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Description

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Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence of racemes along a central axis; spikelets single and adaxial, paired or rarely in fascicles. Spikelets plump, obtuse to acute; sometimes the lowest internode elongated and then forming a short stipe (B. nigropedata) lower glume usually shorter than spikelet; lower lemma awnless (rarely in B. nigropedata and B. serrata with a short awn point); upper lemma as long as the spikelet, coriaceous to crustaceous; apex acute, obtuse or rarely mucronulate.
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Brachiaria Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=197
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Brachiaria ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Brachiaria és un gènere de plantes de la família de les poàcies, ordre de les poals, subclasse de les commelínides, classe de les liliòpsides, divisió dels magnoliofitins.

Espècies

  • Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb.
  • Brachiaria fusiformis Reeder
  • Brachiaria ophryodes Chase
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Brachiaria: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Brachiaria és un gènere de plantes de la família de les poàcies, ordre de les poals, subclasse de les commelínides, classe de les liliòpsides, divisió dels magnoliofitins.

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Brachiaria

provided by wikipedia EN

Brachiaria, or signalgrass, is a genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, southern Europe, the Americas, and various islands.[4] There are over 100 species.[4][5][6]

Some species are cultivated as forage. Some species of Brachiaria were probably first introduced unintentionally to the Americas in the colonial period, from slave ships. B. decumbens was introduced to Brazil in 1952 and B. ruziziensis in the 1960s. Brachiaria is the most widely used tropical grass in Central and South America, with about 40 million hectares planted in Brazil alone.[7]

Biology

This genus was described in 1853. It is similar to Panicum, and some authors believe Panicum is ancestral to it.[7] It has also been confused with Urochloa,[8] and sometimes combined with it.[4] A recent phylogenetic analysis concluded that Brachiaria and Urochloa are a monophyletic group, along with Eriochloa and Melinis, and that further molecular and morphological work is needed to establish clear relationships.[8] In the meantime, Brachiaria and Urochloa plants are usually not difficult to distinguish from one another.[4]

Brachiaria are annual or perennial grasses, most lacking rhizomes. The inflorescence is a branching panicle, and the plant reaches about a meter in height.[9] The plants are bisexual[9] and the flowers are fleshy, with 3 anthers.[10] Some species have a prominent vein in the center of the leaf.[9] Brachiaria are C4 species and can tolerate drier conditions and more light exposure than some other plants.[9]

Ecology and conservation

Cultivated Brachiaria

Brachiaria can grow in many environments, from swamps to shady forest to semidesert, but generally do best in savannas and other open tropical ecosystems such as in East Africa.[8] In Angola, B. brizantha grows on termite mounds and in the ecotone between grassland and woodland habitat.[11] In the Kora National Reserve in Kenya, Brachiaria dominates the ground layer along with Aristida.[12] In India, the native B. ramosa is an important food source for the Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and Brachiaria species are forage for other local herbivores.[13]

In North America, the native B. platyphylla, broadleaf signalgrass, grows after heavy rains and then reproduces prodigiously and quickly, sometimes becoming a weed.[14]

Wide expanses of the tropics, especially the Neotropics, have been converted to Brachiaria pasture to support livestock. In Brazil, 80 million hectares of native habitat have been planted with African grasses, mostly Brachiaria.[15]

Introduced species such as Brachiaria grasses can degrade habitat and compete with native species. In Northern Australia, the exotic B. decumbens competes with the native tree Alphitonia petriei by inhibiting the growth of seedlings, slowing the conversion of abandoned pastureland to natural forest.[16] In the Paragominas area of Brazil, however, native forest outcompetes cultivated stands of Brachiaria and other exotic forage grasses, and ranchers struggle to maintain pasture cover.[17] Native species may also utilize exotic Brachiaria as a food resource, such as the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a native rodent of the caatinga.[18]

Cultivation

Brachiaria cultivation in Colombia

Brachiaria is the single most important genus of forage grass for pastures in the tropics.[18] Brachiaria cultivars can grow in infertile and acidic soils.[18] Brazil is the leading user and producer of Brachiaria seeds in the Americas.[18]

