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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 24 years
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Rose-breasted grosbeaks can hybridize with their close relatives, black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus), especially in Nebraska and the Dakotas. There seems to be assortative mating in areas of hybridization, with hybrids preferring to mate with other hybrids. Hybrid females lay smaller clutch sizes, on average.

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Rose-breasted grosbeaks are known for their lovely, melodic song. Males sing to advertise breeding territories, up to 689 songs in a day. Females may also sing when they are building nests. Other calls used include a sharp "chink" contact call and various squawks, chuks, and hurrrs used in different contexts. Young first make sounds at 6 days after hatching and young males produce their first songs at about 30 days old. Songs seems to be learned.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Conservation Status

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Rose-breasted grosbeak populations seem to be stable, although there have been marginal declines in some areas. Individuals may die from collisions with buildings and towers during migration and forest succession towards mature forests may reduce available habitat for this species. The IUCN lists them as least concern because of their large population sizes and large range.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Benefits

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Rose-breasted grosbeaks occasionally take domestic crops, such as peas, corn, oats, and wheat.

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Benefits

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Rose-breasted grosbeaks are appreciated for their lovely song and the bright colors of the males. They are frequent visitors at bird-feeders.

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Rose-breasted grosbeak nests are parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). However, aggressive nest defense by parents may make parasitism unlikely and the survival of grosbeak nestlings seems unaffected by parasitism. Other parasites are lice (Brueelia pallidula and Menacanthus eurysternus) and parasitic flies (Ornithoctona strigilecula and Ornithomya fringillina). Rose-breasted grosbeaks may help to disperse some seeds and control local insect populations.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater)
  • lice (Brueelia pallidula)
  • lice (Menacanthus eurysternus)
  • parasitic flies (Ornithoctona strigilecula)
  • parasitic flies (Ornithomya fringillina)
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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Rose-breasted grosbeaks eat seeds, fruit, and insects, with proportions varying seasonally. During the breeding season they eat approximately 52% insects and 48% seeds and fruit. They may also eat the ovaries of flowers. During migration they rely heavily on fruits. There is less known about winter range diet, except that it includes fruits and oil-rich seeds. Rose-breasted grosbeaks forage throughout forest canopy levels and occasionally on the ground. They glean insects from leaves or can hover or hawk to capture insects. They often eat the fruiting body off of seeds or extract only the germ of seeds to eat. Insects eaten include beetles, including Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decimlineata), bees and ants, bugs, and butterfly larvae. They prey heavily on wild fruits such as elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), red-berried elder (Sambucus pubens), blackberry and raspberry (Rubus species), mulberry (Morus rubra), and juneberry (Amelanchier canadensis), and weed seeds, such as smartweed (Polygonum), pigweed (Amaranthus), foxtail (Setaria), milkweed (Asclepias), and sunflowers (Helianthus). They may also eat domestic crops, such as peas (Pisum sativum), corn (Zea mays), oats (Avena sativa), and wheat (Triticum vulgare).

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Distribution

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Rose-breasted grosbeaks breed in northern North America, from British Columbia in the west to the Canadian maritime provinces in the east and as far south as New Jersey, the Appalachian Mountains through South Carolina, west to eastern Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. In winter they are found in the greater Antilles, coastal Mexico, and throughout Central America and northern South America to eastern Peru and Guyana. They are sometimes seen wintering in the lesser Antilles and Revillagigedo Islands as well. They are very occasionally seen in Europe.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Habitat

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In their breeding range, rose-breasted grosbeaks are found in a wide variety of wooded habitats, including swamp or mesic forests, riparian corridors, and forest edges along marshes, roads, and pastures. They prefer mixed or deciduous woodlands with an open structure, such as second-growth habitats. They seem to avoid dry woodlands and grasslands. They are found in similar kinds of habitats along migratory routes and in their winter range. They are found at elevations up to 3800 m in Colombia.

Range elevation: 0 to 3800 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; scrub forest

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Life Expectancy

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The oldest reported wild bird was banded at almost 13 years old. Captive birds have lived up to 24 years. Estimates of annual survival are 48% in young birds and 61% in adults.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
13 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
24 (high) years.

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Morphology

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Rose-breasted grosbeaks are sexually dimorphic in plumage pattern. Males have vivid black and white feathers with a rose-colored throat, females have brown and white streaked plumage, with a distinct, buffy eyestripe. Rose-breasted grosbeaks are 18 to 21.5 cm long and from 39 to 49 grams. Males have a black head, white bill, are black and white dorsally and have a white belly and breast, topped with their rosy throat. Females are brown with white markings above and buffy with brown streaks on the belly, breast, and throat. Immature and non-breeding males take on some female plumage characteristics, such as the buffy white superciliary stripe and some brown and streaked plumage. There are no subspecies.

Rose-breasted grosbeak females are almost identical to females of the closely related black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus), although they tend to have more streaking on their breasts. Although the males of these two species differ in pattern, hybridization does occur where their ranges overlap in the central U.S. and southern Canada. The two species are ecologically similar and have similar songs.

Range mass: 39 to 49 g.

Range length: 18 to 21.5 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Associations

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Most predation is on eggs and nestlings. Rose-breasted grosbeak pairs will attack or mob perceived threats near their nests. Reported nest predators are blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Adults may be preyed on by Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) and sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus).

Known Predators:

  • blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata)
  • common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula)
  • grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)
  • red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
  • Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii)
  • sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus)
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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Rose-breasted grosbeaks are monogamous, but no research has been done on extra-pair copulations. Pair bonds are formed in spring on the breeding grounds, when females approach territorial, singing males. Males may first reach aggressively towards females. Males use several kinds of courtship displays with females: the rapid warble flight and wing-fluff, both of which are accompanied by a warbling song. Warble flight involves the male flying slowly with his tail spread and with small movements of the wings, the wing-fluff involves the male holding his wings out to the side with his tail spread and moving his head and body from side to side as he hops on a branch.

Mating System: monogamous

Rose-breasted grosbeaks begin building nests in May and lay from 1 to 5 (usually 4) pale, bluish-green eggs speckled with darker colors. Nests are constructed in trees, shrubs, or vines from 0.8 to 16.8 m high. Nest are constructed of loosely woven grass and twigs formed into cup-shapes. Finer materials line the nest, such as shredded bark, pine needles, and fine grasses. Generally 1 brood is laid each year, although second broods are sometimes attempted. Females lay eggs about once per day until the clutch size is reached and begin incubating at the next to last egg laid. Eggs hatch asynchronously from 11 to 14 days after the beginning of incubation and young fledge after 9 to 12 days. The young are dependent on their parents for another 3 weeks after fledging and remain with the parents throughout the summer until migration. Young are able to breed in their first year after hatching.

Breeding interval: Rose-breasted grosbeaks breed once yearly, rarely attempting second broods.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from mid-May through July throughout the range.

Range eggs per season: 1 to 5.

Average eggs per season: 4.

Range time to hatching: 11 to 14 days.

Range fledging age: 9 to 12 days.

Average fledging age: 10 days.

Average time to independence: 3 weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Both females and males incubate the eggs and brood the young. Young are altricial at hatching, with light down and weighing about 4.5 g. Males and females both provide food for the young throughout their nestling period. They provide up to 75% crushed insects to the young.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents

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Dewey, T. 2009. "Pheucticus ludovicianus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pheucticus_ludovicianus.html
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Pheucticus ludovicianus

provided by DC Birds Brief Summaries

A medium-sized (7-8 ½ inches) songbird, the male Rose-breasted Grosbeak is most easily identified by its black head and body, white belly, and bright red breast patch. The female Rose-breasted Grosbeak is mottled brown above and streaked below with conspicuous white eye-stripes. Both sexes have large conical bills, dark legs, and squared-off tails. This species may be distinguished from the related Black-headed Grosbeak ( Pheucticus melanocephalus) by that species’ orange breast and from the similar-looking Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) by that species’ chestnut flanks, black breast, and rounded tail. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak breeds across the northeastern United States and southern Canada, north and west to British Columbia and south at higher elevations in the east to northern Georgia. In winter, this species migrates south to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. On migration, this species may be found for short periods of time across the southeastern U.S. as far west as Texas. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks breed in a variety of woodland habitats, particularly in heavily-vegetated undergrowth near forest edges or clearings. In winter, this species may be found in similarly-structured habitats in tropical forests. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including fruits, berries, and insects. In appropriate habitat, Rose-breasted Grosbeaks may be seen foraging for food in the branches of trees or shrubs and, less frequently, on the ground. This species also visits bird feeders when available, notably during migration, when individuals may frequent a particular backyard for a few days before moving on. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Reid Rumelt

Pheucticus ludovicianus

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A medium-sized (7-8 ½ inches) songbird, the male Rose-breasted Grosbeak is most easily identified by its black head and body, white belly, and bright red breast patch. The female Rose-breasted Grosbeak is mottled brown above and streaked below with conspicuous white eye-stripes. Both sexes have large conical bills, dark legs, and squared-off tails. This species may be distinguished from the related Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus) by that species’ orange breast and from the similar-looking Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) by that species’ chestnut flanks, black breast, and rounded tail. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak breeds across the northeastern United States and southern Canada, north and west to British Columbia and south at higher elevations in the east to northern Georgia. In winter, this species migrates south to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. On migration, this species may be found for short periods of time across the southeastern U.S. as far west as Texas. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks breed in a variety of woodland habitats, particularly in heavily-vegetated undergrowth near forest edges or clearings. In winter, this species may be found in similarly-structured habitats in tropical forests. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including fruits, berries, and insects. In appropriate habitat, Rose-breasted Grosbeaks may be seen foraging for food in the branches of trees or shrubs and, less frequently, on the ground. This species also visits bird feeders when available, notably during migration, when individuals may frequent a particular backyard for a few days before moving on. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.

