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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: In the wild, these animals are estimated to live up to 12 years (Bernhard Grzimek 1990). Their longevity in captivity could be much longer, though.
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Trophic Strategy

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Maned three-toed sloths are most numerous in dense forests that contain secondary-growth trees and an abundance of young leaves. They are strictly arboreal folivores with a highly selective diet: 99% leaves and 1% soft twigs and buds. Maned three-toed sloths prefer leaves from Mandevilla, Micropholis venulosa, and Ficus trees. They eat fewer liana leaves than tree leaves, as they prefer to stay camouflaged in the canopy. Remaining in dense foliage allows them to avoid predation by harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) as well. Maned three-toed sloths digest leaves by bacterial fermentation in a complex stomach consisting of multiple chambers. A preference for young leaves is related to their easy digestion, as mature leaves contain structural carbohydrates that are difficult to digest. They spend twice as much time feeding during the dry season than the wet season. This is attributed to an increase in the demand for food and energy during the dry season.

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Brady Bullinger, University of Oregon
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Stephen Frost, University of Oregon
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Behavior

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Maned three-toed sloths occasionally produce long, high pitched "eee" calls, as has been documented in other sloths. Sloths do not call regularly and cannot be detected by their vocalizations in a methodical way. Adults and infants will call when under duress, when captured, or when handled. Mating calls of any kind have only been observed once over thousands of hours of observation. Maned three-toed sloths have poor vision, but little is known about other modes of perception or communication in these sloths.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Brady Bullinger, University of Oregon
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Conservation Status

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According to the International Conservation Union (IUCN), maned three-toed sloths are listed as endangered due to deforestation. Their occurrence in the highly threatened Brazilian Atlantic forest makes them especially vulnerable to habitat changes and isolation.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Brady Bullinger, University of Oregon
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Benefits

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There are no adverse effects of maned three-toed sloths on humans.

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Benefits

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Maned three-toed sloths are important, endemic members of Brazilian Atlantic forest ecosystems.

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Brady Bullinger, University of Oregon
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Associations

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Maned three-toed sloths are prey for avian predators, such as harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) and rainforest cats (Puma yagouaroundi and Leopardus pardalis). They may impact the growth of trees through their folivory.

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Distribution

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Bradypus torquatus occurs in patches of the coastal Brazilian Atlantic rain forest within the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Brady Bullinger, University of Oregon
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Habitat

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Maned three-toed sloths are found at altitudes as high as 1000 meters. The highest concentration of individuals is found in Espirito Santo, Brazil. Habitats in this state are mostly secondary and are classified as dense ombrophilous. In this region, maned three-toed sloth populations are between 100 and 200 individuals. The topography of Espirito Santo is hilly with average altitudes ranging from 600 to 800 meters. Given a lack of published data regarding the climate of Espirito Santo state, scientists have used nearby Santa Lucia, which is 18 kilometers from Espirito Santo state and boasts similar topography, altitude, and canopy cover. Santa Lucia receives heavy rainfall, with an annual average precipitation of 1868 millimeters, and an annual average temperature of 19.9 degrees Celsius. Santa Lucia has a wet and hot season between October and March with a drier and cooler season between April and September.

Range elevation: 0 to 1000 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Brady Bullinger, University of Oregon
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Morphology

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Species in the genus Bradypus all have fur with a greenish tint, which is due to the growth of algae on the hairs. The fur grows from the hind legs towards the head. This unique growth pattern helps to accommodate their upside-down lifestyle, shedding water from the fur, as sloths are strict arboreal mammals who spend the vast majority of their time in a suspensory position. From the nape of the neck to the shoulder region, maned three-toed sloths have fur that is approximately 15 centimeters in length and projects as shaggy plumes, giving them a maned appearance. Bradypus torquatus males possess an emblematic black mane around the dorsal region of the neck, this black mane is absent in females and infants. The black mane might be a visual signal that helps females recognize males.

Maned three-toed sloths are brown on the face and chin and the head can rotate beyond 90 degrees. They have long limbs that range in size from 100 to 115 millimeters in length. From the tip of the nose to the inflection point of the tail, individuals measure 450 to 500 millimeters. They have short, stubby tails that ranges in size from 48 to 50 millimeters. Maned three-toed sloths are the largest of three-toed sloth species, from 3.6 to 4.2 kg. Females tend to be larger and heavier than males. However, it is difficult to distinguish sexes externally, the only reliable method is karyotype analysis. Geographical variation exists among both sexes; maned female sloths that live in low altitude regions (0 to 350 meters) are smaller than females that live in colder and higher altitudes (600 to 1000 meters). This is similar to Bradypus variegatus in Bolivia, where larger body sizes are common in high altitude forests, whereas smaller body sizes are found in warmer lowlands of the Amazon. Female sloths of the species Bradypus tridactylus are also heavier and larger than males. Maned three-toed sloths have feet without any free toes. They have 3 long, curved claws that form a hook, allowing them to suspend from branches. The claws also allows them to grasp objects against the palm of the hand with a pincer-like grip. The dentition of B. torquatus consists of five peglike teeth on each side of the maxilla and four teeth in the mandible. Maned three-toed sloths have no true canines or incisors, but rather, a set of cheek teeth that are not clearly separated into premolars and molars resulting in a dentition of 0-0-5 and 0-0-4-5. This dentition is effective in shearing and mashing of leaves. Three toed sloths are characterized by a low metabolic rate and a low core body temperature. This may be an adaptation for feeding on leaves that contain low nutrients. Aside from this, there is little available information regarding the basal metabolic rate of any species in the genus Bradypus.

Range mass: 3.6 to 4.2 kg.

Range length: 450 to 500 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Life Expectancy

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There is very little information regarding the longevity of wild maned three-toed sloths. They do not survive well in captivity, but wild lifespans are estimated at 20 years or more. An individual Choloepus didactylus (Linnaeus's two-toed sloth) was still alive after 28 years in captivity and a captive Choloepus hoffmanni lived for 32 years. However, Choloepus species consume a wider array of food than Bradypus species.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
20 (high) years.

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Associations

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Maned three-toed sloths spend the majority of their time camouflaged in the forest canopy. Young maned three-toed sloths develop and grow rapidly, an adaptive response to greater predation levels in early life stages. Three-toed sloths are active during sporadic periods of both day and night, which may be an adaptation to avoid predators. Sloths are preyed on by harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) as well as large cats such as jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis).

Known Predators:

  • harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja)
  • jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi)
  • ocelots (Leopardus pardalis)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Reproduction

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The mating system of sloths indicates that males compete with one another for access to females, suggesting that female sloths choose larger and more powerful males with which to mate. Mane size and darkness of male sloths may reflect health and vitality. Males may mate with multiple females. Maned three-toed sloths have been observed copulating while locked in a tight embrace high in the canopy of the forest.

Mating System: polygynous

Maned three-toed sloths are seasonal breeders, with breeding occurring between September and November, near the end of the dry season and the beginning of the wet season. Reproduction may occur at this time of year so that gestation and lactation can occur when temperatures are more favorable and food items are more abundant. Maned three-toed sloths give birth during the first 6 months of the year, between the months of February and April, during the final 2 months of the rainy season and initial month of the dry season. Females produce a single young after a gestation period of approximately 6 months. Young B. torquatus weigh approximately 300 grams at birth and cling to the mother for the first 6 to 9 months of life. Within two weeks of birth, infant maned sloths begin to ingest leaves. Lactation bears a high cost to the mother of newborns and the early development of folivory in infants may be an adaptation to lessen the cost of lactation. Although leaves are a portion of their diet, newborns suckle until they reach 4 months of age. Infants will remain with the mother for 8 to 11 months. Maned three-toed sloths achieve adult size (>60 centimeters) within 1 to 3 years of birth. Females can become sexually active after reaching adult size, and when the vaginal opening is apparent. For males, once the penis is well-developed at 1.5 centimeters or larger, they are considered sexually mature.

Breeding interval: Three-toed sloths bradypus torquatas are seasonal breeders, giving birth once yearly.

Breeding season: Maned three-toed sloths breed between September and November, near the end of the dry season and the beginning of the wet season.

Range number of offspring: 1 (high) .

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 6 months.

Range weaning age: 4 (high) months.

Range time to independence: 8 to 11 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 3 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 to 3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.

Maned three-toed sloth young are precocial and begin consuming leaves just two weeks after their birth. Knowledge regarding preferred leaves to eat is passed from mother to young. This is critical as they must be able to efficiently recognize food. Weaning occurs after 4 months but juveniles typically stay with their mother for 8 to 11 months, being carried while the mother eats and travels. After this time juvenile disperse from their mother's home range and are considered sub-adults, not yet sexually mature. There is no evidence of male parental investment.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning

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Bullinger, B. 2009. "Bradypus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_torquatus.html
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Brady Bullinger, University of Oregon
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Stephen Frost, University of Oregon
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology

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The maned three-toed sloth spends practically its entire life in trees. It feeds strictly on leaves, twigs and buds and is well adapted to this way of life (5). It does not have incisors and crops leaves with its hard lips instead. The side teeth grow continuously as they are worn down by the grinding of food. Common to all sloths, the stomach is long and multi-chambered, and is filled with cellulose-digesting bacteria, which enables the extraction of energy from nutrition-poor leaves (6). It also has a low metabolic rate at 40-45% that of a typical animal their size, and it takes days to process food that other ruminants could process in hours. This benefits the sloth though, by enabling it to survive on relatively little food (3) (6). As the sloth has such a low metabolic rate, it is an extremely slow and sluggish mover in the trees, travelling an average of 38 meters a day, and sleeping for around 15 hours of the day. It also maintains a low body temperature, from 30-34ºC, which helps conserve energy (3). This unusual animal has around half the body muscle of most other mammals, presumably to make more space for the digestive chamber, and so it cannot keep warm by shivering (3). Instead they select trees with exposed crowns and regulate their body temperature by moving in and out of the shade (4). Another unusual feature of this mammal is that it spends most of its time hanging upside down from branches and as a result, many of its internal organs are in different positions from other mammals (5). Sloths are also surprisingly good swimmers (4). The maned three-toed sloth leads a solitary life and has a home range as large as 16 acres which can overlap with those of other individuals (3). It travels from tree to tree using canopy creepers, or more rarely by descending to the forest floor and crawling to the next tree (2). In the trees its motionless state and camouflage makes it difficult to see, but descending to the exposed forest floor renders the sloth vulnerable to predators such as jaguars and eagles, especially as it cannot escape by moving quickly and can only use its claws in defence (5). Due to these threats it only leaves its tree to find more food, to defecate around once a week and to find a mate (6). Females give birth once a year to a single offspring after a gestation period of about six months. The young clings to the mother's belly and is carried for up to six months, until it is strong enough to hang from branches unaided (4). There is a strong bond between the female and her young which is important for learning and development and the young inherit a portion of the mother's home range. Even when the young leaves the mother's home range, it maintains contact through calls (7).
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Conservation

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Like so many species, the survival of the maned three-toed sloth is inextricably bound to the future of tropical rainforests. The Atlantic Forest, where this sloth is found, ranks among the top five global biodiversity hotspots, partly due to its high number of endemic species (10). There are several conservation measures being taken, which are hoped to protect the maned three-toed sloth. Currently the WWF is working with the local communities of the Atlantic Forest through environmental education programs to protect the habitat of this sloth and many other endangered species in the area (10). The US Agency for International Development (USAID) is working on reduced-impact forest management and on providing alternatives to slash and burn agroforestry (11). Conservation International (CI) has plans to stimulate income through tourism, where agriculture might otherwise have been introduced; in 1998 a canopy walkway was built near the Una Reserve saving 320 acres of valuable rain forest habitat from logging, which is a hopeful message to other conservation projects (8). The maned three-toed sloth has a unique healing ability and is able to survive severe injuries (5). Scientists are also therefore keen to protect and breed this species so they can study the sloth's quick healing abilities and determine whether there could be benefits for human medicinal purposes (11). Efforts to relocate maned sloths in more secure areas of the rainforest have been successful so far, though breeding in captivity has been poor as sloths do not survive for long outside of their natural environment (11). Research projects are focusing on the close relationship between females and offspring so that breeding and re-introduction programs in the future are better informed and more successful (7) (12). These projects are hoped to allow the unique maned three-toed sloth to recover (8).
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Description

