Lanzan Tree

Blütenstand

Unreife Früchte

Samen (Charoli)

Buchanania lanzan (Syn.: Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) M.R.Almeida, Buchanania latifolia Roxb.) ist ein Baum in der Familie der Sumachgewächse aus Indien bis ins nördliche Südostasien und nach Südwestchina.

Beschreibung

Buchanania lanzan wächst als halbimmergrüner Baum bis etwa 18 Meter hoch. Die grobe Borke ist gräulich bis braun-grau und rissig bis schuppig oder furchig. Der Baum führt ein Gummi.

Die wechselständigen, einfachen Laubblätter sind kurz gestielt. Der kurze, mehr oder weniger behaarte Blattstiel ist 1–3 Zentimeter lang. Die ledrigen, eiförmigen bis verkehrt-eiförmigen Blätter sind ganzrandig und abgerundet bis gestutzt oder stumpf bis spitz oder bespitzt, seltener eingebuchtet. Sie sind etwa 10–23 Zentimeter lang, oberseits fast kahl und unterseits dicht behaart.

Es werden end- oder achselständige, kürzere und leicht behaarte, rispige Blütenstände gebildet. Die kleinen, zwittrigen, duftenden und fast sitzenden bis kurz gestielten, fünfzähligen Blüten mit doppelter Blütenhülle sind weiß-grünlich. Die außen, mehr oder weniger behaarten Kelchzipfel sind sehr klein und die 2,5–3,5 Millimeter langen Petalen sind ausladend. Es sind 10 kurze Staubblätter und ein fleischiger, gelappter Diskus vorhanden. Es sind meist 5 oberständige, fast freie Fruchtblätter vorhanden. 4 sind reduziert, mit einer kleinen Narbe und steril, sie fungieren als grundständige Griffel des einzigen, fruchtbaren, behaarten, mit reduziertem Griffel, ohne Narbe.

Es werden kleine, rundliche und einsamige, violett-schwarze bis rosafarbene,^[1] etwa 0,9–1,5 Zentimeter große Steinfrüchte gebildet. Der abgeflachte Steinkern ist 0,7–1,1 Zentimeter groß und die etwas kleineren, abgeflachten Samen sind rundlich bis elliptisch oder eiförmig.^[2]

Verwendung

Die Früchte und Samen sind essbar. Die süßlichen, angenehm schmeckenden Früchte werden roh oder getrocknet verwendet. Die wohlschmeckenden Samen sind bekannt als Charoli oder Chironji, sie werden roh, gekocht oder gebacken verwendet.

Aus den Samen wird ein süßliches Speiseöl mit angenehmem Aroma erhalten.

Die Früchte, Samen, Blätter und Wurzeln werden medizinisch genutzt, wie auch das Gummi.

Das Holz ist nicht besonders wertig und wird nur als Brennmaterial genutzt.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ E. S. Santhosh Kumar, S. M. Shareef, R. Raj Vikraman: A new variety of Buchanania lanzan (Anacardiaceae) from Kerala, India. In: I3 Biodiversity. Vol. 8, 2020, online auf researchgate.net.
2. ↑ S. K. Malik, R. Chaudhury, N. S. Panwar u. a.: Genetic Resources of Chironji (Buchanania lanzan Sperg.): A Socio-Economically Important Tree Species of Central Indian Tribal Population. In: Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 59, 2012, S. 615–623, doi:10.1007/s10722-012-9801-2, online auf researchgate.net.

हेसुद्धा पाहा: चारोळी (निःसंदिग्धीकरण)

चारोळी (चार + ओळी) (इंग्रजी: Owls) म्हणजे चार ओळीची कविता होय. आणि या चारोळीच्या संग्रहाला (कडव्यांना) चारोळ्या (चार + ओळ्या) म्हटले जाते. चारोळी हा काव्य प्रकार कवी, लेखक आणि साहित्यिक चंद्रशेखर गोखले यांनी इ. स. 1990-91 मध्ये निर्माण केला.

अंतरजालावर भावस्पर्श हा काव्य संग्रह सध्या खुप प्रसिद्ध आहे. ^{[१] [२]}

चंद्रशेखर गोखले यांच्या "मी माझा" या पुस्तकातील काही चारोळ्या

एकदा मला ना

तू माझी वाट पहाताना पहायचंय

तेवढ्यासाठी आडोशाला

हळूच लपून रहायचंय

मरण दाराशी आल्यावर मी म्हटलं

तुला शंभर वर्षे आयुष्य आहे.

मरण ही चाट पडलं म्हणालं

काय हा मनुष्य आहे ?

