Bondegezou

Due to the inaccessibility of New Guinea's remote mountain forests (5), little is known about the biology and ecology of the dingiso. However, like other tree kangaroos, it is likely to be an agile animal, which can move quickly from tree to tree, leap as far as nine metres downwards to a neighbouring trunk, and jump to the ground from heights of 18 metres or more, without sustaining injury (2). Although primarily inhabitants of the trees, tree kangaroos are also comfortable on the ground. They descend tree trunks backwards, and move along the ground with small leaps (2). Active during both the day and night, tree kangaroos feeds on leaves and fruit, which they forage for in the trees and on the rainforest floor (2). Like other tree kangaroos, the dingiso is likely to have no defined mating season and probably gives birth to a single young after a gestation period of around 32 days (2). In common with all macropods (the kangaroos and wallabies), tree kangaroos give birth to tiny and highly undeveloped young. The eyes, hindlimbs and tail are barely formed and only the forelimbs are sufficiently developed, allowing the hairless young to climb up its mother's fur into the safety of her pouch. The pouch provides a warm, humid environment where the juvenile, unable to regulate its own temperature, attaches itself to one of its mother's teats, and feeds on the nutritious milk as it grows and develops (3). In captivity, a young tree kangaroo emerged from its mother's pouch after 305 days (2). Local Moni tribesmen have described how when approached, the dingiso sits up, whistles and raises its paws as if greeting. Although thought by scientists to be a threat display, the Moni believed that the dingiso was the spirit of an ancestor who recognised them (5).

At present, there are no known conservation measures specifically in place for the dingiso. However, conservation organisations are working to protect and preserve the remarkable wildlife of New Guinea, such as WWF, which aims to promote responsible forestry and improved protected area management (6). As the Indonesian government does not have abundant resources to deal with conservation issues, it may be down to western nations to implement conservation initiatives for the dingiso and other fascinating tree kangaroos (4).

Discovered as recently as 1994, the dingiso is a tree kangaroo, a group of animals that, like their well-known relatives in Australia, have long tails, well-developed hindquarters and move both hindfeet at the same time in a distinctive gait (2) (3). However, unlike the kangaroos of Australia, tree kangaroos are, as their names suggests, adapted to living in trees. The soles of the dingiso's large feet bear cushion-like pads covered with roughened skin which, in combination with the curved nails, provide proficient grip on tree trunks and branches (2). The long, furry tail helps the dingiso balance as it moves through the trees, as well as bracing the animal as it climbs (2). The fairly long fur of the dingiso is largely black, apart from distinct white markings on the underparts and face (2). Female dingisos can be easily distinguished by the presence of a pouch on the abdomen, where the young grow and develop as they suckle milk from one of the four mammae (2). The scientific name of the dingiso is derived from two Greek words: dendron meaning tree and lagos meaning hare. The latter word came from European scientists in the 19th century who, whilst sailing through the region, tasted the flesh of a tree kangaroo and believed it to be reminiscent of the meat of hares (4).

An inhabitant of mountainous rainforest, the dingiso occurs between 3,250 and 4,200 metres above sea level (2).

The dingiso is known only from the Sudirman Mountains, a rugged range situated in Irian Jaya, the Indonesian part of New Guinea (2).

Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).

When Dr Tim Flannery discovered the dingiso in 1994, he gave it the scientific name mbaiso meaning 'forbidden animal' in the local Moni language. Although Moni tribesmen do not hunt the dingiso due to their belief that these are ancestral spirits, it was hoped that this name would deter neighbouring people, who do not hold these beliefs, from hunting this marsupial (5). Sadly, whilst information relating specifically to the dingiso is lacking, tree kangaroos across New Guinea appear to be declining (4). Tree kangaroos are suffering from flourishing human populations and increased efficiency of hunters, aided by steel axes, bush knives, modern firearms and a rise in the number of roads by which they can access more remote forest (4). The low reproductive rate of tree kangaroos makes them highly vulnerable to a situation where the number of deaths due to hunting may outnumber births (4). In addition to hunting, the tree kangaroos of New Guinea are threatened by deforestation and forest degradation. Although the rainforests of this vast island are not as devastated as elsewhere in Asia, logging is still highly destructive to the land's biodiversity and this damaging industry continues to expand (4). Finally, global climate change may impact the montane forests in which the dingiso lives. A period of unprecedented dry weather in 1997 to 1998 resulted in huge areas of New Guinea forests being burnt, illustrating the significant effect climate change could have on the fauna and flora of these magnificent forests (4).