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The maned three-toed sloth is the rarest of the five sloth species and is only found in Brazil (3). The name refers to its black mane of hairs, each up to 15 centimetres long, running down the back of its neck and over the shoulders (2). Like other sloths it has long limbs, a short body and a stumpy tail (2). The head is round, with a flat face and small ears hidden in the fur. Its fur is coarse, long and shaggy, and grows in the opposite direction to most mammals; from the stomach to the back. The cream and tan coloured coat is usually tinged green from the blue-green algae that live in grooves in the hair, providing great camouflage for the sloth in the trees (3). The reference in the name to three-toes is misleading; all species of sloth actually have three toes on the hind limbs, but they are grouped into two genera which can be distinguished by the number of fingers on the forearm. The two-fingered forms are known as two-toed sloths, and the three-fingered forms are called the three-toed sloths (3). These digits end in curved claws, measuring up to 4 inches long and are ideally shaped to hook around tree branches. Three-toed sloths also have an elongated neck due to an additional vertebra. This allows more flexible movement of the head and enables them to gaze at their surroundings in a 270 degree arc (3).
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Habitat

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Inhabits tropical evergreen forests at low elevations, especially those with a continuous canopy (4).
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Range

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This species is restricted to the remaining fragments of coastal rainforest in Brazil, in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro (1).
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Status

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Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
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Threats

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The habitat of the maned three-toed sloth in the tropical coastal forests of Brazil is threatened by logging, charcoal production, urbanisation, industrialisation and clearance for plantations and cattle pasture (1). Today, the Atlantic Forest is reduced to less than 5% of its original extent and the area of the Mata Atlantica, where the maned three-toed sloth lives, has the highest human population in Brazil (8) (9). This sloth was previously hunted for its meat, and even though it is now protected by law, its numbers have been dramatically reduced and have not recovered (9). There have also been reports of this species being found in tourist areas where people pay to have their photograph taken with it, indicating that hunting is not totally under control (6).
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Lezireg moueek ( Breton )

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Al lezireg moueek, pe ai, (Bradypus torquatus) a zo ur bronneg hag a vev e reter Brazil.

Doareoù pennañ

War-dro 50 cm ha 4 kg eo al lezireg moueek. Hir eo e vlevenn hag enni e vev bezhin, akarianed, tarlask ha balafenned.

 src=
Tiriad al lezireg moueek.
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Lezireg moueek: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Al lezireg moueek, pe ai, (Bradypus torquatus) a zo ur bronneg hag a vev e reter Brazil.

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Peresós de collar ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El peresós de collar (Bradypus torquatus) és una espècie de peresós tridàctil sud-americana. Té un cap petit, ulls i orelles minúsculs i una petita cua amagada entre el pelatge. Mesura uns 50 cm de llarg i pesa fins a 4,5 kg.


 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Peresós de collar Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Peresós de collar: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Kragenfaultier ( German )

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Das Kragenfaultier (Bradypus torquatus) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Dreifinger-Faultiere (Bradypodidae). Sie stellt den größten Vertreter der Gattung Bradypus dar. Typische Merkmale sind eine einheitlich braune Fellfärbung und eine dunkle Mähne am Nacken. Das hauptsächliche Verbreitungsgebiet des Kragenfaultiers sind die Atlantischen Küstenwälder im östlichen Brasilien. Dort lebt es weitgehend baumbewohnend und einzelgängerisch und ernährt sich zum Großteil von Blättern, selten von Früchten und Blüten. Die Lebensweise ist im Weiteren jedoch nur wenig erforscht. Der Bestand des Kragenfaultiers ist durch Waldzerstörung gefährdet, die Art gehört zu den am stärksten bedrohten Säugetieren Südamerikas.

Merkmale

Habitus

Das Kragenfaultier ist die größte Art der Dreifinger-Faultiere. Erwachsene Tiere werden zwischen 59 und 75 cm lang, der kurze Schwanz erreicht 4,0 bis 5,4 cm Länge. Die Weibchen sind dabei etwas größer und weisen ein Gewicht von 5,1 bis 10,1 kg auf, bei Männchen liegt dies bei 4,6 bis 9 kg.[1] Dabei variiert die Körpergröße auch innerhalb verschiedener Populationen: Die Individuen aus niedrigen Höhen (0 bis 350 m) sind signifikant schwerer und größer als diejenigen aus den höheren Lagen (600 bis 1000 m).[2] Am kleinen rundlichen Kopf sind keine äußeren Ohren erkennbar, da diese im Fell verborgen bleiben. Das Fell besitzt eine dichte Unterwolle, darüber befinden sich längere und deutlich gröbere Haare, die dem Kragenfaultier seine uniforme, hellbraune bis braune Färbung geben. Nur im Schulterbereich treten lange, schwarze Haare auf, die eine Art Mähne formen, welche bei Männchen meist stärker ausgeprägt ist. Bei Weibchen bilden sich manchmal nur zwei unregelmäßige Büschel aus, bei Jungtieren fehlt die Mähne gänzlich. Abweichend von den anderen Dreifinger-Faultieren ist bei den Männchen des Kragenfaultiers kein Rückenfleck vorhanden. Die einzelnen Haare sind teilweise quer gebrochen, wobei sich in diesen Brüchen symbiotisch lebende Algen einnisten, so dass das Fell hauptsächlich in der Regenzeit je nach Lichteinfall grünlich schimmert. Diese Symbiose dient teilweise der Tarnung vor Fressfeinden. Der Scheitel des Fells liegt wie bei allen Faultieren auf dem Bauch, so dass das Regenwasser besser abfließen kann. Die Arme sind deutlich länger als die Beine. Arme und Beine enden jeweils in dreistrahligen Händen und Füßen, die mit langen, hakenförmigen Krallen ausgestattet sind, wobei die jeweils mittlere Kralle vergrößert ist. Die Hinterfußlänge beträgt etwa 11 cm.[3][2][4][5]

Schädel- und Gebissmerkmale

Der Schädel ist zwischen 7,3 und 8,4 cm lang und am Jochbein bis zu 4,1, hinter den Augen aber nur 2,4 cm breit. Dort tritt zudem am Ansatz des Jochbogens ein länglich-schmaler, nach unten gerichteter Fortsatz auf, weiterhin ist der Bogen typischerweise nicht geschlossen. Das Gebiss weist im Oberkiefer je Hälfte 5, im Unterkiefer je 4 Zähne auf, insgesamt also 18, von denen die hinteren molarenartig gestaltet sind. Eck- und Schneidezähne kommen nicht vor. Die Länge der oberen Zahnreihe liegt bei 2,3 cm.[3]

Verbreitung

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Verbreitungsgebiet (grün) des Kragenfaultiers

Das Kragenfaultier bewohnt einen schmalen Küstenstreifen im östlichen Brasilien, allerdings ist das Verbreitungsgebiet zersplittert. Der Schwerpunkt liegt vom südlichen Teil des Bundesstaates Bahia bis zum Bundesstaat Espírito Santo. Zwischen 2004 und 2009 konnten erstmals wieder mehrere Nachweise der Art im nördlich an Bahia angrenzenden Bundesstaat Sergipe erbracht werden, die allerdings in stark fragmentierten Waldresten erfolgten.[6] Ursprünglich reichte die Verbreitung noch weiter bis nach Pernambuco, doch kommt das Kragenfaultier dort heute nicht mehr vor. Eine natürliche biogeographische Lücke von fast 100 km Ausdehnung besteht zwischen dem Rio Mucuri und dem Rio Doce im nördlichen Espírito Santo, was möglicherweise mit dem höheren Anteil laubabwerfender Bäume in dieser Region zusammenhängt.[7] Wieder angesiedelt wurde das Kragenfaultier unter anderem im Bundesstaat Rio de Janeiro. Das Verbreitungsgebiet überschneidet sich mit den östlichen Habitaten des Braunkehl-Faultiers (Bradypus variegatus).[8][9][5]

Der bevorzugte Lebensraum umfasst die Atlantischen Küstenregenwälder (Mata Atlântica), wo das Kragenfaultier vom Meeresniveau bis in Höhenlagen um 1290 m auftritt, überwiegend jedoch die tieferen Regionen bis 200 m bewohnt. Dort lebt es in tropischen Regenwäldern, aber auch in Sekundärwäldern und in sogenannten cabrucas, Kakaoplantagen in naturbelassenen Wäldern, mit einem Jahresniederschlag von 1200 mm und mehr. Auch in Waldfragmenten von nur 20 ha Größe wurden einzelne Tiere gesichtet, so im Bundesstaat Sergipe, doch ist deren langfristige Überlebenschance dort eher gering. Gelegentlich nutzen sie auch halb laubabwerfende Wälder. Das Kragenfaultier ist somit an dichte Wälder gebunden. In fragmentierten Landschaften mit rund 35 % Waldbedeckung geht die Anzahl der Tiere stark zurück, bei weniger als 20 % Waldbedeckung tritt die Art nicht mehr auf.[10] Das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet wird mit 90.000 km² angegeben, Schätzungen für das tatsächlich bewohnte Gebiet belaufen sich auf etwa 1000 km².[8][9] Die Populationsdichte beträgt etwa 0,09 bis 1,25 Individuen je Hektar.[3][5]

Lebensweise

Territorialverhalten

Das Kragenfaultier ist ein Einzelgänger, der überwiegend baumbewohnend (arboreal) in den Atlantischen Küstenwäldern lebt. Die einzigen engeren sozialen Kontakte bestehen zwischen Muttertier und dem Nachwuchs. Die Individuen leben in Aktionsräumen von 0,6 bis 10,8 ha, bei einer Durchschnittsgröße von 5,4 bis 5,6 ha. Untersuchungen an drei Individuen über einen Zeitraum von 14 Monaten ergaben, dass die Aktivitätszeiten sich zusammensetzen aus 60 bis 80 % Ruhe, 7 bis 17 % Fressen, 6 bis 17 % Bewegung und 1 bis 2 % sonstigem wie Fellpflege. Die verwendete Zeit für die Nahrungsaufnahme erhöht sich in der Trockenzeit um fast das Doppelte gegenüber der Regenzeit. Auf den Waldboden steigt das Kragenfaultier nur herab, um zu einem anderen Baum zu gelangen, innerhalb von 24 Stunden legt ein Tier dabei etwa 24 m zurück.[11] Die Zeit der Aktivität der einzelnen Populationen scheint unterschiedlich zu sein. So sind Gruppen im Flachland eher dämmerungs- und nachtaktiv, solche im Hochland dagegen eher tagaktiv. Grund dafür dürften die bestehenden Temperaturunterschiede zwischen Hoch- und Flachlandregionen sein.[3][4][12][5]

Ernährung

Das Kragenfaultier ist ein reiner Pflanzenfresser und ernährt sich zu etwa 99 % von Blättern, daneben frisst es auch vereinzelt Früchte und Blüten. In den bereits erwähnten Untersuchungen dreier Individuen über einen Zeitraum von mehr als einem Jahr konnten 21 bevorzugte Pflanzenarten beobachtet werden, darunter 16 Baum- und 5 Lianenarten. Einzelindividuen fraßen dabei aber nur von 7 bis 12 Arten, wobei Jungblätter vor allem während der Regenzeit überwogen. Zu den wichtigsten Nahrungspflanzen gehören Vertreter von Prunus, Ficus, Micropholis und Mandevilla, die jeweils zwischen 12,2 und 19,5 % der gesamten Nahrungsmenge ausmachen. Von letzterem werden auch die Blüten und zusätzlich von Cecropia die Früchte verzehrt. Weiterhin lässt sich ein sehr selektives Nahrungsverhalten der Einzeltiere nachweisen, da diese an nur wenigen Baumarten fressen, die weniger als 4 % des Gesamtbestandes aller Bäume eines Habitats umfassen und zudem nicht die weitverbreitetsten darstellen.[13] Da einzelne Individuen des Kragenfaultiers nur bestimmte Pflanzenarten nutzen, sind sie sehr spezialisierte Blattfresser, die gesamte Population einer Region vertilgt aber Blätter von wesentlich mehr Baumarten und ist dadurch weniger selektiv.[3][4][12][5]

