Greater grisons communicate a number of ways, though based on observations in the field; it would seem that they have a greater reliance on olfaction than on vision. They engage in scent marking, by brushing their musk-coated tails over surfaces. Grisons also have a wide variety of vocalizations, including: snorting when alarmed or upset, purring when stroked, panting when moving from place to place, squealing during play and barking during aggressive displays.
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources lists Galictis vittata as a species of least concern for conservation, due to the absence of major threats and its wide area of distribution. Population trends are listed as stable.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: appendix iii
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Greater grisons are not valuable as game, but they may become an agricultural nuisance. In some instances they may prey on domestic chickens.
If raised in captivity from a young age, greater grisons reportedly make affectionate pets. In some instances, they are also kept in captivity for the purpose of controlling rodent populations.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
The primary role that greater grisons fill in their ecosystem is that of a predator, namely, preying on small terrestrial vertebrates. In addition, greater grisons may act as vectors for various diseases. Like many carnivores, they are susceptible to canine distemper. Grisons may also contract a fungus, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, in their lungs. They are hosts to ticks, such as Amblyomma ovale and Amblyomma aureolatum and are susceptible to Trypanosoma cruzi.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Greater grisons are carnivores, though they are also quite opportunistic and will eat some plant matter, such as bananas, if offered. In the wild, their prey of choice depends on their specific locale, but in general, they hunt primarily mammals, such as agoutis and opossums. The stomachs contents of wild grisons have also been found to contain amphibians, invertebrates, reptiles, and birds. Grisons have been observed hunting in pairs as well as alone. When attacking prey, greater grisons aim for the back of the head or neck of their prey and bite down hard to kill. In captivity, grisons have been observed holding food items with their forepaws, although they do not appear to use their feet to actually manipulate food items.
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles
Plant Foods: fruit
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)
Greater grisons are native to Neotropical regions including Central and South America. They have been documented as far north as Mexico and as far south as Argentina. The total geographic range for this species is estimated at 13,083,600 km2, although their population density is low within that range. Their range may overlap with their smaller relative, lesser grisons (Galictis cuja).
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Greater grisons occupy a wide variety of terrestrial habitats, though they are generally found near streams, rivers or wetlands. Much of their time is spent in closed habitats including deciduous, rain, tropical or dry forest and shrub woodland. They have also been observed in open savanna, as well as cultivated areas such as plantations, cane fields or partially flooded rice fields. Galictis vittata occurs at elevations as high as 1,500 m above sea level, though it is usually found at lower elevations, most often below 500 m.
Range elevation: 500 - 1500 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest
Other Habitat Features: agricultural
The lifespan of Galictis vittata has not been recorded for wild populations; although, there has been a published description of a captive grison still living at ten years and six months of age.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 10.5 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 10.5 years.
Greater grisons are often described as large weasels. They have long, slim bodies, with short legs and a short, long-haired tail. Their toes have pearlescent blue claws and are padded and partially webbed along approximately three quarters of their length. Galictis vittata has a small, flat head with small, whitish, relatively broad, rounded ears and brown or black eyes that reflect blue light in the dark. Most striking of all is the coloration of their fur, which itself is fairly coarse, with a softer undercoat. Their dorsum is grey and separated from their black or grizzled under-parts by a light-colored, half-inch wide stripe running across their forehead and down the sides of either shoulder. Greater grisons are similar in appearance to their close relative, lesser grisons, but can be distinguished from the latter based on their larger size and their white or grey-tipped dorsal guard hairs, compared to the buff yellow-tipped dorsal guard hairs of lesser grisons. Their body length, including their tail, ranges from 60 to 76 cm, with weight records ranging from 1.4 to 3.8 kg. Female greater grisons tend to be slightly smaller and more slender than males. One team of researchers recorded a length of 68.58 cm for their captive male grison, compared to 60.96 cm for their captive female. Similarly, the captive male had an average mass of 3.3 kg compared to 1.8 kg for the female, a difference of 1.5 kg. As is typical of most mustelid species, males have a baculum. Both males and females have anal glands on either side of their anus. The dental formula for this species is I3/3 + C1/1 + P3/3 + M1/2, giving Galictis vittata a total of 34 teeth.
Range mass: 1.4 to 3.8 kg.
