Die Wald-Kuckuckshummel (Bombus sylvestris) ist eine Hummelart, die als Brutparasit lebt.
Das Weibchen wird 14–16 mm lang und hat eine Flügelspannweite von 32–35 mm, das Männchen 13–15 mm bei einer Flügelspannweite von 27–30 mm. Die Wald-Kuckuckshummel ist bis auf eine gelbe Querbinde hinter dem Kopf und dem struppig weißbehaarten hinteren Drittel des Hinterleibs schwarz und ähnelt stark ihrer Hauptwirtin, der Wiesenhummel. Bei dieser ist das Hinterleibsende allerdings orangerot. Die Königin der Wiesenhummel hat einen relativ hohen Summton, die Wald-Kuckuckshummel einen relativ tiefen, ähnlich dem der wesentlich größeren 'Dunklen Erdhummel'. Der rundliche Kopf sowie der Rüssel sind kurz.[1][2]
Ihr fehlt der für Hummeln typische Pollensammelapparat am letzten Beinpaar, der notwendig wäre, um die Larven selbst zu versorgen.[3]
Die Wald-Kuckuckshummel lebt in Nordeuropa und Sibirien bis zum Pazifik, in ganz Mitteleuropa sowie in den höheren Lagen Südeuropas.[1]
Die Wald-Kuckuckshummel parasitiert hauptsächlich die Wiesenhummel, aber auch Baum- und Steinhummel, seltener auch die Heidehummel.[1] Im April, wenn die ersten Arbeiterinnen ihres Wirtvolkes geschlüpft sind, fliegt sie dicht über den Boden auf der Suche nach einem geeigneten Hummelnest. Sie dringt in das Nest ein und verhält sich unauffällig, bis sie den Geruch ihres Wirtes angenommen hat. Danach liefert sie sich einen Kampf mit der Königin des Wirtsvolkes, den sie in der Regel gewinnt. Der Chitinpanzer der Wald-Kuckuckshummel ist wesentlich kräftiger als der der parasitierten Königin und schwer zu durchdringen. Ein Hummelstich ist für eine Hummel tödlich. Sie zerstört dann die Brutzellen ihres Wirtes, verzehrt die Eier der Wirtskönigin und legt eigene Brutzellen an, um dort ihre Eier hineinzulegen. Aus den Eiern schlüpfen nur Geschlechtstiere, also Drohnen und Königinnen, aber keine Arbeiterinnen. Die sich entwickelnden Larven werden von den Arbeiterinnen des Wirtsvolkes mit Nektar und Pollen versorgt. Nach der Begattung stirbt das Männchen, und das Weibchen überwintert in einem geschützten Versteck im Erdreich. Es ist aber nicht jeder Eroberungsversuch erfolgreich. Speziell die Arbeiterinnen der Baumhummel sind in der Regel sehr wachsam und verteidigungsbereit. Es kommt dann gelegentlich auch zum Tod des Eindringlings.[3]
Die überwinterte Wald-Kuckuckshummel fliegt von April bis Ende Juli, das Jung-Weibchen ab Juli und das Jung-Männchen ab Mitte Juli. Die Art ist univoltin und tritt folglich nur mit einer Generation im Jahr auf.[1]
Das Weibchen ernährt sich im Frühjahr oft von Pollen und Nektar von Löwenzahn, Witwenblumen und Blut-Johannisbeere, das Männchen meist von Disteln, Flockenblumen und Skabiosen.[1]
Die Wald-Kuckuckshummel (Bombus sylvestris) ist eine Hummelart, die als Brutparasit lebt.
Bombus sylvestris, known as the forest cuckoo bumblebee[3] or four-coloured cuckoo bee,[4] is a species of cuckoo bumblebee, found in most of Europe and Russia.[5] Its main hosts are Bombus pratorum, Bombus jonellus, and Bombus monticola.[6] As a cuckoo bumblebee, Bombus sylvestris lays its eggs in another bumblebee's nest. This type of bee leaves their young to the workers of another nest for rearing, allowing cuckoo bumblebees to invest minimal energy and resources in their young while still keeping the survival of their young intact.
Bombus sylvestris belongs to the order Hymenoptera. Specifically, the species falls under the family Apidae, which further subdivides into the subfamily Apinae, and then the tribe Bombini.
This is a small bumblebee; the queen has a body length of 15 mm (0.59 in) and the male one of 14 mm (0.55 in).[7] The head is round, and the proboscis is short. Its fur is black with a yellow collar and a white tail. Sometimes the bumblebee can have a few pale hairs on top of its head, its scutellum, and/or on its tergite (abdominal segment). The male is variably melanistic. Those rarely found in northern Scotland have an abdomen that is yellow instead of white.[6]
The cuckoo bee has many physical differences from ordinary bumblebees. Cuckoo female bees do not have pollen baskets on their rear legs. Most cuckoo bumblebees also do not produce wax from between their abdominal segments, although there is evidence that the Bombus sylvestris bumblebee secretes wax.