इथे प्रत्येकजण आपआपल्या घरात,

अन प्रत्येकाचं दार बंद आहे

तरी एकोप्यावर बोलणं हा

प्रत्येकाचा छंद आहे

घराभोवती कुंपण हवं

म्हणजे आपलं जग ठरवता येतं

बाहेर बरबटलेलं असलं तरी

आपल्यापूरतं सावरता येतं

तू बुडताना मी

तुझ्याकडे धावलो ते

मदतीला नव्हे सोबतीला,

नाहीतर... मला तरी कूठे येतय पोहायला

आठवतय तुला आपलं

एका छत्रीतून जाणं

ओंघळणारे थेंब आपण

निथळताना पहाणं

माझ्या प्रत्येक क्षणात

तुझा वाटा अर्धा आहे

भूतकाळ आठवायचा तर

तुझ्याच आठवणींची स्पर्धा आहे.

आठवणींच्या देशात

मी मनाला कधी पाठवत नाही

जाताना ते खुष असतं

पण येताना त्याला येववत नाही

புளிமா ^[1] (அறிவியல் பெயர் : BUCHANANIA AXILLARIS), (ஆங்கில பெயர் : Buchanan's Mango) என்பது பூக்கும் தாவரம் ஆகும். இதன் விதைகள் மூலிகை மருந்தாகப் பயன்படுகிறது.

இந்த தாவரத்தின் விதைகள்

மேற்கோள்கள்

సారపప్పు (Charoli; హిందీ: चारोली; మరాఠీ: चारोळी; also called chironji, హిందీ: चिरौन्जी) Buchanania lanzan అనే మొక్క విత్తనాలు. వీటిని ప్రధానంగా భారతదేశంలోని వంటలలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు.^[1] వీనిని సంస్కృతంలో ప్రియాలు అంటారు. ఇవి చిన్న బాదంపప్పు గింజల మాదిరిగా ఉంటాయి. ఈ గింజల చుట్టు గట్టి పెంకు ఉంటుంది.^[1]

ఉపయోగాలు

• సారపప్పును కొన్ని మిఠాయిలు తయారుచేయడానికి వినియోగిస్తారు. దీనిని ఆడించి పొడిని సూపు, మాంసాహారాలలో మసాలా గా ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.^[1]
• దీని విత్తముల పొడిని మలాముగా తయారుచేసి చర్మవ్యాధుల నివారణకు ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

మూలాలు

Buchanania cochinchinensis, commonly known as charoli nut, almondette, Cuddapah almond, calumpong, Hamilton mombin,^[2][3][4] is a deciduous tree of the cashew family. The charoli tree is native to the Indian subcontinent, South Central China, and much of Southeast Asia.^[1]

The charoli tree produces fruit that is edible to humans.^[3] The seeds are used as a cooking spice, especially in India.^[4] Charoli seeds are also used in the Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha systems of medicine.^[2]

Description

The tree grows to about 20 metres (66 feet). Young branches are covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs. The leaves are 10–20 by 6–9 centimetres (3.9–7.9 by 2.4–3.5 inches), broadly oblong with emarginate (slightly indented at the tip) apices and rounded bases. The flowers are white and 0.3–0.4 centimetres (0.12–0.16 inches) in diameter. The drupes are 0.4–1 centimetre (0.16–0.39 inches) in diameter and subglobose (inflated, but not quite spherical) in shape. When ripe, they are stone hard and reddish-purple in color.^[5] Flowering occurs March–April, and the fruit is generally harvested in the months of April to June.^[6]

Taxonomy

Genus Buchanania is named for Francis Buchanan (1762–1829), a Scottish botanist, explorer, naturalist, and surgeon in the British East India Company.^[2] B. cochinchinensis is one of 25 currently accepted species in genus Buchanania.^[7] The species was first described as Toluifera cochinchinensis in 1790^[8] by João de Loureiro, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and botanist. Initially placed in genus Toluifera, the species was later included in multiple other genera, including Glycosmis, Lanzana, Loureira, Lundia, Mangifera, and Spondias. The species was most recently reclassified as Buchanania cochinchinensis in 1996.^[9]

Distribution and habitat

The charoli tree is native to Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (south-central and Hainan), India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Western Himalayas. It grows primarily in the wet tropical and tropical rainforest biomes.^[1][3]

Uses

Food and cooking

Though sometimes referred to as the "chironji nut" or "charoli nut",^[2][4][10] the fruit is actually a type of drupe rather than a true botanical nut.^[5] After the hard shell of the drupe is cracked, the stubby seed within is similar in texture to a pine nut.^[10] The charoli seed is around 0.6 centimetres (0.24 inches) in length, with a flavor resembling an almond or a pistachio.^[11] The seeds are used as a cooking spice, especially in Indian cuisine. Though they can be eaten raw, they are often toasted or roasted before use, as this intensifies the flavor of any nut or seed. They are commonly used in sweets in India, or ground into powders for thickening and flavoring savory sauces, batters and kormas.^[10]

