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North American Ecology (US and Canada)

provided by North American Butterfly Knowledge Network
Resident in deserts of Western North America, with range extending just barely into British Columbia. (Scott 1986). Habitats are DESERT MOUNTAINS AND CANYONS TO PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS. Host plants include many species, but mostly in one family, UMBELLIFERAE. Hosts are usually herbaceous. Eggs are laid on the host plant singly. Individuals overwinter as pupae. There are a variable number of flights based on latitude each year with the approximate flight time MAY1-JUN30 in the northern part of the range and MAR1-AUG30 in the southern part of their range (Scott 1986).
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Behavior

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Adults feed mainly from nectar and mud. Males perch for females (Scott, 1986).
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Papilio indra

provided by wikipedia EN

Papilio indra, the Indra swallowtail, short-tailed black swallowtail, or cliff swallowtail, is a western North American butterfly in the family Papilionidae.

Description

The Indra swallowtail is a black swallowtail similar in coloration to the black swallowtail and the short-tailed swallowtail. It has very short tails and has dark blue crescents on the topside of the hindwing.[1]

Habitat

This butterfly may be found in rugged, arid, or mountainous countrysides.[1][2]

Flight

The Indra swallowtail has one brood per year and is on the wing in spring in southern or lower altitudes but early summer in northern or higher altitudes.[1]

Subspecies

Listed alphabetically:[3]

There is an as-yet unnamed subspecies that has been referred to as bonnevillensis by some and as the "Utah-West Desert segregate" by others.

  • P. i. calcicola Emmel & Griffin, 1998
  • P. i. fordi Comstock & Martin, 1956
  • P. i. indra Reakirt, 1866
  • P. i. kaibabensis Bauer, 1955
  • P. i. martini T. & J. Emmel, 1966
  • P. i. minori Cross, 1936
  • P. i. nevadensis T. & J. Emmel, 1971
  • P. i. panamintensis Emmel, 1982
  • P. i. pygmaeus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 1998
  • P. i. pergamus H. Edwards, 1874
  • P. i. phyllisae J. Emmel, 1982
  • P. i. shastensis Emmel & Emmel, 1998

Food plants

Parsley family.[2]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papilio indra.
Wikispecies has information related to Papilio indra.
  1. ^ a b c Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman (2003). Butterflies of North America. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY. ISBN 0-618-15312-8
  2. ^ a b Indra Swallowtail, Butterflies of Canada.
  3. ^ Papilio, funet.fi
  • Emmel, J.F. and Emmel,T.C., 1964. The life history of Papilio indra minori. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 18: 65-73.pdf
  • Emmel, T.C. and Emmel, J.F., 1967. The biology of Papilio indra kaibabensis in the Grand Canyon. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 21: 41-49. pdf
  • Emmel, J.F. and Emmel, T.C., 1968. The population biology and life history of Papilio indra martini. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 22: 46-52.pdf
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Papilio indra: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Papilio indra, the Indra swallowtail, short-tailed black swallowtail, or cliff swallowtail, is a western North American butterfly in the family Papilionidae.

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