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Trophic Strategy

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Individuals 2.5-18 cm long are abundant in littoral weed pathes (Ref. 52862). Juveniles live in a specific inshore habitat until they reach 18 cm. Adults live in the superficial pelagic zone (Ref. 3636). From second and third years and increasing size, they occupy deeper, rocky grounds. Abundant in bottom areas that are well oxygenated, but can survive in depths of 215 m (Ref. 2216).This species makes diurnal vertical migrations to as much as 200m per hour. Immature species prey on benthic fish and mainly on invertebrates. Adults feeds on benthic small cichlids and seasonal feeding on clupeids which are abundant between June and September (Ref. 52862).
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Grace Tolentino Pablico
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Biology

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Juveniles live in a specific inshore habitat until they reach 18 cm, thereafter they adopt a benthic habitat moving into deep water (Ref. 2216). Juveniles have been observed near or in affluent rivers (Ref. 36901). Top predator in depths below 100 m; exploits both fishes and invertebrates; migrate diurnally to surface to feed on pelagic clupeids; highly susceptible to intensive fishing (Ref. 2216).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Pascualita Sa-a
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