References

  • Pheucticus ludovicianus. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Wyatt, Valerie E. and Charles M. Francis. 2002. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/692
  • eBird Range Map - Rose-breasted Grosbeak. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Rumelt, Reid B. Pheucticus ludovicianus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Pheucticus ludovicianus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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Robert Costello (kearins)
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Habitat ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Durante el invierno frecuentan las arboledas despejadas, áreas parcialmente abiertas, bordes de bosque, y árboles aislados en claros, jardines y cultivos. Generalmente permanecen en lo alto de los árboles, pero en ocasiones descienden hasta el suelo y evitan el interior de bosques densos.

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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Localidad del tipo: in Ludovicia = Lousiana.
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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Benefits ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Es apreciada por algunos "pajareros" por su plumaje colorido, por lo cual las capturan para mantenerlas en cautiverio en jaulas ("aves de jaula").

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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Mide 18 cm. y pesa 45 grs. Es de tamaño mediano, con el pico grueso y pálido; durante el otoño son listados por encima y por debajo, con barras o manchas alares blancas. Durante la época de invierno el macho adulto presenta la región superior negra, con bordes parduzcos gruesos en las plumas de la cabeza, cuello y espalda. Las plumas de la rabadilla son blancas, con la punta negra y café, y las coberteras alares mayores, medianas, terciales y el vexilo interno de la mayoría de las timoneras muestran la punta blanca. La base de las primarias es blanca y la cejas, el área malar y la mayor parte de la región inferior son de color blanco. La garganta y el pecho son rojo rosa IMAGEDB.GET_BFILE_IMAGE?p_imageId=13250&p_imageResolutionId=2">(ver">http://attila.inbio.ac.cr:7777/pls/portal30IMAGEDB.GET_BFILE_IMAGE?p_imageId=13250&p_imageResolutionId=2">(ver imagen), mezclado con café. El pecho, el costado y los flancos exhiben un manchado y listado escaso de color negro. Durante la época de cría la cabeza, la garganta y la espalda son negras, y el pecho y el centro de la parte superior del abdomen son de color rojo rosa. La rabadilla y el resto de la región inferior son blancas. Las hembras presentan la lista central de la coronilla anteada y el resto de la región superior café IMAGEDB.GET_BFILE_IMAGE?p_imageId=13243&p_imageResolutionId=2">(ver">http://attila.inbio.ac.cr:7777/pls/portal30IMAGEDB.GET_BFILE_IMAGE?p_imageId=13243&p_imageResolutionId=2">(ver imagen), con las alas y la cola más oscuras y un listado negro profuso en la coronilla y la espalda. Presentan 2 barras alares blancas anteadas. Las cejas y la parte inferior son blancas, teñidas con ante y con un listado negruzco, y el forro de las alas es amarillo IMAGEDB.GET_BFILE_IMAGE?p_imageId=13242&p_imageResolutionId=2">(ver">http://attila.inbio.ac.cr:7777/pls/portal30IMAGEDB.GET_BFILE_IMAGE?p_imageId=13242&p_imageResolutionId=2">(ver imagen) El pico es color cuerno pálido que se torna fusco en el culmen, y las patas son grisáceas. Los ejemplares inmaduros son semejantes a la hembra adulta, pero con el forro de las alas rosado, y el listado de la garganta y el pecho más irregular. En ocasiones muestra un tinte rosado en el pecho y las escapulares y las coberteras alares con cantidades variables de negro. Para la primera época de cría se parecen a los adultos, pero con los bordes café en las plumas de la cabeza y la espalda; además retienen las alas del plumaje juvenil.

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Trophic Strategy ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Se alimentan de bayas, frutos de palma, semillas con arilo y de otros tipos, inclusive las semillas aladas de "jacaranda" (Jacaranda spp.), semillas de gramíneas y las vainas explosivas de las "chinas" (Impatiens sp.), ambas especies introducidas en Costa Rica. Asimismo, también consumen insectos y néctar.

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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Distribucion en Costa Rica: Es una especie residente de invierno y migratoria de paso entre poco común y común localmente, prácticamente desde mediados de octubre hasta mediados de abril, y en ocasiones desde comienzos de setiembre o hasta comienzos de mayo.


Distribucion General: Se reproduce en el sur de Canadá y el este y la parte central de E.U.A. Inviernan desde la parte central de México hasta Venezuela y el Perú.

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Behavior ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Integran bandadas de 3 a 6 individuos y en raras ocasiones hasta de 20 individuos, a las cuales se les pueden unir individuos solitarios de Pheucticus melanocephalus.

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Cyclicity ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Es una especie migratoria neártica (ver Distribución en Costa Rica).

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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus)

A new northwesternmost record of this bird as a victim of the brown-headed cowbird is a parasitized nest found at Leduc, Alberta (Prairie Nest Records, Manitoba Museum); previously (Friedmann, 1963: 138) Saskatchewan and North Dakota were the only areas where this grosbeak was known to be parasitized by the northwestern race of the cowbird (M. ater atemisiae). In the files of the Ontario nest records, Toronto, are data on 193 nests, 12 of which (6.2 percent) were parasitized (by M. ater ater).

BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK
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Friedmann, Herbert, Kiff, Lloyd F., and Rothstein, Stephen I. 1977. "A further contribution of knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-75. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.235

Pheucticus ludovicianus ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Pheucticus ludovicianus ye un ave de la familia de los cardinálidos qu'añera en Norteamérica y migra pel hibiernu a Méxicu, América Central, les Antilles y Suramérica. El nome d'esti paxarín deber al llurdiu triangular de color coloráu intensu nel so pechu, qu'oldea col negru de la cabeza y el blancu del banduyu.

Les aves adultes son grandes en comparanza con otrso cardinálidos, pos lleguen a superar los 20 cm de llargor del picu a lo cabero. Pesen aprosimao 40 g y tienen un picu grande, triangular y gruesu, de color amarellentáu maciu.

El machu ye predominantemente negru nes partes dorsales y blancu nes ventrales. La rabadilla ye blanca con dellos llurdios negros y les nales son negres con rayes blanques. Nel pechu hai un evidente llurdiu rosa (casi colorada) brillosa, que s'endelgaza hasta formar una delgada llinia nel banduyu.

La fema ye parda opaca, similar a la fema d'un gorrión (Passer domesticus), con una raya supraocular blanca; tanto l'envés como'l pechu son rayaos. El gargüelu y el banduyu son ablancazaos, la cola ye parda olivácea escura, lo mesmo que les nales, pero estes postreres tienen barres blanques nes nales. Los machos inmaduros son similares a les femes.

Añera nel sur de Canadá y l'este de los Estaos Xuníos, onde habiten en montes caducifolios abiertos. Pel hibiernu les poblaciones más norteña son migratories y distribúyense dende'l centru de Méxicu hasta Perú, y tamién nes Antilles, en tierres baxes de montes tropicales o subtropicales.

Por aición del home, nos Estaos Xuníos el picogrueso pechirrosha aumentáu la so área de distribución escontra l'oeste, y de resultes amontáronse los índices d'hibridación cola especie cercana Pheucticus melanocephalus.

Aliméntase d'inseutos que prinda nos árboles o parrotales o direutamente nel vuelu; tamién de granes y pequeños frutos. Pel hibiernu suel frecuentar xardinos y parques. Ellabora los sos niales a partir de pequeñes cañes sobre árboles o parrotales.

Referencies

Enllaces esternos

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Pheucticus ludovicianus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Pheucticus ludovicianus Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Pheucticus ludovicianus ye un ave de la familia de los cardinálidos qu'añera en Norteamérica y migra pel hibiernu a Méxicu, América Central, les Antilles y Suramérica. El nome d'esti paxarín deber al llurdiu triangular de color coloráu intensu nel so pechu, qu'oldea col negru de la cabeza y el blancu del banduyu.

Les aves adultes son grandes en comparanza con otrso cardinálidos, pos lleguen a superar los 20 cm de llargor del picu a lo cabero. Pesen aprosimao 40 g y tienen un picu grande, triangular y gruesu, de color amarellentáu maciu.

El machu ye predominantemente negru nes partes dorsales y blancu nes ventrales. La rabadilla ye blanca con dellos llurdios negros y les nales son negres con rayes blanques. Nel pechu hai un evidente llurdiu rosa (casi colorada) brillosa, que s'endelgaza hasta formar una delgada llinia nel banduyu.

La fema ye parda opaca, similar a la fema d'un gorrión (Passer domesticus), con una raya supraocular blanca; tanto l'envés como'l pechu son rayaos. El gargüelu y el banduyu son ablancazaos, la cola ye parda olivácea escura, lo mesmo que les nales, pero estes postreres tienen barres blanques nes nales. Los machos inmaduros son similares a les femes.

Añera nel sur de Canadá y l'este de los Estaos Xuníos, onde habiten en montes caducifolios abiertos. Pel hibiernu les poblaciones más norteña son migratories y distribúyense dende'l centru de Méxicu hasta Perú, y tamién nes Antilles, en tierres baxes de montes tropicales o subtropicales.

Por aición del home, nos Estaos Xuníos el picogrueso pechirrosha aumentáu la so área de distribución escontra l'oeste, y de resultes amontáronse los índices d'hibridación cola especie cercana Pheucticus melanocephalus.

Aliméntase d'inseutos que prinda nos árboles o parrotales o direutamente nel vuelu; tamién de granes y pequeños frutos. Pel hibiernu suel frecuentar xardinos y parques. Ellabora los sos niales a partir de pequeñes cañes sobre árboles o parrotales.

