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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 18.3 years (captivity) Observations: One captive specimen lived 18.3 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Benefits

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The gazelles often eat the cultivated crops of the area (IUCN Species Survival Commission, 2000; Massicot, 2001).

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Untitled

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In Israel, a severe outbreak of foot and mouth disease among mountain gazelles in 1985 resulted in the death of around 50% of a herd of 3000 animals in a game reserve. Death was attributed to a combination of cardiac failure and dehydration caused by the inability of the animals to drink due to lingual muscular changes. Typical and severe oral lesions were observed in many animals, involving extensive, and in some cases, necrotic lesions of the dorsum of the tongue. Separation of the hooves was not uncommon. Some animals lost their horns, leaving a bleeding core.

Closely related species include G. dorcas, G. saudiya, G. arabica, and G. bilkis. Several subspecies are know to exist, including G. g. cora, G. g. forasani, G. g. gazella, and G. g. muscatensis. Another subspecies, G. g. cuvieri, or Cuvier’s gazelle, is the only surviving gazelle endemic to the area north of the Sahara Desert (Mendelsohn et al., 1995; Aleffgroup, 2001; Massicot , 2001).

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Conservation Status

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Mountain gazelles are listed on CITES Appendix III in Tunisia and the Asian populations are listed on CITES Appendix II. The two major threats to these gazelles include habitat loss (human induces) and direct loss. Other threats include hunting and collecting, trade, alien invasive species, and hybridizers. Stricter laws in most areas have reduced poaching of this species, but habitat loss and exploitation continue to threaten populations (Mendelsohn et al., 1995; IUCN Species Survival Commission, 2000.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix ii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Life Cycle

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See Reproduction.

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Benefits

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Hunting for gazelle skins, meat, and trophy horns is common, and poorly regulated.

Positive Impacts: food

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Associations

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Because of their foraging behavior, mountain gazelles probably affect the plant communities where they are common. Also, although predators do not significantly affect gazelle populations, availabilty of this primary consumer may affect predator populations.

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Trophic Strategy

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Gazelles are browsers and grazers, feeding on grasses, herbs, and shrubs. Their food varies greatly and depends on habitat. In the Arabian Peninsula, gazelle distribution is closely related to the distribution of Acacia, however, in Arabia G. gazella lives mainly on the foliage of wadi beds and gorges. Only a few plants are rejected altogether. Even poisonous plants rejected by most herbivores are eaten by mountain gazelles.

Gazelles seem to be well adapted physiologically to live in harsh desert extremes. They can go without water for long periods of time and find succulent plants and dew drops an adequate source of water. Gazelles do not accumulate significant fat stores, even under the most favorable conditions (Mendelsohn et al., 1995; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001; Wildlywise Adventures, 2001).

Plant Foods: leaves

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Distribution

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Gazella gazella, or mountain gazelle, is one of several closely related species found in the Middle East. Its distribution includes the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates (Mendelsohn et al., 1995; IUCN Species Survival Commission, 2000).

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native )

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Habitat

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Mountain gazelles live in mountainous and hilly habitats consisting of light forests, fields, or desert plateaus. They usually spend the days in the hills bedded down and descend at night or in the early morning to forage.

Mountain gazelles live in areas with an average annual temperature of 21-23 degrees Celsius and an average winter temperature of about 14 degrees Celsius. The areas occupied by G. gazella are dry, usually with an annual precipitation of 300-400 mm (Mendelsohn et al., 1995; Massicot, 2001).

Habitat Regions: temperate

Terrestrial Biomes: scrub forest ; mountains

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Life Expectancy

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Mountain gazelles rarely live more then eight years in nature, but in captivity they can live between 12 and 15 years (Mendelsohn et al., 1995; Wildlywise Adventures, 2001).

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
8 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
12 to 15 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
12.0 years.

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Morphology

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Male mountain gazelles weigh between 17 and 29.5 kg, whereas the smaller females weigh 16-25 kg. They are sexually dimorphic with the males being larger and having larger horns. Toothrows of mountain gazelles are nearly straight.

Gazelles have a slender build with proportionally long necks and legs. The hind legs of mountain gazelles are particularly long.

Mountain gazelles are a dark brown with white underparts, flanks, and light brown limbs. The face is marked with an off-white stripe with black lower margins. There is also a narrow, dark flank-band that separates the dark dorsal tones from the white underparts. The base of the hairs from the underside are buff colored. The black tail is short and bushy. The ears are also relatively short. The white line down the thigh stops at the hock. Pelage is short and sleek, and reflects the sun’s radiation in the summer months, and is much longer, thicker and rainproof during the winter to protect the animal from the heavy winter rains.

Both sexes have horns. The relatively short horns of the males (220-294 mm) vary greatly depending on habitat. Female mountain gazelles have horns that are less then 70% the length of males’ horns in the same population (84-153 mm). Males’ horns are thick and have prominent rings whereas the females’ horns are unringed. The horns are elliptical in a cross-section and the gap at the base is about 25 mm. Male horns bow out from the base with the tips almost always pointing in. The females’ horns are curved slightly forward. Horn shape may vary greatly within populations, but in most cases the horns resemble an S-shape. Horns also have broad grooves that run up the anterior part of the core, a groove along the posterior boarder, and a less prominent groove that runs medial to the aspect of the core (Groves and Lay, 1985; Mendelsohn et al., 1995).

Range mass: 17 to 29.5 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Associations

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The horns of nountian gazelles are the most utilized form of defense against predation. They are used for butting small predators. The gazelle also has keen vision and can run at high speeds. Predation by carnivores doesn’t appear to significantly affect gazelle populations, although humans have become one of the mountain gazelle’s worst predators. (Mendelsohn et al., 1995).

Known Predators:

  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • jackals (Canis)
  • cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
  • leopards (Panthera pardus)
  • gray wolves (Canis lupus)
  • caracals (Caracal caracal)
  • hyenas (Hyaenidae)
  • feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Reproduction

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Males and females may both mate with multiple partners.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Gazelles are found in small groups of 3-8 individuals. Males are territorial with one or more females and their young. The company females keep is determined primarily by their reproductive status. Mating occurs in early winter (October-November), but can take place year-round where food is available.

Births usually occur from April to May with the females usually only have one young per season. Estrous occurs every 18 day and lasts 12-24 hours until the female becomes pregnant. Female gazelles copulate with more then one male. The gestation period is 180 days and offspring are born weighing 11-12% of the mother’s mass. Birth takes place in isolation and the precocial young can stand and walk shortly after birth. The young spend the first weeks nursing and when they are three to six weeks old they begin to feed on solid food. Suckling may last up to three months. Around this time, the mother and young join a small maternity herd. Females may remain with their mother for life, but males leave the maternal herd at about six months of age. The males then join a herd of young males. Females reach their adult mass at about 18 months whereas males do not reach full size until three years (Mendelsohn et al., 1995; Dunham, 1999).

Breeding season: October-November

Range number of offspring: 1 to 3.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 6 (low) months.

Average gestation period: 6 months.

Range weaning age: 2.5 to 3.33 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.5 to 3 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1.5 to 3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

Average birth mass: 2360 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Females nurse their precocious young for up to three months. When they are three to six weeks old, they young begin to feed on solid food. Around the time of weaning, the mother and young join a small maternity herd.

Males are not involved in parental care.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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Lee, K. 2003. "Gazella gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_gazella.html
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Kari Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Biology

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The mountain gazelle lives in small groups of three to eight individuals, sometimes more. Their social structure consists of territorial solitary males, which stay and keep their territory all year round; temporary or quite permanent groups of one to several females with their young; and thirdly, small bachelor male herds (2) (3). Males vie for control of territories, but border conflicts between two neighbours are usually more ritualised than violent, consisting of “air-cushion” fights involving a series of head-on charges in which the contestants stop about 30 cm apart (3) (4). However, in battles between the present owner of a territory and a younger opponent attempting to take possession of his territory, males can inflict serious wounds to each other and even break opponents' legs (11). Males follow female groups passing or grazing in their territory. In Israel, acacia gazelles (G. g. acaciae) living in deserts can breed throughout the year, but there are two birth peaks: in spring (March - May) and in autumn (October), though most young of the autumn peak will die. However, during hot summers and cold winters females give birth very rarely (12). In Oman, these gazelles can also breed twice a year (8). In contrast, northern populations of Palestine mountain gazelles (G. g. gazella) have births later (April - June) than desert populations and mostly once a year (2). A female leaves a herd several days before birth and stays alone (together with her young) after the birth for up to two months. A single fawn is born after a gestation period of around 180 days, and can stand and walk shortly after birth (3). During the first weeks young spend most of the day lying curled up with eyes closed at their hidden location. The mother grazes nearby and guards her infant, attacking small predators (foxes) or trying to lead larger predators (jackal, wolf) away. From three to six weeks of age young gradually begin to accompany their mother and start to feed on solid food. The suckling period can last three to four months, rarely longer (2). While females may remain with their mother for life, males leave the maternal herd at around six months old to join a herd of young bachelor males (3). Females can first give birth at the age of one year, but two years is more common, and males can impregnate at 15 to 20 months, but in reality they rarely participate in breeding until they occupy their own territory at the age three years old. The life-span is 13 years in captivity and not more than 8 years in the wild (2). These gazelles are diurnal, though they may graze during moonlit nights as well, especially under pressure of intensive human activity where natural conditions are disrupted (2). Normally they feed at dawn and dusk and rest during the hottest part of the day (3) (5), but gazelles in high altitude barren plains near Ma'abar, Yemen, have only been seen by day, whereas those in the lowlands near Hodeid have only been seen at dusk and night (2). All subspecies are browsers, except for the Palestine mountain gazelle (G. g. gazella), which is a typical grazer. The diet comprises grasses, herbs and shrubs, depending on the habitat, but very few plants will be completely rejected (2) (3). This gazelle's distribution in the Arabian Peninsula and Israel is closely related to the distribution of Acacia trees, with the leaves and pods of these trees forming the bulk of the diet. Commonly they reach Acacia branches by standing on their hind legs and leaning on the trees with their front (2). Where water is scarce, gazelles improve their water balance by digging for bulbs, corms and other succulent subterranean plant organs (2).
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Conservation

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Shooting of the Palestine mountain gazelle (G. g. gazella) was legally banned in Israel in 1993 because of declining numbers (1), and stricter laws in most areas have reduced poaching of this species (3). By contrast, the acacia gazelle (G. g. acaciae) was under protection from the first day it was described in Israel in 1964 (14). However, habitat loss and exploitation continue to threaten populations, particularly those outside of protected areas (3). The Arabian mountain gazelle (G. g. cora) is found in the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, Wadi Sareen Tahr Reserve, Jebel Samhan National Reserve, and As Saleel National Park in Oman, and reintroduced populations occur in the Ibex Reserve, Al-Khunfah Reserve and Uruq Bani Ma'arid Reserve in Saudi Arabia, but legal protection is not always effectively enforced (1). The Farasan Islands on which the Farasan gazelle (G. g. farasani) occurs have been a nature reserve under the control of the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD) since 1988, which carries out aerial censuses every two to three years. The habitat of the tiny acacia gazelle (G. g. acaciae) population recently became protected, and this rare subspecies has been given supplementary food in the past and the natural vegetation was irrigated (1). These measures lead the population to increase from just 13 gazelles (in 1995) to 24 individuals (in 2000) (11). Nevertheless, this Critically Endangered subspecies has remained in an extremely precarious position since, with its numbers having fluctuated for several years more or less around 20 individuals, and the threat of extinction still looms dangerously close. The decision (as of 27.12.2004) of the Israel Nature Reserve and National Parks Protection Authority to stop providing supplementary food and irrigation, and also to fence the gazelles instead of protecting them against wolves and jackals and reducing carnivore numbers, has given the acacia gazelle little chance of survival. As a result, the number dropped down to just 12 individuals in 2005 (15). Thus, this sad situation should act as a powerful incentive to do more to protect the other subspecies of mountain gazelle, in order that they should never reach a similar state.
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Description

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Of all Gazella species, the mountain gazelle is the most slender built with relatively the longest neck and legs (2) (3). The coat is fawn to dark-brown on the back, neck and head, while the belly and buttocks are pure white, with these tones being separated on the flanks by a dark narrow band (2) (3) (4) (5). G. g. gazella and G. g. muscatensis are darker than the other subspecies. The coat is short, sleek and glossy in summer, reflecting much of the sun's radiation. In winter the pelage is much longer, dense and rainproof and not glossy, enabling the gazelles to withstand the heavy winter rains (800-1000 mm) in northern Israel; although seasonal variations in the pelage are much less in desert subspecies (2). The face has two conspicuous white stripes extending from the eyes towards the nostrils with dark-brown to black lower margins, coupled usually with a black spot on the muzzle above the nose (2) (3) (5). The male's horns are quite long (22 – 29.4 cm), straight and thick basally, with a slight lyrate form and prominent rings, while those of females are generally shorter (5.8 - 11.5 cm), un-ringed, irregular in shape, and often bent, crooked or broken (2) (3). Males of northern subspecies have longer horns than southern desert subspecies, and those of the Persian Gulf region are shortest and more strongly outbowed. Northern Palestine gazelles (G. g. gazella) are generally the largest of the mountain gazelle subspecies, while the southern desert subspecies are much lighter (only 12-16 kg), but longer-legged and with a relatively longer body and ears (2).
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Habitat

