Little information is available on the communication of these animals. Mothers use the voice of the pup and its scent to locate it, indicating that both sound and scents are used in communication. Tactile communication is also likely to be important in the roost (where animals may come into physical contact), between mates, and between mothers and their young. Like other members of the family Vespertilionidae, these bats use echolocation to find prey. Visual signals are probably not used extensively by these nocturnal animals.
Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical
It is likely that the conversion of forested wetlands to agricultural and logging uses has resulted in prime foraging and roosting habitat.
Temperate North American bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called “white-nose syndrome.” This disease has devastated eastern North American bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007. The fungus, Geomyces destructans, grows best in cold, humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula. The fungus grows on, and in some cases invades, the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation, causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths. Mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90%. While there are currently no reports of Nycticeius humeralis mortalities as a result of white-nose syndrome, the disease continues to expand its range in North America.
US Migratory Bird Act: no special status
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Some bats roost in buildings and attics and are a nuisance to people. They can carry rabies, which can be transmitted to humans that are bitten by an infected bat.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings); causes or carries domestic animal disease ; household pest
Evening bats feed on the adult form of a chrysomelid beetle, better known to farmers in its larval stage as the corn rootworm, which is an agricultural pest. By reducing the numbers of these pests, evening bats may increase the yield of the harvest.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
Because colonies of evening bats can consume so many insects, it is likely that they play an important role in regulating insect populations. As a result, they have an indirect positive effect on the vegetational community that the insects feed upon.
Evening bats feed on beetles, moths, flies, and leafhoppers that they are able to catch in midair during slow, steady flight. If a solitary bat is unsuccessful, it will follow a group of bats to the food source. A colony of 100 bats can consume over 1.25 million insects a season (Kurta, 2001). Evening bats find food using echolocation.
Animal Foods: insects
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
The northern limit of Nycticeius humeralis is the Great Lakes Basin. There has been one record of evening bats in Ontario and three from southern Michigan (Kurta, 2001). The eastern end of its range is in Virginia and North Carolina. It is found as far west as eastern Texas and as far south as Florida.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Evening bats prefer the forest and open habitats such as river corridors and wetlands. These are forest bats and are never found in caves. Instead N. humeralis roosts in hollows of trees, under loose bark, or in buildings. (Kurta, 2001)
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Most evening bats are expected to live about 2 years in the wild, although some have been known to live as long as 5 years (Nowak, 1999).
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 5 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 2 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 5.0 years.
Nycticeius humeralis is dark brown except for its black ears. Its snout, wings, and tail membranes are hairless (Kurta, 2001). It has a non-keeled calcar, a short tragus that is curved and round, and a skull that is broad, especially in the anterior (Barbour and Davis, 1974). The dental formula of N. humeralis is 1/3, 1/1, 1/2, 3/3 = 30. Measurements of this bat are as follows: Weight ranges from 6 to 14 g; the body is 86 to 105 mm long; the tail is 33 to 42 mm long; wingspan ranges from 260 to 280 mm; the hind foot is 8 to 10 mm in length; ear height is 11 to 15 mm; forearm length is 34 to 38 mm.
Evening bats can be easily confused with Myotis species, even though the curved tragus can differentiate the two genera. These bats can also be confused with Eptesicus fuscus, although E. fuscus is larger (39 to 54 mm forearm) and lacks a keel on the calcar (Barbour and Davis, 1974).
Range mass: 6 to 14 g.
Range length: 86 to 105 mm.
Range wingspan: 260 to 280 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
This species may fall prey to snakes, racoons, owls, and hawks. Specific anti-predator adaptations in have not been described.
Known Predators:
One male mates with up to 20 females. Males and females then go their separate ways. Females give birth in colonies with other females, but no adult males are present (Nowak, 1999).
Mating System: polygynous
Mating takes place in the late summer and early fall. Sperm is stored in the reproductive tract of the female until spring, when ovulation and fertilization occur. Evening bats have a harem-like association of one male with around twenty females. The young are born in nursery colonies, usually in hollow trees, behind loose bark, and sometimes in buildings and attics. The female usually gives birth to twins, but some females have been known to produce triplets and successfully raise them. At birth the pups weigh 2 g, and represent 50% of the mothers’ postpartum body mass. This is the largest litter in relation to maternal size of all bats, and one of the largest for any mammal (Kurta, 2001).
When born, the pups are pink and hairless but are able to squeak. They open their eyes within 24 to 30 hours of birth. The bats don't fly until they are about three weeks old. At the end of three weeks they are able to negotiate turns and land on walls and ceilings (Barbour and Davis, 1974). The pups are weaned 6 to 9 weeks after birth. The male pups leave the roost after six weeks, but the females remain in the colony. Bats breed in the year following their birth (Kurta, 2001).