Fortpflanzung

Über die Fortpflanzung des Kragenfaultiers ist wenig bekannt, sie wurde nur selten in freier Wildbahn beobachtet. Das Kragenfaultier wird mit rund drei Jahren geschlechtsreif. Die Paarungszeit ist höchstwahrscheinlich ganzjährig, jedoch fallen die meisten Geburten jahreszeitlich bedingt in die Zeit vom Ende der Regen- bis hin über die erste Hälfte der Trockenzeit und damit in eine eher stressarme Phase, da die Temperaturen dann höher sind und die bevorzugten Nahrungsquellen häufiger. Dadurch wird aufgrund der für andere Dreifinger-Faultiere bekannten Tragzeit von sechs Monaten wahrscheinlich, dass die meisten Paarungen zu Beginn der Trockenzeit stattfinden. Das Weibchen bringt stets ein Junges zur Welt. Die Länge des Neugeborenen liegt bei 20 cm, das Geburtsgewicht beträgt 300 bis 350 g.[1] Die ersten Lebensmonate verbringt das Jungtier auf dem Bauch oder dem Rücken der Mutter. Das Jungtier frisst bereits mit zwei Wochen erstmals Blätter. Die Entwöhnung erfolgt erst nach zwei Monaten und kann bis zu vier andauern. Insgesamt bleibt das Jungtier acht bis elf Monate bei der Mutter. Die Lebenserwartung des Kragenfaultiers in freier Wildbahn ist unbekannt, das älteste untersuchte Tier war etwa 12 Jahre alt und immer noch fortpflanzungsfähig.[2][4][3][5]

Parasiten und Kommensalen

Nahezu alle Kragenfaultiere sind von Zecken der Gattung Amblyomma, oft von der Art Amblyomma varium befallen. Von und in ihrem Fell leben zahlreiche Mottenformen der Unterfamilie Chrysauginae, die häufigste Gattung ist dabei Cryptoses. Untersuchungen am nahe verwandten Braunkehl-Faultier (Bradypus variegatus) ergaben eine symbiotische Beziehung zwischen den Motten, den Algen im Fell und dem Dung der Faultierart. Die Faultiere profitieren dabei von den Motten, die Stickstoffverbindungen in das Fell und somit auch an die Algen abgeben. Diese werden wiederum von den Faultieren bei der Fellpflege gefressen, wodurch sie neben ihrer eher energiearmen Pflanzenkost wichtige Ergänzungsstoffe erhalten.[14] Von der Motte wird weiterhin angenommen, dass ihr das Kragenfaultier zu einem gewissen Grad Schutz vor Beutegreifern bietet. Darüber hinaus parasitiert Trichilium, eine Käfergattung, überwiegend im Oberschenkelbereich.[3][4]

Systematik

Innere Systematik der rezenten Faultiere nach Delsuc et al. 2004[15]
Pilosa

Vermilingua (Ameisenbären)


Folivora (Faultiere) Choloepodidae

Choloepus (Zweifinger-Faultiere)


Bradypodidae

Bradypus (Dreifinger-Faultiere)




Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Das Kragenfaultier ist eine Art innerhalb der Gattung der Dreifinger-Faultiere (Bradypus), welcher drei weitere Arten zuzuweisen sind. Die Dreifinger-Faultiere gehören zur heute monotypischen Familie der Bradypodidae, die innerhalb der Unterordnung der Faultiere (Folivora) entweder nach skelettanatomischen Merkmalen allen anderen Faultiergruppen als Schwestergruppe gegenübersteht[16][17][18] oder gemäß molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen und Proteinanalysen der Überfamilie der Megatherioidea zugewiesen wird.[19][20] Die nächste verwandte Gruppe innerhalb der rezenten Faultiere bilden die Zweifinger-Faultiere (Choloepus) aus der Familie der Choloepodidae. Mit den Faultieren wiederum formen die Ameisenbären (Vermilingua) einen engeren Verwandtschaftskreis, beide Gruppen gemeinsam stellen die Ordnung der Zahnarmen (Pilosa). Die Faultiere spalteten sich von der gemeinsamen Linie mit den Ameisenbären laut molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen im ausgehenden Paläozän vor etwa 58 Millionen Jahren ab, die beiden heute noch lebenden Gattungen Bradypus und Choloepus trennten sich dagegen im Oligozän vor rund 30 Millionen Jahren.[15][21]

Innere Systematik der Gattung Bradypus nach Gibb et al. 2015[21]
Bradypus

Bradypus torquatus



Bradypus pygmaeus



Bradypus tridactylus


Bradypus variegatus





Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Die Aufsplitterung der Gattung Bradypus begann bereits sehr früh im Unteren Miozän vor 19 Millionen Jahren, als sich das Kragenfaultier von der gemeinsamen Linie des Braunkehl- (Bradypus variegatus) und des Weißkehl-Faultiers (Bradypus tridactylus) sowie des Zwergfaultiers (Bradypus pygmaeus) abspaltete; die drei letzteren trennten sich im weiteren Verlauf des Miozäns und im Übergang zum Pliozän vor etwa 12 bis 5,7 Millionen Jahren.[22][21][23] Teilweise wird das Kragenfaultier in die eigene Untergattung Scaeopus gestellt, was in den auffallenden morphologischen Unterschieden zu den anderen Dreifinger-Faultieren seine Begründung findet. Die Untergattung ist monotypisch und enthält somit nur eine Art.[24] Die abweichende Morphologie verbunden mit der sehr frühen Abspaltung des Kragenfaultiers befürwortet nach Ansicht einzelner Autoren die generische Selbständigkeit von Scaeopus.[25]

Auch die Art selbst wird als monotypisch angesehen. Allerdings bestehen zwischen den nördlicheren Populationen in Bahia und den südlichen in Espírito Santo und Rio de Janeiro markante genetische Unterschiede. Diese wurden höchstwahrscheinlich durch die natürliche biogeographische Lücke zwischen dem Rio Mucuri und dem Rio Doce im Norden Espírito Santos hervorgerufen, die keinen Genfluss zulässt. Molekulargenetische Befunde geben eine Trennung beider Populationen im Unteren Pleistozän vor 2,5 bis 1,8 Millionen Jahren an. Bisher ist unklar, ob beide Gruppen eigenständige Unterarten repräsentieren, die aber äußerlich dann nicht zu unterscheiden sind.[26] Fossilfunde des Kragenfaultiers sind nicht bekannt.[3]

Die Erstbeschreibung des Kragenfaultiers erfolgte im Jahr 1811 durch Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, allerdings ohne Angabe einer Typuslokalität. Die Autorenschaft Illigers wurde in der Vergangenheit teilweise angezweifelt, da er in der Erstbeschreibung zusätzlich den wissenschaftlichen Namen Choloepus torquatus verwendete, demnach wäre Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest mit einer Erwähnung des Kragenfaultiers aus dem Jahr 1816 der Erstbeschreiber. Allerdings verweisen heute zahlreiche Wissenschaftler auf Illiger.[24] Der Artname torquatus ist lateinischen Ursprungs und bedeutet so viel wie „gebändert“.[3]

Gefährdung

Da das Kragenfaultier in hohem Maße an seinen Lebensraum angepasst ist, reagiert es äußerst empfindlich auf Störungen. Vor allem die Zerstörung der Atlantischen Küstenregenwälder hat seit den 1980er Jahren dramatisch zugenommen. Die Flächen dienen nun als Ackerland, Bergbaugebiet oder der Ausdehnung der menschlichen Siedlungen. Die Wälder erstrecken sich heute nur noch über etwa 7 % ihres ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebietes.[26] Weiterhin wurden vor allem in südlichen Bahia aufgrund ökonomischer Zwänge zahlreiche Kakaoplantagen in Weideland umgewandelt. Obwohl in Brasilien gesetzlich verboten, werden einzelne Tiere auch als Nahrungsressource getötet, untergeordnet fallen Kragenfaultiere gelegentlich Verkehrsunfällen zum Opfer. In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird die Art als „gefährdet“ (vulnerable) geführt. Das Kragenfaultier gilt als eines der am stärksten vom Aussterben bedrohten Säugetiere Südamerikas.[4] Zu den Schutzmaßnahmen der IUCN gehört ein Programm zur Schaffung geeigneter Korridore, das die geringe genetische Diversität der einzelnen, teils voneinander getrennt lebenden Populationen zu erhöhen ermöglichen soll. Zudem sollen eingefangene oder konfiszierte Tiere einer genetischen Untersuchung unterzogen werden, um geeignete Aussiedlungsgebiete zu finden. Eine Umsiedlung von mehreren Individuen war im Jahr 1994 erfolgreich.[27] Es wird auch darauf hingewiesen, dass für die nördlichen und südlichen Populationen getrennte Schutzmaßnahmen erfolgen sollten, um eine genetische Vermischung dieser beiden, seit langer Zeit getrennten Gruppen zu verhindern.[26] Das Kragenfaultier ist in mehreren Schutzgebieten präsent, so unter anderem im Nationalpark Poco das Antas im Bundesstaat Rio de Janeiro und im Nationalpark Augusto Ruschi im Bundesstaat Espírito Santo.[8][9]

