Eastern Racer

Die Schwarznattern (Coluber constrictor), auch Amerikanische Zornnatter genannt, gehören zu den harmlosen Schlangen in Nordamerika. Sie bewegen sich sehr schnell und werden insbesondere in den Gärten von Dörfern und Vororten öfter angetroffen. Daher rührt auch ihr englischer Name Northern oder Eastern (Black) Racer. Als Nahrung dienen ihnen überwiegend Vögel und deren Gelege, aber auch andere Kleintiere, wie Insekten und Amphibien.

Merkmale

Die Schwarznatter erreicht eine Körperlänge von 90 bis 190 Zentimetern. Die Nominatform und einige Unterarten sind schwarz bzw. sehr dunkel gefärbt, die Färbung variiert allerdings stark von schwarz über blau, grau und olivbraun. Kinn und Kehle sind heller gefärbt, von weiß bis gelbbraun, und gehen in einen schwarzen, dunkelgrauen, bläulichen, cremefarbenen, gelben oder weißen Bauch über. Um ihren Körper liegen 17 Schuppenreihen, zum Schwanz hin nur noch 15 Reihen. Die Analplatte der Tiere ist geteilt.

Jungtiere sind mit grauen, braunen oder rötlichen Flecken gescheckt, die im Alter zunehmend verblassen und mit etwa 30 Zentimetern Länge nicht mehr zu erkennen sind. Die männlichen Tiere haben einen etwas längeren Schwanz als die Weibchen mit breiter Basis, bei letzteren ist kein Übergang zwischen Körper und Schwanz erkennbar.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Verbreitungsgebiet nach IUCN

Die Schwarznatter ist mit mehreren Unterarten in Nord- und Mittelamerika verbreitet. Dabei umfasst das Verbreitungsgebiet fast die gesamten Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und reicht nördlich bis nach Kanada und südlich bis Mexiko, Belize und Guatemala.

Schwarznattern leben vor allem in trockenen, sonnenbeschienenen Gebieten mit Versteckmöglichkeiten. Sie bevorzugen dabei offenes Waldland, brachliegende Wiesen und Felder, Hecken und Dickichte. Für das Gebiet um die Großen Seen wurde festgestellt, dass die Tiere Reviere besetzen, die von etwa einem bis zu 20 Hektar variieren.^[1]

Im Jahr 1995 wurde die Schwarznatter (Northern Black Racer) durch die Ohio General Assembly zum offiziellen Staats-Reptil des US-Bundesstaates Ohio erklärt. Als Begründung hieß es dazu:

Lebensweise

Schwarznattern halten sich in den kalten Monaten in Verstecken auf, in denen sie vor Frost geschützt sind.

Unterarten

Die Schwarznatter kommt in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet in mehreren Unterarten vor:

• Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862)
• Coluber constrictor constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Coluber constrictor etheridgei (Wilson, 1970)
• Coluber constrictor flaviventris (Say, 1823)
• Coluber constrictor foxii (Baird & Girard, 1853)
• Coluber constrictor helvigularis (Auffenberg, 1955)
• Coluber constrictor latrunculus (Wilson, 1970)
• Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863)
• Coluber constrictor paludicola (Auffenberg & Babbitt, 1955)
• Coluber constrictor priapus (Dunn & Wood, 1939)
• Coluber constrictor mormon (Baird & Girard, 1853)

Quellen

1. ↑ J. Harding 1997: Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1997 (zitiert nach Animal Diversity Net)
2. ↑ Ohio's state symbols. Ohio Governor's Residence and Heritage Garden, abgerufen am 8. Juni 2013 (amerikanisches Englisch).

Weblinks

– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

• Porträt bei Iowa Herpetology (englisch)
• Porträt im Animal Diversity Net (englisch)
• Coluber constrictor In: The Reptile Database
• Coluber constrictor in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2013.1. Eingestellt von: Hammerson, G.A., 2007. Abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2013.

ಕರಿಹಾವು : ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೆರಿಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿರುವ, ವಿಷರಹಿತ ಹಾವು.

ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ

ಕೊಲ್ಯೂಬ್ರಿಡೀ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಕಾಲ್ಯುಬರ್ ಕನ್ಸ್ಟ್ರಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಎಂಬ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಹೆಸರಿನ ಹಾವು.

ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು

ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಉಪಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳಿವೆ. ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಮೆರಿಕದ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತಸಂಸ್ಥಾನಗಳ ಮಧ್ಯಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಬರುವ ಬ್ಲೂ ರೇಸರ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಬರುವ ದಕ್ಷಿಣದ ಬ್ಲ್ಯಾಕ್ ರೇಸರ್ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದುವು.

ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು

ತೆಳು ಹಾಗೂ ನೀಳದೇಹದ ಈ ಹಾವು ಸು. 4-5 ಅಡಿ ಉದ್ದ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ದೇಹದ ಮೇಲ್ಭಾಗ ಕಪ್ಪು, ತಳಭಾಗ ನಸುಬಿಳುಪು ಅಥವಾ ಹಳದಿ. ಬಾಯಿಯ ತಳಭಾಗ ಬಿಳಿಬಣ್ಣದ್ದಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಬಹಳ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಚಲಿಸಬಲ್ಲುದಲ್ಲದೆ ಮರ ಹತ್ತುವುದಲ್ಲೂ ಈಜುವುದರಲ್ಲೂ ಪ್ರಾವೀಣ್ಯ ಪಡೆದಿದೆ. ಗಾಬರಿಗೊಂಡಾಗ ಬಾಲದ ತುದಿಯನ್ನು ಅಲುಗಾಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

ಆಹಾರ

ಕಪ್ಪೆ ಇತರ ಸಣ್ಣ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಹಾವುಗಳು, ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಸ್ತನಿಗಳು, ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳು ಇದರ ಆಹಾರ.

ಸಂತಾನಾಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ

ಇವು ವಸಂತ ಋತುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕೂಡಿ 10-35 ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನಿಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಿಡುವ ಕಾಲ ಮೇ-ಜುಲೈ, ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಸಣ್ಣ ಮರಳಿನಂಥ ಕಣಗಳಿಂದಾದ ಹೊದಿಕೆಯುಂಟು. 7-9 ವಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳೊಡೆದು ಮರಿಗಳು ಹೊರಬರುತ್ತವೆ.

ಛಾಯಾಂಕಣ

• Juvenile Yellowbelly Racer, C. c. flaviventris

• Adult Yellowbelly Racer, C. c. flaviventris

• Northern Black Racer, C. c. constrictor

• Northern Black Racer, C. c. constrictor in typical habitat

• Black Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta, often confused with Racer

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು

ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• "Black Snakes": Identification and Ecology - University of Florida fact sheet
• Racer - Coluber constrictor Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide
• University of Michigan, Animal Diversity Web: Coluber constrictor
• Species Coluber constrictor at The Reptile Database

The eastern racer or North American racer (Coluber constrictor) is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to North America and Central America. Eleven subspecies, including the nominotypical subspecies, are recognized, which as a group are commonly referred to as the eastern racers. The species is monotypic in the genus Coluber.

Geographic range

C. constrictor is found throughout much of the United States, on both sides of the Rocky Mountains, but it also ranges north into Canada and south into Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.

Description

Adult eastern racers can typically vary from 50 to 152 cm (20 to 60 in) in total length (including tail) depending on the subspecies, but a record-sized specimen measured 185.4 cm (73.0 in) in total length.^[4][5][6] A typical adult specimen will weigh around 556 g (1.226 lb), with little size difference between the sexes.^[7] The patterns vary widely among subspecies. Most are solid-colored as their common names imply: black racers, brown racers, tan racers, blue racers, or green racers. "Runner" is sometimes used instead of "racer" in their common names. All subspecies have a lighter-colored underbelly: white, light tan, or yellow in color. Juveniles are more strikingly patterned, with a middorsal row of dark blotches on a light ground color. The tail is unpatterned. As they grow older, the dorsum darkens and the juvenile pattern gradually disappears.^[4]

Behavior

Closeup of head of C. c. mormon, western yellow-bellied racer

The eastern racers are fast-moving, highly active, diurnal snakes. Their diet consists primarily of small rodents, other mammals (as large as small cottontail rabbits), frogs, toads, small turtles, lizards, and other snakes.^[8][9] Some subspecies are known to climb trees to eat eggs and young birds. Juveniles often consume soft-bodied insects and other small invertebrates,^[10] as well as small frogs, small reptiles (including lizards and snakes and their eggs), young rodents, and shrews.^[11] Despite their specific name, constrictor, they do not really employ constriction, instead simply subduing struggling prey by pinning it bodily, pressing one or two coils against it to hold it in place instead of actually suffocating it. Most smaller prey items are simply swallowed alive.