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Mountain gazelles live in low altitude mountains, sometimes in very steep (up to 45°) terrain, but avoid rocky areas and walking on rocks. They prefer plateaus, hilly relief, foothills and valleys between mountains and open habitats or areas with light forest in gravel or sandy plains (2) (3), but also occur in regions of real desert and coastal dunes (1). In Arabia, they usually live on rough terrain of mountain beds, gorges, and rolling hills (10). Mountain gazelles can withstand severe climatic conditions. They live in very hot and dry Jordan Valley, the Negev Desert, and the Nafud and Dhofar Deserts, where mid-day temperature can reach 45°C, and in northern Israel where sub-zero (Celsius) temperatures are not rare on winter nights and snow can cover the ground for several days (2).
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Range

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The mountain gazelle was once distributed much more widely across the whole of Arabian Peninsula, and also in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria (3), but many former populations have now disappeared completely (2). At present mountain gazelles remain along the Red Sea coast and in the Asir Mountains in Saudi Arabia (6) (7), on the Farasan Islands in the Red Sea off the southwest coast of Saudi Arabia (G. g. farasani) (1), along the coast and mountains of Yemen and Oman (8) and in the United Arab Emirates (9). Apparently, Iranian gazelles on the Forur Island in the Persian Gulf are also one of the mountain gazelle subspecies (2). Two populations of this gazelle occur in Israel: G. g. gazelle, which lives in the hills and mountains of the north part of country, and a small desert population of G. g. acaciae, which is left only in the south part of the Arava Rift Valley (Negev) (2).
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Status

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2006 (1). Six subspecies are currently recognised, with five of these listed on the IUCN Red List. The Arabian mountain gazelle (G. g. cora) and Farasan gazelle (G. g. farasani) are classified as Vulnerable (VU), the Palestine mountain gazelle (G. g. gazella) is classified as Endangered (EN), and the Muscat gazelle (G. g. muscatensis) and the acacia gazelle (G. g. acaciae) are classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List 2006. G. g. erlangeri has not been classified by the IUCN (1). The taxonomy of Gazella gazella has been hotly debated in the past, with some populations having been described as independent species, later being renamed as subspecies of the mountain gazelle, and then later being re-described as independent species again. To complicate matters, a number of gazelle populations in Arabian Peninsula are not considered pure, but rather the result of cross-breeding between two or more unknown species or subspecies (2). Though scientists currently describe six subspecies for mountain gazelles (1), recent genetic research has demonstrated that the taxonomy of this species has to be changed considerably (2).
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Threats

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The threats to the mountain gazelle vary across the species' range, but the primary causes of decline are habitat loss and hunting. Important habitat has been lost to agricultural developments, fencing of pasture for livestock, and the construction of human settlements and roads (1). Habitat deterioration has had a major impact on the Acacia gazelle (G. g. acaciae) in Israel, where the water table has fallen due to abstraction of underground water sources for agriculture. This has caused essential food sources such as Acacia trees and bushes to dry up and perennial plants to disappear, and the gazelle population is now less than 20 individuals (13). Since the remaining population is so small, inbreeding is a major threat, which can result in reduced genetic diversity that leaves the subspecies vulnerable to stochastic factors. Additionally, wolves (Canis lupus) and jackals (C. aureus) in Israel are increasingly preying upon this rare subspecies, as well as on the Palestine mountain gazelle (G. g. gazella) (1). The mountain gazelle has and continues to be hunted across much of its range for its skins, meat, trophy horns (3), for sport and for being a crop pest, while live capture for private collections is a major threat in Oman (1).
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Distribution in Egypt

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Localized (North Sinai).

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Status in Egypt

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Native?, extinct?

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Gasela d'Aràbia ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src= Per a altres significats, vegeu «Gazella arabica».

La gasela d'Aràbia (Gazella gazella)[1] és una espècie de gasela que té una distribució àmplia però desigual per la Península Aràbiga.

Viu a muntanyes, als peus de turons i a les planes costaneres. La seva distribució està estretament relacionada amb la de les acàcies que creixen en aquestes àrees. És una espècie principalment pasturadora, tot i que pot variar els costums depenent de la disponibilitat d'aliments. Està menys ben adaptada a les condicions caloroses i seques que la gasela comuna, que sembla haver substituït la gasela d'Aràbia a parts de la seva distribució a l'acabament de l'Holocè, en un període d'escalfament climàtic. En queden menys de 15.000 exemplars dins el seu àmbit de distribució natural més de 10.000 dels quals són de la subespècie G. g. cora, menys de 3.000 de la subespècie israeliana G. g. gazella, menys de 1.000 de G. g. farasani, menys de 250 de G. g. muscatensis i 19 de la subespècie G. g. acaiae.

Referències

  1. Murray Wrobel. Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals. Elsevier, 18 novembre 2006, p. 190–. ISBN 978-0-08-048882-0.
 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Gasela d'Aràbia Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Gasela d'Aràbia: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La gasela d'Aràbia (Gazella gazella) és una espècie de gasela que té una distribució àmplia però desigual per la Península Aràbiga.

Viu a muntanyes, als peus de turons i a les planes costaneres. La seva distribució està estretament relacionada amb la de les acàcies que creixen en aquestes àrees. És una espècie principalment pasturadora, tot i que pot variar els costums depenent de la disponibilitat d'aliments. Està menys ben adaptada a les condicions caloroses i seques que la gasela comuna, que sembla haver substituït la gasela d'Aràbia a parts de la seva distribució a l'acabament de l'Holocè, en un període d'escalfament climàtic. En queden menys de 15.000 exemplars dins el seu àmbit de distribució natural més de 10.000 dels quals són de la subespècie G. g. cora, menys de 3.000 de la subespècie israeliana G. g. gazella, menys de 1.000 de G. g. farasani, menys de 250 de G. g. muscatensis i 19 de la subespècie G. g. acaiae.

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Gazela obecná ( Czech )

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Gazela obecná (Gazella gazella), známá též pod názvy horská nebo edmi, je druh gazely široce, ale ostrůvkovitě obývající hory, podhůří a pobřežní pláně na Arabském poloostrově. Je méně přizpůsobivá životu v horkých a suchých oblastech než její příbuzná gazela dorkas (G. dorcas), která ji zřejmě během pozdního období holocénu z těchto krajin vytlačila.

Popis

Je to středně velký turovitý sudokopytník. Samci dosahují hmotnosti 17 až 29,5 kg, samice jsou výrazně menší a dosahují hmotnosti mezi 16–25 kg. Srst je světle až čokoládově hnědá s bílým hrdlem a břišní částí těla. Končetiny jsou zvláště dlouhé, zadní delší než přední. Na hlavě se táhne od rohů k čenichu tmavší pruh. Ocas je tmavý, hrdlo a ušní boltce dlouhé. Rohy mají obě pohlaví, samci výrazně větší a silnější.

Chování

Aktivní je přes den, kdy si hledá potravu, kterou tvoří převážně části akácií, listy a nejrůznější traviny. Samice žijí v několika členných skupinách, které se potulují po teritoriích dospělých samců, kteří si je značí trusem a močí. Nedospělí samci žijí v mládeneckých skupinách, které se v období rozmnožování rozpadají. Dospělí samci jsou vysoce územní a svádí mezi sebou časté souboje, které bývají méně násilné, pokud se odehrávají mezi dospělými samci a ne mezi dospělým a nezralým samcem.

Je to velice rychlé zvíře, které dokáže při útěku před predátorem (šakalem, leopardem, gepardem) vyvinout na delší vzdálenosti rychlost větší jak 80 km/h.[2][3] Má také skvěle vyvinutý sluch a čich.[2]

Samice se páří s několika samci a po 180 dnech březosti rodí jediné mládě. Mohou se zpravidla rozmnožovat po celý rok, ale nejvíce mláďat se rodí mezi dubnem a květnem.

V přírodě se může gazela obecná dožít 8 let, v zajetí 12 až 15 let.[3]

Poddruhy

Rozeznáváme 5 poddruhů:

  • Gazella gazella gazella (Pallas, 1776) – dříve se hojně vyskytoval v severní části Arabského poloostrova od Sinajského poloostrova až po jižní Sýrii. V současnosti obývá pouze Izrael a zřejmě i Libanon. V Červeném seznamu IUCN je zařazen do kategorie ohrožených poddruhů.[4]
  • Gazella gazella muscatensis Brooke, 1874 – obývá pouze pobřeží Ománu, severně od Muskatu. V Červeném seznamu IUCN je zařazen do kategorie kriticky ohrožených poddruhů.[5]
  • Gazella gazella cora (C.H.Smith, 1827) – obývající Saudskou Arábii a Omán. V Červeném seznamu IUCN je zařazen do kategorie zranitelných poddruhů.[6]
  • Gazella gazella acaciae Mendelssohn, Groves and Shalmon, 1997 – obývající malé území jižní Aravy, rezervaci Chaj bar u Jotvaty. V Červeném seznamu IUCN je zařazen do kategorie kriticky ohrožených poddruhů.[7]
  • Gazella gazella farasani Thoulless and Al Basari, 1991 – obývá čtyři ostrovy v Rudém moři: Farasan Kebir, Segid, Zifaf a Qummah. V Červeném seznamu IUCN je zařazen do kategorie zranitelných poddruhů.[8]

Zdroje a reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b Grau, G., F. Walther. 1976. Mountain gazelle agonistic behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 24: 626–636.
  3. a b Mendelsohn, H., Y. Yom-Tom, C. Groves. 1995. *Gazella gazella*. Mammalian Species, 490: 1–7.
  4. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8989/all
  5. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8986/all
  6. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8990/all
  7. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8984/all
  8. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8985/all
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Gazela obecná: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Gazela obecná (Gazella gazella), známá též pod názvy horská nebo edmi, je druh gazely široce, ale ostrůvkovitě obývající hory, podhůří a pobřežní pláně na Arabském poloostrově. Je méně přizpůsobivá životu v horkých a suchých oblastech než její příbuzná gazela dorkas (G. dorcas), která ji zřejmě během pozdního období holocénu z těchto krajin vytlačila.

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Gazella gazella ( Danish )

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Gazella gazella er en gazelle uden et veletableret dansk navn, men den kaldes undertiden bjerggazelle eller arabisk gazelle. Den er udbredt i Mellemøsten, især i landene Israel, Oman og Saudi-Arabien. Gazella gazellas levesteder findes i ørken eller halvørken, ofte i stejlt terræn. Den kan modstå de høje temperaturer og tørre forhold i f.eks. Jordan-dalen og Negev-ørkenen.[1]

Den vurderes af IUCN at være truet af udryddelse. Den samlede bestand menes at ligge under 15.000 individer.[1]

Noter

  1. ^ a b c "Gazella gazella". IUCN's Rødliste. 2008. Hentet 2016-04-30.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Gazella gazella: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Gazella gazella er en gazelle uden et veletableret dansk navn, men den kaldes undertiden bjerggazelle eller arabisk gazelle. Den er udbredt i Mellemøsten, især i landene Israel, Oman og Saudi-Arabien. Gazella gazellas levesteder findes i ørken eller halvørken, ofte i stejlt terræn. Den kan modstå de høje temperaturer og tørre forhold i f.eks. Jordan-dalen og Negev-ørkenen.

Den vurderes af IUCN at være truet af udryddelse. Den samlede bestand menes at ligge under 15.000 individer.

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Echtgazelle ( German )

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Die Echtgazelle (Gazella gazella), auch Edmigazelle genannt, ist ein Säugetier aus der Familie der Hornträger. Sie kommt auf der Arabischen Halbinsel vor.