Literatur

  • D. P. Gilmore, C. P. Da Costa, D. P. F. Duarte: Sloth biology: an update on their physiological ecology, behavior and role as vectors of arthropods and arboviruses. In: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 34 (1), 2001, S. 9–25.
  • Virginia Hayssen: Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). In: Mammalian Species. 829, 2009, S. 1–5.
  • Markus Lambertz: Notes on the original description of the maned three-toed sloth, Bradypus torquatus (Mammalia, Pilosa, Bradypodidae), by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1811. In: Bionomina. 6, 2013, S. 49–51.
  • Jonathan N. Pauli: Bradypodidae (Three-toed sloths). In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, S. 118–132 (S. 131–132) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Bernardo B. Dias, Luis Alberto Dias dos Santos, Paula Lara-Ruiz, Camila Righetto Cassano, Laurenz Pinder, Adriano G. Chiarello: First observation on mating and reproductive seasonality in maned sloths Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). In: Journal of Ethology. 27, S. 97–103, doi:10.1007/s10164-008-0089-9.
  2. a b c Paula Lara-Ruiz, Adriano Garcia Chiarello: Life-history traits and sexual dimorphism of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). In: Journal of Zoology. 267, 2005, S. 63–73.
  3. a b c d e f g h i Virginia Hayssen: Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). In: Mammalian Species. 829, 2009, S. 1–5.
  4. a b c d e f D. P. Gilmore, C. P. Da Costa, D. P. F. Duarte: Sloth biology: an update on their physiological ecology, behavior and role as vectors of arthropods and arboviruses. In: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 34 (1), 2001, S. 9–25.
  5. a b c d e f Jonathan N. Pauli: Bradypodidae (Three-toed sloths). In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, S. 118–132 (S. 130–131) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4.
  6. Renata Rocha Déda Chagas, João Pedro Souza-Alves, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Stephen F. Ferrari: New Records of Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae) from Southern Sergipe, Brazil. In: Edentata. 8-10, 2009, S. 21–23.
  7. André Hirsch, Adriano Garcia Chiarello: The endangered maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) of the Brazilian Atlantic forest: a review and update of geographical distribution and habitat preference. In: Mammal Review. 42 (1), 2012, S. 35–54.
  8. a b c Adriano Garcia Chiarello, Nadia Moraes-Barros: Bradypus torquatus. In: Edentata. 11, 2010, S. 119–120.
  9. a b c Adriano Garcia Chiarello, Nadia Moraes-Barros: Bradypus torquatus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. (iucnredlist.org); zuletzt abgerufen am 9. Januar 2014.
  10. Paloma Marques Santos, Larissa Lynn Bailey, Milton Cezar Ribeiro, Adriano Garcia Chiarello, Adriano Pereira Paglia: Living on the edge: Forest cover threshold effect on endangered maned sloth occurrence in Atlantic Forest. In: Biological Conservation. 240, 2019, S. 108264, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108264.
  11. Adriano G. Chiarello: Activity budgets and ranging patterns of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). In: Journal of Zoology. (London). 246, 1998, S. 1–10.
  12. a b Adriano Garcia Chiarello: Sloth ecology. An overview of field studies. In: Sergio F. Vizcaíno, W. J. Loughry (Hrsg.): The Biology of the Xenarthra. University Press of Florida, 2008, S. 269–280.
  13. Adriano G. Chiarello: Diet of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). In: Journal of Zoology. (London). 246, 1998, S. 11–19.
  14. Jonathan N. Pauli, Jorge E. Mendoza, Shawn A. Steffan, Cayelan C. Carey, Paul J. Weimer und M. Zachariah Peery: A syndrome of mutualism reinforces the lifestyle of a sloth. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society. B 281, 2014, S. 20133006, doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3006.
  15. a b Frédéric Delsuc, Sergio F Vizcaíno, Emmanuel J. P. Douzery: Influence of Tertiary paleoenvironmental changes on the diversification of South American mammals: a relaxed molecular clock study within xenarthrans. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4 (11), 2004, S. 1–13.
  16. Robert P. Anderson, Charles O. Handley, Jr: A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panamá, with a review of the genus Bradypus. In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114, 2001, S. 1–33.
  17. Timothy J. Gaudin: Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence. In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140, 2004, S. 255–305.
  18. Luciano Varela, P. Sebastián Tambusso, H. Gregory McDonald, Richard A. Fariña: Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis. In: Systematic Biology. 68 (2), 2019, S. 204–218.
  19. Frédéric Delsuc, Melanie Kuch, Gillian C. Gibb, Emil Karpinski, Dirk Hackenberger, Paul Szpak, Jorge G. Martínez, Jim I. Mead, H. Gregory McDonald, Ross D.E. MacPhee, Guillaume Billet, Lionel Hautier, Hendrik N. Poinar: Ancient mitogenomes reveal the evolutionary history and biogeography of sloths. In: Current Biology. 29 (12), 2019, S. 2031–2042, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043.
  20. Samantha Presslee, Graham J. Slater, François Pujos, Analía M. Forasiepi, Roman Fischer, Kelly Molloy, Meaghan Mackie, Jesper V. Olsen, Alejandro Kramarz, Matías Taglioretti, Fernando Scaglia, Maximiliano Lezcano, José Luis Lanata, John Southon, Robert Feranec, Jonathan Bloch, Adam Hajduk, Fabiana M. Martin, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, Marcelo Reguero, Christian de Muizon, Alex Greenwood, Brian T. Chait, Kirsty Penkman, Matthew Collins, Ross D. E. MacPhee: Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships. In: Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3, 2019, S. 1121–1130, doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z.
  21. a b c Gillian C. Gibb, Fabien L. Condamine, Melanie Kuch, Jacob Enk, Nadia Moraes-Barros, Mariella Superina, Hendrik N. Poinar, Frédéric Delsuc: Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference Phylogenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans. In: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (3), 2015, S. 621–642.
  22. Nadia de Moraes-Barros, Juliana A. B. Silva, João Stenghel Morgante: Morphology, molecular phylogeny, and taxonomic inconsistencies in the study of Bradypus sloths (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). In: Journal of Mammalogy. 92 (1), 2011, S. 86–100.
  23. Manuel Ruiz-García, Diego Chacón, Tinka Plese, Ingrid Schuler, Joseph Mark Shostell: Mitogenomics phylogenetic relationships of the current sloth’s genera and species (Bradypodidae and Megalonychidae). In: Mitochondrial DNA Part A. 29 (2), 2018, S. 281–299, doi:10.1080/24701394.2016.1275602.
  24. a b Alfred L. Gardner: Mammals of South America, Volume 1: Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats. University of Chicago Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-226-28240-4, S. 158–164.
  25. Manuel Ruiz-García, Diego Chacón, Tinka Plese, Joseph Mark Shostell: Molecular phylogenetics of Bradypus (Three-toed sloth, Pilosa: Bradypodidae, Mammalia) and phylogeography of Bradypus variegatus (Brown-throated three-toed sloth) with mitochondrial gene sequences. In: Journal of Mammalian Evolution., 2019, doi:10.1007/s10914-019-09465-w.
  26. a b c Paula Lara-Ruiz, Adriano G. Chiarello, Fabrício R. Santos: Extreme population divergence and conservation implications for the rare endangered Atlantic Forest sloth, Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). In: Biological Conservation. 141, 2008, S. 1332–1342.
  27. Adriano G. Chiarello, David J. Chivers, Clarisse Bassi, Maria Amélia F. Maciel, Leandro S. Moreira, Mariel Bazzalo: A translocation experiment for the conservation of maned sloths, Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra, Bradypodidae). In: Biological Conservation. 118, 2004, S. 421–430.
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Kragenfaultier: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Das Kragenfaultier (Bradypus torquatus) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Dreifinger-Faultiere (Bradypodidae). Sie stellt den größten Vertreter der Gattung Bradypus dar. Typische Merkmale sind eine einheitlich braune Fellfärbung und eine dunkle Mähne am Nacken. Das hauptsächliche Verbreitungsgebiet des Kragenfaultiers sind die Atlantischen Küstenwälder im östlichen Brasilien. Dort lebt es weitgehend baumbewohnend und einzelgängerisch und ernährt sich zum Großteil von Blättern, selten von Früchten und Blüten. Die Lebensweise ist im Weiteren jedoch nur wenig erforscht. Der Bestand des Kragenfaultiers ist durch Waldzerstörung gefährdet, die Art gehört zu den am stärksten bedrohten Säugetieren Südamerikas.

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Maned sloth

provided by wikipedia EN

The maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) is a three-toed sloth that is native to South America. It is one of four species of three-toed sloths belonging to the suborder Xenarthra and are placental mammals. They are endemic to the Atlantic coastal rainforest of southeastern and northeastern Brazil, located in the states of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. Each of the individuals within the species are genetically distinct with different genetic makeup.The maned sloth is listen under Vulnerable (VU) according to the IUCN Red List and have a decreasing population trend.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The maned sloth is found only in the Atlantic coastal rainforest of southeastern and northeastern Brazil.[3][4][5] The sloths are an endemic species unique to Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. The largest number of individuals that inhabit the same space within the species currently occupy the state of Bahia. Bahia is also the location for the largest number of genetically diverse maned sloths. However, there is a gap that that is created naturally by a valley located in between the rainforests of the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo.[5][6] This makes some of the regions in which Bradypus torquatus occupies extraordinarily isolated which causes a lot of inbreeding, affecting the genetic diversity of the species in other areas. Individual maned sloths have reported to travel over a home range of 0.5 to 6 hectares (1.2 to 14.8 acres), with estimated population densities of 0.1 to 1.25 per hectare (0.04 to 0.51/acre).

The maned sloth is typically found in wet tropical forests with very hot and humid climates that have a very minimal dry season with an annual rainfall of at least 1,200 mm (47.2 in). In the Atlantic coastal rainforest, the wet season is from October to April while the dry season is from may to September. Bradypus torquatus are generally spotted in predominantly evergreen forests, although, with their ability to eat a wide range of leaves, they can also inhabit semi-deciduous and secondary forests. Bradypus torquatus actually chose their habitat carefully. They tend to occupy more shaded areas with larger trees and avoid areas that are more out in the open.[7] Many parts of the forest that maned sloths inhabit have been affected my anthropogenic deforestation and their habitat has been reduced down to 7% of the range of the original biome. It is the main threat to their existence.

Anatomy and morphology

Maned sloths have a pale brown to gray pelage. Long outer hair covers a short, dense, black and white underfur. The coarse outer coat is usually inhabited by algae, mites, ticks, beetles, and moths. The maned sloth's small head features fur-covered pinnae and anterior oriented eyes that are usually covered by a mask of black hair. The sides of the maned sloth's face and neck feature long hair covering the short hair of the sloth's snout. Facial vibrissae on the maned sloth are sparse.[8] The maned sloth earns its name from a mane of black hair running down its neck and over its shoulders.[3] The mane is usually larger and darker in males than in females, and in the latter, may be reduced to a pair of long tufts. Other than the mane, the fur is relatively uniform in color. Unlike the other three fingered sloths in the Bradypus genus however, they lack a speculum, the patch of bright fur found on the back of a sloth, and do not have black around their eyes resembling a mask.[9] Adult males have a total head-body length of 55–72 centimetres (22–28 in), with a tail about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long and a weight of 4.0–7.5 kilograms (8.8–16.5 lb). Females are generally larger, measuring 55–75 centimetres (22–30 in), and weighing 4.5–10.1 kilograms (9.9–22.3 lb).[10] Like all other sloths, the maned sloth has very little muscle mass in comparison to other mammals its size. This reduced muscle mass allows it to hang from thin branches.

Ecology and behavior

General

Maned sloths are solitary diurnal animals, spending up to 60% to 80% of their day asleep, with the rest more or less equally divided between feeding and traveling.[11] Sloths sleep in crotches of trees or by dangling from branches by their legs and tucking their head in between their forelegs.[12]

Maned sloths rarely descend from the trees because, when on a level surface, they are unable to stand and walk, only being able to drag themselves along with their front legs and claws. They travel to the ground only to defecate or to move between trees when they cannot do so through the branches. The sloth's main defenses are to stay still and to lash out with its formidable claws. However the sloths are good in the water and can swim well.[13]

Diet

Maned sloths are folivores, and feed exclusively on tree leaves. Overall their diet is broad but they do prefer younger leaves and some plants are consumed more than others. They have many adaptations morphologically, physiologically as well as behaviorally to feed on leaves from trees. These leaves contain very little protein and basic carbohydrates, resulting in an extremely low energy diet. Their diet and their small body size combined make their food pass through their bodies at a very slow rate. Cecropia is one of the main plants consumed by the three toed sloth genus, Bradypus, however in the case of the maned sloth it is not. In fact eating mostly Cecropia as their diet can lead to death in a lot of the individuals.[14]

Reproduction

Some reports indicate that maned sloths are able to breed year round,[15] but in most cases, reproduction of maned sloths is seasonal. Mating normally takes place between the months of August through October. This period of time is referred to as the late dry season, August and September, and the beginning of the wet or rainy season, October. The wet and hotter season of the year is better for pregnant mothers and infant sloths because of their slow metabolism and their inability to control their body temperature. On the other hand, sloths are born mostly between the months of February to April, which is the early part of the dry season, April and the end of the rainy season, February and March.[16] The period of time between pregnancies, or the inter-birth interval of a female maned sloth is one year.The mother gives birth to a single young, which initially weighs around 300 grams (11 oz) and lacks the distinctive mane found on adults. The young begin to take solid food at two weeks, and are fully weaned by two to four months of age.[17] The young leave the mother at between nine and eleven months of age. Although their lifespan has not been studied in detail, they have been reported to live for at least twelve years. The average age of sexual maturity is around 2–3 years old[17]

Conservation

Threats

The Maned three-toed sloth is considered the most endangered of all of the sloth species and they are listed under the Vulnerable (VU) category according to the IUCN Red List.[2] Due to hunting and anthropogenic deforestation consistently occurring, the sloth species was reduced to about 7% of their original habit in the Atlantic Forrest. The major threat to the maned sloth is the loss of its forest habitat as a result of lumber extraction, charcoal production, and clearance for plantations and cattle pastures. This factor along with frequent exposure to various foreign diseases, hunters, and predators contributed to the Maned Three-Toed Sloth's Vulnerable (VU) status in the wild. Continued destruction of habitat could lead to more harmful effects on the species such as a more restrictive diet and a further lack of genetic diversity due to inbreeding.

Efforts

In 1955, the maned sloth occurred only in Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro in eastern Brazil, in the Bahia coastal forests. It has declined since then as these forests have dwindled. There are many sloths being protected in areas such as the Una Biological Reserve, Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Poco das Antas Biological Reserve, as well as a few others. There is a recovery plan in action for mammals living in the Central Atlantic Forest in which the sloths are included. There are also organizations such as the Sloth Conservation Foundation whose goal is to protect all species of sloths with fieldwork and working towards conservation.