Mexico has put effort into improving its trade in Brachiaria cultivars, and the grass is thought to have made a positive impact on its milk and beef industries.[19] Central American countries have also increased seed sales and area planted in the grass.[19] The annual growth rate of seed sales in 2009 was 32% in Mexico, 62% in Honduras, 45% in Nicaragua, 39% in Costa Rica, and 54% in Panama. The area planted with Brachiaria during this period was about 6.5% of the total surface of permanent grasses in Mexico, 12.5% in Honduras, 1% in Nicaragua, 18.7% in Costa Rica, and 0.1% in Panama.[19]

Agricultural pests of Brachiaria include spittlebugs,[20] leafcutter ants, and mound-building termites.[10]

Other insect pests include:[21]

Diversity

Species[2][22]
Formerly included[2]

See Acroceras, Echinochloa, Eriochloa, Panicum, Paspalum, Urochloa.

See also

References

  1. ^ Grisebach, August Heinrich Rudolf. 1853. In C.F.von Ledebour (editor), Flora Rossica; sive, Enumeratio plantarum in totius Imperii Rossici provinciis Europaeis, Asiaticis et Americanis hucusque observatarum 4(14): 469 in Latin
  2. ^ a b c Tropicos, Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb.
  3. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  4. ^ a b c d Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 520 臂形草属 bi xing cao shu Brachiaria (Trinius) Grisebach, Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 4: 469. 1853. Flora of China.
  5. ^ Utsunomiya, KS; Pagliarini, MS; Do Valle, CB (2005). "Microsporogenesis in tetraploid accessions of Brachiaria nigropedata (Ficalho & Hiern) Stapf (Gramineae)". Biocell. 29 (3): 295–301. doi:10.32604/biocell.2005.29.295. PMID 16524251.
  6. ^ Mendes-Bonato, AB; Risso-Pascotto, C; Pagliarini, MS; Valle, CB (2006). "Chromosome number and meiotic behaviour in Brachiaria jubata (Gramineae)" (PDF). Journal of Genetics. 85 (1): 83–7. doi:10.1007/BF02728976. PMID 16809846. S2CID 13416450.
  7. ^ a b Kumble, Vrinda (1996). Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy, and Improvement. CIAT.
  8. ^ a b c Torres González, A.M.; Morton, C.M. (2005). "Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Brachiaria and Urochloa (Poaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (1): 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.003. PMID 16039145.
  9. ^ a b c d Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. (2008). Brachiaria. Archived January 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine The Grass Genera of the World. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  10. ^ a b Clayton, W. D., et al. (2002 onwards). Brachiaria. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.
  11. ^ Estes, R. D. and R. K. Estes. (1974). The biology and conservation of the giant sable antelope, Hippotragus niger variani Thomas, 1916. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 126, 73-104.
  12. ^ Alibhai, S. K.; Key, G. (2009). "A preliminary investigation of small mammal biology in the Kora National Reserve, Kenya". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 1 (4): 321–7. doi:10.1017/S0266467400000407. JSTOR 2559449. S2CID 86618426.
  13. ^ Rana, B. D. (1975). "Breeding Biology of the Indian Ring Dove in the Rajasthan Desert". The Auk. 92 (2): 322–32. doi:10.2307/4084560. JSTOR 4084560.
  14. ^ Burke, Ian C.; Thomas, Walter E.; Spears, Janet F.; Wilcut, John W. (2003). "Influence of environmental factors on broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) germination". Weed Science. 51 (5): 683–9. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0683:IOEFOB]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4046547. S2CID 83551440.
  15. ^ Boddey, R.M.; MacEdo, R.; Tarré, R.M.; Ferreira, E.; De Oliveira, O.C.; De p. Rezende, C.; Cantarutti, R.B.; Pereira, J.M.; Alves, B.J.R.; Urquiaga, S. (2004). "Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: The key to understanding the process of pasture decline". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 103 (2): 389–403. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2003.12.010.
  16. ^ Sun, Dan; Dickson, Geoff R. (1996). "The Competition Effect of Brachiaria decumbens on the Early Growth of Direct-Seeded Trees of Alphitonia petriei in Tropical North Australia". Biotropica. 28 (2): 272–6. doi:10.2307/2389082. JSTOR 2389082.
  17. ^ Nepstad, D. C.; Uhl, C.; Serrao, E.A.S. (1991). "Recuperation of a degraded Amazonian landscape: Forest recovery and agricultural restoration". Ambio. 20 (6): 248–55.
  18. ^ a b c d Singh, R. J. (ed.). "Forage Crops". Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement. Florida: CRC Press. p. 209.
  19. ^ a b c Holmann, F., et al. (2004). Impact of the adoption of Brachiaria grasses: Central America and Mexico. Livestock Research for Rural Development 16, Art. #98.
  20. ^ McGregor, John T.; Smith, Roy J.; Talbert, Ronald E. (1988). "Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) Duration of Interference in Rice (Oryza sativa)". Weed Science. 36 (6): 747–50. doi:10.1017/S0043174500075767. JSTOR 4044781. S2CID 182717787.
  21. ^ Kalaisekar, A (2017). Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management. London: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-804243-4. OCLC 967265246.
  22. ^ The Plant List search for Brachiaria
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Brachiaria: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Brachiaria, or signalgrass, is a genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, southern Europe, the Americas, and various islands. There are over 100 species.

