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While in the wild, this species of vampire bat may live about 9 years. In captivity they may survive much longer ("Vampire Bats" 2001).

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Krystal Owens, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Conservation Status

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Hairy-legged vampire bats are the rarest of the three vampire bat species (McCarthy 1987).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Krystal Owens, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Because hairy-legged vampire bats almost always feed by taking the blood of birds, they rarely attack humans. If they were to bite a human, the wounds would not be serious. However, it is possible for them to transmit rabies and other diseases through those wounds. Because hairy-legged vampire bats may occasionally take blood from livestock and trasmit diseases, they are potentially economically important to cattlemen and sportsmen of Texas as a reservoir of bovine paralytic rabies (Texas Parks & Wildlife 1994; Carattini 2001; Britannica 1999-2000).

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Benefits

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Diphylla ecaudata produces an anticoagulant in their saliva that is about 20 times more powerful than any other anticoagulant known. The saliva has been used as a blood-thinning drug to treat heart attacks and strokes in humans ("Vampire Bats" 2001).

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Krystal Owens, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Hairy-legged vampire bats feed on the blood of warm-blooded vertebrates, mostly birds, including domestic chickens. Through the use of heat sensors on their nose, these vampire bats can seek an area of the prey's skin where there is a good amount of blood close to the surface. They lick the skin to soften the bite area and to rid it of hair or feathers. They then bite a small, V-shaped wound which is about 2.5 mm deep. Usually the victim is not aware of the bite. It has been observed that these bats attack the legs and cloacal region of chickens and then suck up the blood while in an upright position. When feeding on birds roosting in trees, these bats grip a branch with their hind feet and thumbs. They then situate themselves underneath a bird and make an incision. Terrestrial locomotion has not been reported in this species of vampire bat. An anticoagulant in the saliva allows blood to flow freely from the wound.

The feeding process usually takes about a half an hour. An adult may consume about 5 teaspoons of blood, which is about half of its body weight. After the bat feeds, it urinates continuously until it is light enough to fly again. The longest this bat can go without eating is 2 nights. If Diphylla ecaudata does not eat for more than 2 nights in a row then it will die from starvation. It has been estimated that about 1/3 of hairy-legged vampire bats does not eat each night, they must then rely on shared food from roost mates (Schutt & Altenbach 1997; Tomlinson; Texas Parks & Wildlife 1994).

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Krystal Owens, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Diphylla ecaudata can be found from southern Texas to eastern Peru and southern Brazil (Carattini 2001; Texas Parks & Wildlife 1994).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Habitat

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Diphylla ecaudata is primarily an inhabitant of tropical and subtropical forestlands. They can be found in both mesic, forested and arid, open areas. During the daytime these bats roost in caves, mine tunnels, hollow trees, or abandoned buildings ("Vampire Bats" 2001; Texas Parks & Wildlife 1994).

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Krystal Owens, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Diphylla ecaudata, commonly referred to as hairy-legged vampire bats, range from reddish brown to sooty brown in color. They have a narrow, hairy interfemoral membrane and a pug-nosed snout. Hairy-legged vampire bats are distinguished by their typically smaller body and ears than other vampire bats. They also have a total of 26 teeth, more than other vampire bat species. Hairy-legged vampire bats have highly modified upper incisors. These incisors are larger than the canines and occlude against each other so that they are continuously sharpened to a very fine edge. The outer incisors are much reduced (Carattini 2001; Texas Parks and Wildlife 1994).

Range mass: 30 to 40 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Krystal Owens, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Diphylla ecaudata is sexually mature at 9 months and reproductively active throughout the year. Common months of pregnancy for females have been reported to be in March, July, August, October, and November. Gestation is 6 to 8 months. The number of embryos per female is normally one and they may produce a single offspring one or two times a year (Texas Parks & Wildlife 1994).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

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Owens, K. 2002. "Diphylla ecaudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html
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Krystal Owens, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Habitan en bosques húmedos y secos, también en bosques de galería.
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Conservation Status ( Spanish; Castilian )

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ESTADO:
Es considerada como una especie plaga, pues se alimenta de la sangre, principalmente de aves de corral.
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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Localidad del tipo:
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Longitud de la cabeza y cuerpo 69-82mm, longitud de la cola 0mm, longitud del pie 15-18mm, longitud de la oreja 16-18mm, longitud del antebrazo 49-56mm, peso 18-33g..Tamaño mediano. La parte dorsal es café parduzco. La parte ventral es parduzca. El pelaje es largo y maleable. Las orejas son pequeñas, anchas y redondeadas (más anchas que largas). Los ojos son muy grandes. Tiene un cojincillo en forma de M sobre las ventanas de la nariz. Los incisivos superiores son largos y punteados. No tiene cola y casi no tiene uropatagio. Las patas traseras son densamente peludas. Los antebrazos, bastante peludos. Las membranas y las alas son negruzcas.
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Reproduction ( Spanish; Castilian )

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En el Parque Nacional Palo Verde (Guanacaste) fue capturada una hembra preñada, en noviembre (final de la estación lluviosa-inicios de la estación seca).
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Trophic Strategy ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Se alimentan de sangre de aves.
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Distribucion en Costa Rica: Tierras bajas y medias de la vertiente pacífica (tierras bajas de Guanacaste, faldas del Volcán Rincón de la Vieja, Monteverde y Península de Osa). Se localiza, aproximadamente, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 1.500m.s.n.m.
Distribucion General: Desde el sur de E.E.U.U. y este de México hasta Venezuela, Perú y este de Brasil. Se encuentran en las tierras bajas hasta los 1.900m.s.n.m..
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Behavior ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Son nocturnos.
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Vampir escuat ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El vampir escuat (Diphylla ecaudata) és una de les tres espècies de vampir, i pertany al gènere monotípic Diphylla. Malgrat la concepció comuna que els vampirs s'alimenten de sang de mamífers, aquesta espècie s'alimenta principalment de la d'ocells. Viu a les selves tropicals i subtropicals de Sud-amèrica.

Generalment descansa de dia amb menys de 12 individus en una cova, encara que un cop es van trobar en una cova 35 individus. També comparteix l'aliment regurgitant-lo.[1]

Té una bona visió, encara que la seva ecolocalització és pobre.[2] Sovint comparteix refugi amb el vampir comú, encara que és un ratpenat solitari i no forma grups. No té solcs linguals sota la llengua com les altres dues espècies de vampir, però té un solc al llarg de la boca que podria servir com a "canal sanguini".[3]

Pot ser portador de la ràbia.

