Chicobolus spinigerus (Wood 1864)

Chicobolus spinigerus (Wood)
Spirobolus spinigenis Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 16, p. 15.
1864. Spirobolus spinigerus Wood, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 13, p. 211, figs. 36
[not 38], 39. 1865. Spirobolus spinigerus, Bollman, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 32. 1887. Spirobolus uncigerus, McNeill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 10, p. 325. 1887. Spirobolus spinigerus, Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, p. 343. 1888. Julus marginatus Bollman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., no. 46, p. 145. 1893. Spirobolus spinigerus, Bollman, ibid., p. 146.
Spirobolus bahamensis, Bollman, ibid., pp. 190, 192. New sjmonymy. Spirobolus paludis Chamberlin, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 11, p. 374. 1918. Spirobolus bahamensis, Loomis, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 89, no. 14, p. 68. 1934. [Arctoboliis] bahamensis, Loomis, ibid.
Arctobolus spinigerus, Loomis, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 92, p. 398. 1943. Spirobolus paludis, Loomis, ibid., p. 398. Spirobolus spinigerus, Chamberlin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 99,
p. 46. 1947. Chicobolus pilsbryi Chamberlin, ibid., p. 46, figs. 46-47. New synonymy. Spirobolus spinigerus, Chamberlin, Great Basin Nat., vol. 11, p. 30. 1951. Narceus spinigerus, Chamberlin, Amer. Midi. Nat., vol. 50, p. 151. 1953. Julus marginatus, Chamberlin, ibid., p. 151. Spirobolus paludis Chamberlin, ibid., p. 151. Incobolus thaumastus Chamberlin, Bull. Univ. Utah, biol. ser., vol. 11, no. 5, p.
9, figs. 1-4. 1955. New synonymy. Chicobolus pilsbryi. Causey, Journ. Kansas Ent. Soc, vol. 28, p. 76. 1955. Chicobolus spinigerus. Causey, ibid., p. 76, fig. lb. Spirobolus palustris [sic] Causey, ibid., p. 76. Chicobolus jucundus Causey, ibid., p. 77. New synonymy. Chicobolus jucundus, Chamberlin and Hoffman, U. .S. Nat. Mus. Bull., no. 212,
p. 163. 1958. Chicobolus pilshryi, Chamberlin and Hoffman, ibid. Chicobolus spinigerus, Chamberlin and Hoffman, ibid.
Nomenclatorial Considerations. — Chamberlin (1947) originally erected the genus Chicobohis to contain only pilshryi, a species which he described as new at the same time. On the same page, he continued to associate spinigerus with Spiroholus (a practice which he still followed in 1951 ). Causey ( 1955a) was the first to suggest that pilshryi and spinigerus are congeneric. I have examined the female holotype of pilshryi and find that her conclusion is a sound one, and indeed, that the two are conspecific.
I have examined the holotype of Spiroholus paludis Chamberlin and agree with the conclusion of Loomis (1943), followed by Chamberlin ( 1953) and Causey ( 1955a) (Causey's spelling of the name as " palustris " is obviously a lapsus calami), that it is conspecific with spinigerus. Examination of the type of Chicobolus juncundus Causey has convinced me that this, too, is a synonym of spinigerus; my reasons for this conclusion are given in the remarks section below.
The species described by Bollman as Spiroholus hahamensis from San Salvador, Bahamas has never been reported since its original description. The type cannot be located in the collections of the U. S. National Museum. Careful comparison of Bollman's description with specimens of Chicoholus spinigerus reveals close agreement. I am convinced that hahamensis is a synonym of spinigerus, and feel that it is highly probable that the location data are erroneous inasmuch as, except for this one reference, no members of the Spirobolidae are known from the Bahamas.
In 1955, Chamberlin erected the new genus Incoholus based on a new species Incoholus thaumastus. Chamberlin reported the type specimens as being from Peru. The only data on the label with the specimens, however, are the single word " Peru " and " lot No. A3973 " of the American Museum of Natural History. The four drawings of thaumastus given with the original description indicate that this species and spinigerus are conspecific and hence that Incoholus is a junior synonym of Chicoholus. This immediately casts doubt on the conclusion that the type material of thaumastus is from the country of Peru, a region where the Spirobolidae are not known to occur. I have en
quired at the American Museum about lot No. A3973 and have been informed in a personal communication from Willis J. Gertsch of that institution that the museum has no further data regarding this collection and that the material is old. Consultation of old atlases has revealed that there were (and may still be) two towns named Peru within the possible range of spinigerus ; one in Hillsborough County, Florida, and the other in Early County, Georgia. It is, therefore, my opinion that the types of thaumastus were collected near one of these towns, the Florida location being the more probable.