Traditional medicine

Charoli seeds are used in the Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha systems of medicine. A decoction can be prepared from the bark of the stem or the leaves, to be used as a treatment for indigestion, mumps, impotence, spermatorrhea, heavy menstrual bleeding, diarrhea, or snakebite. This can also be used as an expectorant, aphrodisiac, or a laxative. The leaves can be crushed and applied to burns and wounds.^[2]

Cultivation

The species is not commercially cultivated in India. The fruit is collected by local people from the forests and sold directly to the local markets. With a potential annual production of 5000 metric tonnes, Chhattisgarh is the highest-producing state in India for charoli fruit.^[6] Leafhoppers, mealybugs, and bark-eating caterpillars (Indarbela spp.) are important pests of B. cochinchinensis, while gummosis and powdery mildew represent important pathogens.^[6]

Significance in Buddhism

Rajayatana trees (B. cochinchinensis) at the Mahabodhi Temple complex in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India

Circa 588 BCE,^[12] the 35-year-old^[13] Siddhartha Gautama stayed for seven weeks (7x7 days = 49 days = 1 sattasattāha) at Uruvela (modern Bodh Gaya), which is located in the present-day Indian state of Bihar. According to the Great Chronicle of Buddhas, he spent one week at each of seven successive locations there.^[14] During these seven weeks, he did not eat or drink, wash or excrete, or lie down.^[15][16][17] The specific locations were:

• Week 1: the Week on the Aparājita Throne (Pallanka Sattāha). After meditating under the Bodhi Tree for seven days and nights, he attained enlightenment, becoming the spiritual teacher known as the Buddha and the founder of Buddhism.^[18]
• Week 2: the Week of the Gaze (Animisa Sattāha)^[19]
• Week 3: the Week on the Walk (Cankama Sattāha)^[20]
• Week 4: the Week at the Golden House (Ratanāghara Sattāha)^[21]
• Week 5: the Week at the Ajapāla Banyan Tree^[22]
• Week 6: the Week at Mucalinda Lake (Mucalinda Sattāha)^[23]
• Week 7: the Week at the Rājāyatana Tree (Rājāyatana Sattāha)^[15]

The seventh week was passed while sitting under a rājāyatana (B. cochinchinensis) tree, where the Buddha enjoyed the bliss of his newly attained buddhahood.^[16][24][25] Upon the completion of this sattasattāha, several important "firsts" in Buddhism took place at the rājāyatana tree at Bodh Gaya, including:

• the first words of dharma to be uttered by the Buddha^[16][26][27]
• the first lay disciples (two passing merchants from Pokkharavatī^[28] named Tapussa and Bhallika) to take refuge in the teachings of the Buddha^[16][26][27]
• the first food offering to the Buddha (rice cake and honey) after his enlightenment^{[16][26][27][29]}
• the first Buddhist monk's bowl^[26][27]
• the first relics of the Buddha to be distributed after his attainment of buddhahood^[26][27][30]

According to Burmese folklore, Tapussa and Bhallika (the two passing merchants who became the Buddha's first lay disciples) later returned to their home in Okkalapa (Lower Burma), where they built a cetiya on Singuttara Hill (the Shwedagon Pagoda), where they enshrined the hair relics given to them by the Buddha.^[27][30]

Gallery

• 

  Botanical illustration by Richard Henry Beddome, 1869^[31]

• 

  Trunk

• 

  Buds

• 

  Buds

• 

  Flowers

• 

  Flowers

• 

  Charoli fruit

• 

  A basket of charoli fruit

• 

  Charoli seeds

• 

  Leaves

• 

  Leaves

See also

• List of culinary herbs and spices
• List of Indian spices

References

Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) M.R.Almeida è una pianta della famiglia Anacardiaceae^[1], diffusa in Asia.

Descrizione

È una pianta sempreverde di 13-15 metri di altezza.^[2]

Distribuzione e habitat

Diffusa in India, in Nepal, nel Sudest asiatico (Laos, Birmania, Thailandia e Vietnam) e nella Cina meridionale (Hainan e Yunnan).^[3] Vive tra i 100 e i 1500 metri di altezza.

Usi

Il frutto è dolce con retrogusto acido, commestibile, usato in Birmania e India per la preparazione di dolci sia, tostato, in sostituzione delle mandorle.

Note

Buchanania cochinchinensis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đào lộn hột. Loài này được (Lour.) M.R.Almeida mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1996.^[1]

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Buchanania cochinchinensis tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Buchanania cochinchinensis tại Wikispecies
• Vườn thực vật hoàng gia Kew; Đại học Harvard; Australian Plant Name Index (biên tập). “Buchanania cochinchinensis”. International Plant Names Index. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 9 năm 2013.