Some species are cultivated as forage. Some species of Brachiaria were probably first introduced unintentionally to the Americas in the colonial period, from slave ships. B. decumbens was introduced to Brazil in 1952 and B. ruziziensis in the 1960s. Brachiaria is the most widely used tropical grass in Central and South America, with about 40 million hectares planted in Brazil alone.

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Brachiaria ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Brachiaria es un género de plantas herbáceas perteneciente a la familia de las poáceas.[1]​ Es originario de África y de la región del Mediterráneo. Comprende 212 especies descritas y de estas, solo 123 aceptadas.[2]

Descripción

Plantas anuales, laxamente cespitosas. Hojas con vaina pubescente; lígula representada por una línea de pelos; limbo plano. Inflorescencia formada por racimos unilaterales dispuestos a lo largo de un eje trígono y pubescente. Espiguillas cortamente pedunculadas, con flor inferior masculina y la superior hermafrodita. Glumas muy desiguales; la inferior membranosa, con nervios apenas marcados; la superior tan larga como la espiguilla, submembranosa, con 5 nervios y dorso convexo, setoso-pubescente. Flor inferior con lema submembranosa tan larga como la de la flor superior, pubescente; pálea más corta que la lema, membranosa. Flor superior con lema sin nervios aparentes, coriácea, glabra; pálea tan larga como la lema, con 2 quillas, coriácea en la madurez. Cariopsis elipsoidea o subesférica.[3]

Taxonomía

El género fue descrito por (Trin.) Griseb. y publicado en Flora Rossica 4(14): 469. 1853.[4]

Etimología

El nombre de este género deriva del latín brachium = (brazo), en alusión a la forma de llevar los racimos.[1]

Citología

El número cromosómico básico del género es x = 9, con números cromosómicos somáticos de 2n = 18. 2 ploide. Cromosomas relativamente "pequeños". Nucléolos persistentes.[1]

Especies aceptadas

A continuación se brinda un listado de las especies del género Brachiaria aceptadas hasta abril de 2014, ordenadas alfabéticamente. Para cada una se indica el nombre binomial seguido del autor, abreviado según las convenciones y usos.

Importancia económica

Es significativa la especie de maleza: B. eruciformis.

Véase también

Referencias

  1. a b c (en inglés) Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). «The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references». The Grass Genera of the World. Consultado el 19 de agosto de 2009.
  2. Brachiaria en The Plant List
  3. Brachiaria en Flora Vascular
  4. «Brachiaria». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 14 de febrero de 2013.
  5. Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.