Prior to 2008, the maned sloth was listed as Endangered (EN) by the IUCN Red List due to the restricted range of land the species occupied, also known as its extent of occurrence (EOO). New data based on studies of the maned sloth's range and locations suggested that the extent of occurrence (EOO) was larger than what had been previously understood. This led to the maned sloth getting down listed from Endangered (EN) to Vulnerable (VU) the following year in 2009.[2]

References

  1. ^ Gardner, A. (2005). "Bradypus torquatus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d Chiarello, A.; Moraes-Barros, N. (2014). "Bradypus torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T3036A47436575. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3036A47436575.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b ZSL Living Conservation (2010). "Maned three-toed sloth (Bradypus torquatus)". Evolutionary Distinct & Globally Endangered. ZSL Living Conservation. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2010. This species is named after its long mane of black hair
  4. ^ World Land Trust (2010). "Maned Three-toed Sloth Bradypus torquatus". World Land Trust. World Land Trust. Retrieved 6 June 2010. The Maned Three-toed Sloth, also known as the Maned Sloth is the rarest of the sloth species and is endemic to Brazil
  5. ^ a b Schetino, Marco A. A.; Coimbra, Raphael T. F.; Santos, Fabrício R. (1 July 2017). "Time scaled phylogeography and demography of Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)". Global Ecology and Conservation. 11: 224–235. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.07.002. ISSN 2351-9894.
  6. ^ Hirsch, André; Chiarello, Adriano Garcia (2012). "The endangered maned sloth Bradypus torquatus of the Brazilian Atlantic forest: a review and update of geographical distribution and habitat preferences: Bradypus torquatus distribution". Mammal Review. 42 (1): 35–54. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00188.x.
  7. ^ Falconi, Nereyda; Vieira, Emerson M.; Baumgarten, Julio; Faria, Deborah; Fernandez Giné, Gastón Andrés (1 September 2015). "The home range and multi-scale habitat selection of the threatened maned three-toed sloth (Bradypus torquatus)". Mammalian Biology. 80 (5): 431–439. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.01.009. ISSN 1616-5047.
  8. ^ Gardner, Alfred (2008). Mammals of South America: Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. Vol. 1. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-226-28242-8. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  9. ^ "Searching for the Elusive Maned Sloths of Brazil - SloCo". The Sloth Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  10. ^ Hayssen, V. (2009). "Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)". Mammalian Species. 829: 1–5. doi:10.1644/829.1.
  11. ^ Chiarello, Adriano G. (September 1998a). "Activity budgets and ranging patterns of the Atlantic forest maned sloth". Journal of Zoology. 246 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00126.x.
  12. ^ Stewart, Melissa (2004). "At the Zoo: Slow and Steady Sloths". Zoogoer. Friends of the National Zoo. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  13. ^ "Maned Three-Toed Sloth: The Animal Files". www.theanimalfiles.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  14. ^ Giné, Gastón Andrés Fernandez; Mureb, Laila Santim; Cassano, Camila Righetto (2022). "Feeding ecology of the maned sloth ( Bradypus torquatus ): Understanding diet composition and preferences, and prospects for future studies". Austral Ecology. 47 (5): 1124–1135. doi:10.1111/aec.13204. ISSN 1442-9985. S2CID 249555234.
  15. ^ Pinder, L. (1993). "Body measurements, karyotype, and birth frequencies of maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus)". Mammalia. 57 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1515/mamm.1993.57.1.43. S2CID 84663329.
  16. ^ Dias, Bernardo B.; Dias dos Santos, Luis Alberto; Lara-Ruiz, Paula; Cassano, Camila Righetto; Pinder, Laurenz; Chiarello, Adriano G. (1 January 2009). "First observation on mating and reproductive seasonality in maned sloths Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)". Journal of Ethology. 27 (1): 97–103. doi:10.1007/s10164-008-0089-9. ISSN 1439-5444. S2CID 9320097.
  17. ^ a b Lara-Ruiz, P. & Chiarello, A.G. (2005). "Life-history traits and sexual dimorphism of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae)". Journal of Zoology. 267 (1): 63–73. doi:10.1017/S0952836905007259.
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Maned sloth: Brief Summary

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The maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) is a three-toed sloth that is native to South America. It is one of four species of three-toed sloths belonging to the suborder Xenarthra and are placental mammals. They are endemic to the Atlantic coastal rainforest of southeastern and northeastern Brazil, located in the states of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. Each of the individuals within the species are genetically distinct with different genetic makeup.The maned sloth is listen under Vulnerable (VU) according to the IUCN Red List and have a decreasing population trend.

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Kolharara bradipo ( Esperanto )

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La Kolharara bradipo (Bradypus torquatus), konata ankaŭ kiel ai estas Bradipo kiu loĝas nur en Brazilo. Ĝi estas unu el nur kvar specioj de bradipoj.

Anatomio kaj morfologio

La Kolharara bradipo havas palbrunan al grizan hararon.

Bibliografio

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Kolharara bradipo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Kolharara bradipo (Bradypus torquatus), konata ankaŭ kiel ai estas Bradipo kiu loĝas nur en Brazilo. Ĝi estas unu el nur kvar specioj de bradipoj.

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Bradypus torquatus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El perezoso de collar[2]​ (Bradypus torquatus) es una especie de perezoso de la familia Bradypodidae endémica del este del Brasil. Se halla en peligro de extinción. No se conocen subespecies.[3]

Características

El perezoso de collar mide unos 50 cm de longitud y pesa unos 4,5 kg. Tiene la cabeza, las orejas y los ojos pequeños y la cola corta escondida bajo el pelaje. El pelaje externo es oscuro, largo, denso y está normalmente colonizado por algas ácaros, garrapatas, escarabajos y polillas; sobre la cabeza, cuello y hombros tiene aspecto de crin. Por debajo existe una capa de pelo fino, denso y pálido.

Historia natural

El perezoso de collar lleva una vida completamente arborícola y solitaria. Se alimenta de hojas, brotes y ramas tiernas de unas pocas especies de árboles, especialmente Cecropia. Raramente baja al suelo, donde solo puede arrastrarse, ya que es incapaz de alzarse y caminar; solo desciende para defecar o para trasladarse a otro árbol, cuando no puede acceder a él a través de sus ramas. Su principal defensa es permanecer inmóvil y, en caso de mayor apuro, dar zarpazos con sus formidables uñas. Son buenos nadadores.

Distribución y estado de conservación

En 1955 el perezoso de collar vivía en Bahia, Espírito Santo y Río de Janeiro, en el este de Brasil en el bosque costero de Bahia. Su población ha declinado debido a la destrucción de ese tipo de bosque para la extracción de madera, producción de carbón vegetal, instalación de plantaciones y pastos, y caza excesiva.

Referencias

  1. Chiarello, A., Lara-Ruiz, P. & Members of the IUCN SSC Edentate Specialist Group (2008). «Bradypus torquatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 28 de noviembre de 2008.
  2. Nomenclatura Zoológica de las Américas
  3. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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Bradypus torquatus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El perezoso de collar​ (Bradypus torquatus) es una especie de perezoso de la familia Bradypodidae endémica del este del Brasil. Se halla en peligro de extinción. No se conocen subespecies.​

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Bradypus torquatus ( Basque )

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Bradypus torquatus Bradypus generoko animalia da. Pilosa ordenaren barruko ugaztuna da. Bradypodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Illiger (1811) Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium 109. or..

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Bradypus torquatus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Bradypus torquatus Bradypus generoko animalia da. Pilosa ordenaren barruko ugaztuna da. Bradypodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Paresseux à crinière ( French )

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Bradypus torquatus

Le paresseux à crinière (Bradypus torquatus) est une espèce sud-américaine de paresseux tridactyle.

Le paresseux à crinière possède une petite tête, des yeux et des oreilles de petite taille, ainsi qu'une courte queue cachée dans sa fourrure. Il mesure environ 50 cm de long, et pèse jusqu'à 4,5 kg.

Son pelage dorsal, rèche, est habituellement habité par des algues, des acariens, des tiques, des scarabées et des mites. Le pelage est sombre, long, ressemble à une crinière autour de sa tête, son cou et ses épaules. Sa fourrure ventrale est fine, dense et pâle.

Le paresseux à crinière mange des feuilles, des bourgeons, et des brindilles souples de quelques arbres forestiers, en particulier ceux du genre Cecropia. Il ne va à terre que pour déféquer, ou pour passer à un autre arbre s'il lui est impossible de le faire par les branches. Il descend rarement au sol car, lorsqu'il se retrouve sur une surface plane, il est incapable de se lever et de marcher. Au sol, le paresseux ne peut que se traîner de tout son long, à l'aide de ses longs bras avant et de ses longues griffes. Son principal mode de défense est de rester silencieux et camouflé ou de donner de violents coups de griffes. C'est un bon nageur. Le paresseux à crinière est un animal solitaire.

En 1955, le paresseux à crinière n'était connu qu'à Bahia, Espírito Santo et Rio de Janeiro dans l'est du Brésil, dans les forêts atlantiques littorales. Depuis, son nombre a décliné, parallèlement à la diminution de l'étendue de ces forêts. La principale menace pour le paresseux à crinière est la perte de son habitat forestier, résultat de l'extraction de bois d'œuvre, de la production de charbon, et de l'abattage en faveur de plantations et de pâtures à bétail. La chasse excessive est également une menace.

Répartition

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Références

Cette page a été rédigée à partir de la page (Wikipédia) anglaise de l'espèce.

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Paresseux à crinière: Brief Summary ( French )

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Bradypus torquatus

Le paresseux à crinière (Bradypus torquatus) est une espèce sud-américaine de paresseux tridactyle.

Le paresseux à crinière possède une petite tête, des yeux et des oreilles de petite taille, ainsi qu'une courte queue cachée dans sa fourrure. Il mesure environ 50 cm de long, et pèse jusqu'à 4,5 kg.

Son pelage dorsal, rèche, est habituellement habité par des algues, des acariens, des tiques, des scarabées et des mites. Le pelage est sombre, long, ressemble à une crinière autour de sa tête, son cou et ses épaules. Sa fourrure ventrale est fine, dense et pâle.

Le paresseux à crinière mange des feuilles, des bourgeons, et des brindilles souples de quelques arbres forestiers, en particulier ceux du genre Cecropia. Il ne va à terre que pour déféquer, ou pour passer à un autre arbre s'il lui est impossible de le faire par les branches. Il descend rarement au sol car, lorsqu'il se retrouve sur une surface plane, il est incapable de se lever et de marcher. Au sol, le paresseux ne peut que se traîner de tout son long, à l'aide de ses longs bras avant et de ses longues griffes. Son principal mode de défense est de rester silencieux et camouflé ou de donner de violents coups de griffes. C'est un bon nageur. Le paresseux à crinière est un animal solitaire.

En 1955, le paresseux à crinière n'était connu qu'à Bahia, Espírito Santo et Rio de Janeiro dans l'est du Brésil, dans les forêts atlantiques littorales. Depuis, son nombre a décliné, parallèlement à la diminution de l'étendue de ces forêts. La principale menace pour le paresseux à crinière est la perte de son habitat forestier, résultat de l'extraction de bois d'œuvre, de la production de charbon, et de l'abattage en faveur de plantations et de pâtures à bétail. La chasse excessive est également une menace.

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Bradypus torquatus ( Galician )

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Bradypus torquatus é unha especie de mamífero placentario da orde dos pilosos, suborde dos folívoros e familia dos bradipódidos,[2] unha das catro que integran o seu único xénero, Bradypus.[3]

É unha especie endémica do leste do Brasil (Estados de Bahia, Espírito Santo e o Río de Xaneiro), que se acha en perigo de extinción; segundo a Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais (UICN) o seu estatua actual é de VU (vulnerábel).[1]

Non se recoñecen subespecies,[2] aínda que para algúns autores a poboación setentrional (no sur da Bahia) podería considerarse unha subespecie separada), aínda que indistinguíbel das otras na morfoloxía externa.[1]

Características

O preguiceiro de colar mide uns 50 cm de lonxitude e pesa uns 4,5 kg. Ten a cabeza, as orellas e os ollos pequenos e a cola curta, escondida baixo a pelaxe.