They are curious snakes with excellent vision and are sometimes seen raising their heads above the height of the grass where they are crawling to view what is around them. Aptly named, racers are very fast and typically flee from a potential predator. However, once cornered, they put up a vigorous fight, biting hard and often. They are difficult to handle and will writhe, defecate, and release a foul-smelling musk from their cloacae. Vibrating their tails among dry leaves, racers can sound convincingly like rattlesnakes.^[12]

Habitat

C. constrictor is found frequently near water, but also in brush, trash piles, roadsides, and swamps, and in suburbia; it is the most common snake in residential neighborhoods in Florida. It spends most of its time on the ground, but it is a good tree climber and may be found in shrubs and trees where bird nests can be raided for eggs and chicks, as well as small adult birds such as finches, canaries, and thrashers.

Most of the eastern racers prefer open, grassland-type habitats where their keen eyesight and speed can be readily used, but they are also found in light forest and even semiarid regions. They are usually not far from an area of cover for hiding.

Reproduction

In C. constrictor, mating takes place in the spring from April until early June. Around a month later, the female lays three to 30 eggs in a hidden nest site, such as a hollow log, an abandoned rodent burrow, or under a rock. The juveniles hatch in the early fall. A newborn is 8–10 in (20–26 cm) in total length. Maturity is reached around 2 years old. Eastern racers have been known to lay their eggs in communal sites, where a number of snakes, even those from other species, all lay their eggs together.

Symbol

The northern black racer is the state reptile of Ohio.^[13]

Subspecies

Closeup of the head of Coluber constrictor constrictor, northern black racer

• Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862) – buttermilk racer
• Coluber constrictor constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 – northern black racer
• Coluber constrictor etheridgei Wilson, 1970 – tan racer
• Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say, 1823 – eastern yellow-bellied racer
• Coluber constrictor foxii (Baird & Girard, 1853) – blue racer
• Coluber constrictor helvigularis Auffenberg, 1955 – brown-chinned racer
• Coluber constrictor latrunculus Wilson, 1970 – black-masked racer
• Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863) – Mexican racer
• Coluber constrictor paludicola Auffenberg & Babbitt, 1955 – Everglades racer
• Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn & Wood, 1939 – southern black racer
• Coluber constrictor mormon (Baird & Girard, 1852) – western yellow-bellied racer^[14]

Gallery

• 

  Juvenile eastern yellow-bellied racer, C. c. flaviventris

• 

  Adult eastern yellow-bellied racer, C. c. flaviventris

• 

  Adult northern black racer, C. c. constrictor

• 

  Adult northern black racer, C. c. constrictor, in typical habitat

• 

  Adult blue racer, C. c. foxii

• 

  Adult black rat snake, Pantherophis obsoletus, often confused with the northern black racer

• 

  Close up of adult southern black racer, C. c. priapus, showing the iridescence of its scales

References

La culebra corredora constrictor^[1]​ (Coluber constrictor) es una especie de serpiente que pertenece a la familia Colubridae. Es nativa del sur de Canadá, Estados Unidos, México, norte de Guatemala y Belice.^[2]​

Subespecies

Han sido descritas las siguientes subespecies:^[2]​

• Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862)
• Coluber constrictor constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Coluber constrictor etheridgei (Wilson, 1970)
• Coluber constrictor flaviventris (Say, 1823)
• Coluber constrictor foxii (Baird & Girard, 1853)
• Coluber constrictor helvigularis (Auffenberg, 1955)
• Coluber constrictor latrunculus (Wilson, 1970)
• Coluber constrictor mormon (Baird & Girard, 1852)
• Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863)
• Coluber constrictor paludicola (Auffenberg & Babbitt, 1955)
• Coluber constrictor priapus (Dunn & Wood, 1939)

Referencias

Coluber constrictor Coluber generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Colubridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

• TIGR Reptile Database in Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist

Ikus, gainera

• Coluber
• Colubridae

Coluber constrictor, parfois appelée Couleuvre agile, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Colubridae^[1].