Bibliografía

  1. Bailey, L. H. & E. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
  2. Barkworth, M. E., K. M. Capels, S. Long & M. B. Piep. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. 25: i–xxv, 1–783. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
  3. Bor, N. L. 1960. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan i–xviii, 1–767. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  4. Catasus Guerra, L. 2001. De Poaceis Cubensibus Notulae, III (in floram novam cubensem stvdia intendentia). Fontqueria 55(4): 15–17.
  5. Clayton, W. D. & S. A. Renvoize. 1982. Gramineae (Part 3). Fl. Trop. E. Africa 451–898.
  6. Hitchcock, A. S. 1909. Catalogue of the Grasses of Cuba. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12(6): 183–258, vii–xi.
  7. McClure, F. A. 1955. Bamboos. In: J. R. Swallen, (ed.), Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(2): 38–331.
  8. Missouri Botanical Garden. MO Generic Names in Use
  9. Morrone, O., A. M. Antón & F. O. Zuloaga. 1995. Axonopus. 19(1): 11–16. In Fl. Fan. Argent.. Museo Botánico, IMBIV, Córdoba.
  10. Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali (eds). 1980-2005. Fl. Pakistan Univ. of Karachi, Karachi.
  11. Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gram. Bolivia i–xxx,. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  12. Sharp, D. & B. K. Simon. 2002. AusGrass: Grasses of Australia. CD-ROM, Version 1.0. CD–ROM.

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Brachiaria: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Brachiaria es un género de plantas herbáceas perteneciente a la familia de las poáceas.​ Es originario de África y de la región del Mediterráneo. Comprende 212 especies descritas y de estas, solo 123 aceptadas.​

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Brachiaria ( French )

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Brachiaria est un genre de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Panicoideae, originaire des régions tropicales de l'Ancien Monde, principalement d'Afrique, qui comprend une centaine d'espèces. Certains auteurs considèrent que le genre Brachiaria doit être inclus dans le genre Urochloa[1].

Ce sont des plantes herbacées, annuelles pour la plupart, vivaces chez certaines espèces, cespiteuses, dont les tiges (chaumes) peuvent atteindre de 25 cm à 1 m de haut. Plusieurs espèces ont été introduites en Amérique.

Certains espèces sont cultivées comme plantes fourragères, notamment au Brésil où elles ont connu une grande expansion. Beaucoup sont des mauvaises herbes des cultures. Les graines de certaines espèces, notamment Brachiaria deflexa sont collectées dans la nature à des fins alimentaires dans la région du Sahel, souvent indistinctement avec d'autres graines faisant partie du complexe du « kreb ».

Liste d'espèces

Selon World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) (7 avr. 2012)[2] :

Notes et références

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Brachiaria: Brief Summary ( French )

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Brachiaria est un genre de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Panicoideae, originaire des régions tropicales de l'Ancien Monde, principalement d'Afrique, qui comprend une centaine d'espèces. Certains auteurs considèrent que le genre Brachiaria doit être inclus dans le genre Urochloa.

Ce sont des plantes herbacées, annuelles pour la plupart, vivaces chez certaines espèces, cespiteuses, dont les tiges (chaumes) peuvent atteindre de 25 cm à 1 m de haut. Plusieurs espèces ont été introduites en Amérique.

Certains espèces sont cultivées comme plantes fourragères, notamment au Brésil où elles ont connu une grande expansion. Beaucoup sont des mauvaises herbes des cultures. Les graines de certaines espèces, notamment Brachiaria deflexa sont collectées dans la nature à des fins alimentaires dans la région du Sahel, souvent indistinctement avec d'autres graines faisant partie du complexe du « kreb ».

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Brachiaria ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Brachiaria is een geslacht uit de grassenfamilie (Poaceae). De soorten van dit geslacht komen voor in Afrika en het Middellandse Zeegebied.[1]

Soorten

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Watson L, Dallwitz MJ., delta-intkey.com. The Grass Genera of the World (2008). Geraadpleegd op 2009-08-19.
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Brachiaria: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Brachiaria is een geslacht uit de grassenfamilie (Poaceae). De soorten van dit geslacht komen voor in Afrika en het Middellandse Zeegebied.

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Brachiaria ( Portuguese )

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Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. é um gênero botânico pertencente à família Poaceae, subfamília Panicoideae, tribo Paniceae.