Referències

  1. Elizalde-Arellano C, López-Vidal JC, Arroyo-Cabrales J «Food sharing behavior in the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata.». Acta Chiropterologica [Medellín RA, Laundré JW], vol.8, 2006, pp.314-319. (anglès)
  2. eNature.com (anglès)
  3. A.M. Greenhall and U. Schmidt. Natural History of Vampire Bats. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1988, pp.125-128. ISBN 0-8493-6750-6; ISBN 978-0-8493-6750-2. (anglès)

Bibliografia

  • Greenhall, Arthur M. 1961. Bats in Agriculture. A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. Trinidad and Tobago. (anglès)


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Vampir escuat: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El vampir escuat (Diphylla ecaudata) és una de les tres espècies de vampir, i pertany al gènere monotípic Diphylla. Malgrat la concepció comuna que els vampirs s'alimenten de sang de mamífers, aquesta espècie s'alimenta principalment de la d'ocells. Viu a les selves tropicals i subtropicals de Sud-amèrica.

Generalment descansa de dia amb menys de 12 individus en una cova, encara que un cop es van trobar en una cova 35 individus. També comparteix l'aliment regurgitant-lo.

Té una bona visió, encara que la seva ecolocalització és pobre. Sovint comparteix refugi amb el vampir comú, encara que és un ratpenat solitari i no forma grups. No té solcs linguals sota la llengua com les altres dues espècies de vampir, però té un solc al llarg de la boca que podria servir com a "canal sanguini".

Pot ser portador de la ràbia.

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Kammzahnvampir ( German )

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Der Kammzahnvampir (Diphylla ecaudata) ist eine Fledermausart und eine der drei Arten der Vampirfledermäuse (Desmodontinae), der einzigen Säugetiergruppe, die sich ausschließlich von Blut ernährt.

Beschreibung

Kammzahnvampire erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 65 bis 93 Millimetern und ein Gewicht von 25 bis 43 Gramm. Ihr Fell ist rötlichbraun gefärbt, die Unterseite ist heller. Von den beiden anderen Vampirfledermäusen unterscheidet es sich durch das behaarte Uropatagium (die Flughaut zwischen den Beinen), im Gegensatz zum Gemeinen Vampir sind die Ohren rundlich und der Daumen kurz. Diese Fledermäuse haben 26 Zähne, die Zahnformel lautet 2/2-1/1-1/2-2/2 ×2. Wie bei allen Vampirfledermäusen sind die Schneide- und Eckzähne groß und sichelförmig, die Backenzähne hingegen rückgebildet und ohne Kauflächen. Ihren Namen haben sie von den fächerförmigen unteren äußeren Schneidezähnen.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Kammzahnvampire leben auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent, sie sind von den südlichen USA (Texas) bis Peru und Südbrasilien verbreitet. Sie bewohnen verschiedene Habitate, feuchte und trockene Regionen, Wälder und auch offene Grasländer. Als Schlafquartiere dienen ihnen Höhlen, hohle Baumstämme, Minen und verlassene Gebäude.

Lebensweise

Kammzahnvampire sind nachtaktiv. Sie leben in Gruppen von 12 oder weniger Tieren, oft nur ein bis drei, haben aber ein ausgeprägtes Sozialverhalten. War ein Tier bei seinem nächtlichen Beuteflug erfolglos, bettelt es die anderen Gruppenmitglieder an, die einen Teil des Blutes heraufwürgen und so die Nahrung teilen. Dieses Bettelverhalten wird oft durch Fellpflege ausgedrückt, ein bei Fledermäusen außerhalb der Vampirfledermäuse seltenes Verhalten. Da sie im Schnitt alle zwei Nächte Blut konsumieren müssen und bis zu ein Drittel der Beutezüge erfolglos sind, ist dieses Sozialverhalten lebensnotwendig für die Tiere. Zu diesem Sozialverhalten gehört auch das gegenseitige Erkennen und die Tatsache, dass sie bevorzugt ihre Nahrung mit Tieren teilen, die auch schon einmal mit ihnen geteilt haben, ein Verhalten, das Reziproker Altruismus genannt wird.

Nahrung

Kammzahnvampire ernähren sich ausschließlich vom Blut anderer Tiere, sie bevorzugen dabei Vögel wie zum Beispiel Haushühner. Sie krabbeln an ihr Opfer heran und beißen sie in eine nicht von Federn bedeckte Stelle wie die Beine oder die Kloake. Ein Enzym im Speichel verhindert die Blutgerinnung. Im nördlichen Brasilien wurden im Kot von Kammzahnvampiren auch Spuren menschlichen Blutes festgestellt.[1][2] Für den Nachweis dieser Tatsache erhielten drei brasilianische Wissenschaftler 2017 einen Ig-Nobelpreis.[3]

Fortpflanzung

Nach einer sechs- bis achtmonatigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Dieses wird nach den ersten Lebensmonaten von der Mutter neben Milch auch mit hochgewürgtem Blut ernährt und mit rund neun Monaten geschlechtsreif. Die Lebenserwartung wird in freier Natur auf rund neun Jahre geschätzt.

Bedrohung

Diese Fledermäuse übertragen durch ihre Bisse Tollwut und andere Krankheiten, sie werden deshalb bei Geflügelfarmern als Plage betrachtet. Sie werden auch in Programme zur Bekämpfung der Tollwut einbezogen, die sich primär gegen die beiden anderen Vampirarten richten. Kammzahnvampire sind die seltenste der drei Arten und kommen innerhalb ihres großen Verbreitungsgebiets nur örtlich vor. Die IUCN listet die Art dennoch seit 2008 als nicht gefährdet, wegen ihrer weiten Verbreitung, ihrer Toleranz gegenüber unterschiedlichen Habitaten, und weil ein starker Rückgang nicht zu erwarten ist. 1996 wurde sie noch als potenziell gefährdet angesehen.[4]

Systematik

Der Kammzahnvampir bildet zusammen mit dem Gemeinen Vampir (Desmodus rotundus) und dem Weißflügelvampir (Diaemus youngi) die Gruppe der Vampirfledermäuse (Desmodontinae). Diese werden als Unterfamilie der Blattnasen (Phyllostomidae) eingeordnet, einer formenreichen, auf den amerikanischen Kontinent beschränkten Fledermausgruppe. Phylogenetisch bilden sie das Schwestertaxon aller übrigen Blattnasenarten.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Hanno Charisius: Nachts saugt der Vampir gern Menschenblut SZ vom 2. Februar 2017
  2. Fernando Ito, Enrico Bernard und Rodrigo A. Torres: What is for Dinner? First Report of Human Blood in the Diet of the Hairy-Legged Vampire Bat Diphylla ecaudata, bioone.org vom Dezember 2016, abgerufen am 16. September 2017
  3. Eintrag auf der Seite der IgNobel-Preise
  4. Diphylla ecaudata in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2016. Eingestellt von: E. Sampaio, B. Lim, S. Peters, 2016. Abgerufen am 23. März 2020.
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Kammzahnvampir: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Kammzahnvampir (Diphylla ecaudata) ist eine Fledermausart und eine der drei Arten der Vampirfledermäuse (Desmodontinae), der einzigen Säugetiergruppe, die sich ausschließlich von Blut ernährt.