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Durbec de pit roig ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El durbec de pit roig[1] (Pheucticus ludovicianus) és un ocell de la família dels cardinàlids (Cardinalidae) que habita els boscos d'Amèrica del Nord, des de la Colúmbia Britànica, Alberta i centre i sud de Saskatchewan, cap a l'est, a través del sud de Canadà fins Nova Escòcia i, cap al sud, aproximadament al quadrant nord-oriental dels Estats Units. Passa l'hivern a les Bahames, Antilles, sud de Mèxic, Amèrica Central i nord de Sud-amèrica.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Durbec de pit roig Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. «Durbec de pit roig». Cercaterm. TERMCAT, Centre de Terminologia. Rev. 20/01/2013 (català)


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Durbec de pit roig: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El durbec de pit roig (Pheucticus ludovicianus) és un ocell de la família dels cardinàlids (Cardinalidae) que habita els boscos d'Amèrica del Nord, des de la Colúmbia Britànica, Alberta i centre i sud de Saskatchewan, cap a l'est, a través del sud de Canadà fins Nova Escòcia i, cap al sud, aproximadament al quadrant nord-oriental dels Estats Units. Passa l'hivern a les Bahames, Antilles, sud de Mèxic, Amèrica Central i nord de Sud-amèrica.

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Tewbig brongoch ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Tewbig brongoch (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: tewbigau brongoch) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pheuticus ludovicianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Rose-breasted grosbeak. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1] Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain ac mae i'w ganfod yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. ludovicianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r tewbig brongoch yn perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Bras Brewer Spizella breweri Bras coed Spizella arborea
Spizella-arborea-002 edit2.jpg
Bras llwydaidd Spizella pallida
Spizella pallida4 edit.jpg
Bras meysydd Spizella pusilla
FieldSparrow23.jpg
Bras Pigddu Spizella passerina
Spizella-passerina-015 edit.jpg
Bras Worthen Spizella wortheni Pila mynydd cynffonwyn Phrygilus alaudinus
Phrygilus alaudinus 1832.jpg
Pila mynydd galarus Phrygilus fruticeti
Phrygilus fruticeti (AM)-front 01.JPG
Pila mynydd gyddfwyn Phrygilus erythronotus Pila mynydd llwyd Phrygilus unicolor
Plumbeous Sierra-finch.jpg
Pila mynydd llwytu Phrygilus carbonarius
Phrygilus carbonarius 1847.jpg
Pila mynydd Patagonia Phrygilus patagonicus
SCruzBird.JPG
Pila mynydd penddu Phrygilus atriceps
Phrygilus atriceps -Bolivia-8.jpg
Pila mynydd penllwyd Phrygilus gayi
Phrygilus gayi.jpg
Pila mynydd Periw Phrygilus punensis
Phrygilus punensis -near Cusco, Peru-8.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Tewbig brongoch: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Tewbig brongoch (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: tewbigau brongoch) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pheuticus ludovicianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Rose-breasted grosbeak. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes. Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain ac mae i'w ganfod yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. ludovicianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.

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Rosenbrust-Kernknacker ( German )

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Der Rosenbrust-Kernknacker (Pheucticus ludovicianus) ist ein großer Singvogel aus der Familie der Kardinäle (Cardinalidae). Das Artepitheton ludovicianus bezieht sich auf König Ludwig XIV. von Frankreich, zu dessen Ehren der Bundesstaat im Süden der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, Louisiana, seinen Namen erhielt. Linnaeus bezog sich damit auf die Herkunft des Typusexemplares aus Louisiana.[1]

Merkmale

 src=
Weibchen
 src=
Männchen im Herbst des Geburtsjahres

Rosenbrust-Kernknacker sind große Singvögel, die Körperlänge beträgt 18–21,5 Zentimeter, das Gewicht 39–49 Gramm. Der sehr große und kräftige Schnabel ist weißlich.[2][3]

Die Art zeigt einen sehr ausgeprägten Geschlechtsdimorphismus bezüglich Färbung und Zeichnung, das Gefieder der Männchen ist wesentlich auffallender und intensiver gefärbt als jenes der Weibchen. Im Prachtkleid sind beim Männchen Kopf, Hals und oberer Rücken einfarbig schwarz, unterer Rücken und Bürzel sind weiß. Die Oberschwanzdecken zeigen eine schwarz-weiße Bänderung. Die mittleren Steuerfedern sind schwarz, die übrigen weiß und breit schwarz gerandet. Die mittleren Armdecken sind weiß, die großen schwarz mit breiter weißer Spitze. Die schwarzen Armschwingen weisen einen schmalen weißen Fleck auf der Außenfahne auf, die basale Hälfte der Handschwingen ist weiß, die distale Hälfte schwarz. Der Namensteil "Rosenbrust" bezieht sich auf die rosarote Brust, die übrige Unterseite des Rumpfes ist weiß. Die kleinen und mittleren Unterflügeldecken sind ebenfalls rosarot.[4]

Im Schlichtkleid ist die rote Brustfärbung weniger kräftig ausgeprägt. Die schwarzen Federn an Kopf, Hals und oberem Rücken sind bräunlich gerandet; diese Partien wirken daher geschuppt. Der weiße untere Rücken zeigt eine undeutliche dunkle Querbänderung, die Flanken sind leicht dunkel gefleckt.[4]

Bei den Weibchen sind die beim Männchen schwarzen Gefiederpartien bräunlich. Der braune Kopf zeigt einen weißlichen Bereich in der Mitte des Oberkopfes, zudem zieht sich ein weißer Überaugenstreif vom vorderen Augenrand bis zur Nackenseite. Die Kehle ist auf weißlichem Grund fein dunkel gestrichelt und gefleckt, eine bräunliche Strichelung überzieht die weißliche bis cremefarbene Rumpfunterseite. Die rote Färbung fehlt. Die Weibchen sind den Weibchen des nahe verwandten Schwarzkopfkernknackers (P. melanocephalus) sehr ähnlich, bei letzterer Art ist jedoch insbesondere die Unterseite stärker gelblichbraun und viel schwächer gestrichelt.[4]

Obwohl sich die Männchen dieser beiden Arten unterscheiden, tritt in überlappenden Verbreitungsgebieten Hybridisierung auf.[3]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Rosenbrust-Kernknackers (Gelb: Sommer; Orange: Durchzugsgebiet; Blau: Winter)

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Rosenbrust-Kernknackers reicht in einem breiten Gürtel vom Nordwesten Kanadas über die mittleren und östlichen Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika bis zur Ostküste Nordamerikas. Er bewohnt offenere Laub- und Mischwälder insbesondere am Rand von Gewässern.[4] Die Art ist Langstreckenzieher, sie überwintert von Mexiko bis Kolumbien und Venezuela, selten bis Peru und Guyana und ist bis in Höhen von 1800 m zu finden.[2] In Europa ist der Rosenbrust-Kernknacker eine seltene Ausnahmeerscheinung vor allem in Großbritannien, fast alle Nachweise erfolgten im Oktober.[5]

Fortpflanzung

Der Nestbau beginnt im Mai. Es werden 1 bis 5, in der Regel 4, blass bläulich grüne und dunkel gesprenkelte Eier gelegt, welche von Männchen und Weibchen bebrütet werden. Die Jungen sind nach 9 bis 12 Tagen flügge und dann noch weitere 3 Wochen von den Elterntieren abhängig.[3]

Gefährdung

Der Weltbestand wird auf etwa 4,6 Millionen Tiere geschätzt und ist offenbar rückläufig.[6] Der Bestandsrückgang erfolgt aber noch nicht so schnell, dass eine Einstufung der Art als gefährdet ("vulnerable") gerechtfertigt wäre. Aufgrund des zudem sehr großen Gesamtbestandes wird der Rosenbrust-Kernknacker von der IUCN daher als ungefährdet ("Least Concern") eingestuft.[7]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Joel Ellis Holloway: Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names. Timber Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0881926002, S. 153.
  2. a b Robert S. Ridgely, John A. Gwynne: A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. Princeton University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0691025124, S. 411.
  3. a b c T. Dewey: Pheucticus ludovicianus. 2009, Animal Diversity Web. (Online, abgerufen am 20. Mai 2011)
  4. a b c d J. L. Dunn und J. Alderfer (Hrsg.): Field guide to the birds of North America. 5. Auflage, National Geographic Society, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7922-5314-3: S. 436–437
  5. Lars Svensson, Peter J. Grant, Killian Mullarney, Dan Zetterström: Der neue Kosmos Vogelführer. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-440-07720-9, S. 364–365
  6. Der Rosenbrust-Kernknacker bei BirdLife International (Online, abgerufen am 14. Juni 2011)
  7. Pheucticus ludovicianus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2010.4. Eingestellt von: BirdLife International, 2009. Abgerufen am 20. Mai 2011.
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Rosenbrust-Kernknacker: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Rosenbrust-Kernknacker (Pheucticus ludovicianus) ist ein großer Singvogel aus der Familie der Kardinäle (Cardinalidae). Das Artepitheton ludovicianus bezieht sich auf König Ludwig XIV. von Frankreich, zu dessen Ehren der Bundesstaat im Süden der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, Louisiana, seinen Namen erhielt. Linnaeus bezog sich damit auf die Herkunft des Typusexemplares aus Louisiana.

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Rose-breasted grosbeak

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immature male, Honduras
Pheucticus ludovicianus - Rose-breasted Grosbeak

The rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), colloquially called "cut-throat" due to its coloration,[2][3] is a large, seed-eating grosbeak in the cardinal family (Cardinalidae). It is primarily a foliage gleaner.[4] Males have black heads, wings, backs, and tails, and a bright rose colored patch on their white breast. Males and females exhibit marked sexual dimorphism.

Breeding habitat consists of cool-temperate open deciduous woods throughout much of eastern North America, with migration to tropical America in winter. Rose-breasted grosbeaks have an average maximum lifespan of 7.3 years in the wild, and up to 24 years in captivity. Death in the wild is generally due to collision with objects (buildings, cars, etc.) and predation, to eggs, nestlings and adults.

Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the rose-breasted grosbeak in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Louisiana. He used the French name Le gros-bec de la Louisiane and the Latin Coccothraustes Ludoviciana.[5] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[6] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.[6] One of these was the rose-breasted grosbeak. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Loxia ludoviciana and cited Brisson's work.[7] This species is now placed in the genus Pheucticus that was introduced by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1850.[8][9] The species is monotypic.[9]

The genus name Pheucticus is from Ancient Greek φευκτικός - pheuktikós, "shy", from φεύγω - pheúgo, "to flee", and the specific ludovicianus is from Neo-Latin and refers to Louisiana.[10]

Description

Immature male
Two males at feeder

Adult birds are 18–22 cm (7.1–8.7 in) long, span 29–33 cm (11–13 in) across the wings and weigh 35–65 g (1.2–2.3 oz).[11][12] Grosbeaks measured during migration in the West Indies averaged 43 g (1.5 oz), while those banded in Pennsylvania average about 45 g (1.6 oz).[13][14] Very little sexual dimorphism in size is seen; females were found to be marginally smaller in standard measurements, but in some seasons were marginally heavier than males when banded in Pennsylvania.[14][15][16] At all ages and in both sexes, the beak is dusky horn-colored, and the feet and eyes are dark.[17]

The adult male in breeding plumage has a black head, wings, back, and tail, and a bright rose-red patch on its breast; the wings have two white patches and rose-red linings. Its underside and rump are white. Males in nonbreeding plumage have largely white underparts, supercilium, and cheeks. The upperside feathers have brown fringes, and most wing feathers white ones, giving a scaly appearance. The bases of the primary remiges are also white. The coloration renders the adult male rose-breasted grosbeak (even while wintering) unmistakable if seen well.

The adult female has dark grey-brown upperparts – darker on wings and tail – a white supercilium, a buff stripe along the top of the head, and black-streaked white underparts, which except in the center of the belly have a buff tinge. The wing linings are yellowish, and on the upperwing are two white patches like in the summer male. Immatures are similar, but with pink wing-linings and less prominent streaks and usually a pinkish-buff hue on the throat and breast. At one year of age—in their first breeding season—males are scaly above like fully adult males in winter plumage, and still retain the immature's browner wings. Unlike males, females can easily be confused with the black-headed grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus) where their ranges overlap in the central United States and south-central Canada. The rose-breasted grosbeak female has slightly darker brown markings on the underside, paler rather yellowish streaking on both the head and wings and paler, pinkish (rather than bi-colored) bill when compared to the female black-headed grosbeak.[18] A potential confusion species also is the female purple finch (Haemorhous purpureus), but that species is noticeably smaller with a less robust bill and a notched tail.[19]

The song is a subdued mellow warbling, resembling a more refined, sweeter version of the American robin's (Turdus migratorius). Males start singing early, occasionally even when still in winter quarters. The call is a sharp pink or pick, somewhat reminiscent of a woodpecker call.

Distribution and habitat

The rose-breasted grosbeak's breeding habitat is open deciduous woods across most of Canada and the northeastern United States. In particular, the northern birds migrate south through the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, to winter from central-southern Mexico through Central America and the Caribbean to Peru and Venezuela. The southern limit of its wintering range is not well known; it was, for example, only recorded in the Serranía de las Quinchas (Colombia) in the 1990s. In winter, they prefer more open woodland, or similar habitat with a loose growth of trees, such as forest edges, parks, gardens, and plantations, ranging from sea level into the hills, e.g. up to 5,000 ft (1,500 m) above mean sea level in Costa Rica.[20][21] Since 1966 the rose-breasted grosbeak has experienced a greater than 1.5% yearly decline in population throughout the eastern part of its summer range, but a coincident>1.5% yearly increase in western parts of its summer range.[22]

Migration

The first birds leave the breeding grounds as early as August, while the last ones do not return until mid-late May. In general, however, they migrate south in late September or in October, and return in late April or early May. It appears as if they remain on their breeding grounds longer today than they did in the early 20th century, when migrants were more commonly seen in May and August than in April or September. The rose-breasted grosbeak occurs as a very rare vagrant in western Europe.[23] During breeding it is fairly territorial; in winter, it roams the lands in groups of about a handful of birds, and sometimes in larger flocks of a dozen or more.

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Rose-breasted grosbeaks were the only one of 70 migratory songbird species in the eastern United States shown in males to have produced sperm while still far south of their breeding location.[24] Male grosbeaks tend to arrive a few days to a week before the females and pair formation apparently occurs on the breeding grounds.[25] Nest building begins from as early as early May in Tennessee to as late as early June further north in Saskatchewan.[26][27] Egg laying may occur anytime from mid-May to mid-July, as has been recorded in Quebec.[28] Usually only a single brood is laid by these grosbeaks each summer but second broods are suspected in Canada and confirmed in semi-captivity.[29][30] Both the male and the female apparently participate in selecting and building the nest, which is on a tree branch, over vines or any elevated woody vegetation.[31] Nests have been recorded at 0.8 to 16.7 m (2.6 to 54.8 ft) off the ground, averaging 6 m (20 ft) high, almost always in the vicinity of openings in woodlands.[32] Nests are typical of many passerines in both construct, material and size, made from leaves, twigs, rootlets or hair.[33] Clutches are from 1 to 5 eggs, normally being 3–4, being pale blue to green with purplish to brownish red spotting.[34] Males do a third of the incubation roughly, the female doing the remaining amount, and incubation can last from 11 to 14 days.[30] Nestlings are 5 g (0.18 oz) at hatching and after 3–6 days of age, they gain at least 3 g (0.11 oz) each day.[29] The young grosbeaks typically fledge at 9–13 days of age and are independent of their parents after approximately 3 weeks.[29][32]

Longevity and mortality

Maximum lifespan recorded for a wild rose-breasted grosbeak was 12 years, 11 months.[35] Captive grosbeaks have been recorded living up to 24 years of age, making them quite a long-living passerine excluding the pressures of surviving in the wild.[36] Although frequently targeted by the brood parasite, the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), the rose-breasted grosbeak is apparently able to recognize cowbird eggs and has been seen to aggressively displace cowbirds near the nest.[37] Typically, fewer than 7% of grosbeak nests have cowbird eggs per one study.[38] Per the U.S. Bird Banding Laboratory, as of 1997, rose-breasted grosbeaks recovered when dead have largely collided with objects, including buildings and cars (17.2%) or had been shot (10%; mostly before 1960), 3.6% of the fatalities were caught by cats, 0.8% caught by dogs. Mortality due to natural causes, including disease, natural predators and inclement weather go largely unreported.[39] It is known the main cause of nesting failure is predation. Natural predators of eggs and nestlings include blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), raccoons (Procyon lotor), gray (Sciurus carolinensis) and red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) squirrels.[39][40] Confirmed predators of adults include both Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii)[41] and sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus)[42] as well as northern harriers (Circus cyaenus),[43] eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)[44] and short-eared owls (Asio flammeus).[45]

Diet

The rose-breasted grosbeak forages in shrubs or trees for insects, seeds and berries, also catching insects in flight and occasionally eating nectar. It usually keeps to the treetops, and only rarely can be seen on the ground. In the winter quarters, they can be attracted into parks, gardens, and possibly even to bird feeders by fruit like Trophis racemosa. They also survive on blackberries, mulberries, seeds of smartweed, pigweed, raspberries, and milkweed, in addition to sunflower seeds, garden peas, oats, wheat, tree blossoms, tree buds, and developed natural product. Other notable winter food includes jacaranda seeds and the fruits of the introduced busy Lizzy (Impatiens walleriana).[46] In grosbeaks from the north-central United States and southern Canada, 52% of the stomach contents were comprised by invertebrates, predominantly beetles; 19.3% was made up of wild fruits; 15.7% by weed seeds; 6.5% by cultivated fruits and plants, including peas, corn (Zea mays), oats (Avena sativa) and wheat (Triticum vulgare); and the remaining 6.5% by other plant material, including tree buds and flowers.[47]