Merkmale

Diese Gazelle erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 98 bis 115 cm und ein Gewicht von 16 bis 29,5 kg. Männchen sind durchschnittlich 10 cm länger und etwas schwerer als Weibchen. Edmigazellen in Wüsten sind oft deutlich leichter als andere Populationen. Der Schwanz wird 8 bis 13 cm lang. Hörner kommen bei beiden Geschlechtern vor, doch die Hörner der Männchen sind mit einer Länge von 22 bis 29 cm deutlich größer als die 6 bis 12 cm langen Hörner der Weibchen.[1]

Der ganze Körperbau ist auffällig schmal mit langem Hals und langen Beinen. Das Fell des Rückens und der Körperseiten ist dunkelbraun. Der Bauch, die Innenseite der Gliedmaßen und das Hinterteil sind weiß. Oft werden diese zwei Bereiche von einem deutlichen dunklem Band getrennt. Kennzeichnend sind zwei senkrechte weiße Striche im Gesicht von den Hörnern, über die Augen zur Nasenpartie.[1]

Verbreitung und Habitat

Die Echtgazelle hatte früher ein großes Verbreitungsgebiet auf der Arabischen Halbinsel und kam bis in die 1930er Jahre auch auf der Sinaihalbinsel vor. Heute lebt sie hauptsächlich in Israel, Saudi-Arabien, Oman, in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und in Jemen.[2]

Die Art hält sich hauptsächlich in Halbwüsten und Wüsten auf und besucht gelegentlich offene Wälder. Die Landschaft ist meist durch flache felsige Gebirge gekennzeichnet. Weiterhin lebt die Edmigazelle in küstennahen Sanddünen und auf Hochebenen. Im Verbreitungsgebiet schwanken die Temperaturen zwischen wenigen Minusgraden und plus 45 °C.[2][1]

Systematik

Bei der Echtgazelle wird zwischen fünf bis sechs Unterarten unterschieden.[3]

  • Arabische Berggazelle (G. g. cora) in Saudi-Arabien und Oman; ausgestorben in Jemen. Etwa 10.000 Tiere leben noch, davon 90 % in Oman. Durch Bejagung nimmt der Bestand weiter rapide ab (25 % Rückgang von 1996 bis 2003). Gefährdet.
  • Farasan-Gazelle (G. g. farasani), nur auf den zu Saudi-Arabien gehörenden Farasan-Inseln im Roten Meer. Da die Inseln ein Naturreservat sind, ist diese Unterart am wenigsten bedroht. Es gibt etwa 1000 Exemplare dieser Unterart.
  • Palästina-Berggazelle (G. g. gazella) in Nord-Israel und im Libanon; ausgerottet in Syrien, Jordanien und Ägypten. Nachdem die Bestandszahlen durch einen Ausbruch der Maul- und Klauenseuche auf 3000 gefallen sind, wurde die Unterart als bedroht eingestuft. In Israel ist sie streng geschützt.
  • Akaziengazelle (G. g. acaciae) in Süd-Israel; dies ist offenbar eine Reliktpopulation, die nach dem Ende der Eiszeit im Arawa-Tal nördlich von Eilat isoliert wurde. In den 1950ern lebten hier einige hundert Gazellen auf einer Fläche von 7,5 km². Durch Umleitung von Gewässern wurde dieses Tal nicht mehr ausreichend mit Wasser versorgt, was ein Massensterben auslöste. Heute gibt es noch etwa zwanzig dieser Gazellen. Sie sind streng geschützt, allerdings auch einer Bejagung durch Wölfe und Schakale ausgesetzt.
  • Maskat-Gazelle (G. g. muscatensis) in der nördlichen Küstenregion Omans; durch Straßenbau und Zersiedlung des Lebensraums wurden diese Gazellen extrem selten; ihr Bestand lag zuletzt unter hundert.

Lebensweise

Aktivität und Nahrung

Die Echtgazelle ist hauptsächlich am Morgen und späten Abend aktiv. In von Menschen dichter besiedelten Regionen kann sie auch in der Nacht aktiv sein. Während der wärmsten Stunden des Tages ruhen die Tiere an einem geschützten Platz. Die Nahrung besteht meist aus Gras und krautigen Pflanzen sowie aus Blättern von Büschen und Bäumen. In trockenen Gebieten graben die Gazellen nach Zwiebeln und Knollen.[1]

Sozialverhalten und Fortpflanzung

Dominante Männchen leben meist einsam in einem Revier, das sie gegen andere Männchen verteidigen. Weibchen und der Nachwuchs bilden temporäre oder permanente Gruppen mit drei bis acht Mitgliedern. Junge Männchen vereinigen sich zu Junggesellengruppen. Treffen zwei erwachsene Männchen aufeinander, folgt ein Imponiergehabe, wonach sich das augenscheinlich schwächere Männchen zurückzieht. Selten werden Kämpfe ausgefochten, die dann in bleibenden Wunden resultieren können.[1]

Abhängig vom Verbreitungsgebiet finden Paarungen das ganze Jahr über, oder nur zwischen Frühjahr und Vorsommer statt. Nach einer Trächtigkeit von etwa 180 Tagen wirft das Weibchen meist ein einzelnes Jungtier. Wenige Tage vorher sondert sich die Mutter von ihrer Gruppe ab. Der Nachwuchs kann schon kurz nach der Geburt laufen, bleibt jedoch in den ersten Wochen in einem von der Mutter bewachten Versteck. Dann unternehmen Mutter und Jungtier kurze Ausflüge und etwa zwei Monate nach der Geburt schließen sich beide der Gruppe an. Nach etwa vier Monaten wird das Jungtier nicht mehr gesäugt. Weibchen bleiben meist in der Gruppe der Mutter und Männchen verlassen diese nach etwa sechs Monaten. Die Geschlechtsreife tritt bei Weibchen nach 12 und bei Männchen nach etwa 20 Monaten ein. Die erste erfolgreiche Paarung erfolgt jedoch erst im zweiten Lebensjahr (Weibchen) bzw. nach drei Jahren (Männchen), nachdem ein eigenes Revier etabliert wurde.[1]

Echtgazellen in menschlicher Obhut wurden bis zu 13 Jahre alt, in der Wildnis wird die Lebenslänge auf 8 Jahre geschätzt.[1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g Echtgazelle bei arkive.org (Memento vom 17. Oktober 2018 im Internet Archive)
  2. a b Gazella gazella in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, 2008. Abgerufen am 23. April 2012.
  3. Wilson & Reeder (2005) Gazella gazella
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Echtgazelle: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Echtgazelle (Gazella gazella), auch Edmigazelle genannt, ist ein Säugetier aus der Familie der Hornträger. Sie kommt auf der Arabischen Halbinsel vor.

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Mountain gazelle

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The mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella), also called the true gazelle or the Palestine mountain gazelle,[3][4][5] is a species of gazelle that is widely but unevenly distributed.[6]

Byzantine-era mosaic of gazelle in Caesarea, Israel

Description

Mountain gazelle are one of the few mammals in which both sexes have horns. Males have significantly larger horns with rings around them. Females will also have horns, but they will be thinner, smoother and shorter. Along with the horns, mountain gazelle are also sexually dimorphic in size, with males being larger than females. A mature male can range from 17 to 29.5 kg, while females are 16–25 kg in weight.[7] Mountain gazelle can reach running speeds of up to 80 km/h (50 mph).[8]

Population and range

Mountain gazelle are most abundant in Israel, the West Bank in Palestine, and the Golan Heights in southern Syria, but are also found in parts of Jordan and Turkey. There are no accurate estimates on the number of individuals remaining in the wild; Israel's Parks and Nature authority estimated there to be just over 3,000 individuals in the country,[2] with less than 3,000 believed to survive outside of Israel, the West Bank and the Golan Heights.

Habitat

Gazelle have adapted to live in dry, arid conditions.[2] A large amount of their moisture needs are obtained through the vegetation they consume, though they cannot go very long without water. They spend most of their time at the flat tops and crests of mountains, hills, and valleys. Adapting to an annual average temperature of 21-23 °C, gazelles prefer to bed on breezy, elevated areas to avoid the heat of the day. Around dawn and dusk, these antelope will be found cautiously traversing the hills to eat in light forests, fields, or rocky plateaus.[7] Given their preference for elevation, it seems they are less adapted to hot, dry conditions than other ungulates, like the Dorcas gazelle; this diminutive antelope appears to have outcompeted the mountain gazelle throughout some of its range in the late Holocene era, during a period of climatic warming.

Ecology

The mountain gazelle is a crepuscular species; they are awake most of the day and sleep most of the night, but generally are always active in the early morning hours and around sunset. They are also very territorial within their herds, and typically stay in groups of three to eight individuals. There are two main herd-types in the mountain gazelle community, namely mother/baby “maternity” herds and bachelor male herds; older, solitary males patrol and stake out territories, as well.[7]

Survival and reproduction

In the wild, mountain gazelle rarely survive past the age of eight, but can live up to 15 years in captivity with adequate care. By 12 months, a female gazelle can begin breeding.[9] For males, 18 months is when they will start breeding.[7] Being polygamous,[9] and not spending their lives with only one partner, the mountain gazelle typical breeding season is during the early winter months. Females will give birth to one offspring per year, mostly around the months of April and May.[7] A few days prior to giving birth, the mother will leave her herd for a time, and live in solitude. Upon its birth, the newborn is especially vulnerable to predation. For up to two months, the mother and her offspring will stay by themselves, the mother keeping her baby well-hidden in vegetation while she forages. The baby will not typically accompany their mother to graze for several weeks, relying solely on camouflage and lying perfectly still to avoid detection by carnivores. Upon her return, the mother watches out diligently for threats. Some predators include golden eagles, feral dogs, foxes, golden jackals, Arabian wolves and, in some areas, Arabian and Anatolian leopards.[10] While young males will stay with their mother for only six months before departing to a herd of young males, young females will sometimes join their mother in the females’ herd.[7]

Food

Grasses and shrubs are the gazelle's most frequent source of food, with grazing being their preferred method of foraging. They are known to browse on low-hanging branches and young shoots as well, especially when their range encompasses that of the acacia tree. They can survive for long periods of time without a water source. Instead, they acquire water from succulent plants and dew droplets.[7]

History

The mountain gazelle underwent a series of size changes during the late Pleistocene, being smallest during the early and middle Epipalaeolithic, and reaching their largest size in the early Late Epipalaeolithic. They then slightly shrunk before stabilizing in size, in the middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic. In the early and late Natufian, human impacts (such as hunting and living in more permanent settlements) may have driven gazelle numbers down enough so as to provide more food to each animal, thus increasing average body size. Later, the greater stability of food and water from agriculture and the avoidance of humans and livestock by gazelles may have similarly reduced population size and intraspecific competition for the gazelles and allow individual animals to grow larger on average.[11]

In 1985, a large population of mountain gazelles built up through game conservation in two Israeli reserves, in the southern Golan Heights and Ramat Yissachar, was decimated by foot and mouth disease. To prevent such occurrences, a plan was drawn up to stabilize the female population at 1,000 in the Golan and 700 in Ramat Yissachar.[12]

Threats and conservation

Mountain gazelles were hunted for food, however, in 1955 hunting mountain gazelles became illegal in Israel. A 2019 estimate found there are likely 300-1300 gazelles poached annually.[13]

As the mountain gazelle's habitat has become a more urban area of the world, there are numerous threats that to the population. Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, and collisions with cars are all anthropogenic threats to the gazelles.[13] In areas with high human disturbance, gazelles tend to face predation from feral dogs causing the population recruitment rate to be low. Golden jackals are a historic predator of the gazelles, and a study of golden jackal diets in Park Britannia, central Israel found ungulates made up 70% of the jackal's diet, of which 14% of the ungulate biomass was gazelle.[14] Gazelles may also be more susceptible to predation from golden jackals and wild boar in areas where cattle grazing is used to reduce fire risk.[15]

Ongoing conservation efforts including protecting existing populations and reestablishing gazelle populations. In 2008, the Supreme Court of Israel overturned the approval of a housing development in critical habitat where Gazella gazella gazella were listed as a petitioner on the supreme court case.[16] Additional research on the mountain gazelle and it's close relatives the Dorcas gazelle and acacia gazelle are allowing for forensic identification of the gazelles to aide wildlife forensic scientists and law enforcement to enforce wildlife protection laws.[17] Twelve mountain gazelles were released in Gazelle valley, Jerusalem where the population has rebounded from three to about 80 individuals in a 25 hectare fenced off portion of the park where they are protected from predators and car collisions.[18]

The West Bank Segregation Wall, which was built by Israel between 2000 and 2005, poses a great ecological conundrum at it separates populations of many indigenous species on both sides. The Mountain Gazelle is one of these.