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Hairy-legged vampire bat

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The hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) is one of three extant species of vampire bats. It mainly feeds on the blood of wild birds, but can also feed both on domestic birds and humans.[2] This vampire bat lives mainly in tropical and subtropical forestlands of South America, Central America, and southern Mexico. It is the sole member of the genus Diphylla.

Taxonomy and etymology

It was described by German biologist Johann Baptist von Spix in 1823. Spix first encountered the species in Brazil.[3] Spix coined the genus name Diphylla (from Latin dis 'double', and phyllon 'leaf') and the species name ecaudata (from Latin e 'without', and caudatus 'tail').[4]

The two recognized subspecies are:[5]

  • D. e. centralis is found from western Panama to Mexico. A single specimen was taken in an abandoned railroad tunnel near Comstock, Val Verde County, Texas, in 1967, well outside the taxon's recognized range.
  • D. e. ecaudata is found from Brazil and eastern Peru to eastern Panama.

Description

It is similar in appearance to the common vampire bat. It differs, however, in its broad, short ears; padless, short thumb; and large, shiny eyes. It also has more teeth than the common vampire bat (26 compared to 18), with a dental formula of 2.1.1.22.1.2.2. Additionally, its brain is smaller than that of the common vampire bat, at two-thirds the size by mass. Its uropatagium is narrow and very furry; as its species name indicates, it lacks a tail. The fur on its back is dark brown, while the fur on its ventral surface is lighter in color. Its fur is soft and long. Its nose-leaf is greatly reduced in size relative to other leaf-nosed bats. It weighs 24–43 g (0.85–1.52 oz). Its head and body combined are 75–93 mm (3.0–3.7 in) long. Its forearm is 50–56 mm (2.0–2.2 in) long.[5]

There are no lingual grooves under the tongue as in Desmodus and Diaemus (the white-winged vampire bat), but it does have a groove along the roof of the mouth which may serve as a "blood gutter".[6]

Biology and behavior

It is thought to be polyestrous, with individuals capable of becoming pregnant throughout the year and no clearly defined breeding season.[5] Females are capable of becoming pregnant at approximately one year of age. Pregnancy lasts a relatively long time considering the small body size of the species, at gestation length of approximately 5.5 months.[7] Females give birth to usually only one young, called a pup. Pups are born with their eyes open and a set of deciduous teeth. There are fewer deciduous teeth than permanent teeth (20 compared to 26), with a deciduous dental formula of 2.1.2.02.1.2.0[5] Females who have lost their pups will continue to lactate, and females have been observed nursing the young of unrelated females. Pups will fledge at approximately 57 days old, though they will continue to nurse and seek regurgitated blood from their mothers long after that, up until approximately 223 days of age.[7]

It is nocturnal, and roosts in sheltered areas during the day. Caves and mines are preferred roosts, though hollow trees may also be used.[5] It is generally solitary, but may be found roosting in small groups of twelve or fewer individuals. Groups of up to 50 individuals have been reported, though.[1] It will share its roosts with the common vampire bat, as well as other leaf-nosed bats.[5] It was originally described to have a diploid karyotype of 28 chromosomes, but it actually has 32.[5][8]

It is sanguivorous, feeding on the blood of vertebrates. It was formerly believed to feed exclusively on birds.[5][9] However, it has since been documented that it will feed on the blood of mammals, including humans[2] and cattle.[1] Previously thought to have not been a vector species for rabies due to exclusively feeding on bird blood, it is now a possibility that it can transmit rabies while feeding on cattle, like the common vampire bat.[2] It also shares its food with other individuals via regurgitation, mouth to mouth.[10]

Range and habitat

It has a wide geographic range, occurring throughout Central and South America. It has been documented in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. A single individual was once documented in southern Texas in the United States. This individual, a female found close to Comstock, Texas in 1967, was in an abandoned railroad tunnel. The individual was approximately 700 km (430 mi) north of the previous documented extent of the species's range.[5] Its altitudinal range is 0–1,900 m (0–6,234 ft).[1]

Conservation

It is currently evaluated as least-concern species by the IUCN—the lowest conservation priority. It meets the criteria for this designation because it has a large range, tolerates a variety of habitats, and its population is thought to be stable.[1]

It can be maintained in captivity by allowing them access to live hens.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. (2016). "Diphylla ecaudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6628A22040157. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6628A22040157.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Ito, Fernanda; Bernard, Enrico; Torres, Rodrigo A. (2016-11-22). "What is for Dinner? First Report of Human Blood in the Diet of the Hairy-Legged Vampire Bat Diphylla ecaudata". Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (2): 509–515. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.2.017. ISSN 1508-1109. S2CID 88845021.
  3. ^ Spix, J. DE. (1823). Simiarum et Vespertilionum brasiliensium species novae. Munich: F.S. Hübschmann. p. 68.
  4. ^ Klimpel, S.; Mehlhorn, H. (2016). Bats (Chiroptera) as vectors of diseases and parasites. Springer-Verlag Berlin An. p. 159.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Greenhall, A. M.; Schmidt, U.; Joermann, G. (1984). "Diphylla ecaudata" (PDF). Mammalian Species (227): 1–3. doi:10.2307/3504022. JSTOR 3504022.
  6. ^ Greenhall, A.M.; Schmidt, U. (1988). Natural History of Vampire Bats. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 125–128. ISBN 978-0-8493-6750-2.
  7. ^ a b c Delpietro, H. A.; Russo, R. G. (2002). "Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 67 (2): 65–78. doi:10.1078/1616-5047-00011.
  8. ^ Sotero-Caio, C.G.; Pieczarka, J.C.; Nagamachi, C.Y.; Gomes, A.J.B; Lira, T.C.; O'Brien, P.C.M; Ferguson-Smith, M.A.; Souza, M.J.; Santos, N. (2010). "Chromosomal Homologies among Vampire Bats Revealed by Chromosome Painting (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera)". Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University.
  9. ^ Mayen, F. (4 August 2003). "Haematophagous Bats in Brazil, Their Role in Rabies Transmission, Impact on Public Health, Livestock Industry and Alternatives to an Indiscriminate Reduction of Bat Population" (PDF). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 50 (10): 469–472. doi:10.1046/J.1439-0450.2003.00713.X. PMID 14720182. S2CID 22884315. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  10. ^ Elizalde-Arellano, C; López-Vidal, JC; Arroyo-Cabrales, J; Medellín, RA; Laundré, JW (2007). "Food sharing behavior in the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata". Acta Chiropterologica. 9 (1): 314–319. doi:10.3161/1733-5329(2007)9[314:FSBITH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84108199.
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Hairy-legged vampire bat: Brief Summary

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The hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) is one of three extant species of vampire bats. It mainly feeds on the blood of wild birds, but can also feed both on domestic birds and humans. This vampire bat lives mainly in tropical and subtropical forestlands of South America, Central America, and southern Mexico. It is the sole member of the genus Diphylla.