Status

Fires are necessary to maintain many kinds of grassland (see Fire ecology). Fire suppression in the late-20th century allowed forests to spread on the Great Plains into areas where recurring fires would otherwise have maintained grassland. This allowed hybridization with the black-headed grosbeak subspecies P. melanocephalus papago.[48] Range expansions also seem to have occurred elsewhere, for example in northern Ohio, where it bred rarely if at all in the 1900s (decade), but it is by no means an uncommon breeder today. In general, though it requires mature woodland to breed and is occasionally caught as a cage bird, the rose-breasted grosbeak is not at all rare, and not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1][49][50][51] Its average maximum lifespan in the wild is 7.3 years.[52]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Pheucticus ludovicianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22723813A132168899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723813A132168899.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Wyatt, Valerie E.; Francis, Charles M. (2020-03-04). "Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus)". Birds of the World.
  3. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  4. ^ "Rose-breasted grosbeak: Life History". All About Birds.
  5. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 247–249, Plate 12 fig 2. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  6. ^ a b Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
  7. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 306.
  8. ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1850). Avium Systema Naturale. Das natürliche System der Vögel. Dresden: Expedition der Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte. Plate 78.
  9. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  10. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 232, 302. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  11. ^ Rose-breasted Grosbeak, All about Birds
  12. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  13. ^ Faaborg, J. R. and J. W. Terborgh. 1980. Patterns of migration in the West Indies. in Migrant birds in the Neotropics: ecological, behavior, distribution and conservation. (Keast, A. and E. S. Morton, Eds.) Smithson. Inst. Press, Washington, D.C.
  14. ^ a b Clench, M. H. and R. C. Leberman. 1978. Weights of 151 species of Pennsylvania birds analyzed by month, age, and sex. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 5.
  15. ^ Godfrey, W. E. 1986. The birds of Canada. Rev. ed. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. Ottawa, ON.
  16. ^ Pyle, P. 1997. Identification guide to North American birds. Pt. 1: Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA.
  17. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F. & Meister, Charles A. (1981). "Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 101 (3): 339–346.
  18. ^ Morlan, J. 1991. Identification of female Rose-breasted and Black-headed grosbeaks. Birding 23:220-223.
  19. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak- Identification". All About Birds- The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  20. ^ Olson et al. (1981), Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003)
  21. ^ Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary & Múnera-R., Claudia (2005). "Nuevos registros e inventario de la avifauna de la Serranía de las Quinchas, un área importante para la conservación de las aves (AICA) en Colombia" [New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia] (PDF). Caldasia (in Spanish and English). 27 (2): 247–265.
  22. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus - BBS Trend Map, 1966 - 2015". USGS. US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  23. ^ Henninger (1906), OOS (2004)
  24. ^ Quay, W. B. 1985. Cloacal sperm in spring migrants: occurrence and interpretation. Condor 87:273–280.
  25. ^ Dunham, D. W. 1966. Territorial and sexual behavior in the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus. Z. Tierpsychol. 23:438–451.
  26. ^ Nicholson, C. P. 1997. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Pages 325–327 in Atlas of the breeding birds of Tennessee. (Nicholson, C. P., Ed.) Univ. of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  27. ^ Macoun, J., and J. M. Macoun. 1909. Catalogue of Canadian birds. Dep. Mines, Geol. Surv. Branch, Ottawa, ON.
  28. ^ Pelletier, R., and D. Dauphin. 1996. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Pages 954–957 in The breeding birds of Quebec: atlas of the breeding birds of southern Québec. (Gauthier, J., and Y. Aubry, Eds.) Assoc. québecoise des groupes d'ornithologues, Prov. of Quebec Soc. for the protection of birds, Can. Wildl. Serv., Environ. Canada, Québec Region, Montréal.
  29. ^ a b c Watts, G. E. 1935. Life history of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Hedymeles ludoviciana). Master's Thesis. Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY.
  30. ^ a b Peck, G. K., and R. D. James. 1998. Breeding birds of Ontario: nidiology and distribution: passerines (1st rev.-pt. C: tanagers to Old World sparrows). Ont. Birds 16:111–127.
  31. ^ Roberts, T. S. 1932. The birds of Minnesota. Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
  32. ^ a b Scott, D. M. 1998. Laying hours and other nesting data of Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. Ont. Birds 16:88–93.
  33. ^ Baicich, P. J., and C. J. O. Harrison. 1997. A guide to the nests, eggs, and nestlings of North American birds. 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
  34. ^ Best, L. B., and D. F. Stauffer. 1980. Factors affecting nesting success in riparian bird communities. Condor 82:149–157.
  35. ^ Klimkiewicz, M. K. and A. G. Futcher. 1987. Longevity records of North American birds: Coerbinae through Estrildidae. J. Field Ornithol. 58:318-333.
  36. ^ Bent, A. C. 1968. "Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows and allies: Order Passeriformes, Family Fringillidae". U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 237.
  37. ^ Friesen, L. E., M. D. Cadman, and R. J. Mackay. 1999. "Nesting success of Neotropical migrant songbirds in a highly fragmented landscape". Conserv. Biol. 13:338-346.
  38. ^ Terrill, L. M. 1961. Cowbird hosts in southern Quebec. Can. Field-Nat. 75:2-11.
  39. ^ a b Wyatt, Valerie E. and Charles M. Francis. 2002. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: [1].
  40. ^ Baird, J. 1964. Hostile displays of Rose-breasted Grosbeak towards a red squirrel. Wilson Bull. 76:286-289.
  41. ^ Meng, H. (1959). Food habits of nesting Cooper's Hawks and Goshawks in New York and Pennsylvania. The Wilson Bulletin. 169–174.
  42. ^ Ivor, H. R. 1944. Bird study and semi-captive birds: the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. The Wilson Bulletin 56:91-104.
  43. ^ Barnard, P., MacWhirter, B., Simmons, R., Hansen, G. L., & Smith, P. C. (1987). Timing of breeding and the seasonal importance of passerine prey to northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65(8), 1942-1946.
  44. ^ VanCamp, L. F., & Henny, C. J. (1975). The screech owl: its life history and population ecology in northern Ohio. North American Fauna, 1-65.
  45. ^ Holt, D. W. (1993). Breeding season diet of Short-eared Owls in Massachusetts. The Wilson Bulletin, 490–496.
  46. ^ *Foster, Mercedes S. (2007). "The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico". Bird Conservation International. 17 (1): 45–61. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554.
  47. ^ Mcatee, W. L. 1908. Food habits of the grosbeaks. U.S. Dep. Agric. Biol. Surv. Bull. 32.
  48. ^ palpago is a lapsus in Rhymer & Simberloff (1996).
  49. ^ Henninger, W.F. (1906). "A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 18 (2): 47–60.
  50. ^ Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996). "Extinction by hybridization and introgression". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83–109. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83.
  51. ^ Ohio Ornithological Society (OOS) (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived 2004-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ^ Wasser, D.E.; Sherman, P.W. (2010). "Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence". Journal of Zoology. 280 (2): 103. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x.

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Rose-breasted grosbeak: Brief Summary

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immature male, Honduras Pheucticus ludovicianus - Rose-breasted Grosbeak

The rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), colloquially called "cut-throat" due to its coloration, is a large, seed-eating grosbeak in the cardinal family (Cardinalidae). It is primarily a foliage gleaner. Males have black heads, wings, backs, and tails, and a bright rose colored patch on their white breast. Males and females exhibit marked sexual dimorphism.

Breeding habitat consists of cool-temperate open deciduous woods throughout much of eastern North America, with migration to tropical America in winter. Rose-breasted grosbeaks have an average maximum lifespan of 7.3 years in the wild, and up to 24 years in captivity. Death in the wild is generally due to collision with objects (buildings, cars, etc.) and predation, to eggs, nestlings and adults.

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Pheucticus ludovicianus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El picogrueso pechirrosa, picogrueso pechirrosado o candelo tricolor (Pheucticus ludovicianus)[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Cardinalidae que anida en Norteamérica y migra en invierno a México, América Central, las Antillas y Sudamérica. El nombre de este pajarito se debe a la mancha triangular de color rojo intenso en su pecho, que contrasta con el negro de la cabeza y el blanco del vientre.

Las aves adultas son grandes en comparación con otros cardinálidos, pues miden 18-22 cm de longitud del pico a la cola. Pesan aproximadamente 40 g y tienen un pico grande, triangular y grueso, de color amarillento pálido.

El macho es predominantemente negro en las partes dorsales y blanco en las ventrales. La rabadilla es blanca con algunas manchas negras y las alas son negras con rayas blancas. En el pecho hay una evidente mancha rosa (casi roja) brillante, que se adelgaza hasta formar una delgada línea en el vientre.

La hembra es parda opaca, similar a la hembra de un gorrión (Passer domesticus), con una raya supraocular blanca; tanto el dorso como el pecho son rayados. La garganta y el vientre son blanquecinos, la cola es parda olivácea oscura, lo mismo que las alas, pero estas últimas tienen barras blancas en las alas. Los machos inmaduros son similares a las hembras.

Anida en el sur de Canadá y el este de los Estados Unidos, donde habitan en bosques caducifolios abiertos. En invierno las poblaciones más norteña son migratorias y se distribuyen desde el centro de México hasta Perú, y también en las Antillas, en tierras bajas de bosques tropicales o subtropicales.

Por acción del hombre, en los Estados Unidos el picogrueso pechirrosha aumentado su área de distribución hacia el oeste, y como consecuencia se han incrementado los índices de hibridación con la especie cercana Pheucticus melanocephalus.

Se alimenta de insectos que captura en los árboles o arbustos o directamente en el vuelo; también de semillas y pequeños frutos. En invierno suele frecuentar jardines y parques. Elabora sus nidos a partir de pequeñas ramas sobre árboles o arbustos.

Referencias

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Pheucticus ludovicianus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El picogrueso pechirrosa, picogrueso pechirrosado o candelo tricolor (Pheucticus ludovicianus)​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Cardinalidae que anida en Norteamérica y migra en invierno a México, América Central, las Antillas y Sudamérica. El nombre de este pajarito se debe a la mancha triangular de color rojo intenso en su pecho, que contrasta con el negro de la cabeza y el blanco del vientre.

Las aves adultas son grandes en comparación con otros cardinálidos, pues miden 18-22 cm de longitud del pico a la cola. Pesan aproximadamente 40 g y tienen un pico grande, triangular y grueso, de color amarillento pálido.

El macho es predominantemente negro en las partes dorsales y blanco en las ventrales. La rabadilla es blanca con algunas manchas negras y las alas son negras con rayas blancas. En el pecho hay una evidente mancha rosa (casi roja) brillante, que se adelgaza hasta formar una delgada línea en el vientre.

La hembra es parda opaca, similar a la hembra de un gorrión (Passer domesticus), con una raya supraocular blanca; tanto el dorso como el pecho son rayados. La garganta y el vientre son blanquecinos, la cola es parda olivácea oscura, lo mismo que las alas, pero estas últimas tienen barras blancas en las alas. Los machos inmaduros son similares a las hembras.

Anida en el sur de Canadá y el este de los Estados Unidos, donde habitan en bosques caducifolios abiertos. En invierno las poblaciones más norteña son migratorias y se distribuyen desde el centro de México hasta Perú, y también en las Antillas, en tierras bajas de bosques tropicales o subtropicales.

Por acción del hombre, en los Estados Unidos el picogrueso pechirrosha aumentado su área de distribución hacia el oeste, y como consecuencia se han incrementado los índices de hibridación con la especie cercana Pheucticus melanocephalus.

Se alimenta de insectos que captura en los árboles o arbustos o directamente en el vuelo; también de semillas y pequeños frutos. En invierno suele frecuentar jardines y parques. Elabora sus nidos a partir de pequeñas ramas sobre árboles o arbustos.