Subspecies

Historically, some others such as the Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri) were included as a subspecies,[19] but recent authorities consistently treat them as separate species.[20]

References

  1. ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Gazella gazella". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8989A50186574. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8989A50186574.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  3. ^ Castelló, AvJosé (2016). Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1400880652. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  4. ^ Mallon, David; Kingswood, Steven (2001). Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. IUCN. p. 8 & 100. ISBN 2831705940. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  5. ^ "Palestine mountain gazelle now endangered, say scientists". The Guardian. 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  6. ^ "The story of gazelles in Jerusalem and what I want for them… – Kaitholil.com". Retrieved 2019-01-11.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Lee, Kari. "Gazella gazella mountain gazelle". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  8. ^ Lee, K. "Gazella gazella". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  9. ^ a b Baharav, Dan (January 1974). "NOTES ON THE POPULATION STRUCTURE AND BIOMASS OF THE MOUNTAIN GAZELLE, GAZELLA GAZELLA GAZELLA". Israel Journal of Zoology. 23 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1080/00212210.1974.10688395 (inactive 31 December 2022).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2022 (link)
  10. ^ "Mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella)". Wildscreen Arkive. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  11. ^ Munro, Natalie D.; Lebenzon, Roxanne; Sapir-Hen, Lidar (2022-08-31). "Revisiting Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) body size change in the southern Levant: A case for anthropogenic impact". PLOS ONE. 17 (8): e0273024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273024. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9432756. PMID 36044411.
  12. ^ Mountain gazelle management in northern Israel in relation to wildlife disease control. (PDF) . oie.int.
  13. ^ a b Yom-Tov, Yoram; Balaban, Amir; Hadad, Ezra; Weil, Gilad; Roll, Uri (September 2021). "The plight of the Endangered mountain gazelle Gazella gazella". Oryx. 55 (5): 771–778. doi:10.1017/S003060531900108X. ISSN 0030-6053.
  14. ^ Borkowski, Jakub; Zalewski, Andrzej; Manor, Regev (April 2011). "Diet Composition of Golden Jackals in Israel". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 48 (2): 108–118. doi:10.5735/086.048.0203. ISSN 0003-455X.
  15. ^ Shamoon, Hila; Dayan, Tamar; Saltz, David (November 2017). "Cattle grazing effects on mountain gazelles in Mediterranean natural landscapes: Indirect Grazing Effects on Gazelles". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 81 (8): 1351–1362. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21323.
  16. ^ Adam, Rachelle (2016). "Finding Safe Passage through a Wave of Extinctions: Israel's Endangered Mountain Gazelle". Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. 19 (2): 136–158. doi:10.1080/13880292.2016.1167472. S2CID 87840827.
  17. ^ Hadas, L.; Hermon, D.; Bar-Gal, G. K. (2016). "Before they are gone - improving gazelle protection using wildlife forensic genetics". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 24: 51–54. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.05.018. PMID 27294679.
  18. ^ Matthieussent, Delphine. "Endangered gazelles spring back in Jerusalem park". phys.org. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  19. ^ ADW: Gazella gazella: INFORMATION. Animaldiversity.org. Retrieved on 2015-09-25.
  20. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella cuvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8967A50186003. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8967A50186003.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

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Mountain gazelle: Brief Summary

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The mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella), also called the true gazelle or the Palestine mountain gazelle, is a species of gazelle that is widely but unevenly distributed.

Byzantine-era mosaic of gazelle in Caesarea, Israel
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Gazella gazella ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La gacela arábiga o índica (Gazella gazella) es un especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae que habita en la península arábiga.[2]​ Habita en regiones montañosas, colinas y planicies costeras. Su distribución coincide con las plantas del género Acacia que crecen en estas regiones. Se alimenta básicamente de pastos, pero su dieta varía dependiendo de la disponibilidad de alimento. Está menos adaptada a las condiciones de aridez y calor extremo que la gacela común (Gazella dorcas) la cual parece reemplazó a la especie en algunas áreas de su distribución a finales del Holoceno en un periodo de calentamiento climático. Existen al menos 15 000 gacelas arábigas dentro de su distribución, más de 10 000 corresponden a la subespecie G. g. cora, menos de 3000 a la subespecie israelí, G. g. gazella, menos de 1000 a G. g. farasani, menos de 250 a G. g. muscatensis y 19 a la subespecie G. g. acaiae.

En Israel

En Israel existen tres subespecies:

La gacela israelí - G. g. gazella.

Es la gacela más común en Israel, donde existe en tres áreas. Su población decreció notablemente en la primera parte del siglo XX debido a la caza,[3]​ y a la cría exitosa del lobo indio, pero se ha incrementado gracias a los esfuerzos de conservación en Israel.[3]

  • En los Altos del Golan de Siria, alberga la población más grande de esta subespecie, estimada entre 1500 a 3000 individuos.
  • En Ramot Naftali habita la segunda población en tamaño de la gacela israelí.
  • En Galilea habita una población de cientos de estas gacelas en área abierta.
  • En las planicies costeras existe una pequeña población de gacelas, pero el número ha decrecido notablemente debido a la creciente urbanización.

La gacela de Arava - G. g. acaiae.

La gacela de Arava está críticamente amenazada con solo 19 individuos en una reserva natural cerca a Yotvata.

La gacela merrill - G. g. merrilli.

También llamada gacela palestina o gacela montañosa palestina, vive en las montañas cerca a Jerusalén.

Referencias

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). «Gazella gazella». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2011.
  2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  3. a b Kaplan, D. (2002-12). «Langfristige Bestandsschwankungen der Edmigazelle (Gazella gazella gazella) in Nordisrael». Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg) 48 (Supplement 1): 167-171. doi:10.1007/BF02192405.

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Gazella gazella: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La gacela arábiga o índica (Gazella gazella) es un especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae que habita en la península arábiga.​ Habita en regiones montañosas, colinas y planicies costeras. Su distribución coincide con las plantas del género Acacia que crecen en estas regiones. Se alimenta básicamente de pastos, pero su dieta varía dependiendo de la disponibilidad de alimento. Está menos adaptada a las condiciones de aridez y calor extremo que la gacela común (Gazella dorcas) la cual parece reemplazó a la especie en algunas áreas de su distribución a finales del Holoceno en un periodo de calentamiento climático. Existen al menos 15 000 gacelas arábigas dentro de su distribución, más de 10 000 corresponden a la subespecie G. g. cora, menos de 3000 a la subespecie israelí, G. g. gazella, menos de 1000 a G. g. farasani, menos de 250 a G. g. muscatensis y 19 a la subespecie G. g. acaiae.

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Gazella gazella ( Basque )

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Gazella gazella Gazella Antilopinae generoko animalia hausnarkaria da. Bere generoko beste animalia guztiak bezala azkar korritzeko gaitasuna du eta liraina da. Gazella gazella

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Gazella gazella: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Gazella gazella ( French )

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La gazelle de montagne[1] ou gazelle Edmi (Gazella gazella) est une espèce de gazelles. Les gazelles sont des petites antilopes élancées, agiles, vives et très rapide à la course.

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Catalogue of Life (20 septembre 2017)[2] :

  • sous-espèce Gazella gazella acaciae Mendelssohn, Groves & Shalmon, 1997
  • sous-espèce Gazella gazella cora (C. H. Smith, 1827)
  • sous-espèce Gazella gazella darehshourii Karami & Groves, 1993
  • sous-espèce Gazella gazella farasani Thoulless & Al Basari, 1991
  • sous-espèce Gazella gazella gazella (Pallas, 1766)
  • sous-espèce Gazella gazella muscatensis Brooke, 1874

Notes et références

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Gazella gazella: Brief Summary ( French )

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La gazelle de montagne ou gazelle Edmi (Gazella gazella) est une espèce de gazelles. Les gazelles sont des petites antilopes élancées, agiles, vives et très rapide à la course.

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Gazella gazella ( Italian )

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La gazzella di montagna (Gazella gazella Pallas, 1766) è una specie di gazzella diffusa in varie zone della Penisola Arabica. Abita le montagne, le aree pedemontane e le pianure costiere. Il suo areale coincide strettamente con quello degli alberi di acacia. Si nutre per lo più di erba, sebbene la dieta vari molto con le disponibilità alimentari. È meno adattata al clima caldo e asciutto della gazzella dorcade, la quale sembra aver rimpiazzato la gazzella di montagna in gran parte del suo areale nel tardo Olocene, durante un periodo di riscaldamento climatico. In tutto il suo areale ne vivono meno di 15.000 esemplari, la maggior parte dei quali (più di 10.000) appartenenti alla sottospecie G. g. cora, la gazzella di montagna d'Arabia, meno di 3000 alla G. g. gazella, la gazzella di montagna della Palestina, meno di 1000 alla G. g. farasani, meno di 250 alla G. g. muscatensis e solo 19 alla G. g. acaciae.

Tassonomia

Attualmente, gli studiosi ne riconoscono sette sottospecie[1]:

  • G. g. gazella Pallas, 1766 (Israele settentrionale);
  • G. g. acaciae Mendelssohn, Groves e Shalmon, 1997 (Israele meridionale);
  • G. g. cora C. H. Smith, 1827 (Penisola Arabica);
  • G. g. darehshourii Karami e Groves, 1993 (Isola di Forrur);
  • G. g. erlangeri Neumann, 1906 (Yemen);
  • G. g. farasani Thoulless e Al Basari, 1991 (Isole Farasan);
  • G. g. muscatensis Brooke, 1874 (Oman).

Descrizione

La gazzella di montagna misura 101-115 cm di lunghezza e pesa 17-29,5 kg. Tra tutte le specie del genere Gazella, è quella dalla costituzione più snella, nonché quella con collo e zampe relativamente più lunghi[3][4]. Il mantello è di colore variabile dal fulvo al marrone scuro su dorso, collo e testa, mentre ventre e natiche sono di colore bianco candido; sui fianchi, queste due distinte colorazioni sono separate da una sottile striscia scura[3][4][5][6]. D'estate il mantello è corto, liscio e lucente, sì da riflettere gran parte della radiazione solare. In inverno, invece, esso si fa più lungo, folto e impermeabile, permettendo così all'animale di resistere alle intense precipitazioni invernali (800-1000 mm) delle regioni settentrionali di Israele; nelle sottospecie del deserto, comunque, le variazioni stagionali del pelame sono meno evidenti. Sulla faccia sono presenti due strisce bianche ben visibili estese dagli occhi alle narici, contornate inferiormente da margini color marrone scuro o nero; sul muso, proprio sopra il naso, vi è una macchia nera[3][4][6]. Le corna dei maschi sono abbastanza lunghe (22-29,5 cm), diritte e più spesse alla base, con forma leggermente lirata e anelli prominenti, mentre quelle delle femmine sono generalmente più brevi (5,8-11,5 cm), lisce, di forma irregolare, e spesso storte, ricurve o spezzate[3][4]. I maschi delle sottospecie settentrionali possiedono corna più lunghe di quelli appartenenti alle sottospecie meridionali; le corna più corte e rivolte più all'esterno si riscontrano negli esemplari della regione del Golfo Persico. Le gazzelle della Palestina settentrionale (G. g. gazella) sono generalmente più grandi delle sottospecie di montagna, mentre quelle dei deserti meridionali, pur essendo più piccole (pesano solo 12-16 kg), hanno zampe, corpo e orecchie più lunghi[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

Un tempo la gazzella di montagna era diffusa in tutta la Penisola Arabica, nonché in Egitto, Giordania, Libano e Siria[4], ma oggi è completamente scomparsa da molte aree[3]. Attualmente questa specie vive ancora lungo le coste del Mar Rosso e sulle montagne dell''Asir in Arabia Saudita[7][8], sulle Isole Farasan, situate nel Mar Rosso presso le coste sud-occidentali dell'Arabia Saudita[2], lungo le coste e sui monti di Yemen e Oman[9] e negli Emirati Arabi Uniti[10]. Apparentemente, appartengono a questa specie anche le gazzelle presenti sull'isola iraniana di Forur, nel Golfo Persico[3]. In Israele vivono due distinte sottospecie: G. g. gazella, che vive sulle colline e le montagne della regione settentrionale del Paese, e G. g. acaciae, della quale rimangono pochissimi esemplari nel deserto della Valle di Arava (Negev)[3].

Le gazzelle di montagna vivono su monti poco elevati, talvolta su terreni particolarmente impervi, ma evitano i suoli rocciosi. Prediligono gli altopiani, i rilievi collinari e le vallate tra i monti, oppure le regioni boscose[3][4], ma si trovano anche nel deserto vero e proprio e tra le dune costiere[2]. In Arabia, vivono generalmente sulle aspre regioni montuose e collinari[11]. Riescono a sopportare condizioni climatiche estreme: si incontrano infatti anche nella rovente e arida valle del Giordano e nei deserti di Negev, Nafud e Dhofar, dove a mezzogiorno le temperature possono raggiungere i 45 °C, e nelle regioni settentrionali di Israele, dove durante le nottate invernali non sono rare temperature inferiori allo zero e la neve può ricoprire il suolo per vari giorni[3].