Répartition

Aire de répartition de l'espèce Coluber constrictor selon l'UICN (consulté le 29 octobre 2013).

Cette espèce se rencontre dans le sud du Canada, aux États-Unis, dans l'Est et le sud-est du Mexique, dans le nord du Guatemala et au Belize^[1].

Description

Ce reptile atteint un peu plus d'un mètre de long, mais certaines sous-espèces peuvent approcher les deux mètres. Les couleurs et motifs varient fortement selon les sous-espèces : noir, brun, marron, bleu ou vert. Toutes ont la face ventrale claire, en général blanche ou jaune. Les juvéniles présentent souvent des motifs très marqués.

Reproduction

La reproduction a lieu au printemps. Environ un mois plus tard les femelles pondent de 3 à 30 œufs. Les petits mesurent environ 25 cm à la naissance et atteignent la maturité vers l'âge de deux ans.
Il arrive que les femelles utilisent des sites de ponte communautaires où plusieurs femelles viennent déposer leurs œufs, y compris parfois des femelles d'autres espèces.

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (20 décembre 2012)^[2] :

• Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862)
• Coluber constrictor constrictor Linnaeus, 1758
• Coluber constrictor etheridgei Wilson, 1970
• Coluber constrictor flaviventris (Say, 1823) - Couleuvre agile à ventre jaune de l'Est
• Coluber constrictor foxii (Baird & Girard, 1853) - Couleuvre agile bleue
• Coluber constrictor helvigularis Auffenberg, 1955
• Coluber constrictor latrunculus Wilson, 1970
• Coluber constrictor mormon Baird & Girard, 1852 - Couleuvre agile à ventre jaune de l'Ouest
• Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863)
• Coluber constrictor paludicola Auffenberg & Babitt, 1955
• Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn & Wood, 1939

Galerie

Publications originales

• Auffenberg, 1955 : A reconsideration of the racer, Coluber constrictor, in Eastern United States. Tulane Studies in Zoology, vol. 2, n^o 6, p. 89-155 (texte intégral).
• Auffenberg & Babbitt, 1955 : A new subspecies of Coluber constrictor from Florida. Copeia, vol. 1953, n^o 1, p. 44-45.
• Baird & Girard, 1852 : Characteristics of some new reptiles in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 6, p. 68-70 (texte intégral).
• Baird & Girard, 1853 : Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, p. 1-172 (texte intégral).
• Cope, 1862 : Notes upon Some Reptiles of the Old World. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 14, p. 337-344 & 594 (texte intégral).
• Dunn & Wood, 1939 : Notes on eastern snakes of the genus Coluber. Notulae Naturae Philadelphia, n^o 5, p. 1-4.
• Jan, 1863 : Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi descriti e disegnati per l'Iconografia Generale. Milano, A. Lombardi, p. 1-143 (texte intégral).
• Linnaeus, 1758 : Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, ed. 10 (texte intégral).
• Say in James, 1823 : Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party, vol. 1, p. 1-344 (texte intégral).
• Wilson, 1970 : The racer Coluber constrictor (Serpentes: Colubridae) in Louisiana and eastern Texas. Texas Journal of Sciences, vol. 22, n^o 1, p. 67-85.

Notes et références

Il colubro nero (Coluber constrictor) è un serpente non velenoso appartenente al genere Coluber della famiglia Colubridae.^[1][2][3]

Descrizione

Ha una lunghezza variabile tra i 50 e i 150 cm a seconda della sottospecie, anche se è stato trovato un esemplare record che misura quasi 185 cm;^[4][5][6] è di color nero-azzurro nella parte superiore e grigio e grigio-bianco nelle parti inferiori e nel petto. Alcuni individui presentano superiormente macchie irregolari più scure. Il colubro nero è uno dei serpenti più diffusi dell'America settentrionale, predilige i luoghi ricchi d'acqua e folti di cespugli e stabilisce la sua dimora sulle rive dei fiumi, degli stagni e dei laghi; come la nostra biscia dal collare, compie a volte escursioni nell'entroterra.