Range length: 600 to 760 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Information regarding predators of this species is not available.
Information on the mating system of greater grisons is lacking; however, their close relative, Galictis cuja, may potentially be monogamous.
Mating System: monogamous
The birth of their offspring has been recorded in every month between March and October, excluding April and July. Gestation is about 39 days, with an average of one offspring per litter and a maximum of four. Young are born quite helpless, with closed eyes and weigh less than 50 g, although their hair is short, the characteristic coat pattern is already evident. Around one week of age, offspring open their eyes and by two weeks, they are able to eat meat successfully, although offspring are not completely weaned until about three and a half weeks of age. Greater grisons are fully grown at four months of age, around the same time that the testes descend in males.
Range number of offspring: 2 to 4.
Average number of offspring: 2.
Average gestation period: 39 days.
Average weaning age: 3.5 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average gestation period: 40 days.
Average number of offspring: 2.
Female greater grisons nurse their offspring until they are weaned at approximately 3.5 weeks of age. Small groups of grisons observed hunting and exploring together are usually assumed to be mothers with older offspring, indicating that offspring likely associate with their mothers for a certain amount of time post-weaning.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; post-independence association with parents
The greater grison (Galictis vittata) is a species of mustelid native to Southern Mexico, Central America, and South America.
The greater grison is a slender animal with short legs, a long neck, and a short, bushy tail. They are similar in appearance to the closely related lesser grison, from which they can be most readily distinguished by their greater size, with a head-body length ranging from 45 to 60 centimetres (18 to 24 in). Adults weigh between 1.5 and 3.8 kilograms (3.3 and 8.4 lb) in the wild, but may become larger when reared in captivity.[2]
The back, flanks, top of the head, and the tail, are grizzled grey in color, while the rest of the body is much darker, and usually solid black. A narrow whitish stripe separates the darker and lighter fur on the head and shoulder, but not further back, where the two colors may, in some individuals, blur into one another. The tail is 14 to 20 centimetres (5.5 to 7.9 in) long, and covered with bushy hair similar in color to that on the animal's back. The head is flattened and broad, with short, rounded ears, and dark brown to black eyes. The legs are muscular, with five webbed toes, each ending in a sharp, curved claw.[2]
Greater grisons are native to North and South America, ranging from southern Mexico in the north, to central Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia in the south. They inhabit a wide range of forest and cerrado habitats, and are usually seen near rivers and streams. They are typically found at elevations below 500 metres (1,600 ft), but they may be found as high as 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in some parts of the Bolivian Andes.[2] In some regions, they may also be found in cultivated areas, such as plantations and rice paddies.[1] Four living, and one fossil subspecies are recognised:[3]
Greater grisons are primarily terrestrial, although they can climb trees and swim well. They are mostly diurnal, and only occasionally active at night.[4] They live alone or in pairs, with home ranges of at least 4.2 square kilometres (1.6 sq mi), and a very low population density, such that they are rarely encountered in the wild. They spend the night sleeping in cavities in hollow logs or beneath tree roots, or else in the abandoned burrows of other animals.[4]
Little is known of their diet, although it consists largely of small vertebrates, such as fish, amphibians, birds, and other mammals.[5] While hunting, they move in a zigzag pattern, making short bounds and occasionally stopping to look around with their heads raised and sniff the air. When moving more cautiously, they press their bodies close to the ground in a movement that has been described as 'snake-like'. They have been reported to respond to threats with a series of grunts that rise in intensity and frequency until they become rapid barks, and finally a single loud scream with their teeth bared.[2]
Like many other mustelids, greater grisons possess anal scent glands that secrete a yellowish or greenish musk. Although not especially noxious in comparison with that of other species, this can be sprayed at attackers, as well as being used to mark the grison's territory.[2]
Litters of up to four young are born from March to September, after a gestation period of 39 days. Newborn young weigh less than 50 grams (1.8 oz), and are initially blind, although with a short coat of hair already bearing the adult pattern. Their eyes open after two weeks, and they begin to eat solid food at three weeks, reaching the adult size in just four months.[4] They have lived for at least ten years in captivity.[2]
The greater grison (Galictis vittata) is a species of mustelid native to Southern Mexico, Central America, and South America.