Biologia

Alimentazione

Queste gazzelle sono diurne, ma possono pascolare anche nelle notti di luna piena, specialmente nelle zone dove l'attività umana ha sconvolto le normali abitudini della specie[3]. Generalmente mangiano all'alba e al tramonto e si riposano durante le ore più calde della giornata[4], ma le gazzelle che vivono sugli altopiani nei dintorni di Ma'rib, nello Yemen, vengono avvistate solamente di giorno, mentre quelle delle pianure vicino ad Al-Hudayda sono state viste solo al tramonto o nelle ore notturne[3]. Tutte le sottospecie brucano, a eccezione della gazzella di montagna della Palestina (G. g. gazella), che pascola. La dieta comprende erba, piante e arbusti, a seconda dell'habitat, ma sono poche le piante che vengono completamente scartate[3][4]. La distribuzione della specie nella Penisola Arabica e in Israele è strettamente correlata agli alberi di acacia, le cui foglie e germogli costituiscono parte integrante della sua alimentazione. Comunemente raggiungono i rami delle acacie stando erette sulle zampe posteriori e sorreggendosi al tronco con quelle anteriori[3]. Dove l'acqua è scarsa, le gazzelle incrementano il bilancio idrico dissotterrando bulbi, cormi e altre parti sotterranee di piante succulente[3].

Struttura sociale

La gazzella di montagna vive in piccoli gruppi di tre-otto esemplari o più. La sua struttura sociale è composta da maschi solitari territoriali, che rimangono tutto l'anno nel proprio territorio, da gruppi temporanei o abbastanza permanenti di una o più femmine coi piccoli, e da piccoli gruppi di scapoli[3][4]. I maschi competono tra loro per il controllo dei territori, ma i conflitti di confine tra due vicini sono più ritualizzati che violenti, consistendo in una serie di finti combattimenti in cui i contendenti si caricano a testa bassa fermandosi quando si trovano a una distanza di 30 cm[4][5]. Tuttavia, nelle battaglie che vedono contrapporsi il padrone di un territorio e un oppositore più giovane che cerca di usurparne il posto, i maschi si possono infliggere gravi ferite, arrivando perfino a spezzarsi le zampe[12].

Riproduzione

I maschi seguono i gruppi di femmine attraversando il loro territorio e pascolando in loro compagnia. In Israele, le gazzelle dell'acacia (G. g. acaciae) che vivono nel deserto possono accoppiarsi in ogni periodo dell'anno, ma vi sono due picchi delle nascite: in primavera (da marzo a maggio) e in autunno (ottobre), sebbene quasi tutti i piccoli nati in autunno muoiano poco dopo la nascita. Comunque, durante le calde estati e i freddi inverni le femmine partoriscono molto raramente[13]. In Oman, queste gazzelle possono riprodursi anche due volte all'anno[9]. Al contrario, le popolazioni settentrionali delle gazzelle di montagna della Palestina (G. g. gazella) partoriscono più tardi (da aprile a giugno) delle popolazioni del deserto, e quasi sempre solo una volta all'anno[3]. La femmina lascia il branco alcuni giorni prima del parto e rimane da sola (insieme al piccolo) per i due mesi successivi. Dopo un periodo di gestazione di circa 180 giorni nasce sempre un unico piccolo, che può alzarsi in piedi e camminare poco dopo la nascita. Durante le prime settimane, il piccolo trascorre gran parte del giorno immobile, sdraiato e con gli occhi chiusi, in un luogo riparato. La madre pascola nei dintorni e fa la guardia al neonato, attaccando i predatori più piccoli (volpi) o cercando di attirare altrove quelli più grandi (sciacalli e lupi). A partire dalle tre-sei settimane di età il piccolo inizia piano piano ad accompagnare la madre e comincia a mangiare cibo solido. Il periodo di allattamento può durare tre o quattro mesi, solo raramente di più[3]. Mentre le femmine possono rimanere con la madre per tutta la vita, i maschi abbandonano il branco materno a circa sei mesi di età per congiungersi a una mandria di giovani maschi scapoli[4]. Le femmine possono partorire per la prima volta all'età di un anno, o più comunemente di due anni, e i maschi divengono sessualmente maturi a 15-20 mesi, sebbene in realtà si accoppino solamente quando riescono a occupare un proprio territorio, all'incirca verso i tre anni. La speranza di vita è di 13 anni in cattività e di non più di 8 anni in natura[3].

Conservazione

I fattori di rischio per la gazzella di montagna variano a seconda dell'areale della specie, ma le cause principali del suo declino sono la perdita dell'habitat e la caccia. Gran parte del suo habitat è stata devastata dallo sviluppo dell'agricoltura, dalla conversione in pascoli per il bestiame e dalla costruzione di strade e insediamenti umani[2]. Il degrado dell'habitat ha avuto un impatto notevole sulla gazzella dell'acacia (G. g. acaciae) in Israele, dove le risorse idriche disponibili sono nettamente diminuite in seguito all'estrazione di acqua sotterranea da impiegare in agricoltura. Ciò ha causato il disseccamento e la scomparsa delle acacie e di altre piante perenni, e la popolazione di gazzelle è ora costituita da meno di 20 esemplari[14]. Dal momento che la popolazione sopravvissuta è così piccola, un ulteriore rischio è causato anche dall'inincrocio, che può portare alla riduzione della diversità genetica che potrebbe rendere la sottospecie vulnerabile a fattori stocastici. Inoltre, in Israele, questa rara sottospecie, così come la gazzella di montagna della Palestina (G. g. gazella), viene cacciata da lupi (Canis lupus) e sciacalli (C. aureus)[2]. La gazzella di montagna continua a essere cacciata in gran parte del suo areale per la pelle, la carne, le corna[4], per divertimento e perché viene considerata un animale nocivo che danneggia i raccolti, mentre in Oman il rischio maggiore sono le catture di esemplari vivi per le collezioni private[2].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Gazella gazella, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ a b c d e f (EN) IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2016, Gazella gazella, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. and Groves, C.P. (1995) Gazella gazelle. Mammalian Species, 490: 1 - 7.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Animal Diversity Web (May, 2006)
  5. ^ a b Macdonald, D. (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  6. ^ a b Arabian Wildlife Archiviato il 26 febbraio 2009 in Internet Archive. (May, 2006)
  7. ^ Nader, I.A. (1989) Rare and endangered mammals of Saudi Arabia. In: Abu-Zinada, A.H., Goriup, P.D. and Nader, I.A. (Eds) Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the First Symposium, Riayadh 1987. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD), Publication No. 3, Riayadh.
  8. ^ Thouless, C.R. and Al Bassri, K. (1991) The taxanomic status of the Farasan Island gazelle. Journal of Zoology (London), 223: 151 - 159.
  9. ^ a b Harrison, D.L. (1968) Mammals of Arabia, Vol. 2. Ernest Benn, London.
  10. ^ Gross, C. (1987) Mammals of the southern Gulf. Motivate Publishing, Dubai.
  11. ^ Habibi, K. (1992) Arabian gazelles. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development. Publication No. 4, Riayadh.
  12. ^ Blank, D.A. (2000) Acacia gazelle increases with habitat improvement. Gnusletter, 19(1): 11 - 13.
  13. ^ Blank, D.A. and Shalmon, B. (2003) Births and mortality of young in Gazella gazella in various seasons. Theriological Fauna of Russia and adjacent areas, Materials of International Conference, 6-7 February 2003, Moscow.
  14. ^ Blank, D.A. (1996) The Acacia gazelle: extinction of a subspecies. Gnusletter, 15(2): 7 - 9.

Bibliografia

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Gazella gazella: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La gazzella di montagna (Gazella gazella Pallas, 1766) è una specie di gazzella diffusa in varie zone della Penisola Arabica. Abita le montagne, le aree pedemontane e le pianure costiere. Il suo areale coincide strettamente con quello degli alberi di acacia. Si nutre per lo più di erba, sebbene la dieta vari molto con le disponibilità alimentari. È meno adattata al clima caldo e asciutto della gazzella dorcade, la quale sembra aver rimpiazzato la gazzella di montagna in gran parte del suo areale nel tardo Olocene, durante un periodo di riscaldamento climatico. In tutto il suo areale ne vivono meno di 15.000 esemplari, la maggior parte dei quali (più di 10.000) appartenenti alla sottospecie G. g. cora, la gazzella di montagna d'Arabia, meno di 3000 alla G. g. gazella, la gazzella di montagna della Palestina, meno di 1000 alla G. g. farasani, meno di 250 alla G. g. muscatensis e solo 19 alla G. g. acaciae.

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Paprastoji gazelė ( Lithuanian )

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Paprastoji gazelė (lot. Gazella gazella) – tikrųjų antilopių (Antilopinae) pošeimio dykaraginis (Bovidae) žinduolis.

Kūno aukštis 60-80 cm, masė 25-35 kg. Pilkai rausva su tamsia juosta ant kūno šonų. Papilvė ir pasturgalis balti. Pasturgalį supa tamsi juostelė. Tamsi juostelė ant galvos šono ir šviesi virš akių. Raguoti patinai ir patelės. Patinų ragai iki 28 cm ilgio, jų pamatinės dalys storos su ryškiais skersiniais žiedais. Patelių ragai menkesni.

Gyvena kalnuose ir kalvotose uolėtose vietovėse. Laikosi šeimyniniais būriais arba poromis. Minta žoliniais augalais, krūmų lapais ir ūgliais. Nėštumas trunka apie 6 mėnesius. Gimsta 1, rečiau 2 jaunikliai. Gyvena iki 12 metų.

Anksčiau buvo plačiai sutinkama Šiaurės Afrikoje, Arabijos pusiasalyje, Irane, vakarų Pakistrane ir vakarų Indijoje. Išliko Maroke, Alžyre, Tunise, Sinajaus pusiasalyje, Arabijos pusiasalio pietinėje dalyje ir keliose Raudonosios jūros salose.


Vikiteka

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Berggazelle ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De berggazelle (Gazella gazella) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Pallas in 1766.

Kenmerken

Het dier heeft een lichtbruine vacht, terwijl de onderzijde wit is. Op het achterwerk heeft het dier een witte 'spiegel'. Over de flanken loopt een donkere streep. Over het gezicht loopt een donkere bles en streep door de ogen. De schofthoogte varieert van 80 tot 90 cm.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor op het Arabisch schiereiland, Israël en Jordanië in droge, heuvelachtige terreinen en aan woestijnranden.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • De grote dierenencyclopedie, (1993) Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar, België. ISBN 90-243-5204-5.
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Berggazelle: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De berggazelle (Gazella gazella) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Pallas in 1766.

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Fjellgaselle ( Norwegian )

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Fjellgaselle (Gazella gazella) er et klovdyr i gaselleslekten. Den lever i fjellområder i Israel, Tyrkia, Libanon og Golanhøyden. Den lever nær akasietrær. Den har to underarter, Gazella gazella gazella som lever på Golanhøyden, Vestbredden, og i Nord-Israel og Galilea, og Gazella gazella acacia som lever i Syria og Tyrkia. Tidligere ble Gazella cuvieri regnet som en underart.

Eksterne lenker

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Fjellgaselle: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Fjellgaselle (Gazella gazella) er et klovdyr i gaselleslekten. Den lever i fjellområder i Israel, Tyrkia, Libanon og Golanhøyden. Den lever nær akasietrær. Den har to underarter, Gazella gazella gazella som lever på Golanhøyden, Vestbredden, og i Nord-Israel og Galilea, og Gazella gazella acacia som lever i Syria og Tyrkia. Tidligere ble Gazella cuvieri regnet som en underart.

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Gazela górska ( Polish )

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Gazela górska[3] (Gazella gazella) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wołowatych. Występuje powszechnie na Półwyspie Arabskim, ale jej obszar występowania jest nierównomiernie rozproszony. Zamieszkuje góry, pogórza i przybrzeżne równiny. Jej środowisko pokrywa się z obszarami występowań drzew akacjowych, które są pożywieniem gazel górskich. Ich dieta składa się w przeważającej części z traw, ale jest to zależne od dostępności pożywienia. Gazela górska jest słabiej przystosowana do gorących warunków niż gazela dorkas, która zastąpiła ten gatunek na niektórych obszarach podczas późnego holocenu, kiedy nastąpił okres ocieplenia klimatu. W naturalnym środowisku pozostało niespełna 15000 gazel górskich. Ponad 10000 z podgatunku Gazella gazella cora, niespełna 3000 z występującego w Izraelu podgatunku Gazella gazella gazella, niespełna 1000 z Gazella gazella farasani, niespełna 250 z Gazella gazella muscatensis i 19 z podgatunku Gazella gazella acaciae.

Podgatunki gazeli górskiej[3]:

Gazela górska w Izraelu W Izraelu występują trzy podgatunki gazeli górskiej.

Gazela arabska[4] (Gazella gazella gazella) – występuje w większości na trzech obszarach. Jej populacja drastycznie zmalała w pierwszej części XXI wieku z powodu kłusownictwa[5] i udanej reprodukcji irańskich wilków południowoazjatyckich, ale obecnie podniosła się dzięki staraniom ludzi i ochronie tego gatunku[5].