Alimentazione

particolare della testa di un Coluber constrictor

Se si dovesse prestare piena fede alle relazioni a nostra disposizione, questo animale supererebbe tutti i suoi affini per agilità e per celerità; serpeggia, si arrampica, nuota e si tuffa egregiamente. Il suo alimento è composto di pesci, anfibi, serpenti, uccelli e mammiferi, in particolare di topi e di serpenti a sonagli.

In cattività

Anche questo colubro si adatta alla vita in cattività e, con un conveniente trattamento, può sopravvivere per anni. Spesso con gli altri serpenti non vive in armonia; con le specie minori esercita, senza alcun riguardo, il diritto del più forte, cioè, all'occasione, soffoca e ingoia i suoi compagni in cattività. Va comunque sottolineato che i serpenti non sono assolutamente animali sociali, quindi va ricordato che questi animali, in cattività, devono essere tenuti in singole teche.

Note

A corredora-azul (Coluber constrictor) é uma serpente que quando adulta pode chegar até 150 cm de comprimento, o corpo é delgado com dorso brilhante, azul, azul-esverdeado, ou negro. Ventre branco amarelado para cinzento. Garganta distintamente clara (de amarelo para branco). Tanto filhote quanto o juvenil chega a 80 cm, azul-cinzento com listras castanhas sobre o dorso que tornar-se menos distinto em direção à cauda, a face e o ventre escuros.

Diversos habitats como moradia, incluindo florestas, áreas abertas, e bordas de florestas perto de campos abertos.

Alerta e ágil, reage a perturbação se afastando rapidamente. Se ameaçada, vibra a cauda e bate repetidamente. Predam uma variedade de animais, incluindo artrópodes, lagartas, anfíbios, répteis, aves, e pequeno mamíferos. É encontrada nos Estados Unidos.

Ver também

• Instituto Butantan

Coluber constrictor^[5] este o specie de șerpi din genul Coluber, familia Colubridae, descrisă de Linnaeus 1758.^[6][7] A fost clasificată de IUCN ca specie cu risc scăzut.^[1]

Subspecii

Această specie cuprinde următoarele subspecii:^[6]

• C. c. anthicus
• C. c. constrictor
• C. c. etheridgei
• C. c. flaviventris
• C. c. foxii
• C. c. helvigularis
• C. c. latrunculus
• C. c. oaxaca
• C. c. paludicola
• C. c. priapus

Referințe

Legături externe

Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Coluber constrictor

Wikispecies conține informații legate de Coluber constrictor

Galerie

Coluber constrictor là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn nước. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1758.^[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Coluber constrictor tại Wikimedia Commons

Bài viết liên quan phân họ rắn Colubrinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

黑遊蛇又名黑遊蛇、縊縮游蛇、縊縮遊蛇（學名：Coluber constrictor）是游蛇科游蛇屬下的唯一一種，總共11個亞種。

亞種

北部黑游蛇（Coluber constrictor constrictor）的頭部鏡頭

• 北部黑游蛇（Coluber constrictor constrictor） Linnaeus, 1758 - northern black racer
• Coluber constrictor anthicus (Cope, 1862) - buttermilk racer
• Coluber constrictor etheridgei Wilson, 1970 - tan racer
• Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say, 1823 - eastern yellow-bellied racer
• Coluber constrictor foxii (Baird & Girard, 1853) - blue racer
• Coluber constrictor helvigularis Auffenberg, 1955 - brown-chinned racer
• Coluber constrictor latrunculus Wilson, 1970 - black-masked racer
• Coluber constrictor oaxaca (Jan, 1863) - Mexican racer
• Coluber constrictor paludicola Auffenberg & Babbitt, 1955 - Everglades racer
• Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn & Wood, 1939 - southern black racer
• Coluber constrictor mormon (Baird & Girard, 1852) - western yellow-bellied racer^[3]

分布

遍布美國各地，位於洛磯山脈以東，還有位於加拿大北部，南部則是墨西哥、瓜地馬拉、貝里斯。

参考文献