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Diphylla ecaudata ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Diphylla es un género de quirópteros (murciélagos) perteneciente a la familia de los filostómidos que consta de una sola especie, el murciélago vampiro de patas peludas o de doble escudo (Diphylla ecaudata). Es una de las tres especies de murciélagos vampiros existentes en la actualidad.

Características

Color gris-marrón y gris dorsalmente por debajo. Cabeza y el cuerpo 6,9-8,2 cm de longitud; antebrazo de 4,9 a 5,6 cm, peso de 18 a 33 g. Carecen de cola. Patas dorsalmente peludas, de donde deriva su nombre.

Fórmula dentaria

(Incisivos=2/2 Caninos=1/1 PM=1/2 M=2/2) X 2 = 26 dientes

Hábitat y comportamiento

Bosques bajos caducifolios y perennes; perchan en pequeñas colonias en cuevas y minas.

Distribución

En los Estados Unidos al sur de Texas y al este de México, Venezuela, Perú y Brasil oriental.

Alimentación

Sangre de aves y raramente de mamíferos.

Referencias

  1. Sampaio, E., Lim, B. y Peters, S. (2008). «Diphylla ecaudata». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2010.

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Diphylla ecaudata: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Diphylla es un género de quirópteros (murciélagos) perteneciente a la familia de los filostómidos que consta de una sola especie, el murciélago vampiro de patas peludas o de doble escudo (Diphylla ecaudata). Es una de las tres especies de murciélagos vampiros existentes en la actualidad.

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Diphylla ecaudata ( Basque )

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Diphylla ecaudata Diphylla generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Desmodontinae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Spix (1823) Sim. Vespert. Brasil. 68. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Diphylla ecaudata Diphylla generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Desmodontinae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Diphylla ecaudata ( French )

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Le Vampire à pattes velues (Diphylla ecaudata) est une espèce de chauve-souris hématophage de la famille des Phyllostomidae.

Cette chauve-souris vampire se nourrit habituellement en suçant le sang des oiseaux la nuit. Une étude en 2016 montre qu'une colonie de ces chauves-souris logeant dans le parc national de Catimbau (en), au nord-est du Brésil, a modifié son régime alimentaire. L'intrusion de familles humaines dans le parc a entraîné une déforestation et la chasse a favorisé la disparition des proies habituelles de la chauve-souris, qui a trouvé comme autre source de nourriture le sang des humains et des poulets des fermes de la région[1].

 src=
Répartition de l'espèce sur le continent américain.

Notes et références

  1. (en) Fernanda Ito, Enrico Bernard et Rodrigo A. Torres, « What is for dinner? First report of human blood in the diet of the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata », Acta Chiropterologica, Musée et institut de zoologie de l'Académie polonaise des sciences (d), vol. 18, no 2,‎ décembre 2016, p. 509-515 (ISSN et , DOI )

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Diphylla ecaudata: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le Vampire à pattes velues (Diphylla ecaudata) est une espèce de chauve-souris hématophage de la famille des Phyllostomidae.

Cette chauve-souris vampire se nourrit habituellement en suçant le sang des oiseaux la nuit. Une étude en 2016 montre qu'une colonie de ces chauves-souris logeant dans le parc national de Catimbau (en), au nord-est du Brésil, a modifié son régime alimentaire. L'intrusion de familles humaines dans le parc a entraîné une déforestation et la chasse a favorisé la disparition des proies habituelles de la chauve-souris, qui a trouvé comme autre source de nourriture le sang des humains et des poulets des fermes de la région.

 src= Répartition de l'espèce sur le continent américain.
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Diphylla ecaudata ( Italian )

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Il vampiro senza coda (Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi, unica specie del genere Diphylla (Spix, 1823), diffuso nell'America centrale e meridionale.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 69 e 82 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 49 e 56 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 15 e 18 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 16 e 18 mm e un peso fino a 33 g.[3]

Caratteristiche craniche e dentarie

Il cranio è corto, con un rostro ridotto e una scatola cranica rotonda. La regione inter-orbitale è alta e larga. Gli incisivi superiori interni sono grandi ed affilati, mentre quelli esterni sono piccoli e raramente fuoriescono dalla gengiva. Gli incisivi inferiori sono relativamente sviluppati, disposti in una fila continua tra i canini e con quattro lobi distinti nel paio interno e ben sette in quelli più esterni.

Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:

2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 Totale: 26 1.Incisivi; 2.Canini; 3.Premolari; 4.Molari;

Aspetto

La pelliccia è lunga e soffice. Le parti superiori sono bruno-grigiastre, mentre quelle inferiori sono grigie. Le orecchie sono corte, larghe e arrotondate. Gli occhi sono relativamente grandi. Una foglia nasale a forma di M è presente sopra le narici. Il labbro inferiore è attraversato da un solco longitudinale. Il pollice è privo di cuscinetti. L'uropatagio è estremamente ridotto ma ricoperto densamente di peli, come gli arti inferiori. È privo di coda, mentre il calcar è piccolo. Il cariotipo è 2n=28 FNa=52.

Biologia

Comportamento

Si rifugia all'interno di grotte, case, cavità degli alberi e tunnel in piccoli gruppi fino a 13 individui, ben separati tra loro. Tuttavia in una grotta vicino a Puebla, in Messico, è stata osservata una colonia di 500 esemplari. Poiché sono state rilevate fluttuazioni della popolazione all'interno delle grotte, è presumibile che questa specie sia soggetta a migrazioni o spostamenti stagionali. Diversamente dagli altri vampiri, è docile e facile da tenere in mano.