  • Największa populacja gazel arabskich występuje na Wzgórzach Golan. Jej liczebność szacuje się na 1500 do 3000 osobników.
  • Druga pod względem wielkości populacja w Izraelu występuje w Ramot Naftali.
  • Populacja wolno żyjących gazel górskich w Galilei wynosi około 100.
  • Niewielka populacja gazel występuje także na przybrzeżnych równinach, ale ich liczebność ciągle się zmniejsza z powodu szybkiej urbanizacji.

Gazela akacjowa (Gazella gazella acaciae) – podgatunek na skraju wymarcia. Ich liczebność wynosi obecnie tylko 19 osobników (inwentaryzacja przeprowadzona w 2007 - 17 dorosłych i dwa nowo narodzone). Gazela żyje w zamkniętym rezerwacie przyrody koło Yotvata.

Gazella gazella merrilli – żyje w górach, w pobliżu Jerozolimy.

Rozmiary

Gazela górska jest średniej wielkości ssakiem waży od 20 kg do 80 kg.

Przypisy

  1. Gazella gazella, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Gazella gazella. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. Mały słownik zoologiczny: ssaki. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1978.
  5. a b D. Kaplan. Langfristige Bestandsschwankungen der Edmigazelle (Gazella gazella gazella) in Nordisrael. „Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft”. 48 (Supplement 1), s. 167–171, 2002-12. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/BF02192405.

Bibliografia

Gazella gazella [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] [dostęp 2008-12-10] (ang.).

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Gazela górska: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Gazela górska (Gazella gazella) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wołowatych. Występuje powszechnie na Półwyspie Arabskim, ale jej obszar występowania jest nierównomiernie rozproszony. Zamieszkuje góry, pogórza i przybrzeżne równiny. Jej środowisko pokrywa się z obszarami występowań drzew akacjowych, które są pożywieniem gazel górskich. Ich dieta składa się w przeważającej części z traw, ale jest to zależne od dostępności pożywienia. Gazela górska jest słabiej przystosowana do gorących warunków niż gazela dorkas, która zastąpiła ten gatunek na niektórych obszarach podczas późnego holocenu, kiedy nastąpił okres ocieplenia klimatu. W naturalnym środowisku pozostało niespełna 15000 gazel górskich. Ponad 10000 z podgatunku Gazella gazella cora, niespełna 3000 z występującego w Izraelu podgatunku Gazella gazella gazella, niespełna 1000 z Gazella gazella farasani, niespełna 250 z Gazella gazella muscatensis i 19 z podgatunku Gazella gazella acaciae.

Podgatunki gazeli górskiej:

gazela akacjowa (Gazella gazella acaciae) gazela stokowa (Gazella gazella cora) gazela zatokowa (Gazella gazella dareshshouri) gazela czerwonomorska (Gazella gazella farasani) gazela górska (Gazella gazella gazella) gazela omańska (Gazella gazella muscatensis)

Gazela górska w Izraelu W Izraelu występują trzy podgatunki gazeli górskiej.

Gazela arabska (Gazella gazella gazella) – występuje w większości na trzech obszarach. Jej populacja drastycznie zmalała w pierwszej części XXI wieku z powodu kłusownictwa i udanej reprodukcji irańskich wilków południowoazjatyckich, ale obecnie podniosła się dzięki staraniom ludzi i ochronie tego gatunku.

Największa populacja gazel arabskich występuje na Wzgórzach Golan. Jej liczebność szacuje się na 1500 do 3000 osobników. Druga pod względem wielkości populacja w Izraelu występuje w Ramot Naftali. Populacja wolno żyjących gazel górskich w Galilei wynosi około 100. Niewielka populacja gazel występuje także na przybrzeżnych równinach, ale ich liczebność ciągle się zmniejsza z powodu szybkiej urbanizacji.

Gazela akacjowa (Gazella gazella acaciae) – podgatunek na skraju wymarcia. Ich liczebność wynosi obecnie tylko 19 osobników (inwentaryzacja przeprowadzona w 2007 - 17 dorosłych i dwa nowo narodzone). Gazela żyje w zamkniętym rezerwacie przyrody koło Yotvata.

Gazella gazella merrilli – żyje w górach, w pobliżu Jerozolimy.

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Gazella gazella ( Portuguese )

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Gazela-da-montanha (Gazella gazella) é o nome de uma gazela, um mamífero artiodáctilo da família dos bovídeos. Antigamente era distribuída por quase toda a Península Arábica, até o sul da Síria e estendendo a oeste até o Sinai, Hoje em dia, são encontradas amplamente em Israel e Oman, partes da Árabia Saudita e sul e oeste de Emirados Árabes Unidos e Iêmen. Áreas de ocorrência na Árabia Saudita incuem as Ilhas Farasan , três zonas protegidas e populações escassas a oeste. A maior população em Oman está no Santuário do Órix da Arábia. Também foram introduzidas na ilha iraniana de Farur no Golfo Pérsico. A população da espécie estima-se menor que 15.000: 3.000 em Israel, 1.500-1.700 na Árabia Saudita e 13.000 em Oman no fim da década de 1990, com rápido declínio desde então. Considerada rara no Iêmen.[1] [2]

Essas gazelas possuem dorso marrom escuro separado por uma fina faixa escura do ventre e lados brancos, com membros marrom claros. A pelagem é lisa e curta no verão para refletir os raios solares enquanto no inverno é longa, grossa e à prova d'água protegendo contra as fortes chuvas. Os machos têm entre 17 e 29 kg enquanto as fêmeas são menores com 16-25 kg.[2]

Gazella gazella vive em pequenos grupos contendo geralmente três a oito animais, que podem ser grupos de mães e filhotes liderados por um macho ou de machos solteiros, além de machos solitários. Geralmente passam o dia protegidos em colinas e descem para comer nos vales à noite ou de manhã cedo. A alimentação é composta de grama, ervas, arbustos que varia dependendo do habitat. Pouca plantas são rejeitadas completamente e ingerem até mesmo espécies venenosas que outros herbívoros não comem. Utilizam plantas suculentas e gotas de orvalho como fonte de água, podendo ficar sem água por longos períodos.[2]

Referências

  1. a b IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Gazella gazella (em inglês). IUCN {{{anoIUCN1}}}. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de {{{anoIUCN1}}} . Página visitada em 22 de setembro de 2015..
  2. a b c Kari Lee. «Gazella gazella» (em inglês). Animal Diversity Web. Consultado em 23 de setembro de 2015
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Gazella gazella: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Gazela-da-montanha (Gazella gazella) é o nome de uma gazela, um mamífero artiodáctilo da família dos bovídeos. Antigamente era distribuída por quase toda a Península Arábica, até o sul da Síria e estendendo a oeste até o Sinai, Hoje em dia, são encontradas amplamente em Israel e Oman, partes da Árabia Saudita e sul e oeste de Emirados Árabes Unidos e Iêmen. Áreas de ocorrência na Árabia Saudita incuem as Ilhas Farasan , três zonas protegidas e populações escassas a oeste. A maior população em Oman está no Santuário do Órix da Arábia. Também foram introduzidas na ilha iraniana de Farur no Golfo Pérsico. A população da espécie estima-se menor que 15.000: 3.000 em Israel, 1.500-1.700 na Árabia Saudita e 13.000 em Oman no fim da década de 1990, com rápido declínio desde então. Considerada rara no Iêmen.

Essas gazelas possuem dorso marrom escuro separado por uma fina faixa escura do ventre e lados brancos, com membros marrom claros. A pelagem é lisa e curta no verão para refletir os raios solares enquanto no inverno é longa, grossa e à prova d'água protegendo contra as fortes chuvas. Os machos têm entre 17 e 29 kg enquanto as fêmeas são menores com 16-25 kg.

Gazella gazella vive em pequenos grupos contendo geralmente três a oito animais, que podem ser grupos de mães e filhotes liderados por um macho ou de machos solteiros, além de machos solitários. Geralmente passam o dia protegidos em colinas e descem para comer nos vales à noite ou de manhã cedo. A alimentação é composta de grama, ervas, arbustos que varia dependendo do habitat. Pouca plantas são rejeitadas completamente e ingerem até mesmo espécies venenosas que outros herbívoros não comem. Utilizam plantas suculentas e gotas de orvalho como fonte de água, podendo ficar sem água por longos períodos.

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Arabisk gasell ( Swedish )

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Arabisk gasell (Gazella gazella) är ett slidhornsdjur som förekommer på Arabiska halvön.

Utseende

Djuret når en kroppslängd mellan 98 och 115 cm (huvud och bål) samt en vikt mellan 16 och 29,5 kg. Hannar är ungefär 10 cm längre och något tyngre än honor. Individer som lever i öknar är oftast betydlig lättare. Svansen är 8 till 13 cm lång. Horn förekommer hos båda kön men hannarnas horn är med 22 till 29 cm längd tydlig längre än honornas horn som blir 6 till 12 cm långa.[2]

Arten är påfallande smal med långa extremiteter och lång hals. Pälsen är på ovansidan mörkbrun och på buken, extremiteternas insida samt stjärten vit. Dessa två färger skiljs genom ett mörkare band. I ansiktet finns två vita strimmor från hornen över ögonen till nosen.[2]

Utbredning och habitat

Arabisk gasell hade tidigare ett stort utbredningsområde på Arabiska halvön och förekom fram till 1930-talet även på Sinaihalvön. Idag lever arten huvudsakligen i Israel, Saudiarabien, Oman, Förenade Arabemiraten och Jemen. Den introducerades dessutom på den iranska ön Farur i Persiska viken.[1]

Habitatet utgörs främst av halvöknar och öknar, individerna vistas ibland i öppna skogar. Landskapet kännetecknas vanligen av låga klippiga bergstrakter, dessutom hittas arten i sanddyn vid kusten och på högplatå. I utbredningsområdet förekommer ibland minusgrader och ibland temperaturer upp till 45 °C.[1][2]

Ekologi

Aktivitet och föda

Arabisk gasell är främst aktiv på morgonen och senare eftermiddagen. I regioner med många människor kan de vara aktiva på natten. Under dagens hetaste timmar vilar de vanligen. Födan utgörs oftast av gräs, örter och blad från buskar och träd. I torra områden gräver de även efter lökar och rotfrukter.[2]

Socialt beteende och fortplantning

Dominanta hannar lever ensam och försvarar ett revir. Honor och deras ungar samlas i tillfälliga eller permanenta grupper och unga hannar bildar ofta ungkarlsgrupper. Flocken har vanligen tre till åtta medlemmar. När två vuxna hannar träffar på varandra imponerar de vanligen för motståndaren innan individen med spensligare kroppsbyggnad ger sig av. Sällan uppstår strider med svåra sår som följd. Beroende på utbredningsområde sträcker sig parningstiden över hela året eller över våren och försommaren. Dräktigheten varar ungefär 180 dagar och sedan föder honan vanligen ett enda ungdjur. Före födelsen lämnar honan flocken. Ungen kan redan kort efter födelsen gå men stannar vanligen några veckor i ett gömställe som bevakas av modern. Sedan följer ungen med modern till korta utflykter och cirka två månader efter födelsen är de tillbaka i flocken. Avvänjningen sker oftast efter fyra månader. Unga honor stannar oftast i moderns flock medan hannar lämnar flocken efter sex månader. Honor blir könsmogna efter 12 och hannar efter upp till 20 månader. Den första parningen sker för honor oftast under andra levnadsåret och för hannar efter tre år när de har egna revir.[2]

Livslängden i naturen är omkring 8 år och individer i fångenskap blev upp till 13 år gamla.[2]

Underarter

Enligt Wilson & Reeder (2005) delas populationen i sex underarter.[3]

  • G. g. gazella
  • G. g. acaiae
  • G. g. cora
  • G. g. darehshourii
  • G. g. farasani
  • G. g. muscatensis

Status

Arabisk gasell är vanlig förekommande i flera delar av utbredningsområdet men blev sällsynt i vissa delar av regionen. IUCN uppskattar att hela beståndet minskade med 30 procent under de senaste 18 åren (tre generationer). De största hoten utgörs av illegal jakt och habitatets omvandling till jordbruksmark, samhällen och trafikleder. I områden där bara ett fåtal arabiska gaseller lever består fara för inavel. Arten listas därför som sårbar (VU).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2011 Gazella gazella Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 5 april 2012.
  2. ^ [a b c d e f] Dr. David Blank (20 december 2006). ”Mountain gazelle”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 14 april 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120414173757/http://www.arkive.org/mountain-gazelle/gazella-gazella/#text=All. Läst 5 april 2012.
  3. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Gazella gazella (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4

Externa länkar

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Arabisk gasell: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Arabisk gasell (Gazella gazella) är ett slidhornsdjur som förekommer på Arabiska halvön.

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Dağ ceylanı ( Turkish )

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Dağ Ceylanı (yöresel adıyla Âhu) boynuzlugiller (Bovidae) familyasından gazâl:âhu (Gazella) cinsinden bir tür.