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Pheucticus ludovicianus ( Basque )

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Pheucticus ludovicianus Pheucticus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Cardinalidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pheucticus ludovicianus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Pheucticus ludovicianus Pheucticus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Cardinalidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Punarintakardinaali ( Finnish )

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Punarintakardinaali, aikaisemmalta nimeltään rusorintapeippo[2] (Pheucticus ludovicianus) on itäisessä Yhdysvalloissa ja Kanadassa tavattava kardinaaleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.[1]

Koko ja ulkonäkö

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Naaras

Pituudeltaan punarintakardinaali on noin 18–21-senttinen. Pesimisaikainen koiras on väriltään pääosin musta. Siivet ovat mustat muutamin valkoisin höyhenin. Lennossa näkyy suuri valkea laikku. Koiraan rinta on punainen ja vatsa valkoinen. Pesimäajan ulkopuolella koiraan väritys on vaatimattomampi: mustat höyhenet ovat vaaleammat ja rinta on vaaleanpunainen. Naaras punarintakardinaali on yläpuolelta tummanruskea ja vatsasta vaaleampi. Päälaella on kaksi valkoista juovaa. Ruskeissa siivissä on kaksi valkeaa siipijuovaa. Nuori lintu muistuttaa naarasta, mutta on rinnastaan ja pyrstöstään ruskeampi. Nuorella koiraalla on myös häivähdys punaista rinnassa.[3]

Elinympäristö ja ravinto

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Punarintakardinaalin muuttoreitit.

Punarintakardinaalit elävät lehti- ja sekametsissä ja erityisesti niiden reunamilla. Lajia voi tavata myös puutarhoissa sekä kaupunkialueilla. Talveksi laji muuttaa trooppisiin metsiin Meksikoon ja Karibialle.[3] Toisinaan laji harhautuu Länsi-Eurooppaankin. Lähinnä Suomea laji on tavattu Norjassa.[1]

Ravintonaan punarintakardinaali käyttää hyönteisiä, siemeniä, nuppuja, kukkia, hedelmiä ja marjoja. Ravinnonhaussa lintu liikkuu puiden ja pensaiden lehtistöissä. Lintu voi pyydystää hyönteisiä myös ilmasta.[4]

Lisääntyminen

Punarintakardinaali rakentaa harvan kuppimaisen pesänsä oksanpätkistä, ruohosta ja muista kasvinosista sekä höyhenistään. Naaras munii yleensä neljä vaaleansinistä tai -vihreää punapilkullista munaa. Laji voi risteytyä mustapääkardinaalin (Pheucticus melanocephalus) kanssa, jos elinalueet osuvat päällekkäin.[3]

Lähteet

  1. a b c BirdLife International: Pheucticus ludovicianus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 12.12.2013. (englanniksi)
  2. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 5. Sydän–Öljykala, s. 2083. Helsinki: Otava, 1975. ISBN 951-1-02059-5.
  3. a b c Rose-breasted Grosbeak All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Viitattu 13.1.2009. (englanniksi)
  4. Rose-breasted Grosbeak South Dakota Birds and Birding. Viitattu 13.1.2009. (englanniksi)
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Punarintakardinaali: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Punarintakardinaali, aikaisemmalta nimeltään rusorintapeippo (Pheucticus ludovicianus) on itäisessä Yhdysvalloissa ja Kanadassa tavattava kardinaaleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.

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Cardinal à poitrine rose ( French )

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Pheucticus ludovicianus

Le Cardinal à poitrine rose (Pheucticus ludovicianus) est une espèce d'oiseau granivore de la famille des Cardinalidae. Il est aussi connu sous les noms de Cardinal de la Louisiane et Gros bec à poitrine rose.

Description

Le Cardinal à poitrine rose est un oiseau trapu, avec un bec clair, conique et massif. Il vit environ 9 ans et a une envergure de 28 à 33 centimètres[1]. Les adultes mesurent de 19 à 21 centimètres de long et pèsent environ 47 grammes (de 38 à 49 grammes). L'adulte mâle est très distinct, avec la tête, les parties supérieures et la queue noires. Il porte une tache rouge rosé triangulaire sur la poitrine, et une tache blanche sur le croupion. Les parties inférieures, la double barre alaire, les taches sur les primaires et les coins de la queue sont blancs. Les pattes sont noirâtres. La femelle adulte ressemble quelque peu à un gros Roselin pourpré avec un sourcil blanc et les flancs rayés. Le chant du mâle ressemble à une version raffinée du chant du Merle d'Amérique.

Répartition

Le Cardinal à poitrine rose niche au Canada et dans les États de l’est des États-Unis. En hiver, cette espèce migre du sud du Mexique jusqu’au Pérou et Venezuela en passant par l’Amérique centrale. Le Cardinal à poitrine rose erre rarement en Europe de l’ouest.

Habitat et comportements

Le Cardinal à poitrine rose niche en forêt décidue avec une canopée relativement ouverte. Il construit un nid de brindilles dans un arbre ou un grand arbuste. Les feux contrôlés ont ouvert l’habitat dans les Grandes Plaines, ce qui a permis au Cardinal à poitrine rose d’étendre son aire de répartition vers l’ouest. Cela a aussi eu pour conséquence une plus grande fréquence d’hybridation avec le Cardinal à tête noire. Le Cardinal à poitrine rose se nourrit de graines, de baies ou d’insectes qu’il capture soit en vol ou dans les arbustes ou les arbres. Dans son aire d’hivernage, on peut le retrouver dans les parcs et les jardins où il est attiré par les mangeoires.

Voix

"Tchik" bref et sec.[2]

Galerie

Notes et références

  1. Alsop, Fred., Les oiseaux du Québec et de l'est du Canada, ERPI, 2004 (ISBN 2-7613-1489-1 et 9782761314893, OCLC , lire en ligne), p. 431
  2. Rob Hume, Guilhem Lesaffre et Marc Duquet, Oiseaux de France et d'Europe, 448 p., p. 422

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Cardinal à poitrine rose: Brief Summary ( French )

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Pheucticus ludovicianus

Le Cardinal à poitrine rose (Pheucticus ludovicianus) est une espèce d'oiseau granivore de la famille des Cardinalidae. Il est aussi connu sous les noms de Cardinal de la Louisiane et Gros bec à poitrine rose.

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Gobach mór broinnrósach ( Irish )

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Is éan é an gobach mór broinnrósach. Is baill d'fhine na Cardinalidae iad.

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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Roodborstkardinaal ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De roodborstkardinaal (Pheucticus ludovicianus) een grote zangvogel uit de familie van de kardinaalachtigen (Cardinalidae). De vogel behoort tot het geslacht Pheucticus.

De soort komt voor in Noord-Amerika en Mexico. Het is een trekvogel.[2]

Kenmerken

Volwassen roodborstkardinalen worden 18 tot 19 centimeter lang, en wegen ongeveer 45 – 47 gram. Bij beide geslachten heeft de snavel een doffe hoornachtige kleur en zijn de poten en ogen donker.[3]

Volwassen mannetjes hebben tijdens het broedseizoen zwarte kopveren, vleugels en staart, een witte borst met daarop een rode vlek. Buiten het broedseizoen om is de rode vlek afwezig.[2] Het vrouwtje daarentegen heeft donkergrijze tot bruine veren.

Leefwijze

De roodborstkardinaal bouwt zijn nest in een boom of grote struik. De soort voedt zich met insecten, zaden en bessen, en af en toe nectar. De soort verblijft doorgaans in boomtoppen en vertoond zich maar zelden op de grond. Tijdens het broedseizoen zijn ze erg territoriaal. In de winter kan men ze zien in groepen van een dozijn of meer.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De roodborstkardinaal komt tijdens het broedseizoen voornamelijk voor in bladverliezend bos in het noorden van de Verenigde Staten en Canada. Tijdens de winter migreren ze naar het zuiden van de Verenigde Staten of Centraal-Amerika en de Caraïben. Er zijn tijdens de winter zelfs exemplaren waargenomen in de Serranía de las Quinchas (Colombia). In de wintermaanden geeft de soort de voorkeur aan meer open gebieden met weinig bomen, zoals parken, tuinen en plantages. De wintermigratie begint vaak rond september of oktober. De zomermigratie is in april en mei.

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Roodborstkardinaal op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. a b Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003)
  3. Olson et al. (1981), Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003).
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Roodborstkardinaal: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De roodborstkardinaal (Pheucticus ludovicianus) een grote zangvogel uit de familie van de kardinaalachtigen (Cardinalidae). De vogel behoort tot het geslacht Pheucticus.

De soort komt voor in Noord-Amerika en Mexico. Het is een trekvogel.

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Rosenbrysttjukknebb ( Norwegian )

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Rosenbrysttjukknebb (Pheucticus ludovicianus) er ein trekkfugl i kardinalfamilien som hekkar i temperert klima i Nord-Amerika og overvintrar i tropisk Amerika.

Skildring

 src=
Hofugl i Quebec, Canada, mai 2011
Foto: Simon Pierre Barrette

Dette er ein mellomstor til stor kardinal, ca. 18-20 centimeter, og kroppsvekta kan variere i området 34 til 63 gram.[1] Arten syner stor kjønnsdikromatisme, fargeskilnad i fjørdrakt.

Fjørdrakta til vaksne hannfuglar har eit svart hovud med strupe og øvre bryst, svarte venger, rygg og hale og ein lys roseraud lapp på brystet; undersida av vengene er svart med ein stor kvit flekk og stort roseraudt område mot armhola. Undersida og overgumpen er kvit. Hannane i ikkje-hekkefjørdrakt har stort sett lyst underparti, augebrynsstripe - supercilium, og kinn. Dei øvre fjørene har brune frynsar, og dei fleste vengefjører har kvite frynsar, noko som gjev eit skjelmønstra utsjånad. Farga gjer vaksne rosenbrysttjukknebb umiskjennelege viss dei blir godt observerte, sjølv i vinterdrakt.