Alimentazione

Si nutre principalmente di sangue di uccelli, in particolare di pollame, il quale viene attaccato dietro le zampe o nella regione anale. Può anche attaccare bovini.

Riproduzione

Si riproduce due volte l'anno. Femmine gravide o in allattamento sono state osservate in marzo, maggio, luglio, agosto, ottobre e novembre.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa dal Messico nord orientale, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, attraverso la Colombia, Venezuela settentrionale, Ecuador, Perù, Bolivia settentrionale fino al Brasile centrale e sud-orientale. Un esemplare femmina è stato catturato nel 1967 nei pressi di Comstock, in Texas e sembra essere l'unica osservazione di un vampiro negli Stati Uniti d'America.

Vive in regioni tropicali e sub-tropicali fino a 1.900 metri di altitudine.

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale e la tolleranza a diversi tipi di habitat, classifica D.ecaudata come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Sampaio, E., Lim, B. & Peters, S. 2008, Diphylla ecaudata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Diphylla ecaudata, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Reid, 2009.

Bibliografia

  • Arthur M.Greenhall, Uwe Schmidt & Gerhard Joermann, Diphylla ecaudata (PDF), in Mammalian Species, n. 227, 1984 (archiviato dall'url originale il 24 maggio 2014).
  • Ronald M. Novak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. ISBN 9780801857898
  • Fiona A. Reid, A field guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico, Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780195343236

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Diphylla ecaudata: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il vampiro senza coda (Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi, unica specie del genere Diphylla (Spix, 1823), diffuso nell'America centrale e meridionale.

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Ruigpootvampier ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De ruigpootvampier (Diphylla ecaudata) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Spix in 1823. Het is een van de drie soorten vampiervleermuizen. De gewone vampier en witvleugelvampier zijn de andere twee soorten.

Leefwijze

De ruigpootvampier voedt zich uitsluitend met bloed van zoogdieren en vogels; hun lichaam is echter vooral geschikt voor vogelbloed, dat vetter is. Met de vlijmscherpe hoektanden bijten ze een stukje huid weg, waarna ze het bloed oplikken. Uit onderzoek op uitwerpselen blijkt dat ze ook bij mensen bloed durven zuigen. Ze worden hiertoe mogelijk gedwongen door het wegvallen van hun favoriete prooien in hun leefgebied, door toedoen van de mensen. De hoeveelheden bloed die een vampier zuigt, zijn bij mensen gering en dus niet gevaarlijk. De vleermuizen kunnen zo echter wel ziektes overdragen.[2]


Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Ruigpootvampier op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Bird-loving vampire bats develop taste for human blood. New Scientist (11 januari 2017). Geraadpleegd op 20 januari 2017.
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Ruigpootvampier: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De ruigpootvampier (Diphylla ecaudata) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Spix in 1823. Het is een van de drie soorten vampiervleermuizen. De gewone vampier en witvleugelvampier zijn de andere twee soorten.

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Diphylla ecaudata ( Portuguese )

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O morcego-vampiro-de-perna-peluda (Diphylla ecaudata) é uma espécie de morcego-vampiro do continente americano. Alimenta-se principalmente de sangue, quase que exclusivamente de aves, mas também pode se alimentar de pássaros domésticos e humanos.[2][3]

Possui olhos grandes, orelhas pequenas e arredondadas, folha nasal pouco desenvolvida. A principal diferença morfológica da espécie e que é particularmente útil para separá-los outros gêneros da subfamília Desmodontinae é o calcâneo maior, característica provavelmente associada ao hábito mais arborícola que as outras espécies (Schutt, 2008). Habita cavernas e, de modo mais raro, ocos de árvores (GREENHAL et al. 1984).

Taxonomia e etimologia

Foi descrito pelo biólogo alemão Johann Baptist von Spix em 1823. Spix encontrou a espécie pela primeira vez no Brasil. Spix first encountered the species in Brazil.[4] O nome Spix origina-se de Diphylla (do latim "dis", que significa "duplo", e "phyllon", que significa "folha") e ecaudata significa "sem caudas."[5]

As duas subespécies reconhecidas são:[6]

  • D. e. centralis é encontrada do oeste do Panamá ao México. Um único espécime foi obtido em um túnel ferroviário abandonado perto de Comstock, Condado de Val Verde, Texas, em 1967, bem fora de sua faixa reconhecida;
  • D. e. ecaudata é encontrada do Brasil e do leste do Peru ao leste do Panamá.

Descrição

É semelhante em aparência ao morcego-vampiro. Difere, no entanto, em suas orelhas largas e curtas; polegar curto e sem almofada; e olhos grandes e brilhantes. Também tem mais dentes do que o morcego-vampiro (26 em comparação com 18). Além disso, seu cérebro é menor do que o do morcego-vampiro, com dois terços do tamanho em massa. Seu patágio é estreito e muito peludo; como o nome da espécie indica, falta cauda. O pelo do dorso é marrom escuro, enquanto o pelo da superfície ventral é mais claro. Sua pele é macia e longa. A folha do nariz é muito reduzida em tamanho em relação a outros morcegos com nariz semelhante. A espécie pesa 24−43 g (845,06 oz). Sua cabeça e corpo combinados têm 75−93 mm (2 949,09 in) de comprimento. Seu antebraço tem 50−56 mm (1 966,30 in) de comprimento.[6][7]

Biologia e comportamento

Acredita-se que seja poliestro, com indivíduos capazes de engravidar durante todo o ano e sem estação reprodutiva claramente definida.[6] As fêmeas podem engravidar com aproximadamente um ano de idade. A gravidez dura um tempo relativamente longo considerando o pequeno tamanho do corpo da espécie, com gestação de aproximadamente 5,5 meses.[8] As fêmeas geralmente dão à luz apenas um filhote. Os filhotes nascem com os olhos abertos e dentes decíduos. Existem menos dentes decíduos do que dentes permanentes (20 em comparação com 26).[6] As fêmeas que perderam seus filhotes continuarão a amamentar, mesmo os que não sejam suas crias. Os filhotes ganham plumagem com aproximadamente 57 dias de idade, embora continuem a mamar e buscar sangue regurgitado de suas mães muito depois disso, até aproximadamente 223 dias de idade.[8]

É uma espécie noturna que se mantém em áreas abrigadas durante o dia. Cavernas e minas são abrigos preferidos, embora árvores ocas também possam ser usadas.[6] Geralmente é solitário, mas pode ser encontrado empoleirado em pequenos grupos de doze ou menos. No entanto, foram relatados grupos de até 50 morcegos.[1] Compartilha seus ninhos com o morcego-vampiro, bem como com outros morcegos com folha nasal.[6] Foi originalmente descrito como tendo um cariótipo diplóide de 28 cromossomos, mas na verdade possui 32.[6][9]