Description. — The diagnosis is the same as that given for the genus. A more complete description is given here.
L of normal adult males 39-85 mm. (59.4), of females 43-91 mm. (64.5), occasional unusual specimens as low as 34 mm. and 36 mm. for the respective sexes (see discussion of Florida collection No. 92 below) ; W of normal males 4.4-9.5 mm. (6.74), of females 5.2-10.3 mm. (7.54), specimens of coll. No. 92 as low as 3.8 mm. for males and 4.3 mm. for females; L/W of males 7.3-11.5 (8.9), of females 7.2-11.1 (8.6). Segments 46-51 (49.0). Dorsum dark brown, sides often with posterior bands of light brown, yellow, or orange, these vertical bands often very narrow at their dorsal apex and becoming gradually wider ventrally until they cover all of hind belt and often part of mid belt of tergite and the entire sternum ; bands sometimes of approximately same width throughout their length, and sometimes entirely absent. Many specimens fade so much in alcohol that all trace of light bands disappears and specimens appear solid brown or gray ; yellow bands often turn greenish in alcohol.
Face narrow, clypeus usually much exceeded laterally by second segment of antenna. Lateral corners of clypeus indistinct, the antennal groove very shallow; parietal sclerite almost flat, tapering gradually caudad. Mandibular cheek not grooved; stipes round or square distally. Eye patches broader than long; 35-57 (45.3) eyes per patch. Clypeal setae 8-13 (10.1); labral setae 15-30 (20.9). Stipital setae of gnathochilarium variable, 4-11 (7.5) per stipes.
Paranota of collum rounded at their ends but more narrowly rounded than Narceus; anterior emarginations very slight but margining ridges usually prominent. Second segment exceeding ends of collum laterally but with anterior ventrolateral corner only slightly produced (more so than in Astecolus but less so than in Narceus) bending abruptly mesad at its ventrolateral extremity; cephalic plate without deep notch on its mesal margin.
Tergites with few scattered puncta ; rugulae not prominent ; moderately strong striae on lower portions of hind and mid belts, curving dorsad on the latter, strong striae disappearing dorsally on hind belt below midpoint between pleural suture and repugnatorial pore. No secondary segmental suture.
Tergum of telson only moderately produced caudad, thus much of anal valves exposed to dorsal view. Valves much compressed, the lips usually very prominent and set off by margining depressions.
Coxae of male 3rd legs less produced than those of 4th to 7th, distally truncate and bearing a variable number of long setae (e.g. 5). Coxae of 4th legs produced into thin, distally acute, compressed processes, these not strongly sclerotized and often partially collapsed, their length extremely variable. Coxae of 5th legs with long flattened, distally rounded processes, these usually with their distal portions bent cauded to cover ends of processes of 6th legs. Processes of coxae of 6th legs shorter than those of 5th or 7th legs, heavy, thick, subrectangular, their rectangular shaped distal ends either flattened or slightly concave. Coxae of male 7th legs with huge, inflated, balloon-like processes, these usually slightly concave on their cephalic surfaces. Second segments of male legs 3 to 7 generally slightly compressed and equal to or slightly shorter than 3rd segments ; segments 4 and 5 subequal and shorter than segment 6 which bears claw about half as long as itself. Postgenital legs (and pregenital ones of female) with many large ventral setae somewhat variable in number (e.g. 1-3-4-4-4-4). No ventral pads.
Mesal process of sternum of male anterior gonopods variable in width but generally narrow and longer than wide, usually acute distally. Coxal endites broad, almost meeting mesally, their ventral margins usually somewhat sinuate, the extent of sinuation very variable. Anterior telopodites broad basally, always strongly uncinate distally, exceeded mesally by posterior coxal bars. Telopodite of posterior gonopod with acute tooth at about midpoint of cephalomesal margin ; distal end of telopodite truncate, often with small unsclerotized cushion-like structure; prefemoral endite narrow and thin (smaller than that in Aztecolus or Narceus), less than half as long as telopodite. Seminal receptacle partially covered by flange from posterior wall of telopodite ; seminal canal fully exposed. Postgenital bar narrow, the pleurae narrowing abruptly to form the bar (unlike other genera of Spirobolinae) ; postseral emargination often very deep and almost rectangular ; genital emargination deeper at ends than in middle, thus forming pockets in which uncinate processes of anterior gonopods lie when at rest.
Distal lobe of cyphopod thin; distal corner of lateral flange forming prominent shoulder; one or two teeth on margin of flange, these variable in size.