The dingiso is a tree-kangaroo native and endemic to Western New Guinea of Indonesia, where it lives in alpine rainforests in the rugged Tembagapura and Kwiyawagi mountains of the Sudirman Range at elevations of 2700-4200 m, just below the tree line (4).

Dr Tim Flannery discovered the dingiso in 1994 and Flannery and Alexandra Szalay formally described it in 1995 (3). It was first filmed for the BBC documentary South Pacific in 2009. Dendrolagus derives from two Greek words meaning tree hare; European scientists in the 19th century thought the meat tasted like that of hares (7). Flannery gave the dingiso the scientific name mbaiso meaning 'forbidden animal' in the local Moni language. As Moni tribesmen do not hunt the dingiso due to their belief that dingisos are ancestral spirits, it was hoped that this name would deter neighbouring people, who do not hold these beliefs, from hunting this marsupial (5).

The dingiso has a long tail, well-developed hindquarters and moves both hindfeet at the same time in a distinctive gait (4,6). The soles of its large feet bear cushion-like pads covered with roughened skin which, in combination with the curved nails, provide proficient grip on tree trunks and branches (4). The long, furry tail helps it balance as it moves through the trees and braces it as it climbs (4). The fairly long fur is largely black, apart from white markings on the underparts and face (4).

It is comfortable on the ground in rugged areas and spends little time in the trees. It is likely to be an agile animal, which can move quickly from tree to tree, leap up to 9 m downwards to a neighbouring trunk and jump to the ground from heights of 18 m or more, without sustaining injury. It descends tree trunks backwards and moves along the ground with small leaps. It is active day and night. It is very docile. It forages for leaves and fruit in the trees and on the rainforest floor. It is likely to have no defined mating season and probably gives birth to a single young after a gestation period of @ 32 days. The tiny, highly undeveloped young has its eyes, hindlimbs and tail barely formed and only the forelimbs are sufficiently developed, allowing the hairless young to climb up its mother's fur into the safety of her pouch. The pouch has 4 teats and provides a warm, humid environment where the juvenile, unable to regulate its own temperature, attaches itself to one of its mother's teats and feeds on the nutritious milk as it grows and develops. A captive emerged from its mother's pouch after 305 days (4).

The dingiso remains common in the west due to the protection conferred on it by the Moni people. For many Moni, it is an ancestor which must never be harmed. Local Moni tribesmen say that when a dingiso is approached, it sits up, whistles and raises its paws as if greeting. Scientists think this is a threat display, but the Moni believed that the dingiso was the spirit of an ancestor who recognised them (5). The dingiso is very rare. The Red List Category is Endangered or Vulnerable (8). The dingiso's ongoing, drastic population decline is suspected to be over 50% over the last three generations (i.e., 30 years). This is due to increasing human activities (agriculture, hunting for food and loss of habitat). The western-most parts of the population are currently secure due to traditional beliefs, but if those change, the species could very quickly slip towards extinction. Climate change poses a long-term threat for this sub-alpine species; it has allowed different agricultural practices to occur. tion In the western parts of the range the species is still protected by tradition, but in the eastern parts it has undergone major declines due to increasing human population and loss of habitat. Climate change also poses a long-term threat for this sub-alpine species; already it is allowing changes in agricultural practices. A period of dry weather in 1997-1998 led to huge areas of New Guinea forests being burnt (7). Tree kangaroos suffer from flourishing human populations and increased efficiency of hunters, aided by steel axes, bush knives, modern firearms and a rise in the number of roads by which they can access more remote forest (7). The low reproductive rate of tree kangaroos makes them highly vulnerable as the number of deaths due to hunting may outnumber births (7). Tree kangaroos are threatened by deforestation and forest degradation; logging is expanding and is highly destructive to the land's biodiversity (7). The dingiso is not present in any protected areas.

The dingiso (/dɪŋˈɡiːzoʊ/) (Dendrolagus mbaiso), also known as the bondegezou, is an endangered, long-tailed marsupial found only in mountain forests on the west of the island of New Guinea (in Indonesia). It is a species of tree-kangaroo (genus Dendrolagus), which are mammals native to Australia and New Guinea that feed on leaves or other plant matter. It belongs to the macropodid family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carries its young in a pouch like most other marsupials. Though sacred to the local Moni people, it is still threatened by hunting and habitat loss.

The species name mbaiso means "the forbidden animal" in Moni.