Den vaksne hoa har mørke gråbrun overside - mørkare på venger og hale, ein kvit supercilium, ei brungul issestripe over toppen av hovudet, og svartstreka kvitt underparti, som bortsett frå i midten av buken har eit brungult fargeskjær. Undersida av vengen er gulaktig, og på overvengen er to kvite flekker synlege om sommaren. Umodne individ er liknande hofuglar, men med rosa i vengeundersidene og mindre framtredande striper og vanlegvis ein lyseraud fargetone i hals og bryst. Ved eitt års alder - i deira første hekkesesong - har hannar overside som fullstendig vaksne hannar i vinterdrakt, og held framleis dei brunare vengene som unge fuglar har.

Songen er ei dempa mjuk trille, som liknar ein meir raffinert, søtare versjon av vandretrast (Turdus migratorius). Hannar byrjar å synge tidleg, nokon gonger òg når dei framleis er i vinterkvarteret. Ropa er ein metallisk, høgfrekvent 'sjink' eller eit hardt 'skvåk'.

Distribusjon og habitat

 src=
Utbreiing i Nord- og Mellom-Amerika. I tillegg lever dei i nordvestlege Sør-Amerika om vinteren
██ Hekkeområde██ Trekkområde██ Overvintring

Hekkehabitata til rosenbrysttjukknebb finst i opne lauvskogar over det meste av Canada og det nordaustlege USA. Spesielt trekker dei nordlege fuglane sørover gjennom USA austom Rocky Mountains, for å overvintre frå det sørlege Mexico gjennom Mellom-Amerika til Colombia, Ecuador og nordvestlege Venezuela. Dessutan overvintrar dei i Karibia. Den sørlege grensa for overvintringsområdet er uklår og kan rekke inn i nordlege Peru. Om vinteren føretrekker dei meir open skog, eller liknande habitat med ein laus vekst av tre, som skogkantar, parkar, hagar og plantasjar, alt frå havnivå til åsane, t.d. opp til 1 500 moh. i Costa Rica.[2]

Føda er samansett og varierande med årstida. Om sommaren omtrent halvt om halvt animalsk og vegetarisk, i hekketida opp til 75 % animalsk. Under trekket lever dei av frukter og bær.[1]

Trekket

Dei første fuglane forlèt hekkeplassane allereie i august, medan dei siste ikkje kjem tilbake før i midten av slutten av mai. Generelt migrerer dei likevel sørover i slutten av september eller i oktober, og kjem tilbake i slutten av april eller byrjinga av mai. I hekkeperioden er dei nokså territoriale; om vinteren streifar dei rundt i grupper på omtrent ein handfull fuglar, og nokon gonger i større flokkar på eit dusin eller meir.

Spontant i Noreg

Ein hannfugl vart ringmerkt på Utsira i Rogaland våren 1977, ein annan same stad hausten same år. I juni 2012 vart ein hannfugl i hekkedrakt fotografert i Engerdal kommune, Hedmark fylke.[3] Rosenbrysttjukknebb dukkar òg opp som ein sjeldan streiffugl andre stader i Vest-Europa, frå Island i nord til Malta i sør.

Storleiken på populasjonen er ikkje estimert og er trudd å vere noko minkande. Arten er klassifisert som globalt livskraftig.[4]

Kjelder

Referansar
  1. 1,0 1,1 Brewer, D. (2019) Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) I: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (red.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Henta den 5. oktober 2019
  2. Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary & Múnera-R., Claudia (2005). «Nuevos registros e inventario de la avifauna de la Serranía de las Quinchas, un área importante para la conservación de las aves (AICA) en Colombia» [New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia] (PDF). Caldasia (på spansk og engelsk) 27 (2): 247–265.
  3. «Artsobservasjoner - rapportsystem for arter i Norge». Henta 5. oktober 2019.
  4. BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Pheucticus ludovicianus. Henta frå http://www.birdlife.org den 5. oktober 2019

Bakgrunnsstoff

Commons-logo.svg Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Rosenbrysttjukknebb
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Rosenbrysttjukknebb: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Rosenbrysttjukknebb (Pheucticus ludovicianus) er ein trekkfugl i kardinalfamilien som hekkar i temperert klima i Nord-Amerika og overvintrar i tropisk Amerika.

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Rosenbrysttykknebb ( Norwegian )

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Rosenbrysttykknebb (vitenskapelig navn Pheucticus ludovicianus) er en fugl.

Eksterne lenker

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Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Rosenbrysttykknebb: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Rosenbrysttykknebb (vitenskapelig navn Pheucticus ludovicianus) er en fugl.

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Łuszcz strojny ( Polish )

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Łuszcz strojny (Pheucticus ludovicianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kardynałów (Cardinalidae).

Morfologia

Długość ciała 18–22 cm. Wierzch ciała czarny. Na piersi widoczny różowoczerwony trójkąt powiększający się wraz z wiekiem. Skrzydła oraz ogon z białymi plamkami. Boki, pokrywy podogonowe oraz brzuch białe. Spód skrzydeł różowy. Wierzch ciała samicy brązowy; na głowie widać jasne paski; spód skrzydeł w kolorze szafranu. Spód ciała szarobiały w brązowe kreski. Samiec podczas zimy jest podobny do samicy, ale pierś ma różową, skrzydła czarno-białe z różowym spodem. Młode samce są upierzone tak, jak dorosłe samce w zimie, z wyjątkiem koloru brązowego na skrzydłach i mniejszej ilości barwy różowej.

Zasięg, środowisko

Liściaste zadrzewienia oraz zarośla w północno-środkowej, środkowej, północno-wschodniej oraz środkowo-wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej.

Przypisy

  1. Pheucticus ludovicianus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2013-07-09].
  3. a b c d Denis Lapage: Łuszcz strojny (Pheucticus ludovicianus) (Linnaeus, 1766). Avibase. [dostęp 2013-07-09].
  4. Pheucticus ludovicianus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).

Bibliografia

  1. Wiesław Dudziński, Marek Keller, Andrew Gosler: Atlas ptaków świata. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Multico, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.
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Łuszcz strojny: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Łuszcz strojny (Pheucticus ludovicianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kardynałów (Cardinalidae).

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Pheucticus ludovicianus ( Portuguese )

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O Pheucticus ludovicianus é uma espécie de ave da família Cardinalidae. Eles nidificam na América do Norte e migram no inverno para o México, América Central, Caribe e América do Sul.

Descrição

Uma ave adulta mede cerca de 19 centímetros de comprimento e pesa cerca de 47 gramas. Tem um top escuro, luz inferior e um bico bruto brilhante. O macho adulto tem a cabeça, asas e parte superior negras e uma área avermelhada clara no peito.

 src=
Um macho adulto.
 src=
Uma fêmea adulta.

Alimentação

Alimenta-se de insetos capturados em árvores ou arbustos ou diretamente sobre o voo. Também se alimentam de sementes e frutos pequenos.

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Pheucticus ludovicianus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O Pheucticus ludovicianus é uma espécie de ave da família Cardinalidae. Eles nidificam na América do Norte e migram no inverno para o México, América Central, Caribe e América do Sul.

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Brokig kardinal ( Swedish )

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Brokig kardinal[2] (Pheucticus ludovicianus) är en stor fröätande amerikansk tätting inom familjen kardinaler.[3]

Utseende och läte

Den adulta brokiga kardinalen är cirka 19 cm lång och väger cirka 47 gram. Den har mörk ovansida, ljus undersida och en mycket grov ljus näbb. Hanen har svart huvud, vingar och ovansida och ett klart rödrosa område på bröstet. Den svarta vingen har vita vingband och en rosaröd kant. Honan har grå ovansida, vit tygel, streckad undersida och gulaktiga vingkanter. Dess sång låter som en välpolerad variant av vandringstrasten (Turdus migratorius). Dess lockläte är ett skarpt pink.

Utbredning och systematik

Brokig kardinal häckar i stora delar av Kanada och östra USA. Den flyttar vintertid söderut till ett område från södra Mexiko i norr, söderut genom Centralamerika til Peru och Venezuela.

 src=
Utbredningsområde (gult = sommarkvarter, blått = vinterkvarter, orange = hela året)

Fågeln är en sällsynt gäst i Västeuropa, med i särklass flest fynd från Azorerna, Storbritannien och Irland.[4]

Brokig kardinal är mycket nära släkt med den mer västliga svarthuvade kardinalen (Pheucticus melanocephalus). Hybrider är vanliga där deras utbredningsområden möts.

Brokig kardinal i Sverige

I Sverige har det gjorts två fynd av brokig kardinal som ansetts ha tagit sig till Sverige på naturlig väg. Den 10 oktober 1988 ringmärktes en förstaårshane (1k) vid HoburgenGotland och i byn Mårdsjö utanför Backe, Strömsunds kommun kommun observerades och fotograferades ett exemplar (2k) i slutet av april 2009.[5] Utöver det sågs även en hane i maj 1992 i Umeå, men den uppträdde mycket oskyggt. Det har därför bedömts att den har ett förlutet som burfågel.

Ekologi

Brokig kardinal häckar i områden med öppna lövskogar. Honan och hanen bygger tillsammans sitt bo av kvistar, ibland så löst byggt att man kan se de lagda äggen underifrån.[6] Honan lägger ett till fem ägg, men båda könen ruvar, hanen ofta dagtid och honan på kvällen och natten.[6] När de byter ruvningspass sjunger de tyst för varandra.[6] Fågeln födosöker i buskar och träd efter insekter, frön och bär. Ibland fångar den även insekter i flykten.

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen uppskattas till 4,1 miljoner individer.[6]

Referenser

  • Delar av artikeln är en översättning från engelska wikipedias artikel Rose-breasted Grosbeak där följande källor anges:

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] BirdLife International 2012 Pheucticus ludovicianus Från: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 7 januari 2014.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2014) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-02-01
  4. ^ Tarsiger.com Fynd av brokig kardinal i Västpalearktis
  5. ^ Brokig kardinal Arkiverad 15 november 2017 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., Sveriges ornitologiska förenings raritetskatalog.
  6. ^ [a b c d] Rose-breasted Grosbeak Faktablad om brokig kardinal på allaboutbird.org

Externa länkar

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Brokig kardinal: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Brokig kardinal (Pheucticus ludovicianus) är en stor fröätande amerikansk tätting inom familjen kardinaler.