É hematófago, alimentando-se de sangue de vertebrados. Antigamente, acreditava-se que se alimentava exclusivamente de pássaros.[6][10] No entanto, já foi documentado que se alimenta de sangue de mamíferos, incluindo humanos[2] e gado.[1] Anteriormente considerado não ter sido uma espécie de vetor da raiva por se alimentar exclusivamente de sangue de ave, atualmente se considera possível que transmita raiva ao se alimentar de gado, como o morcego-vampiro comum.[2] Também compartilha sua comida com outros indivíduos por meio de regurgitação, boca a boca.[11]

Alcance e habitat

Possui ampla distribuição geográfica, ocorrendo em toda a América do Sul e Central. Foi documentado em Belize, Bolívia, Brasil, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Equador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicarágua, Panamá, Peru e Venezuela. Um único espécime já foi documentado no sul do Texas, nos Estados Unidos. Trata-se de uma fêmea encontrada perto de Comstock, Texas em 1967, que estava em um túnel ferroviário abandonado. O indivíduo estava aproximadamente 700 km (430 mi) ao norte da extensão documentada da distribuição da espécie.[6] Sua faixa altitudinal é de 0−1 900 m (−6 234 pé).[1]

A espécie está presente em 13 dos 26 estados brasileiros. Distibui-se até o Sul do Brasil, ocorrendo em Santa Catarina, mas não possui registros de ocorrência no Rio Grande do Sul.[carece de fontes?]

Conservação

Atualmente é avaliada como Espécie pouco preocupante pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (IUCN) - a menor prioridade de conservação. Tal classificação foi outorgada pois a espécie possui grande variedade, tolera uma variedade de habitats e sua população é considerada estável.[1]

Pode ser mantida em cativeiro, permitindo-lhes o acesso a galinhas vivas.[8]

Foi classificada como vulnerável (MMA, 2003) no estado do Paraná.[carece de fontes?]

Referências

  1. a b c d e Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. (24 de abril de 2019). «Diphylla ecaudata». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. p. e.T6628A22040157. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6628A22040157.en. Consultado em 13 de julho de 2021
  2. a b c Ito, Fernanda; Bernard, Enrico; Torres, Rodrigo A. (22 de novembro de 2016). «What is for Dinner? First Report of Human Blood in the Diet of the Hairy-Legged Vampire Bat Diphylla ecaudata». Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (2): 509–515. ISSN 1508-1109. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.2.017
  3. Ito, Fernanda; Bernard, Enrico; Torres, Rodrigo A. (22 de novembro de 2016). «What is for Dinner? First Report of Human Blood in the Diet of the Hairy-Legged Vampire Bat Diphylla ecaudata». Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (2): 509–515. ISSN 1508-1109. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.2.017
  4. Spix, J. DE. (1823). Simiarum et Vespertilionum brasiliensium species novae. [S.l.]: Munich: F.S. Hübschmann. p. 68
  5. Klimpel, S.; Mehlhorn, H. (2016). Bats (Chiroptera) as vectors of diseases and parasites. [S.l.]: Springer-Verlag Berlin An. p. 159
  6. a b c d e f g h i Greenhall, A. M.; Schmidt, U.; Joermann, G. (1984). «Diphylla ecaudata» (PDF). Mammalian Species (227): 1–3. JSTOR 3504022. doi:10.2307/3504022
  7. Greenhall, A.M.; Schmidt, U. (1988). Natural History of Vampire Bats. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 125–128. ISBN 978-0-8493-6750-2
  8. a b c Delpietro, H. A.; Russo, R. G. (2002). «Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity». Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 67 (2): 65–78. doi:10.1078/1616-5047-00011
  9. Sotero-Caio, C.G.; Pieczarka, J.C.; Nagamachi, C.Y.; Gomes, A.J.B; Lira, T.C.; O'Brien, P.C.M; Ferguson-Smith, M.A.; Souza, M.J.; Santos, N. (2010). «Chromosomal Homologies among Vampire Bats Revealed by Chromosome Painting (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera)». Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University
  10. Mayen, F. (4 de agosto de 2003). «Haematophagous Bats in Brazil, Their Role in Rabies Transmission, Impact on Public Health, Livestock Industry and Alternatives to an Indiscriminate Reduction of Bat Population» (PDF). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 50 (10): 469–472. PMID 14720182. doi:10.1046/J.1439-0450.2003.00713.X. Consultado em 31 de outubro de 2020. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 7 de novembro de 2020
  11. Elizalde-Arellano, C; López-Vidal, JC; Arroyo-Cabrales, J; Medellín, RA; Laundré, JW (2007). «Food sharing behavior in the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata». Acta Chiropterologica. 9 (1): 314–319. doi:10.3161/1733-5329(2007)9[314:FSBITH]2.0.CO;2

Bibliografia

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
  • SAMPAIO, E.; LIM, B.; PETERS, S. 2008. Diphylla ecaudata. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 15 de fevereiro de 2009.
  • SCHUTT, B. 2008. Dark Banquet: Blood and the curious lives of blood feeding creatures. Harmony: New York.
  • Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2003. Espécies da fauna brasileira ameaçadas de extinção. Instrução Normativa n° 3, de 27 de maio de 2003. Publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº101 28.v.2003. Seção 1: 88-97.
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Diphylla ecaudata: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O morcego-vampiro-de-perna-peluda (Diphylla ecaudata) é uma espécie de morcego-vampiro do continente americano. Alimenta-se principalmente de sangue, quase que exclusivamente de aves, mas também pode se alimentar de pássaros domésticos e humanos.

Possui olhos grandes, orelhas pequenas e arredondadas, folha nasal pouco desenvolvida. A principal diferença morfológica da espécie e que é particularmente útil para separá-los outros gêneros da subfamília Desmodontinae é o calcâneo maior, característica provavelmente associada ao hábito mais arborícola que as outras espécies (Schutt, 2008). Habita cavernas e, de modo mais raro, ocos de árvores (GREENHAL et al. 1984).

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Hårig vampyr ( Swedish )

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Hårig vampyr (Diphylla ecaudata) är en fladdermus som förekommer i Amerika och den enda arten i sitt släkte.