Bu hayvanın boyu 100–120 cm, ağırlığı ise 15–30 kg arasında değişir ve Orta Doğu'da bozkır iklimin hâkim olduğu yükseltili alanlarda yaşar. Ortalama 8-10 sene ömrü olan dağ ceylanı, senede bir kez doğum yapar. Bu hayvan, mükemmel bir koşucudur ve hızını saatte 80 km'ye kadar çıkarabilir. Tehlike hissettiğinde tiz bir ses çıkararak kaçar ve 2,5 metreye kadar sıçrayabilir. Suudi Arabistan, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Ürdün ve İsrail'de de yaşayan türün en kuzeydeki dağılımı Türkiye'dedir. Türkiye'de sâdece Hatay Kırıkhan yöresinde çok küçük miktarda dağ ceylanı popülasyonu bulunmaktadır.[1]

Stub icon Çift toynaklılar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
  1. ^ http://www.ttkder.org.tr/projelerimiz/item/30-hatay-da%C4%9F-ceylanlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1-koruma-projesi.html
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Газель гірська ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Довжина тіла становить від 98 до 115 см, вага — від 16 до 29,5 кг. Самці більші в середньому на 10 см і трохи важче самок. Хвіст довжиною від 8 до 13 см. Рогу самців довжиною від 22 до 29 см, роги самок довжиною від 6 до 12 см[1].

Тіло газелі тонке з довгою шиєю і довгими ногами. Шерсть на спині і з боків тіла темно-коричневого забарвлення. Черево, внутрішня сторона кінцівок і задня частина тіла білого кольору. Часто ці дві області розділяє виразна темна смуга. Характерною ознакою виду є дві вертикальні білі смуги на морді, що проходять від рогів через очі до області носа.

Поширення

Раніше вид мав широкий ареал і охоплював територію Аравійського і Синайського півостровів. В даний час звичайна газель мешкає переважно в Ізраїлі, Саудівській Аравії, Омані, в Об'єднаних Арабських Еміратах і Ємені[2].

Вид тримається переважно в напівпустелях і пустелях, зрідка відвідуючи відкриті лісу. Ландшафт являє собою часто низькі скелясті гори. Газель живе також в прибережних піщаних дюнах і на плоскогір'ях. В області поширення виду температура навколишнього середовища варіює від мінус декількох градусів до плюс 45 °С.

Спосіб життя

Газелі активні переважно вранці та пізно ввечері. У густонаселених людьми регіонах тварини активні також вночі. У найспекотніші денні години тварини відпочивають, сховавшись в захищеному місці. Харчування складається частіше з трав і трав'янистих рослин, а також з листя кущів і дерев. У посушливих областях газелі копають землю в пошуках цибулин і бульб.

Розмноження

Домінантні самці ведуть частіше одиночний спосіб життя на своїй території, захищаючи її від інших самців. Самка і підростаюче покоління утворюють тимчасові або постійні групи чисельністю від 3 до 8 голів. Молоді самці об'єднуються в холостяцькі групи. Зустріч двох дорослих самців супроводжується демонстрацією сили, після чого більш слабкий самець відступає. Рідко справа доходить до боротьби, під час якої тварини отримують каліцтва.

Залежно від області поширення спарювання відбувається увесь рік, або тільки в період з початку весни до початку літа. Вагітність триває приблизно 180 днів. Самиця народжує частіше одного дитинчати. Напередодні цієї події вона усамітнюється від своєї групи. Вже незабаром після народження дитинчата встають на ноги, залишаючись, однак, протягом перших тижнів в охоронюваному матір'ю притулку. Мати з дитинчам здійснюють короткі прогулянки і приблизно через 2 місяці вони приєднуються до групи. Приблизно через 4 місяці дитинча відлучається від годування. Самиці залишаються частіше в групі матері, а самці залишають її приблизно через 6 місяців. Статева зрілість настає у самок у віці 12, у самців у віці приблизно 20 місяців. Проте, перше успішне спарювання відбувається тільки на другому році життя (у самки) або через 3 роки (у самця), після появи своєї власної ділянки.

Тривалість життя в неволі становить близько 13 років, в природі — 8 років.

Підвиди

Виділяють п'ять-шість підвидів:

  • G. g. cora мешкає в Омані і Саудівській Аравії. Вимер в Ємені. Населення налічує 10 000 особин, з них 90% в Омані.
  • G. g. farasani живе тільки на островах Фарасан в Червоному морі. Населення налічує близько 1000 особин.
  • G. g. gazella — в Ізраїлі і Лівані. Населення налічує близько 3000 особин. Винищений в Сирії, Йорданії та Єгипті.
  • G. g. acaciae — на півдні Ізраїлю. Ця реліктова популяція, що потрапила в ізоляцію в кінці льодовикового періоду в долині Арава північніше Ейлат а. У 1950-і роки тут жило кілька сотень газелей на території площею 7,5 км ². Водовідведення в долині призвело до масової загибелі тварин. В даний час тут проживає близько двадцяти особин.
  • G. g. muscatensis мешкає на півночі оманської пустелі. Чисельність популяції налічує менше ста особин.

Примітки

  1. Dr. David Blank Mountain gazelle. Архів оригіналу за 14 квітень 2012. Процитовано 22 червень 2013.
  2. Gazella gazella


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Linh dương núi đá Ả Rập ( Vietnamese )

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Gazella gazella là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1766.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Gazella gazella. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2011.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 8 năm 2011.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Gazella gazella”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Gazella gazella tại Wikimedia Commons


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Linh dương núi đá Ả Rập: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Gazella gazella là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1766.

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Обыкновенная газель ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
PikiWiki Israel 31931 Wildlife and Plants of Israel.JPG

В зависимости от области распространения спаривание происходит круглый год, или только в период с начала весны до начала лета. Беременность длится примерно 180 дней. Самка рождает чаще одного детёныша. Накануне этого события она уединяется от своей группы. Уже вскоре после рождения детёныши встают на ноги, оставаясь, однако, в течение первых недель в охраняемом матерью убежище. Мать с детёнышем совершают короткие прогулки и примерно через 2 месяца они присоединяются к группе. Примерно через 4 месяца детёныш отлучается от кормления. Самки остаются чаще в группе матери, а самцы покидают её примерно через 6 месяцев. Половая зрелость наступает у самок в возрасте 12, у самцов в возрасте примерно 20 месяцев. Тем не менее, первое успешное спаривание происходит только на втором году жизни (у самки) или через 3 года (у самца), после появления своего собственного участка[3].

Продолжительность жизни в неволе составляет около 13 лет, в природе — 8 лет[3].

Подвиды

Выделяют 6[5] — 7[6][4] подвидов обыкновенной газели, которые в настоящее время некоторыми исследователями выделяются в самостоятельные виды[6][7]:

  • Gazella gazella gazella Pallas, 1766 (= Gazella gazella) — Палестинская газель[6], или горная газель[6], номинативный подвид, в Израиле и Ливане. Популяция насчитывает около 3000 особей. Истреблён в Сирии, Иордании и Египте.
  • Gazella gazella acaciae Mendelssohn, Groves et Shalmon, 1997 (= Gazella acaciae) — Акациевая газель[6], на юге Израиля. Эта реликтовая популяция, попавшая в изоляцию в конце ледникового периода в долине Арава севернее Эйлата. В 1950-е годы здесь жило несколько сотен газелей на территории площадью 7,5 км². Водоотведение в долине привело к массовой гибели животных. В настоящее время здесь живёт около двадцати особей.
  • Gazella gazella cora C. H. Smith, 1827 (= Gazella cora) — Аравийская газель[6], или пустынная газель[6], обитает в Омане и Саудовской Аравии. Вымер в Йемене. Популяция насчитывает 10 000 особей, из них 90 % в Омане.
  • Gazella gazella dareshurii[8] Karami et Groves, 1993 (= Gazella dareshurii) — Газель острова Фаррур[6], эндемик острова Фаррур[en] (Farrur) в Персидском заливе.
Mountain gazelles (gazella gazella).jpg
  • Gazella gazella erlangeri Neumann, 1906 (= Gazella erlangeri) — Газель Неймана[6], встречается на крайнем юге Аравийского полуострова вдоль побережья Красного моря на территории Йемена и прилегающих районов юго-запада Саудовской Аравии; включает форму hanishiГазель острова Ханиш[6], распространённую только на острове Аль-Ханиш-аль-Кабир (архипелаг Ханиш) на юге Красного моря. При выделении газели Неймана в отдельный вид G. erlangeri в его состав в качестве подвидов включают формы hanishi и farasani.
  • Gazella gazella farasani Thoulless et al Basari, 1991 (= Gazella erlangeri farasani) — Газель Фаразанских островов[6], живёт только на островах Фарасан в Красном море. Популяция насчитывает около 1000 особей.
  • Gazella gazella muscatensis Brooke, 1874 (= Gazella muscatensis) — Маскатская газель[6], обитает на севере оманской пустыни. Численность популяции насчитывает менее ста особей.

Примечания

  1. Банников А. Г., Флинт В. Е. Отряд Парнокопытные (Artiodactyla) // Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 489. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
  2. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 131. — 10 000 экз.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dr. David Blank Mountain gazelle
  4. 1 2 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2008. Gazella gazella. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008.
  5. Gazella gazella в книге Wilson D. E., Reeder D. M. (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. — 3rd edition. — Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 volumes. — 2142 pp. — ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 [1]
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Castello J. R. (2016) Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. — Princeton University Press. — Pp. 128—137. — 664 p. — ISBN 978-0-691-16717-6
  7. Groves C., Grubb P. 2011. Ungulate Taxonomy. — The Johns Hopkins University Press. — Pp. 167—171. — 310 p. — ISBN 1-4214-0093-6
  8. Иногда встречается вариант написания darehshourii (см. Wilson & Reeder, 2005)
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Обыкновенная газель: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
PikiWiki Israel 31931 Wildlife and Plants of Israel.JPG

В зависимости от области распространения спаривание происходит круглый год, или только в период с начала весны до начала лета. Беременность длится примерно 180 дней. Самка рождает чаще одного детёныша. Накануне этого события она уединяется от своей группы. Уже вскоре после рождения детёныши встают на ноги, оставаясь, однако, в течение первых недель в охраняемом матерью убежище. Мать с детёнышем совершают короткие прогулки и примерно через 2 месяца они присоединяются к группе. Примерно через 4 месяца детёныш отлучается от кормления. Самки остаются чаще в группе матери, а самцы покидают её примерно через 6 месяцев. Половая зрелость наступает у самок в возрасте 12, у самцов в возрасте примерно 20 месяцев. Тем не менее, первое успешное спаривание происходит только на втором году жизни (у самки) или через 3 года (у самца), после появления своего собственного участка.

Продолжительность жизни в неволе составляет около 13 лет, в природе — 8 лет.

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山瞪羚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Gazella gazella
(Pallas, 1766)

山瞪羚是一種羚羊類的動物,主要分佈於阿拉伯半島。棲息於山、山丘和海岸平原。由於較不適應熱,自全新世晚期以來有被鹿羚(Gazella dorcas)取代的趨勢。

分布

曾經廣泛分布於阿拉伯半島地區,北至敘利亞南部,西至西奈半島。1932年最後一次在埃及記錄。1970年代後便沒有在敘利亞境內有記錄。在黎巴嫩,此物種相信在1945年滅絕。1987年最後一次在約旦記錄。

目前分布於以色列 (廣泛分布)、沙烏地阿拉伯 (分布於紅海法拉珊群島,零星分布於沙國西部)、阿曼 (廣泛分布)、阿拉伯聯合大公國 (Jebel Ali 地區)和葉門 (西部)。

亞種

  • G. g. acaciae:分布於以色列的 Arava Valley 南部。
  • G. g. cora:分布於阿曼、沙烏地阿拉伯、阿拉伯聯合大公國及葉門。
  • G. g. erlangeri:分布於沙烏地阿拉伯。
  • G. g. farasani:分布於沙烏地阿拉伯的法拉珊群島。
  • G. g. gazella:分布於以色列,在埃及、約旦、黎巴嫩及敘利亞區域滅絕。
  • G. g. muscatensis:分布於阿曼。

參考

  1. ^ (英文) IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Gazella gazella. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2009. 撷取於2009-09-09.
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山瞪羚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

山瞪羚是一種羚羊類的動物,主要分佈於阿拉伯半島。棲息於山、山丘和海岸平原。由於較不適應熱,自全新世晚期以來有被鹿羚(Gazella dorcas)取代的趨勢。

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산가젤 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

산가젤(Gazella gazella)은 소과에 속하는 가젤의 일종이다.[2] 이스라엘골란 고원, 터키 그리고 아라비아 반도에 불균등하게 분포한다. 서식지는 산악 지대와 산기슭, 해안가 평야 등이다. 서식 지역이 아카시아나무 분포 지역과 일치한다. 먹이는 주로 풀이지만 먹이 가용성에 따라 아주 다양하다. 홀로세 후기 기후 온난화 시기 동안에 대부분의 분포 지역에서 산가젤을 대체한 것으로 보이는 도르카스가젤보다 뜨겁고 건조한 기후에 적응이 덜 된 종이다. 15,000마리 이하의 개체수가 분포 지역 전역에 서식하며, 대부분(10,000마리 이상)은 아라비아 반도의 산가젤 아종 코라(G. g. cora)이고 팔레스타인산가젤(G. g. gazella)은 3,000마리 이하, 파라산섬가젤(G. g. farasani)은 1,000마리 이하, 무스카트가젤(G. g. muscatensis)은 250마리 이하, 아라바가젤(G. g. acaciae)은 19마리 뿐이다.