Breeding interval: These bats breed once per year.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs in late autumn.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 4.
Average number of offspring: 2.
Average weaning age: 42 days.
Average time to independence: 6 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 10 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 10 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; sperm-storing ; delayed fertilization
Average birth mass: 1.75 g.
Average number of offspring: 2.
Young are born naked and blind. Within 24 hours, their eyes have opened. Development is rapid, and pups are able to fly by the end of three weeks. Females nurse their pups for about six weeks. All parental care is supplied by the female, although there are reports of communal nursing. A mother recognizes her pups within the colonly by scent and by auditory cues, and will retreive them if they fall before they are able to fly. Male offspring disperse at 6 weeks of age, but female offspring remain in their natal colony (Barbour and Davis, 1974; Kurta, 2001).
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); inherits maternal/paternal territory
The evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) is a species of bat in the vesper bat family that is native to North America.[2] Hunting at night, they eat beetles, moths, and other flying insects.
The evening bat is a small bat weighing 7–15 g (0.25–0.53 oz)[3] found throughout much of the midwestern and eastern United States. Their forearms are 34–38 mm (1.3–1.5 in) in length.[4] The tip of each dorsal hair is a light gray, and one to two-thirds of the basal is dark brown. Though there have been some cases of white pelage, the majority of the population is mostly brown in color.[4] They have wide, dog-like muzzles, pronounced facial glands, and disproportionately large bacula.[4][5] Evening bats can be mistaken for juvenile big brown bats, due to their physical resemblance but smaller size.
Evening bats have relatively robust jaws, compared to other insectivorous bats.[6] They have an unkeeled calcar and a short, round tragus.[7] The curvature of the tragus helps distinguish it from bats of the genus Myotis, which otherwise look very similar.[7] Their skull has one upper incisor on each side with 4 molariform teeth.[8]
The evening bat is a relatively short-lived, especially compared to other bats in its geographic range.[9] It has a maximum age of 6 years, though few individuals live past 4 years.[10][9] Its short lifespan for a bat could be explained by its considerably higher reproductive output. Bats that only have one pup per year would need to live much longer to have the same fitness as a shorter-lived species with two or three pups per year.[9]
Evening bats mate in the fall and winter; the sperm is stored until the spring, when fertilization occurs.[11] Female bats form maternity colonies in May,[12] consisting of 15-300 individuals.[3] Of females that give birth, 90% have twins, but singletons and triplets are also possible.[11][12][13] Though it is more common for evening bats to nurse their own offspring,[3] a small proportion of offspring are nursed by unrelated females. The pups are capable of flight within a month of birth.[12] Pups are weaned within 42 days of birth.[3] Female pups exhibit natal philopatry, meaning that as adults, they return to the roost where they were born to give birth.[3]
These bats have varied diets. A majority of the bats' diet in Indiana and Illinois are beetles, including the spotted cucumber beetle, which is a serious agricultural pest.[14] In southern Illinois, the spotted cucumber beetle is almost 25% of the evening bats' diet.[15] Other beetles consumed include ground beetles and scarab beetles.[14] Moths are also a significant dietary component.[14] Bugs, winged ants, and flies are prey items of less significance.[15][16] Evening bats partition resources with other insectivorous bats in their range, such as the eastern red bat and Seminole bat.[16] Despite foraging in the same areas at the same time, these three bat species choose different prey items at different points throughout the summer.[16]
At first, the evening bat was thought of as a southeastern bat species.[17] However, breeding evening bats have been found as far north as Michigan and as far west as the 100th meridian.[13] Evening bats roost in a variety of structures, including Spanish moss, under bark, in tree cavities, and in buildings.[18] For foraging habitat, evening bats in Georgia prefer pine forest, riparian zones, and open fields.[19] Evening bats have home ranges of approximately 300 hectare (1.15 mi2).[19] Because the evening bat is not found in the northernmost extent of its range in the winter, it is likely that at least some evening bats are migratory.[4]
While the evening bat is considered endangered in the state of Indiana,[20] it has a cosmopolitan distribution throughout the southeast and midwest.[18] Because evening bats do not enter or hibernate in caves, the species is not at-risk from white-nose syndrome, which has killed over six million bats in the United States since 2006.[21] The evening bat's avoidance of this disease, along with die-offs of many other species, is possibly responsible for the evening bat recently expanding its range into Wisconsin in 2015 and Minnesota in 2016.[21][22]
The evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) is a species of bat in the vesper bat family that is native to North America. Hunting at night, they eat beetles, moths, and other flying insects.