Utseende

Arten liknar den egentliga vampyren (Desmodus rotundus) i utseende men avviker genom kortare öron och kortare tumme. Kännetecknande är dessutom den håriga flygmembranen mellan bakbenen. Tandformeln är I 2/2 C 1/1 P 1/2 M 2/2, alltså 26 tänder. Kroppslängden varierar mellan 75 och 93 mm och vikten ligger mellan 24 och 43 gram. Pälsen har på ryggen en mörkbrun till rödbrun färg och är på buken lite ljusare. Angående storleken finns ingen könsdimorfism.[2][3]

Utbredning och habitat

Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig främst från Mexiko (Tamaulipas) över Centralamerika till Bolivia och centrala Brasilien. I enstaka fall har arten även påträffats i södra Texas. Hårig vampyr vistas i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 1 900 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av fuktiga och torra skogar.[1]

Ekologi

Denna fladdermus bildar mindre grupper som vilar i grottor, människogjorda håligheter och sällan i trädens håligheter. I undantagsfall går antalet individer i en grotta upp till 500 men de har vanligen skilda sovplatser.[1] Oftast ingår bara en till tre individer i gruppen.[3]

Arten livnär sig uteslutande av blod från ryggradsdjur och föredrar där medelstora fåglar som tamhöns. Den skapar ett sår vid ett ställe som inte täcks av fjädrar och slickar blodet.[2] Individerna behöver blod varannan dag. Om de inte lyckas vid jakten måste de bönfalla hos andra vampyrer. Ofta kommer de ihåg vem som hjälpte och så skapas nära sociala band mellan individerna.[4]

De flesta honor kan troligen para sig två gånger per år.[3] Dräktigheten varar vanligen 6 till 8 månader.[4] Per kull föds oftast ett enda ungdjur som vid födelsen har öppna ögon och mjölktänder.[2] Livslängden i naturen går upp till nio år och individer i fångenskap levde ännu längre.[4]

Hot

IUCN ser inga större hot för arten och betraktar beståndet som stabilt. Hårig vampyr listas därför som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 27 december 2011.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Sampaio, E., Lim, B. & Peters, S. 2011 Diphylla ecaudata . Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Läst 2012-02-10.
  2. ^ [a b c] Greenhall, Arthur M.; Schmidt, U.; Joermann, G. (14 november 1984). Diphylla ecaudata (på engelska). Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-227-01-0001.pdf. Läst 10 februari 2012.
  3. ^ [a b c] Nowak, R. M. (1999) s.356 online
  4. ^ [a b c] K. Owens (14 april 2002). Diphylla ecaudata (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphylla_ecaudata.html. Läst 10 februari 2012.

Tryckta källor

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
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Hårig vampyr: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Hårig vampyr (Diphylla ecaudata) är en fladdermus som förekommer i Amerika och den enda arten i sitt släkte.

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Kıllı bacaklı vampir yarasa ( Turkish )

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Kıllı bacaklı vampir yarasa (Diphylla ecaudata) vampir yarasaların kaybolmamış üç türünden biridir. Genellikle kuşların kanıyla beslenirler. Bu vampir yarasa türü ağrılıklı olarak Güney Amerika'nın tropikal ve subtropikal ormanlarında yaşamaktadır. Bu tür Diphylla cinsinin tek üyesidir. Dünya Korunma Birliği tarafından oluşturulan IUCN Kırmızı Listesi'nde Asgari endişe altındaki türler (LC) kategorisinde yer almaktadır.[1]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Diphylla ecaudata, Sampaio, E., Lim, B. & Peters, S. tarafından Dünya Doğa ve Doğal Kaynakları Koruma Birliği'in tehdit altındaki türlerin 2008 yılı kırmızı listesinde " (6628) olarak listelenmiştir. IUCN veritabanında bunun sebepleri ile daha detaylı bilgi bulunabilir. Erişim tarihi: 28 Şubat 2009
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Kıllı bacaklı vampir yarasa: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Kıllı bacaklı vampir yarasa (Diphylla ecaudata) vampir yarasaların kaybolmamış üç türünden biridir. Genellikle kuşların kanıyla beslenirler. Bu vampir yarasa türü ağrılıklı olarak Güney Amerika'nın tropikal ve subtropikal ormanlarında yaşamaktadır. Bu tür Diphylla cinsinin tek üyesidir. Dünya Korunma Birliği tarafından oluşturulan IUCN Kırmızı Listesi'nde Asgari endişe altındaki türler (LC) kategorisinde yer almaktadır.

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Diphylla ecaudata ( Ukrainian )

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Морфологічні особливості

 src=
череп

Довжина голови і тіла між 69 і 82 мм, довжина передпліччя 49—56 мм, довжина ступні від 15 до 18 мм, довжина вух від 16 до 18 мм і вага до 33 гр. Шерсть довга і м'яка. Верх сірувато-бурий, низ сірий. Вуха короткі, широкі й округлі. Очі є відносно великими. Не має хвоста. Зубна формула: 2/2, 1/1, 1/2, 2/2 = 26. Верхні різці великі й гострі. Каріотип, 2n=28 FNa=52.

Екологія

Сідала лаштує в печерах і шахтах, рідше в дуплах дерев, як правило, в невеликих групах до 13 особин, хоча група із понад 500 особин була знайдена в печері в Пуебла, Мексика. Розмноження два рази на рік, в будь-який сезон. В основному харчується кров'ю птахів, особливо птиці. Також може нападаюти на худобу. На відміну від інших вампірів, є слухняним і його зручно тримати в руці.

Середовище проживання

Країни поширення: Беліз, Болівія, Бразилія, Колумбія, Коста-Рика, Еквадор, Сальвадор, Гватемала, Гондурас, Мексика, Нікарагуа, Панама, Перу, США, Венесуела. Проживає до 1900 м над рівнем моря в усіх типах лісу, в основному при низьких висотах.

Джерела


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Dơi quỷ chân lông ( Vietnamese )

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Dơi quỷ chân lông (danh pháp hai phần: Diphylla ecaudata) là một loài dơi quỷ thuộc phân họ dơi quỷ, trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Chúng được Spix mô tả năm 1823.[2]

Mô tả

Phân họ Dơi quỷ Desmodontinae gồm có ba chi đơn loài, tức là tổng cộng chỉ có 3 loài hút máu: dơi quỷ thông thường (Desmodus rotundus), dơi quỷ chân lông (Diphylla rotundus) và dơi quỷ cánh trắng (Diaemus youngi).