O gênero Brachiaria apresenta as seguintes características diferenciais: colmo herbáceo florescendo todos os anos, flor hermafrodita masculina ou feminina com um a três estames, espiga unilateral ou panícula, espiqueta comprimida dorsiveltralmente, biflora, com o antecio terminal frutifero, o basal neutro ou masculino.

Nativa da África, algumas espécies foram introduzidas no Brasil como plantas forrageiras e transformaram-se em uma espécie invasora de diversos ecossistemas brasileiros, como o cerrado. Como invasora, ela compete com o desenvolvimento das gramíneas nativas e sufoca o desenvolvimento dos campos nativos. Como pastagem cultivada, transformou a pecuária no Brasil Central em atividade lucrativa. Pastagens de braquiária bem manejadas são responsáveis pela cria, recria e engorda de bovinos com sustentabilidade e colocaram o Brasil na posição de maior exportador de carne bovina no mundo.

O gênero é composto por aproximadamente 100 espécies. Ocorrem na Europa, África, Ásia, Australásia, Pacífico, América do Norte e América do Sul.[1]

Recentemente, alguns autores reclassificaram quase todas as espécies de Brachiaria para o gênero Urochloa, no entanto, são necessários maiores estudos para melhor entender as relações entre essas espécies e gêneros.[2]

Sinônimo

Principais espécies e tipos

Referências

  1. Miles, John W.; Maass, Brigitte L.; Valle, Cacilda Borges (1 de janeiro de 1996). Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy, and Improvement. [S.l.]: CIAT. ISBN 9789589439579
  2. http://www.diadecampo.com.br/zpublisher/materias/Materia.asp?id=22378&secao=Agrotemas
  3. LONGHI-WAGNER, H. M.; BITTRICH, V.; WANDERLEY, M. G.; SHEPERD, G. J. Poaceae. In: WANDERLEY, M. G.; SHEPERD, G. J.; GIULIETTI, A. M. (coord.). Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo. vol. 1. São Paulo: FAPESP: HUCITEC, 2001. link.

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Brachiaria: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. é um gênero botânico pertencente à família Poaceae, subfamília Panicoideae, tribo Paniceae.

O gênero Brachiaria apresenta as seguintes características diferenciais: colmo herbáceo florescendo todos os anos, flor hermafrodita masculina ou feminina com um a três estames, espiga unilateral ou panícula, espiqueta comprimida dorsiveltralmente, biflora, com o antecio terminal frutifero, o basal neutro ou masculino.

Nativa da África, algumas espécies foram introduzidas no Brasil como plantas forrageiras e transformaram-se em uma espécie invasora de diversos ecossistemas brasileiros, como o cerrado. Como invasora, ela compete com o desenvolvimento das gramíneas nativas e sufoca o desenvolvimento dos campos nativos. Como pastagem cultivada, transformou a pecuária no Brasil Central em atividade lucrativa. Pastagens de braquiária bem manejadas são responsáveis pela cria, recria e engorda de bovinos com sustentabilidade e colocaram o Brasil na posição de maior exportador de carne bovina no mundo.

O gênero é composto por aproximadamente 100 espécies. Ocorrem na Europa, África, Ásia, Australásia, Pacífico, América do Norte e América do Sul.

Recentemente, alguns autores reclassificaram quase todas as espécies de Brachiaria para o gênero Urochloa, no entanto, são necessários maiores estudos para melhor entender as relações entre essas espécies e gêneros.

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Brachiaria ( Vietnamese )

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Brachiaria là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo (Poaceae).[1]

Loài

Chi Brachiaria gồm các loài:

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Brachiaria. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết chủ đề tông thực vật Paniceae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Brachiaria: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Brachiaria là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo (Poaceae).

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臂形草属 ( Chinese )

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臂形草属学名Brachiaria)是禾本科下的一个属,为一年生多年生草本植物。该属共有50种,分布热带地区。[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 中国种子植物科属词典. 中国数字植物标本馆. (原始内容存档于2012-04-11).

外部链接

小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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臂形草属: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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臂形草属(学名:Brachiaria)是禾本科下的一个属,为一年生多年生草本植物。该属共有50种,分布热带地区。

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