oder mehr als halb so lang als das Pronotum. Schuppe knotenfoermig oder mehr oder weniger wuerfelig, stark wechselnd in der Form, stets ungezaehnt. Der Hinterleib ist zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Segmente massig oder kaum merklich eingeschnuert. Die Krallen der Tarsen sind einfach.

[[ queen ]] Dem [[ worker ]] sehr aehnlich. Das Pronotum ebenfalls beiderseits mit einer Laengskante. Die Vorderfluegel mit zwei Cubital- und einer Discoidalzelle.

[[ male ]] Die Mandibeln sind sehr klein und ungezaehnt. Der Clypeus gross, vorne gewoelbt, vor den Fuehlern mit einem bogigen nach vorne concaven Eindrucke, hinten verlaengert sich der Clypeus zwischen den Fuehlergelenken und endet abgerundet zwischen den Stirnleisten. Die Stirnleisten sind hoechst unentwickelt und schuetzen das Fuehlergelenk nur als kurze, schmale, schief von vorne innen nach hinten aussen gerichtete Leistchen. Der Schaft der 13 gliedrigen langen Fuehler ist sehr kurz, der Gelenkskopf abgerechnet, nur unbedeutend laenger als breit. Das erste Glied der fadenfoermigen Geissel ist nur so lang als breit, das zweite Geisselglied ist das laengste und die folgenden nehmen stetig an Laenge und auch sehr unbedeutend an Dicke ab. Die Fuehler entspringen zwischen den Netzaugen, welche gross, oval und so ziemlich in der Mitte der Kopfseiten gelegen sind. Das Pronotum ist seitlich stumpf und schwach gerandet. Das Mesonotum, welches das Pronotum nicht ueberragt, sondern vom Vorderrande des Thorax entfernt liegt, hat oben zwei nach hinten convergirende, eingedrueckte Linien, welche mit der Pro- und Mesonotalnaht ein gleichschenkliges Dreieck einschliessen. Das Schildchen ist gewoelbt und nimmt den hoechsten Punct des Thorax ein. (Dr. Roger gibt in der Beschreibung des [[ male ]] seiner P. villosa in seinen „ Poneraartigen Ameisen " an, dass das Schildchen niedriger als das Mesonotum ist, was wol ein Schreibfehler sein duerfte). Schuppe knotenfoermig. Das 1. Hinterleibssegment ist vom 2. stark abgeschnuert. Das Dorsalstueck des letzten Hinterleibssegmentes endet in einen dreieckigen lang spitzigen, gekruemmten Dorn. Die aeusseren Genitalklappen sind laenglich, parallelrandig, am Ende schief abgestutzt mit stark gerundeten Ecken. Die Krallen der Tarsen haben in der Mitte einen kleinen spitzen Zahn. Die Fluegel sind wie beim [[ queen ]].

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Mayr, G., 1862, Myrmecologische Studien., Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, pp. 649-776, vol. 12
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Mayr, G.
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Diagnostic Description

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Head oblong, subquadrate, the anterior margin of the clypeus rounded; mandibles large, stout and produced, their inner margin denticulate; antennae clavate; eyes placed forward on the sides of the head, ovate, and of a medium size; the labial palpi 4-jointed, the maxillary palpi 4-jointed. Thorax oblong, and slightly narrowed posteriorly; the calcaria pectinate. Abdomen elongate; the node of the peduncle incrassate, quadrate or subquadrate, elevated to the same level as the first segment, and usually of nearly the same width.

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Smith, F., Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., pp. -
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Smith, F.
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Pachycondyla

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Pachycondyla is a ponerine genus of ants found in the Neotropics.

Distribution

Pachycondyla is currently distributed from southern United States to northern Argentina,[1] but some fossil species (e.g. P. eocenica and P. lutzi) are found in Europe.

Species

The genus formerly contained hundreds of species, most of them belonging to at the time junior synonyms of Pachycondyla. While revising the ponerines, Schmidt & Shattuck (2014) revived many of the former synonyms, leaving only eleven species in Pachycondyla. They were not able to place some species with certainty, and left more than twenty species incertae sedis in Pachycondyla, acknowledging that "this placement is undoubtedly incorrect".[1]

incertae sedis

P. eocenica holotype

References

  1. ^ a b c Schmidt, C. A.; Shattuck, S. O. (2014). "The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior". Zootaxa. 3817 (1): 1–242. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1. PMID 24943802.
  2. ^ a b c Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Perfilieva, K. S. (2015). "The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Bol'shaya Svetlovodnaya (late Eocene of Sikhote-Alin, Russian far east)". Caucasian Entomological Bulletin. 11 (1): 131–152. doi:10.23885/1814-3326-2015-11-1-131-152.

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Pachycondyla: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Pachycondyla is a ponerine genus of ants found in the Neotropics.

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