A súa pelaxe é longa, mesta e de cor escura, e está normalmente colonizado por algas, ácaros, carrachas, escaravellos e bolboretas nocturnas, que ás veceslle dan coloracións diversas.

Sobre a cabeza, o pescozo e os ombros a pelaxe ten o aspecto de crina. Por debaixo existe unha capa de lanuxe, pelo fino, mesto e pálido.

Bioloxía

Bradypus torquatus leva unha vida completamente solitaria e arborícola. Aliméntase de follas, brotes e poliñas tenras dunhas poucas especies de árbolres, especialmente de Cecropia pellata. Pasa case todo o tempo nas árbores, e raramente baixa ao solo; só descende para defecar, ou para pasar a outra árbore. No chan só pode arrastrarse, xa que é incapaz de erguere e camiñar.[4]

A súa principal defensa é permanecer inmóbil e, en caso de maior apuro, pode dar gadoupadas coas súas formidables uñas.

É un bo nadadore, e pode vadear ríos.

Taxonomia

Descrición

A especie foi descrita en 1811 polo zoólogo alemán Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, en Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium: 109.[2]

Sinónimos

Ao logo do tempo, ademais de polo nome que lle impuxo Illiger, e que é o actualmente considerado como válido, esta especie coneceuse tamén polos sinónimos seguintes:[2]

  • Bradypus affinis Gray, 1850
  • Bradypus crinitus Gray, 1850
  • Bradypus cristatus Hamilton-Smith, 1827
  • Bradypus mareyi (Anthony, 1907)
  • Bradypus melanotis Swainson, 1835

Estado de conservación

Até 1955 o preguiceiro de colar vivía en Bahia, Espírito Santo e Río de Xaneiro, no leste do Brasil, no bosque costeiro da Bahia. Pero nos úlimos anos a súa poboación declinou considerabelmente debido á destrución dese tipo de bosque para a extracción de madeira, (sobre todo para a produción de carbón vexetal), a instalación de plantacións e pasteiros é á caza excesiva.[1]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Chiarello, A. & Lara-Ruiz, P. (2014): Bradypus torquatus na Lista vermella da UICN. Versión 2015.4. Consultada o 20 de xaneiro de 2016.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Bradypus torquatus en MSW.
  3. Bradypus en MSW.
  4. VV. AA. (1968): Enciclopedia Salvat de las ciencias. Tomo 6. Animales vertebrados. Pamplona: Salvat, S. A. de Ediciones, pp. 85.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • McKenna, Malcolm C. & Bell, Susan K. (1997): Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.
  • Nowak, Ronald M. (1999): Walker's Mammals of the World. 6ª ed. Baltimore, Maryland, EE. UU.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  • Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005): Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  • VV. AA. (1968): Enciclopedia Salvat de las ciencias. Tomo 6. Animales vertebrados. Pamplona: Salvat, S. A. de Ediciones, pp. 83–86.

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Bradypus torquatus: Brief Summary ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

Bradypus torquatus é unha especie de mamífero placentario da orde dos pilosos, suborde dos folívoros e familia dos bradipódidos, unha das catro que integran o seu único xénero, Bradypus.

É unha especie endémica do leste do Brasil (Estados de Bahia, Espírito Santo e o Río de Xaneiro), que se acha en perigo de extinción; segundo a Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais (UICN) o seu estatua actual é de VU (vulnerábel).

Non se recoñecen subespecies, aínda que para algúns autores a poboación setentrional (no sur da Bahia) podería considerarse unha subespecie separada), aínda que indistinguíbel das otras na morfoloxía externa.

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Bradypus torquatus ( Italian )

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Il bradipo dal cappuccio (Bradypus torquatus) chiamato in lingua locale Ai, è una specie di bradipo sudamericano.

Descrizione

Misura fino a 50 cm e pesa fino a 5 kg.

Come tutti i bradipi, ha una testa piuttosto piccola con orecchio esterno quasi assente e coda piccola e seminascosta dalla pelliccia.

La pelliccia di questo bradipo è ruvida e folta e spesso colonizzata da alghe, acari, zecche, scarafaggi ed addirittura da alcune falene.

Deve il nome al colore scuro della pelliccia attorno alla faccia, il collo e le spalle. Il resto della pelliccia è grigiastro.

Sul terreno si trascina con le zampe anteriori ed è formidabilmente lento. È un ottimo nuotatore.

In caso di pericolo, il bradipo dal cappuccio rimane immobile, a volte si appallottola, confidando nel potere mimetico della sua pelliccia. Se messo alle strette, però, può infliggere colpi con i lunghi artigli delle zampe anteriori.

Distribuzione e habitat

Il bradipo dal cappuccio vive solitario sugli alberi della foresta pluviale atlantica degli stati di Bahia, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro nel Brasile orientale, spesso sugli alberi di Cecropia. Questi animali scendono a terra solo per defecare, oppure per raggiungere un altro albero, nel caso l'operazione non sia possibile andando di ramo in ramo.

Conservazione

La Zoological Society of London, in base a criteri di unicità evolutiva e di esiguità della popolazione, considera Bradypus torquatus una delle 100 specie di mammiferi a maggiore rischio di estinzione.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Chiarello, A., Lara-Ruiz, P. & members of the Edentate Specialist Group 2006, Bradypus torquatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.

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Bradypus torquatus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il bradipo dal cappuccio (Bradypus torquatus) chiamato in lingua locale Ai, è una specie di bradipo sudamericano.

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Kraagluiaard ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De kraagluiaard (Bradypus torquatus) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de drievingerige luiaards (Bradypodidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Illiger in 1811.

Kenmerken

Deze luiaard heeft een kleine, korte kop met donkere manen, kleine ogen en oren, verborgen tussen de vacht. Het lichaam lijkt daarbij groot en de poten zijn krachtig. Algen, mijten, teken, kevers en zelfs motten leven in de dikke bovenvacht, die op kop, nek en schouders langer en donkerder is. De ondervacht is fijn, dicht en licht van kleur.

Leefwijze

Het voedsel van dit solitaire dier bestaat uit bladen, knoppen en zachte twijgen van bepaalde boomsoorten, zoals de Cecropia-soorten en het daalt slechts dan af naar de grond om zich te ontlasten of om bij de volgende boom te komen, waarbij het dier zich aan zijn voorklauwen over de grond voortsleept. Het is een goede zwemmer. De luiaard heeft kleine en zwakke spieren voor dieren van deze afmeting en zelfs hun metabolisme verloopt traag. De lichaamstemperatuur komt maar net boven 30° C. Hun verdediging bestaat vooral uit het stilzitten en niet opvallen, maar in noodsituaties kunnen ze geweldig uithalen met hun grote klauwen.

Voortplanting

Na een draagtijd van 5 tot 6 maanden wordt één jong met goed ontwikkelde, haakvormige klauwen geboren, dat zich hiermee direct aan moeders buik vastklampt. Na een zoogtijd van 4 weken wordt het nog 6 maanden door de moeder meegedragen om het voedselzoeken te leren.

Bescherming

Deze dieren zijn geheel afhankelijk van de bomen en hebben geen mogelijkheid om te vluchten bij het verschijnen van de houthakkers. Voordat de houtkap begint, worden ze in sommige gebieden voorzichtig gevangen. Ze worden dan gewogen, gesekst, gemeten, gemerkt en hun bloed wordt bemonsterd voor genetisch onderzoek, waarna ze op een veilige plek worden vrijgelaten.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt voor in tropische wouden in het oosten van Brazilië, Zuid-Amerika.

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Kraagluiaard: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De kraagluiaard (Bradypus torquatus) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de drievingerige luiaards (Bradypodidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Illiger in 1811.

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Leniwiec grzywiasty ( Polish )

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Leniwiec grzywiasty[5] (Bradypus torquatus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny leniwcowatych (Bradypodidae)[3]. Jest endemitem atlantyckich przybrzeżnych lasów Brazylii[2]. Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody (IUCN) wymienia leniwca grzywiastego w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych jako gatunek narażony na wyginięcie[4].

Kariotyp

Garnitur chromosomowy leniwca grzywiastego tworzy 25 par (2n=50) chromosomów; FN=64[2].

Budowa ciała

Sierść leniwca grzywiastego jest wybarwiona na kolor jasnobrązowy. Włosy na szyi opadają na ramiona i mają kolor czarny. Ta grzywka jest u samców obfitsza i ciemniejsza niż u samic. Całkowita długość ciała samca (wraz z głową) osiąga wymiar 55–72 cm, przy masie ciała 8,8 kg, a samic 55–75 cm przy masie ciała 4,5–10,1 kg. Ogon jest krótki – o długości około 5 cm[2].

Tryb życia

Leniwiec grzywiasty wiedzie nocny[2], nadrzewny tryb życia. Okresowo opuszcza drzewa, aby oddać mocz i wypróżnić się[4]. Jest powolnym zwierzęciem, prowadzącym osiadły tryb życia. W ciągu doby przebywa odległość rzędu 24 m, z czego 17 m w porze dziennej, a 5 m w porze nocnej. Przemieszczanie zajmuje mu tylko 6–17% czasu w ciągu dnia. 60–80% dziennej części doby zwierzę poświęca na odpoczynek, 7–17% na żerowanie, a 1–6% na zaloty. Powyższą średnią wyliczono na podstawie długotrwałej obserwacji (przez 66 dni w ciągu 14 miesięcy) zachowań 3 zwierząt zamieszkujących brazylijski Poço das Antas Biological Reserve[2]. Populacje zamieszkujące we wschodnich obszarach przybrzeżnych Brazylii położonych poniżej 1500 m n.p.m. wykazują sympatryczność z leniwcem pstrym[2].

Zwierzęta odbywają gody pod koniec pory suchej i na początku pory deszczowej (sierpień–październik), a w okresie luty–kwiecień (pod koniec pory deszczowej i na początku pory suchej) samice rodzą jedno młode. Potomstwo osiąga dojrzałość płciową między drugim a trzecim rokiem życia[4]. Leniwiec grzywiasty osiąga na wolności wiek do około 12 lat[2][4].

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Zamieszkuje wyłącznie obszary lasów atlantyckich stanów w południowo-wschodniej Brazylii: Bahia, Espírito Santo i Rio de Janeiro[3][4].

Prawdopodobnie zamieszkuje obszar o powierzchni mniejszej niż 1000 km²[4].

Ekologia

Leniwiec grzywiasty jest foliofagiem. Dietę badanej przez naukowców populacji z Poço das Antas Biological Reserve stanowiły liście 21 gatunków roślin. W tym 16 gatunków drzew i 5 gatunków lian – z 12 rodzin i 15 rodzajów. Zwierzęta preferowały raczej młode liście. 56% pożywienia stanowiły części figowców z rodziny morwowatych, Mandevilla z toinowatych, Micropholis venulosa z sączyńcowatych i śliw z różowatych. Ale dieta poszczególnych osobników składa się z kilku gatunków roślin[2].

Na leniwcach grzywiastych żerują pasożyty zewnętrzne: pod udami kleszcze Amblyomma varium i Boophilus, a w dolnej części pleców i na udach chrząszcze Trichilium[2].

Siedlisko

Leniwiec grzywiasty występuje w mokrych lasach tropikalnych, oraz w półzielonych lasach tropikalnych. Siedlisko gatunku charakteryzuje się opadami o rocznej symie nie mniejszej niż 1200 mm[4]. Średnia wielkość siedliska obejmuje teren o powierzchni 5,4–5,6 ha. Z kolei gęstość zasiedlenia jest szacowana na 0,09–1,25 osobników na hektar[2].

Przypisy

  1. Bradypus torquatus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Virginia Haysen. Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). „Mammalian Species”. 829, s. 1–5, 2009 (ang.).
  3. a b c d e f g Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Bradypus torquatus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2018-10-09]
  4. a b c d e f g h Bradypus torquatus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  5. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
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Leniwiec grzywiasty: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Leniwiec grzywiasty (Bradypus torquatus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny leniwcowatych (Bradypodidae). Jest endemitem atlantyckich przybrzeżnych lasów Brazylii. Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody (IUCN) wymienia leniwca grzywiastego w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych jako gatunek narażony na wyginięcie.