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Pheucticus ludovicianus ( Vietnamese )

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Pheucticus ludovicianus là một loài chim hót ăn hạt trong họ Cardinalidae. Nó sinh sống ở vùng ôn đới và mát mẻ ở Bắc Mỹ và di cư đến các khu vực nhiệt đới khác ở châu Mỹ trong mùa đông[1].

 src=
Con trống trưởng thành

Con chim trưởng thành trung bình dài 18–19 cm (7,1–7,5 in) và nặng 45–47 g (1,6–1,7 oz). Tại bất cứ độ tuổi nào ở hai giới, mỏ chúng đều có màu sừng tối, chân và mắt màu tối.[2]

Cước chú

  1. ^ Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003)
  2. ^ Olson et al. (1981), Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003).

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Pheucticus ludovicianus  src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Pheucticus ludovicianus


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến chim này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Pheucticus ludovicianus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Pheucticus ludovicianus là một loài chim hót ăn hạt trong họ Cardinalidae. Nó sinh sống ở vùng ôn đới và mát mẻ ở Bắc Mỹ và di cư đến các khu vực nhiệt đới khác ở châu Mỹ trong mùa đông.

 src= Con trống trưởng thành

Con chim trưởng thành trung bình dài 18–19 cm (7,1–7,5 in) và nặng 45–47 g (1,6–1,7 oz). Tại bất cứ độ tuổi nào ở hai giới, mỏ chúng đều có màu sừng tối, chân và mắt màu tối.

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Красногрудый дубоносовый кардинал ( Russian )

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Научная классификация Царство: Животные Тип: Хордовые Класс: Птицы Отряд: Воробьинообразные Подотряд: Певчие воробьиные Семейство: Кардиналовые Род: Дубоносовые кардиналы Вид: Красногрудый
дубоносовый кардинал
Латинское название Pheucticus ludovicianus
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Ареал
изображение

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ITIS 179139 NCBI 135444 Охранный статус
Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg
Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 106009620

Красногрудый дубоносовый кардинал[1] (лат. Pheucticus ludovicianus) — птица из семейства кардиналовых (Cardinalidae). Видовой эпитет ludovicianus дан в честь французского короля Людовика XIV, в честь которого получил своё название штат Луизиана на юге Соединенных Штатов Америки. Линней привязал тем самым типовой экземпляр к его происхождению из Луизианы[2].

Описание

Длина тела птицы составляет от 18 до 21,5 см, вес от 39 до 49 г. Очень большой и сильный клюв белёсого цвета[3][4].

Вид имеет ярко выраженный половой диморфизм в окраске и рисунке, оперение самцов существенно более выделяющееся и окрашено интенсивнее чем у самок. В брачном наряде у самца голова, шея и верхняя часть тела чёрного цвета, нижняя часть тела и гузка белые. Кроющие хвоста имеют чёрно-белые полосы. Средние рулевые перья чёрные, остальные белые с каймой чёрного цвета. Средние кроющие маховых перьев белые, первостепенные маховые перья чёрного цвета с широкой белой вершиной. Грудь розовая, остальная нижняя часть тела белая[5].

В зимнем наряде красная окраска груди выражена менее ярко. Чёрные перья на голове, шее и спине имеют коричневатую кайму. Белая нижняя часть тела имеет неясные тёмные косые полосы, по бокам тела имеется несколько тёмных пятен[5].

Оперение самок коричневатое. Коричневая голова имеет белёсую область по середине макушки головы, кроме того, от переднего века вплоть до затылка тянется белая «бровь». Шея белёсая с тонкими тёмными пятнами и штрихами, брюхо от белёсого до кремового цвета также имеет коричневатую штриховку. Красная окраска отсутствует. Самки очень похожи на самок родственного черноголового дубоносового кардинала (P. melanocephalus), только у последнего нижняя часть тела больше желтовато-коричневая и штриховка гораздо слабее[5] .

Хотя самцы этих обоих видов отличаются, в перекрывающихся областях распространения встречается гибридизация[4].

Распространение

Область распространения простирается широким поясом с северо-запада Канады через центральные и восточные Соединенные Штаты Америки вплоть до восточного побережья Северной Америки. Птица населяет открытые лиственные и смешанные леса, чаще вблизи водоёмов[5]. На зимовку птицы мигрируют на юг до Мексики, Колумбии и Венесуэлы, редко до Перу и Гайаны. Они обитают на высоте вплоть до 1 800 м над уровнем моря[3]. В Европе красногрудый дубоносовый кардинал редкое исключительное явление, прежде всего, в Великобритании, почти все наблюдения происходили в октябре[6].

Размножение

Строительство гнёзд начинается в мае. В кладке от 1 до 5, как правило, 4 яйца, бледного синевато-зелёного цвета с тёмными крапинами. Высиживают и самец, и самка в течение 11—14 дней. Птенцы становятся самостоятельными через 9—12 дней, но ещё зависят от родительских птиц следующие 3 недели[4].

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 406. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. Joel Ellis Holloway: Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names. Timber Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-88192-600-2, S. 153.
  3. 1 2 Robert S. Ridgely, John A. Gwynne: A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. Princeton University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-691-02512-4, S. 411.
  4. 1 2 3 T. Dewey: Pheucticus ludovicianus. 2009, Animal Diversity Web. (Online, abgerufen am 20. Mai 2011)
  5. 1 2 3 4 J. L. Dunn und J. Alderfer (Hrsg.): Field guide to the birds of North America. 5. Auflage, National Geographic Society, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7922-5314-3: S. 436-437
  6. Lars Svensson, Peter J. Grant, Killian Mullarney, Dan Zetterström: Der neue Kosmos Vogelführer. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-440-07720-9, S. 364–365
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Красногрудый дубоносовый кардинал: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Красногрудый дубоносовый кардинал (лат. Pheucticus ludovicianus) — птица из семейства кардиналовых (Cardinalidae). Видовой эпитет ludovicianus дан в честь французского короля Людовика XIV, в честь которого получил своё название штат Луизиана на юге Соединенных Штатов Америки. Линней привязал тем самым типовой экземпляр к его происхождению из Луизианы.

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玫胸白斑翅雀 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Pheucticus ludovicianus
(林奈,1766年) 北美分布 哺育区域(黄色) 冬季区域(蓝色) 迁移区域(橙色)
北美分布
哺育区域(黄色)
冬季区域(蓝色)
迁移区域(橙色)

玫胸白斑翅雀(学名:Pheucticus ludovicianus)是美洲雀科一种大型鸣禽,它在北美冷温带哺育,冬季时迁徙到美洲热带区域。[1]

描述

 src=
成熟雌性玫胸白斑翅雀
 src=
未成熟雄性玫胸白斑翅雀

成鸟长度为18-19厘米,平均重量为45-47克。双性的均为微黑的角质,脚和眼睛为黑色。[2]

成熟雄性繁殖期有黑色头、翅膀、背部和尾巴。胸口有一块明亮的玫瑰色斑块。翅膀有两个白色斑块和玫瑰色线。腹部为白色。非繁殖期雄性腹部、眉纹和脸颊均为白色。背部的羽毛有褐色条纹,翅膀的羽毛是白色的,外观呈鳞片状。[1]

成熟雌性上半身为暗灰色,翅膀和尾巴为暗色,眉纹为白色,头部上方有浅黄色条纹,腹部为白色带有黑色条纹,除了腹部中间有一块浅黄色区域。翅膀为黄色,翅膀上半部分和夏季的雄性一样有两个白色斑块。幼鸟与雌性相似,条纹不太突出,喉部和胸部为粉黄色。1岁后的雄性幼鸟几乎和成鸟冬季羽毛一样,只是尾巴仍为棕色。[3]

脚注

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003)
  2. ^ Olson et al. (1981), Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003).
  3. ^ Stiles & Skutch (1989)

参考资料

  • Pheucticus ludovicianus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  • Foster, Mercedes S. (2007): The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico. Bird Conservation International 17(1): 45–61. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554 PDF fulltext
  • Henninger, W.F. (1906): A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio. Wilson Bull 18(2): 47–60. DjVu fulltext PDF fulltext
  • Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
  • Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary & Múnera-R., Claudia (2005): Nuevos registros e inventario de la avifauna de la Serranía de las Quinchas, un área importante para la conservación de las aves (AICA) en Colombia [New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia]. Caldasia 27(2): 247–265 [Spanish with English abstract]. PDF fulltext
  • Ohio Ornithological Society (OOS) (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist. Version of April 2004. PDF fulltext
  • Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F. & Meister, Charles A. (1981): Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds. Bull. B.O.C. 101(3): 339–346. PDF fulltext
  • Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996): Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83–109. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 (HTML abstract)
  • Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
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玫胸白斑翅雀: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

玫胸白斑翅雀(学名:Pheucticus ludovicianus)是美洲雀科一种大型鸣禽,它在北美冷温带哺育,冬季时迁徙到美洲热带区域。

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ムネアカイカル ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ムネアカイカル ムネアカイカル 保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : スズメ目 Passeriformes : ショウジョウコウカンチョウ科
Cardinalidae : Pheucticus : ムネアカイカル
P. ludovicianus 学名 Pheucticus ludovicianus 和名 ムネアカイカル 英名 Rose-breasted Grosbeak

ムネアカイカル (Pheucticus ludovicianus)は、スズメ目フウキンチョウ科の鳥類。

分布[編集]

アメリカ大陸

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類
ホオジロ亜科 Emberizinae

脚注[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ムネアカイカルに関連するメディアがあります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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ムネアカイカル: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ムネアカイカル (Pheucticus ludovicianus)は、スズメ目フウキンチョウ科の鳥類。

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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
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wikipedia 日本語