Cũng như hai loài dơi quỷ kia, loài này là loài bản địa của châu Mỹ, sinh sống trong khu vực kéo dài từ México xuống Brasil, Chile và Argentina. Chỉ có ba loài dơi này là những động vật có vú ký sinh. Mặc dù quan niệm phổ biến cho rằng loài dơi này chỉ hút máu động vật có vú, nó chủ yếu hút máu của các loài chim. Dơi ma quỷ chân lông sống chủ yếu là đất lâm nghiệp nhiệt đới và cận nhiệt đới của Nam Mỹ. Nó là thành viên duy nhất của chi Diphylla. Nó thường nghỉ vào ban ngày, với ít hơn 12 con dơi khác trong một hang động, mặc dù một hang động đã từng được tìm thấy với 35 con dơi. Nó cũng chia sẻ thức ăn của nó thông qua nôn, miệng sang miệng[3].

Nó cũng có tầm nhìn tốt, nhưng định vị bằng tiếng vang kém[4], thường được tìm thấy trong các hang động với dơi quỷ thông thường (Desmodus rotundus), nhưng nó là một con dơi đơn độc và không hình thành các nhóm như Desmodus. Không có các rãnh ngôn ngữ dưới lưỡi trong Desmodus và Diaemus, nhưng nó không có một đường rãnh dọc theo mái nhà của miệng có thể phục vụ như là một "máng xối máu"[5].

Phân loài

Có hai phân loài được công nhận:

Chú thích

  1. ^ Sampaio, E., Lim, B. & Peters, S. (2008). Diphylla ecaudata. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 2 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Diphylla”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Elizalde-Arellano C, López-Vidal JC, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Medellín RA, Laundré JW. 2006. Food sharing behavior in the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata. Acta Chiropterologica. 8:314-319.
  4. ^ “eNature: FieldGuides: Species Detail”. Truy cập 22 tháng 10 năm 2015.
  5. ^ A.M. Greenhall and U. Schmidt, editors. 1988. Natural History of Vampire Bats, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. ISBN 0849367506; ISBN 978-0849367502, pp. 125-128.

Tham khảo

  • Greenhall, Arthur M. 1961. Bats in Agriculture. A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. Trinidad and Tobago.

Bản mẫu:Phyllostomidae

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Dơi quỷ chân lông: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Dơi quỷ chân lông (danh pháp hai phần: Diphylla ecaudata) là một loài dơi quỷ thuộc phân họ dơi quỷ, trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Chúng được Spix mô tả năm 1823.

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Мохноногий вампир ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Отряд: Рукокрылые
Подотряд: Летучие мыши
Семейство: Листоносые
Подсемейство: Вампировые
Род: Diphylla Spix, 1823
Вид: Мохноногий вампир
Международное научное название

Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823

Синонимы
  • D. centralis Thomas, 1903
  • D. diphylla Fischer, 1829[1]
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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 180064NCBI 148089EOL 327866FW 103141

Мохноногий вампир (лат. Diphylla ecaudata) — летучая мышь семейства листоносых, обитающая в Центральной и Южной Америке. Единственный вид рода Diphylla.

Внешний вид и строение

Длина головы и тела от 69 до 82 мм, длина предплечья 49—56 мм, длина ступни от 15 до 18 мм, длина ушей от 16 до 18 мм и вес до 33 г. Шерсть длинная и мягкая. Верх тела серовато-бурый, низ серый. Уши короткие, широкие и округлые. Глаза относительно крупные. Хвоста нет. Зубная формула: 2/2, 1/1, 1/2, 2/2 = 26. Верхние резцы крупные и острые. Кариотип 2n = 28.

Экология

Днюют в пещерах и шахтах, реже в дуплах деревьев, как правило, в небольших группах до 13 особей, хотя группа из более чем 500 особей была найдена в пещере в Пуэбла (Мексика). Делятся между собой пищей, отрыгивая её в рот[2]. Мохноногий вампир имеет хорошее зрение, но плохо развитую способность к эхолокации[3]. Размножаются два раза в год, в любой сезон. В основном питаются кровью птиц. Также могут нападать на скот. В отличие от других вампировых, спокойно позволяет людям брать себя в руки.

Распространение и места обитания

Встречается в следующих государствах: Белиз, Боливия, Бразилия, Колумбия, Коста-Рика, Эквадор, Сальвадор, Гватемала, Гондурас, Мексика, Никарагуа, Панама, Перу, США, Венесуэла. Обитает до высоты 1900 м над уровнем моря во всех типах лесов, в основном в низинах.

Примечания

  1. Wilson D. E. & Reeder D. M. (eds). Mammal Species of the World. — 3rd ed. — Johns Hopkins University Press[en], 2005. — Vol. 1. — P. 743. — ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Elizalde-Arellano C, López-Vidal JC, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Medellín RA, Laundré JW. 2007. Food sharing behavior in the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata. Acta Chiropterologica. 9:314-319.
  3. eNature: FieldGuides: Species Detail Архивировано 23 июля 2011 года.
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Мохноногий вампир: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Мохноногий вампир (лат. Diphylla ecaudata) — летучая мышь семейства листоносых, обитающая в Центральной и Южной Америке. Единственный вид рода Diphylla.

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毛腿吸血蝠 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Diphylla ecaudata
Spix, 1823

毛腿吸血蝠毛腿吸血蝠屬下唯一一种,哺乳綱翼手目葉口蝠科的一屬,而與毛腿吸血蝠屬同科的動物有長腿蝠屬(麗長腿蝠)、白翼吸血蝠屬、吸血蝠屬等數種哺乳動物

Bat (PSF).jpg 毛腿吸血蝠是一個與蝙蝠相關的小作品。你可以通过編輯或修訂擴充其內容。

参考文献

  1. ^ Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. Diphylla ecaudata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T6628A22040157. [2018-01-26].
物種識別信息
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毛腿吸血蝠: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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毛腿吸血蝠为毛腿吸血蝠屬下唯一一种,哺乳綱翼手目葉口蝠科的一屬,而與毛腿吸血蝠屬同科的動物有長腿蝠屬(麗長腿蝠)、白翼吸血蝠屬、吸血蝠屬等數種哺乳動物

Bat (PSF).jpg 毛腿吸血蝠是一個與蝙蝠相關的小作品。你可以通过編輯或修訂擴充其內容。
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털다리흡혈박쥐 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

털다리흡혈박쥐(Diphylla ecaudata)는 주걱박쥐과 흡혈박쥐아과에 속하는 현존하는 3종의 흡혈 박쥐의 하나이다. 털다리흡혈박쥐속(Diphylla)의 유일종이다. 조류의 피를 주로 먹는다. 남아메리카중앙아메리카 그리고 멕시코 남부의 열대 및 아열대 숲에서 주로 산다.

아종

2종의 아종이 알려져 있다.

각주

  1. “Diphylla ecaudata”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 2월 28일에 확인함.
  • Greenhall, Arthur M. 1961. Bats in Agriculture. A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. Trinidad and Tobago.
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