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Preguiça-de-coleira ( Portuguese )

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A preguiça-de-coleira, preguiça-preta (nome científico: Bradypus torquatus),[2] também chamada aipixuna, aí-pixuna, aí-igapó[3][4] é uma das quatro espécies do gênero brádipo (preguiça-de-três-dedos), endêmica na Mata Atlântica, no Brasil, principalmente nos estados da Bahia, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro. Tais animais, ameaçados de extinção, têm pelagem castanha e nuca com longos pelos negros, formando uma espécie de crina. Não são conhecidas subespécies.[5]

Etimologia

Preguiça-de-coleira e preguiça-preta são referências à mancha escura em sua nuca, que se assemelha a uma coleira. Aipixuna e aí-pixuna vêm da junção dos termos tupis a'i, "bicho-preguiça"[6] e pi'xuna, "preto".[7]

Distribuição e habitat

A preguiça-de-coleira agora é encontrada apenas na Mata Atlântica da costa sudeste do Brasil, embora também tenha sido encontrada mais ao norte.[8][9] Foi identificada predominantemente em florestas perenes, embora, sendo capaz de comer uma grande variedade de folhas, também possa habitar florestas semideciduais e secundárias. É normalmente encontrada em climas quentes e úmidos sem nenhuma estação seca e com precipitação anual de pelo menos 120 centímetros (47 polegadas).[1]

Anatomia e morfologia

A preguiça-de-coleira recebe seu nome por causa de uma crina de pelo preto que desce pelo pescoço e pelos ombros.[9] A crina é geralmente maior e mais escura nos machos do que nas fêmeas e, neste último, pode ser reduzida a um par de longos tufos. Além da crina, o pelo é relativamente uniforme em cor e, em particular, os machos não têm a mancha de pelo brilhante encontrada nas costas de outras preguiças intimamente relacionadas. A pelagem do corpo dos adultos é marrom-acinzentada. Os filhotes e juvenis apresentam pelagens que variam do branco ao marrom-claro, sendo ausente a mancha característica da espécie. A coloração deste e das demais espécies de preguiça podem ficar esverdeadas devido à presença de algas simbiontes que vivem em suas pelagens.[10] Além destas, se encontram em sua pelagem ácaros, carrapatos, besouros e mariposas,[11] os chamados artrópodes associados.

Os machos adultos têm um comprimento total da cabeça e do corpo de 55 a 72 centímetros (22 a 28 polegadas), com uma cauda de cerca de 5 centímetros (2,0 polegadas) de comprimento e um peso de 4,0 a 7,5 quilogramas (8,8 a 16,5 libras). As fêmeas são geralmente maiores, medindo 55 a 75 centímetros (22 a 30 pol.) E pesando 4,5 a 10,1 quilogramas (9,9 a 22,3 libras).[10] A cabeça pequena da preguiça-de-coleira apresenta aurículas cobertas de pele e olhos orientados à parte anterior, geralmente cobertos por uma máscara de cabelo preto. Os lados do rosto e do pescoço apresentam pelos longos cobrindo os pelos curtos do focinho. As vibrissas faciais são esparsas.[11]

O crânio possui um longo bico mandibular pré dental, os flanges pterigoides são alongados, e os seios pterigoideos são inflados, a nasofaringe anterodorsal tem mais de um par de forames; os dentes são comprimidos anteroposteriormente. Possuem cinco molares superiores, quatro molares inferiores, além da ausência de incisivos, caninos e pré-molares.[12] Como todas as outras preguiças, tem muito pouca massa muscular em comparação com outros mamíferos de seu tamanho. É essa massa muscular reduzida que permite que se pendure em galhos mais finos. Não apresentam grande dimorfismo sexual, fazendo com que nem sempre seja possível diferenciar os sexos apenas através de morfologia externa.[13]

Ecologia e comportamento

As preguiças-de-coleira são animais diurnos solitários, com exceção do período de reprodução e da mãe com seu filhote, passando de 60 a 80% do dia dormindo, com o resto mais ou menos dividido igualmente entre alimentação e locomoção.[14] As preguiças dormem nas virilhas das árvores ou penduradas nos galhos pelas pernas e enfiando a cabeça entre as patas dianteiras.[15]

São folívoros e se alimentam exclusivamente de folhas de árvores e cipós, especialmente de embaúba (cecropia). Embora animais individuais pareçam preferir folhas de determinadas espécies de árvore, a espécie como um todo é capaz de se adaptar a uma ampla variedade.[10] As folhas mais novas são preferíveis às mais velhas, e as folhas das árvores são preferíveis às folhas de cipó.[16] Verificou-se que alguns indivíduos viajaram dentro duma área residencial de 0,5 a 6 hectares (1,2 a 14,8 acres), com densidades populacionais estimadas de 0,1 a 1,25 por hectare (0,040 a 0,506 / acre).[10]

Raramente as preguiças-de-coleira descem das árvores porque, quando estão em uma superfície plana, não conseguem ficar em pé e andar, podendo apenas se arrastar com as patas dianteiras e as garras. Viajam para o solo apenas para defecar ou se mover entre as árvores, quando não podem fazê-lo por meio dos galhos. As principais defesas da preguiça são permanecer imóvel e atacar com suas garras. Podem nadar bem, mas não se move bem no solo.[17]

Reprodução e ciclo de vida

Embora alguns relatórios indiquem que as preguiças-guará são capazes de procriar durante todo o ano,[18] outros observaram que a maioria dos nascimentos ocorre entre fevereiro e abril.[19] A mãe dá à luz a apenas um filhote, que inicialmente pesa cerca de 300 gramas e não tem a crina característica dos adultos. Os jovens começam a ingerir alimentos sólidos com duas semanas e são totalmente desmamados por volta dos dois a quatro meses de idade. Os jovens deixam a mãe entre nove e onze meses de idade. Embora sua expectativa de vida não tenha sido estudada em detalhes, foi relatado que eles viveram por pelo menos doze anos.[20]

Conservação

É considerada uma espécie vulnerável pelo Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. A ocorrência desta espécie de preguiça somente em alguns remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no Brasil (Bahia, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro), aliada à fragmentação e a destruição deste habitat pela ação antrópica, vem aumentando seu risco de extinção.[2] Conforme a Lista Vermelha da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (UICN / IUCN) (2010), a espécie está classificada na categoria "vulnerável".[1] Também foi classificada em 2005 como em perigo na Lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção do Estado do Espírito Santo;[21] em 2014 e 2018, respectivamente, como vulnerável no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção e na Lista Vermelha do Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio);[22][23] e em 2017, como vulnerável na Lista do grau de ameaça das espécies de Flora e Fauna do estado da Bahia.[24][25] As principais ameaças à conservação da espécie são a degradação por desmatamento à produção de carvão vegetal, plantações e pastagens de gado, a caça ilegal, a fragmentação de habitats leva a uma variabilidade genética reduzida, e devido ás grandes dimensões de áreas de vida fragmentos comumente não apresentam indivíduos suficientes para manter populações viáveis.[2]

Veja também

Referências

  1. a b c Chiarello, A.; Moraes-Barros, N. (2014). «Maned Three-toed Sloth - Bradypus torquatus». Lista Vermelha da IUCN. União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (UICN). p. e.T3036A47436575. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3036A47436575.en. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
  2. a b c Chiarello, Adriano Garcia; Miranda, Flávia Regina; Xavier, Gileno Antônio Araújo; Moraes-Barros, Nadia de; Vaz, Sérgio Maia. «Mamíferos - Bradypus torquatus - Preguiça de coleira - Avaliação do Risco de Extinção de BRADYPUS TORQUATUS ILLIGER, 1811 no Brasil». Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Ministério do Meio Ambiente
  3. Ferreira, A. B. H. (1986). Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa 2.ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 1383
  4. «preguiça-de-coleira». Michaelis
  5. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). «Bradypus torquatus». Mammal Species of the World (em inglês) 3.ª ed. Baltimore, Marilândia: Imprensa da Universidade Johns Hopkins. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
  6. Navarro, E. A. (2005). Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo. Terceira edição revista e aperfeiçoada. São Paulo: Global. p. 20
  7. Ferreira, A. B. H. (1986). Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa 2.ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 71
  8. World Land Trust (2010). «Maned Three-toed Sloth Bradypus torquatus». World Land Trust. World Land Trust. Consultado em 6 de junho de 2010. The Maned Three-toed Sloth, also known as the Maned Sloth is the rarest of the sloth species and is endemic to Brazil
  9. a b ZSL Living Conservation (2010). «Maned three-toed sloth (Bradypus torquatus)». Evolutionary Distinct & Globally Endangered. ZSL Living Conservation. Consultado em 7 de junho de 2010. Cópia arquivada em 7 de novembro de 2016. This species is named after its long mane of black hair
  10. a b c d Hayssen, V. (2009). «Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)». Mammalian Species. 829: 1–5. doi:10.1644/829.1
  11. a b Gardner, Alfred (2008). Mammals of South America: Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. 1. Chicago e Londres: Imprensa da Universidade de Chicago. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-226-28242-8. Consultado em 23 de setembro de 2010
  12. Azarias, Rose E. G. R. (2005). Morfologia dental da preguiça-de-coleira (Tese de Doutorado). Universidade de São Paulo
  13. Lara-Ruiz, P. & Chiarello, A.G. (2005). «Traços de história de vida e dimorfismo sexual da preguiça-de-coleira da Mata Atlântica Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae)». Jornal de Zoologia. 267 (1): 63–73. doi:10.1017/S0952836905007259
  14. Chiarello, Adriano G. (setembro de 1998a). «Activity budgets and ranging patterns of the Atlantic forest maned sloth». Journal of Zoology. 246 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00126.x
  15. Stewart, Melissa (2004). «At the Zoo: Slow and Steady Sloths». Zoogoer. Friends of the National Zoo. Consultado em 7 de junho de 2010. Cópia arquivada em 7 de junho de 2011
  16. Chiarello, Adriano G. (setembro de 1998b). «Diet of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus». Journal of Zoology. 246 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00127.x
  17. «Maned Three-Toed Sloth: The Animal Files». www.theanimalfiles.com. Consultado em 12 de junho de 2019
  18. Pinder, L. (1993). «Body measurements, karyotype, and birth frequencies of maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus. Mammalia. 57 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1515/mamm.1993.57.1.43
  19. Dias, B. B.; et al. (2009). «First observation on mating and reproductive seasonality in maned sloths Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)». Journal of Ethology. 27 (1): 97–103. doi:10.1007/s10164-008-0089-9
  20. Lara-Ruiz, P.; Chiarello, A. G. (2005). «Life-history traits and sexual dimorphism of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae)». Journal of Zoology. 267 (1): 63–73. doi:10.1017/S0952836905007259
  21. «Espécies ameaçadas de extinção no Espírito Santo». Instituto de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (IEMA), Governo do Estado do Espírito Santo. Consultado em 12 de abril de 2022
  22. «PORTARIA No - 444, DE 17 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2014» (PDF). Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMbio), Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). Consultado em 24 de julho de 2021
  23. «Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção» (PDF). Brasília: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2018. Consultado em 3 de maio de 2022. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 3 de maio de 2018
  24. «Lista Oficial das Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas de Extinção do Estado da Bahia.» (PDF). Secretaria do Meio Ambiente. Agosto de 2017. Consultado em 1 de maio de 2022. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 2 de abril de 2022
  25. «Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811». Sistema de Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira (SiBBr). Consultado em 26 de abril de 2022
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Preguiça-de-coleira: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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A preguiça-de-coleira, preguiça-preta (nome científico: Bradypus torquatus), também chamada aipixuna, aí-pixuna, aí-igapó é uma das quatro espécies do gênero brádipo (preguiça-de-três-dedos), endêmica na Mata Atlântica, no Brasil, principalmente nos estados da Bahia, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro. Tais animais, ameaçados de extinção, têm pelagem castanha e nuca com longos pelos negros, formando uma espécie de crina. Não são conhecidas subespécies.