Since B. sylvestris lacks the ability to excrete wax, it is neither capable of producing eggs cells that enclose their eggs, nor does it have the capacity to create honey pots from which newly emerged broods may feed upon.[8] However, this serves well in the defense of cuckoo bees, as there are no weak points between the abdominal segments of the cuckoo bee for other bees to pierce through using their stingers. Moreover, cuckoo bumblees are slightly less hairy, have shorter tongues, have more pointed abdomens, and contain much sturdier bodies than normal bees.
The forest cuckoo bumblebee can be found throughout most of Europe from the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula to southern Italy, from Greece[9] in the south to beyond the Arctic Circle in the north, and from Ireland in the west to the easternmost part of Russia.[5] They are found throughout Britain, but are absent in sections of eastern Scotland, the Scilly Isles, and Shetland.[10]
Most Bombus sylvestris can be found in post-industrial, mineral extraction sites and spoil heaps, gardens, parks, woodlands, and deciduous forests, which is why they get their nickname of the forest cuckoo bumblebee.[11]
The Forest cuckoo bee (Bombus sylvestris) can be found foraging on white deadnettler, globe thistle, white clover, buttercup, sallow, bramble, lavender, and viper's bugloss, along with other specimens.[10]
Females will come out of hibernation a few weeks after its host species comes out of hibernation. The target host species is almost always Bombus pratorum, seen in studies by Hoffer in 1889 and Kupper & Schwammberger in 1995.[11] The female selects her host nest by assessing the stage of development within that nest. Since bumblebee workers are solely responsible for rearing the imposter brood, the female cuckoo bee must select her host nest very carefully. Usually, the female cuckoo bee searches for a nest that has a few worker bees present, most likely because it shows that the nest can take care of her young. However, she must also ensure that there are not too many worker bees in case she is detected, attacked, and possibly killed along with her eggs.[12] Hence, B. sylvestris is faced with the duty to find an optimal nest under a time restriction. If the nest she enters is well developed, then there is a chance that the worker bees will attack the parasitic B. sylvestris and kill her. However, if the target nest is too underdeveloped, then the female Forest cuckoo bee will be unable to rear a large brood.[13] Once she does find her target host nest, she sneaks into the nest to take over the colony.
Since cuckoo bumblebees do not need to supply resources to their young, they do not tend to forage as aggressively or industriously as worker and queen bumblebees. Before entering a nest, cuckoo bumblebees bees tend to behave similar to male bumblebees—drinking nectar until full and then resting until hungry again.[14]
Cuckoo female bumblebees usually use their smell to locate a nest. They tend to infiltrate the nest and sting the existing queen to death before laying their eggs. However, the female cuckoo bee may sneak into the nest, hide in for a couple of days to ensure she smells like the nest, and then lay her eggs without detection.[15] As a parasitic relationship, this does not bode well for the nest because the cuckoo larvae impostors steal resources from the nest and energy from the worker bees, while contributing nothing to the nest.[16]
The Bombus sylvestris cuckoo female bee cannot collect pollen for her nest because it lacks corbicula, which are pollen baskets found on bumblebees on the hind legs. However, the Forest cuckoo bee does eat pollen like regular social bumblebees because the pollen helps in ovary maturation in fertilized females.[15]
Bombus sylvestris females are incapable of rearing any worker bees. The cuckoo bee only lays females identical to herself. Moreover, these offspring are unable to complete worker bee tasks that social bumblebees undertake normally, such as producing wax cells and gathering pollen.[14]
Human intervention is not needed, and is not condoned. B. sylvestris has evolved naturally alongside its target species, such as B. pratorum and B. jonellus.[6], and presents the natural order of their existence. An alternative method to help bees is to ensure the bees have rich environments and habitats.
Since it is a cuckoo bumblebee, Bombus sylvestris does not construct its own nest; rather, it usurps the nests of other bumblebees. Its major host is Bombus pratorum, but Bombus jonellus and Bombus monticola are also visited.[6] When patrolling for young queens with which to mate, the males fly in circuits about 1 m above ground, marking objects with their pheromones to attract the queens.[7] The bumblebee often visits thistles and bramble. The queen also feeds on flowers such as sallow, deadnettles, dandelion, bay, horse chestnut, lavender, and others. The males, on the contrary, visits clovers, green alkanets, hound's-tongues, knapweeds, and many others.[6]
Bombus sylvestris, known as the forest cuckoo bumblebee or four-coloured cuckoo bee, is a species of cuckoo bumblebee, found in most of Europe and Russia. Its main hosts are Bombus pratorum, Bombus jonellus, and Bombus monticola. As a cuckoo bumblebee, Bombus sylvestris lays its eggs in another bumblebee's nest. This type of bee leaves their young to the workers of another nest for rearing, allowing cuckoo bumblebees to invest minimal energy and resources in their young while still keeping the survival of their young intact.