특징

산가젤은 몸길이가 101~115cm이고 몸무게는 17~29.5kg이다. 가젤속에 속하는 모든 종 중에서 가장 가냘픈 몸을 가진 종으로 목과 다리가 비교적 길다.[3][4] 털은 황갈색부터 등과 목, 머리의 짙은 갈색까지 다양하지만 배와 엉덩이는 선명한 흰색을 띤다. 옆구리 쪽은 이 두 가지 뚜렷한 색이 얇고 짙은 줄무늬로 구분된다.[3][4][5][6] 여름철에는 털이 짧고 부드러우며 햇빛을 많이 받기 때문에 윤이 난다. 대신 겨울철에는 털이 굵고 길어져서 방수가 되기 때문에 이스라엘 북부 지역의 집중적인 겨울 강수량(800~1000 mm)을 견딜 수 있다. 그러나 사막에 서식하는 아종은 계절성 털 변화가 덜 분명하다. 얼굴에는 눈부터 콧구멍까지 이어지는 두렷이 보이는 두 개의 흰 줄무늬가 있고, 아래에 짙은 갈색 또는 검은색 가장자리로 경계를 이룬다. 코 바로 위 주둥이에 검은 반점이 있다.[3][4][6] 수컷의 뿔은 꽤 길고(22~29.5cm) 수직으로 곧으며 밑 부분이 더 굵고 약간 말쑥한 모습을 띠고 두드러진 고리를 갖고 있다. 반면에 암컷 뿔은 보통 짧고(5.8~11.5cm) 부드러우며 불규칙인 모습을 보이며 구부러지거나 휘고 부러지곤 한다.[3][4] 북부 지역 아종의 수컷은 남부 지역 아종보다 더 긴 뿔을 갖고 있으며, 더 짧고 좀더 바깥 족으로 향하는 뿔은 페르시아만 지역 표본에서 발견된다. 팔레스타인 북부 지역 아종(G. g. gazella)은 보통 산악 지역 아종보다 큰 반면에 남부 사막 지역 아종은 더 작고(몸무게가 12~16kg에 불과하다) 더 긴 다리와 몸, 귀를 갖고 있다.[3]

생태

낮에 주로 활동하는 주행성 동물이지만 특히 사람들의 활동때문에 정상적인 습성을 바뀐 지역에서는 보름달이 뜬 밤에 풀을 뜯기도 한다.[3] 보통 새벽과 해질녘에 풀을 뜯고 뜨거운 낮 시간 동안에는 휴식을 취하지만[4] 예멘 마리브 근처 고지대에서 서식하는 가젤은 낮 시간에만 발견되고 호데이다 근처 평야에 서식하는 종들은 일몰이나 밤에만 관찰된다.[3] 팔레스타인산가젤(G. g. gazella)을 제외한 모든 아종이 먹이로 풀을 뜯는다. 먹이는 서식지에 자생하는 풀과 식물, 관목을 포함하고 있지만 일부 식물은 거의 버리지 않고 먹는다. 아라비아반도와 이스라엘 서식 지역은 아카시아나무 분포 지역과 밀접한 관련이 있고, 아카시아 잎과 새싹은 먹이의 없어서는 안될 부분이다. 일반적으로 뒷다리로 똑바로 서서 앞다리로 나무 줄기를 지탱하고 아카시아 가지에 도달한다.[3] 물이 부족한 곳에서는 수액이 많은 식물 알뿌리와 알줄기, 나머지 땅 속 부분을 파내어 수분 평형을 증가시킨다.[3]

산가젤은 3~8마리씩 또는 그 이상 작은 무리를 지어 생활한다. 사회 구조는 자신의 영역에서 일년 내내 지내면서 주로 땅 위에서 독거 생활을 하는 수컷과 한 마리 또는 그 이상의 암컷 그리고 그들의 새끼, 아직 가족을 이루지 못한 총각 무리로 이루어진 일시적이거나 상당히 영구적인 무리로 구성되어 있다. 수컷들은 영역을 통제하기 위해 서로 경쟁하지만 두 이웃 사이의 경계 갈등은 폭력보다는 좀더 의례적으로 경쟁자들이 30cm 거리에 있을 때 정면으로 돌진하고 멈추는 일련의 모의 싸움으로 이루어져 있다.[4][5] 그러나 영역을 소유한 가젤과 장소를 빼앗으려는 젊은 상대 사이의 전투에서는 다리를 부러뜨리고 심각한 부상을 입힐 수 있다.[7].

수컷들은 자신들의 영역과 그들 무리 안에서 풀을 뜯는 암컷들 뒤를 따른다. 이스라엘 사막에서 서식하는 아카시아가젤(G. g. Acaciae)은 연중 언제든 짝짓기를 할 수 있지만 새끼가 태어나는 시기는 봄(3월부터 5월)과 가을(10월) 두 번의 정점을 가진다. 그러나 가을에 태어나는 새끼는 거의 모두 태어난 직후 빨리 죽는다. 그러나 뜨거운 여름과 추운 겨울 동안에는 암컷이 새끼를 거의 낳지 않는다.[8] 오만에서 산가젤은 심지어 일년에 두 번 번식을 한다.[9] 반면에 팔레스타인산가젤(G. g. Gazella)의 북부 개체군은 사막 개체군 보다 새끼를 늦게(4월부터 6월) 낳고 일년에 거의 항상 한 번만 새끼를 낳는다.[3] 암컷은 출산 며칠 전에 무리를 떠나 다음 두 달 동안 혼자(새끼들과 함께) 지낸다. 약 180일 동안의 임신 기간이 지나면 항상 한 마리의 새끼가 태어나고 태어나자마자 바로 걸을 수 있다. 처음 몇 주 동안 새끼는 하루 대부분의 시간을 눈을 뜨지 않은 채로 은신처에서 가만히 누워 지낸다. 어미는 근처에서 풀을 뜯으며 새끼를 보호하고 작은 포식자(여우)를 공격하거나 더 큰 포식자(자칼과 다른 곳에서는 늑대)를 유인하려고 한다. 생후 3~6주가 되면 새끼는 어미와 함께 천천히 걷고 단단한 먹이를 먹기 시작한다. 모유 수유 기간은 3~4개월 동안 지속되거나 드물지만 더 오래 지속되기도 한다.[3] 암컷 새끼는 평생 어미와 함께 지낼 수 있지만 수컷 새끼는 생후 6개월 정도가 지나면 모계 무리에서 떠나 젊은 총각 무리에 합류한다.[4] 암컷은 한 살 또는 더 일반적으로 두 살이 되면 처음 출산을 할 수 있고 수컷은 생후 15~20개월이면 성적으로 성숙해지며, 실제로 대략 3살 정도 나이가 되면 자신의 영역을 차지하고 짝짓기를 한다. 기대 수명은 포획 상태에서 13년이지만 야생에서는 8년을 넘지 않는다.[3]

분포 및 서식지

산가젤은 한때 아라비아반도 전역 뿐만 아니라 이집트요르단, 레바논, 시리아까지 널리 분포했지만[4] 오늘날은 수많은 지역에서 완전히 사라졌다.[3] 현재 홍해 해안가와 사우디 아라비아 아시르 산악 지역[10][11], 사우디 아라비아 남서부 해안 근처 홍해에 위치하고 있는 파라산제도[1], 예멘오만[9], 아랍에미리트 해안과 산악 지대에 아직 서식하고 있다.[12] 분명히 페르시아만이란 파루르섬에 살고 있는 가젤도 산가젤에 속한다. 이스라엘에는 2종의 다른 아종이 분포한다. 팔레스타인산가젤(G. g. gazella)은 팔레스타인 북부 구릉 지대와 산악 지역에 서식하고 아라바가젤(G. g. acaciae)은 아라바계곡(네거브) 사막 지대에 아주 일부가 남아 있다.[3]

산가젤은 낮은 산악 지대에 서식하고 때로는 특히 접근하기 어려운 지형에서 살지만 바위가 많은 토양은 피한다. 평원과 구릉 지대, 산 사이의 계곡 또는 삼림 지역을 좋아하지만[3][4] 진짜 사막과 모래 언덕 사이에서 발견되기도 한다.[1] 아라비아 반도에서는 보통 험준한 산악과 구릉 지대가 많은 지역에서 서식한다.[13] 산가젤은 극한의 기후 조건을 견딜 수 있다. 정오 기온이 45 ° C에 달하는 타는 듯 건조한 요르단 계곡과 네거브 사막, 네푸드 사막, 도파르 사막에서도 발견된다.[3]

아종

7종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[2]

  • 팔레스타인산가젤 (G. g. gazella) Pallas, 1766 - 이스라엘 북부
  • 아라바가젤 또는 아카시아가젤 (G. g. acaciae) Mendelssohn, Groves & Shalmon, 1997 - 이스라엘 남부
  • 아라비아산가젤 (G. g. cora) C. H. Smith, 1827 - 아라비아반도
  • 파루르가젤 (G. g. darehshourii) Karami & Groves, 1993 - 이란 파루르섬
  • 노이만가젤 (G. g. erlangeri) Neumann, 1906 - 예멘, 별도의 종으로 분류하기도 함
  • 파라산섬가젤 (G. g. farasani) Thoulless and Al Basari, 1991 - 파라산제도
  • 무스카트가젤 (G. g. muscatensis) Brooke, 1874 - 오만

각주

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2017. Gazella gazella. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T8989A50186574. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8989A50186574.en. Downloaded on 01 September 2020.
  2. Grubb, P. (2005). 〈SPECIES Gazella gazella. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 637–722쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. and Groves, C.P. (1995) Gazella gazelle. Mammalian Species, 490: 1 - 7.
  4. Animal Diversity Web (2006년 5월)
  5. Macdonald, D. (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  6. Arabian Wildlife Archived 2009-02-26 - 웨이백 머신. (2006년 5월)
  7. Blank, D.A. (2000) Acacia gazelle increases with habitat improvement. Gnusletter, 19(1): 11 - 13.
  8. Blank, D.A. and Shalmon, B. (2003) Births and mortality of young in Gazella gazella in various seasons. Theriological Fauna of Russia and adjacent areas, Materials of International Conference, 6-7 February 2003, Moscow.
  9. Harrison, D.L. (1968) Mammals of Arabia, Vol. 2. Ernest Benn, London.
  10. Nader, I.A. (1989) Rare and endangered mammals of Saudi Arabia. In: Abu-Zinada, A.H., Goriup, P.D. and Nader, I.A. (Eds) Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the First Symposium, Riayadh 1987. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD), Publication No. 3, Riayadh.
  11. Thouless, C.R. and Al Bassri, K. (1991) The taxanomic status of the Farasan Island gazelle. Journal of Zoology (London), 223: 151 - 159.
  12. Gross, C. (1987) Mammals of the southern Gulf. Motivate Publishing, Dubai.
  13. Habibi, K. (1992) Arabian gazelles. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development. Publication No. 4, Riayadh.
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산가젤: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

산가젤(Gazella gazella)은 소과에 속하는 가젤의 일종이다. 이스라엘골란 고원, 터키 그리고 아라비아 반도에 불균등하게 분포한다. 서식지는 산악 지대와 산기슭, 해안가 평야 등이다. 서식 지역이 아카시아나무 분포 지역과 일치한다. 먹이는 주로 풀이지만 먹이 가용성에 따라 아주 다양하다. 홀로세 후기 기후 온난화 시기 동안에 대부분의 분포 지역에서 산가젤을 대체한 것으로 보이는 도르카스가젤보다 뜨겁고 건조한 기후에 적응이 덜 된 종이다. 15,000마리 이하의 개체수가 분포 지역 전역에 서식하며, 대부분(10,000마리 이상)은 아라비아 반도의 산가젤 아종 코라(G. g. cora)이고 팔레스타인산가젤(G. g. gazella)은 3,000마리 이하, 파라산섬가젤(G. g. farasani)은 1,000마리 이하, 무스카트가젤(G. g. muscatensis)은 250마리 이하, 아라바가젤(G. g. acaciae)은 19마리 뿐이다.

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