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Kragsengångare ( Swedish )

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Kragsengångare (Bradypus torquatus) är ett däggdjur i familjen tretåiga sengångare.

Kännetecken

Arten är den största i familjen. Vuxna individer når i genomsnitt en längd på 66 centimeter och en vikt på 6,6 kilogram, honor blir betydligt större än hannar. Dessutom blir individer som lever i låglandet större än individer från bergstrakter.[2] Huvudet är jämförelsevis litet och avrundat, ytteröronen är gömda i pälsen och därför inte synliga. Svansen förekommer bara rudimentärt. Pälsen består av en tät underull samt av långa grova hår som är ljusbruna till mörkbruna. Ofta ger pälsen ett grönaktigt intryck som beror på alger som lever i symbios med kragsengångare. För kragsengångaren är syftet med symbiosen främst kamouflage för fiender. Särskilt lång är pälsen vid skuldran och manen är hos hannarna tydligare och mörkare.[2] Hos unga individer saknas manen nästan fullständigt.[3] Liksom hos andra sengångare ligger pälsens mittbena på buken, så flyter regnvattnet av bättre. I motsats till tvåtåiga sengångare har arten tre tår vid framfötterna som bär långa böjda klor. Kragsengångare saknar fram- och hörntänder. Tandformeln är I 0/0 C 0/0 P 5/4 M 0/5, alltså 18 tänder.[4]

Utbredning och habitat

Arten förekommer numera bara i ett smalt område längs östra Brasiliens kustlinje. Utbredningsområdet utgörs av resterna av regnskogen Mata Atlântica som sträcker sig över delstaterna Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Espírito Santo och Rio de Janeiro.[3] Kragsengångare lever i låglandet och bergstrakter upp till 1 000 meter över havet.[4]

Ekologi

Individerna lever ensamma och träffas bara för parningen. Bara relationen mellan modern och ungdjuret varar något längre. De upprättar revir som är 0,6 till 6 hektar stora.[3] Om en individ känner sig hotad kan den slå med sina klor och åstadkomma svåra sår. Arten sover och äter största delen av dagen. Den vistas nästan uteslutande på träd och kommer bara ner till marken för att byta träd eller för att avsöndra urin och avföring. Enligt flera iakttagelser är individerna i låglandet främst aktiva mellan skymningen och gryningen medan populationer i bergstrakter är aktiva på dagen.[3] Om det finns vatten under trädet hoppar de även i vattnet, de har särskilt bra simförmåga.

Djuret plågas av ett flertal parasiter, främst av fästingar från släktet Amblyomma och där av arten Ambylomma varium. Dessutom förekommer olika mott av underfamiljen Chrysauginae, oftast av släktet Cryptoses.[3]

Föda

Kragsengångare livnär sig uteslutande av växtdelar. Den föredrar blad av plommonsläktet, fikussläktet, Micropholus venulosa och bägarrankesläktet, dessutom äter den i viss mån frukter och blommor. Allmänt tar den bara utvalda växtarter som föda som utgör bara 5 % av växterna i utbredningsområdet.[3] Kroppen har anpassat sig till födans ringa näringsvärde genom en mycket låg ämnesomsättning. Magsäcken är liksom hos andra sengångare delad i flera segment och flera nyttiga bakterier hjälper vid födans omvandling.[4]

Fortplantning

Honor blir könsmogna när de är tre till fem år gamla och hannar vanligen ett eller två år senare. Parningstiden sträcker sig över hela året men vanligen föds ungarna kort före torrperioden (februari - april). Hannar har höga läten för att locka till sig honor. Efter kopulationen går de åter skilda vägar. Honor är dräktiga i ungefär 6 månader och sedan föds alltid ett ungdjur. Ungen har vid födelsen en vikt mellan 280 och 330 gram. Den lever sina första veckor på moderns buk eller rygg och avvänjs efter två till tre månader. Ungdjuret får i början växtdelar som redan är tuggade av modern. Efter 8 till 11 månader är ungen självständig och lämnar honan.[2] Helt fullvuxna är de efter två till tre år. Livslängden går upp till 20 år i naturen och 30 år i fångenskap.[4]

Hot och status

Artens naturliga fiender är bland annat jaguarundi, ozelot och harpya.[4]

Kragsengångaren är mycket specialiserade på sitt utbredningsområde och är därför särskilt känsliga för förändringar. Den hotas främst av regnskogens avverkning. Den är ett av de mest hotade däggdjuren i Sydamerika.[3] IUCN listar arten därför som starkt hotad (endangered).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 3 juni 2010.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Bradypus torquatusIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Chiarello, A., Lara-Ruiz, P. & Members of the IUCN SSC Edentate Specialist Group 2008, besökt 7 januari 2011.
  2. ^ [a b c] Paula Lara-Ruiz und Adriano Garcia Chiarello: Life-history traits and sexual dimorphism of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). In: Journal of Zoology (2005), 267, 63-73.
  3. ^ [a b c d e f g] D.P. Gilmore, C.P. Da Costa und D.P.F. Duarte: Sloth biology: an update on their physiological ecology, behavior and role as vectors of arthropods and arboviruses. I: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research January 2001, Volume 34(1), sid. 9-25.
  4. ^ [a b c d e] Bullinger, B. and S. Frost. 2009 Bradypus torquatus på Animal Diversity Web (engelska), besökt 7 januari 2011.

Externa länkar

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Kragsengångare: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Kragsengångare (Bradypus torquatus) är ett däggdjur i familjen tretåiga sengångare.

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Yeleli tembel hayvan ( Turkish )

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Yeleli tembel hayvan (Bradypus torquatus), Bradypodidae familyasından bir hayvan türü. Brezilya'da endemiktir.

Dış bağlantılar

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Yeleli tembel hayvan ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Yeleli tembel hayvan ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur. Stub icon Memeliler ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Yeleli tembel hayvan: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Yeleli tembel hayvan (Bradypus torquatus), Bradypodidae familyasından bir hayvan türü. Brezilya'da endemiktir.

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Bradypus torquatus ( Vietnamese )

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Lười ba ngón Maned, Bradypus torquatus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bradypodidae, bộ Pilosa. Loài này được Illiger mô tả năm 1811.[2]. Chúng chỉ sống ở Brasil.

Giải phẫu và hình thái học

Con đực trưởng thành có tổng chiều dài đầu thân 55–72 cm (22–28 in), với một cái đuôi khoảng 5 cm (2,0 in) và trọng lượng 4,0-7,5 kg (8,8-17 lb). Con cái thường lớn hơn 55–75 cm (22–30 in), và trọng lượng 4,5-10,1 kg (9,9-22 lb). Cũng giống như tất cả các loài lười khác, Bradypus torquatus có khối lượng cơ bắp rất ít so với các loài động vật có vú cùng kích thước với nó. Khối lượng cơ giảm này cho phép nó treo trên các nhánh cây nhỏ.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Chiarello, A. & Moraes-Barros, N. (2014). Bradypus torquatus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2014.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 7 năm 2014.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Bradypus torquatus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Bradypus torquatus tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Bradypus torquatus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Lười ba ngón Maned, Bradypus torquatus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bradypodidae, bộ Pilosa. Loài này được Illiger mô tả năm 1811.. Chúng chỉ sống ở Brasil.

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鬃毛三趾樹懶 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Bradypus torquatus
Illiger, 1811 上圖紅色為其分佈區域
上圖紅色為其分佈區域

鬃毛三趾樹懶[2]學名Bradypus torquatus)是一種生活於南美洲三趾樹懶

描述

鬃毛三趾樹懶有着細小的頭部、耳朵及眼睛,尾部也是小小的,被毛髮所覆蓋。約50厘米長,重4.5公斤。 其粗糙的外皮常被藻類甲蟲蛾類等寄生其上。外皮黑而且長,並環繞其頭、頸及肩膀。底毛則是纖細、綿密而倉白。

生態

鬃毛三趾樹懶以森林內某幾種樹的樹葉、嫩芽及幼枝為食,特別喜好傘樹科的物種。長時間停留在樹上,僅在排泄或更換另一棵樹為食時才會到地面。在地面時行動極為不便,既不能站立也不能步行,僅倚賴長而強壯的前臂在地面爬行。主要的防衛手段也僅是呆立不動而不引起注意,或是揮動較巨大的雙爪。鬃毛三趾樹懶善泳,喜獨居而處。

直至1955年,鬃毛三趾樹懶僅分佈在巴西境內的巴伊亚州聖埃斯皮里圖州里約熱內盧州的森林內。但自森林被開發砍伐後其數目便逐漸下降。與其他生活在森林的動物一樣,失去棲息地是對他們最大的威脅。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Bradypus torquatus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  2. ^ Gardner, Alfred. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal Species of the World 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. November 16, 2005: {{{pages}}}. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
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鬃毛三趾樹懶: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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鬃毛三趾樹懶(學名:Bradypus torquatus)是一種生活於南美洲三趾樹懶

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タテガミナマケモノ ( Japanese )

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タテガミナマケモノ タテガミナマケモノ
タテガミナマケモノ Bradypus torquatus
保全状況評価[1] VULNERABLE
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 VU.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 有毛目 Pilosa 亜目 : Folivora : ミユビナマケモノ科
Bradypodidae : ミユビナマケモノ属 Bradypus : タテガミナマケモノ B. torquatus 学名 Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811[2] 和名 タテガミナマケモノ[3] 英名 Maned sloth

分布

タテガミナマケモノBradypus torquatus)は、有毛目ミユビナマケモノ科ミユビナマケモノ属に分類されるナマケモノ。

分布[編集]

ブラジル東部固有種

形態[編集]

体長40-50センチメートル[3]。尾長3-7センチメートル[3]体重3.6-4.2キログラム[3]。全身の毛衣は灰褐色で、頭部はやや暗色[3]。高温多湿な環境であまり動かないため、藻類が着生し緑色に見えることもある[3]。頸部から肩にかけての体毛が伸長し、黒い鬣状になる[2][3]

生態[編集]

沿岸部の原生林二次林などに生息する[3]。樹上棲[3]夜行性で、昼間は樹上にある蔓性植物の影などで休む[3]。群れは形成せず、単独で生活する[3]

食性は植物食で、木の葉を食べる[3]

繁殖形態は胎生。妊娠期間は120-180日[3]。1回に1匹の幼獣を産む[3]。寿命は約12年と推定されている[3]

人間との関係[編集]

木材や木炭採取、農地開発による生息地の破壊、野火や森林火災、食用や薬用、ペット用の狩猟などにより生息数は減少している[3]

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ Chiarello, A. & Moraes-Barros, N. 2014. Bradypus torquatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T3036A47436575. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3036A47436575.en. Downloaded on 10 October 2016.
  2. ^ a b Virginia Hayssen, "Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)," Mammalian Species, No. 829, American Society of Mammalogists, 2009, pp. 1-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p 小原秀雄 「タテガミナマケモノ」『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ2 アマゾン』小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著、講談社2001年、108-109頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにタテガミナマケモノに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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タテガミナマケモノ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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タテガミナマケモノ(Bradypus torquatus)は、有毛目ミユビナマケモノ科ミユビナマケモノ属に分類されるナマケモノ。

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갈기세발가락나무늘보 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

갈기세발가락나무늘보(Maned Sloth) 혹은 아이(Ai)라고도 하는 이 동물은 세발가락나무늘보의 한 종류이다. 이 동물은 브라질 서부의 숲에 살며, 머리와 눈과 귀가 작고 작은 꼬리가 털 속에 감추어진 것이 특징이다. 몸길이는 50cm이며, 몸무게는 약 45kg이다. 갈기세발가락나무늘보의 털은 보통 나방, 진드기, 딱정벌레, 녹조류들이 산다. 바깥털들은 길고 거무스름한 색을 띤다. 그러나 안쪽털들은 희고 깔끔하다. 갈기세발가락나무늘보는 몇몇 종류의 나무, 특히 케크로피아속(─屬 Cecropia) 나무의 , 잎, 부드러운 작은 가지를 먹고 산다. 보통 땅 아래로 내려오는 일은 드물다. 왜냐하면 거의 팔다리를 움직이지 못해 기어가야 하기 때문이다.

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