Bombus sylvestris, le psithyre sylvestre, est une espèce d'insectes hyménoptères de la famille des Apidae (de Apis : abeille). Il appartient au genre Bombus et au sous-genre Psithyrus.
C'est un bourdon parasite (« bourdon coucou ») d'autres espèces de bourdons, surtout Bombus pratorum (le bourdon des prés).
C'est le deuxième plus fréquent bourdon parasite en Europe. De répartition eurasiatique, on le rencontre dans la majeure partie du continent: du milieu de la péninsule ibérique, de l'Italie et des Balkans au Sud, jusqu'au delà du cercle polaire au Nord, et de l'Irlande à l'Ouest à l'extrême-orient de la Russie à l'Est[1].
Bombus sylvestris, le psithyre sylvestre, est une espèce d'insectes hyménoptères de la famille des Apidae (de Apis : abeille). Il appartient au genre Bombus et au sous-genre Psithyrus.
C'est un bourdon parasite (« bourdon coucou ») d'autres espèces de bourdons, surtout Bombus pratorum (le bourdon des prés).
De vierkleurige koekoekshommel (Bombus sylvestris) is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie bijen en hommels (Apidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1832 door Lepeletier.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Markgjøkhumle er en humle. Den er en av gjøkhumlene og snylter hos lynghumle (Bombus jonellus) og markhumle (Bombus pratorum).
Markgjøkhumle blir ca. 14-15 mm.
Markgjøkhumle er en humle. Den er en av gjøkhumlene og snylter hos lynghumle (Bombus jonellus) og markhumle (Bombus pratorum).
Markgjøkhumle blir ca. 14-15 mm.
Ängssnylthumla (Bombus sylvestris) är en insekt i överfamiljen bin (Apoidea) som tillhör undersläktet snylthumlor.
Ängssnylthumlan är en korttungad, mycket liten humla; honorna blir 14 - 16 millimeter långa, hanarna 13 - 15 millimeter[2]. Den är svart med bred, gul krage och en vit bakkroppsspets. Den yttersta spetsen av bakkroppen är dock brunaktig; ljusbrun hos honan, mera rödaktig hos hanen. Honan har dessutom en svart kil i övergången med det svarta på bakkroppen och den vita bakkroppsspetsen samt är kal på det näst sista segmentet av bakkroppen. Även hanen kan ha det näst sista segmentet av bakkroppen mörkfärgat. Någon gång är den vita färgen hos hanen ersatt med gult. Humlan liknar hussnylthumlan.[3]
Den snyltar på ängshumla, troligtvis också ljunghumla och berghumla.[4] Humlan förekommer främst i marker med ängar och skog blandat.[3] De övervintrande drottningarna kommer fram i slutet på mars, medan de unga djuren uppträder i juli till september.[4] Arten besöker gärna maskrosor, åkervädd och vinbär. Hanarna besöker också bland annat tistlar, väddklint och mjölkört[3][2].
Humlan finns i större delen av Europa, mellersta och norra Asien samt österut till Kamtjatka och Korea.[4]. I Sverige finns den i hela landet utom Gotland[3].
Ängssnylthumla (Bombus sylvestris) är en insekt i överfamiljen bin (Apoidea) som tillhör undersläktet snylthumlor.
Bombus sylvestris là một loài ong trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Lepeletier miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1832.[1]
Bài viết phân họ Ong mật này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Bombus sylvestris là một loài ong trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Lepeletier miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1832.
Bombus sylvestris (Lepeletier, 1832)
Синонимы
Шмель-кукушка лесной[1][2] (Bombus sylvestris) — вид шмелей-кукушек из семейства настоящих пчёл. Палеарктика.
Длина тела около 15 мм. Хоботок короткий. На последней паре ног отсутствует типичный для шмелей аппарат для сбора пыльцы, который необходим, чтобы прокормить личинок. Клептопаразит у Bombus pratorum, Bombus jonellus, Bombus soroeensis и других видов. Собственных гнёзд не строит, яйца и личинки развиваются в гнёздах других видов шмелей[3][1][4]. Занесён в Красную книгу Новосибирской области[2][5][6], Красную книгу Омской области[7].
Шмель-кукушка лесной (Bombus sylvestris) — вид шмелей-кукушек из семейства настоящих пчёл. Палеарктика.
