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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 14.4 years (captivity) Observations: One captive specimen was still alive at 14.4 years of age (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of Dolichotis patagonum on humans.

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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Dolichotis patagonum prefers open habitats. Similar to ungulates, D. patagonum relies on early detection of predators to allow adequate time for escape. Also similar to some ungulates, Patagonian maras exhibit stotting behavior, which is characterized by a bounding gait that advertises strength and speed and discourages a long and costly chase by the predator.

Like many rodents, Dolichotis patagonum has a pair of anal scent glands. Males are frequently observed anal dragging, which results in a unique looking scent mark. Anal gland secretions play a major role in the mobile territory that males form around their mate. It is not know whether D. patagonum uses auditory signals to communicate with conspecifics.

Communication Channels: visual ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Dolichotis patagonum is classified as near threatened on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species. Habitat change, most likely caused by the introduction of domestic sheep, is a major problem facing this species. Overgrazing by sheep causes a shift from large grassy patches to a landscape characterized by smaller patches of woody plants. Reproductive success of D. patagonum populations in open grassland habitats tends to be greater than those in closed habitats. Dolichotis patagonum are also vulnerable to hunting, as it is killed for its meat and skin. Adults are killed with guns or wire snares, while pups are captured in nets placed over the entrances of burrows. Lepus europaeus (European hares), which is not native to South American, has introduced Jonhe' disease and toxoplasmosis to D. patagonum. In many areas, competition with L. europaeus is so intense that D. patagonum has been become locally extinct.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Patagonian maras breed easily in captivity and make excellent zoo specimens. They can live with other representative species of the region and make for an exciting walk-through exhibit. They are very charismatic and are used as an ambassador species to educate the general public about the rapidly declining Pampas, a large area of South American lowlands. Patagonian maras can be kept as pets and can be trained to walk on a leash. They are hunted for their skins, which are used to make bedspreads and rugs in Argentina, and their meat.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; ecotourism

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Patagonian maras are herbivores and affect their environment by grazing on plants. They also eat fruit and distribute seeds through their feces. Patagonian mara pups form an important prey base for many species of birds, canids, and felids. They are also host a number of parasitic roundworms, including Wellcomia dolichotis, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, and Graphidioides affinis.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Wellcomia dolichotis
  • Trichostrongylus retortaeformis
  • Graphidioides affinis
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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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The range of Dolichotis patagonum encompasses a variety of habitats from desert to shrubland steppe. A strict herbivore, D. patagonum shows considerable flexibility in adjusting its diet to different ecosystems. For example, at the southern edge of its range in Sierra las Quijadas National Park north of San Luis, Argentina, D. patagonum experiences considerable variation in rainfall throughout the year and the local environment undergoes considerable changes in respect to floral composition between wet and dry seasons. Regardless of season, however, grasses make up nearly 70% of D. patagonum's diet. Despite the fact that most plant biomass in the region consists of forbs and shrubs, D. patagonum selects relatively rare grasses as its primary forage. Most grasses consumed are in the genus Pappophorum. In total, D. patagonum forages on 24 species of grasses and 22 other species of plants. In addition to grass, a significant portion (11%) of D. patagonum's diet consists of various species of cacti. Generally, cacti is about 75% water by weight and could represent a significant source of water to this species. This may help offset the unpredictability of rainfall throughout the range of D. patagonum>.

Near the central part of its range, evidence suggests that the grass genera Poa and Panicum make up the bulk of Dolichotis patagonum's diet, followed by Stipa and Bromus. Open-shrubland inhabitants also forage on Doli chotis patagonum and grassland inhabitants consume Lycium. Dolichotis patagonum in sandy grasslands and lithosol shrublands prefer Prosopis. These habitat specific differences display the dietary flexibility of this herbivore. During droughts, Dolichotis patagonum adjusts its diet to include more moisture-rich plants.

Patagonian maras are hindgut fermenters. Their diet is very high in fiber and cellulose, which is broken down by bacterial fermentation in a pouch called the cecum attached to the large intestine. They produce a special feces, which is ingested and re-digested. Wild Patagonian maras have been observed near sheep ranches consuming sheep dung.

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers

Other Foods: dung

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore ); coprophage

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Dolichotis patagonum is endemic to the open grasslands and shrubland steppes of Argentina, and is distributed between 28°S and 50°S.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Patagonian maras live only in the arid central and southern regions of Argentina. Generally classified as desert, this area exhibits a wide range of distinct microhabitats ranging from sandy plains to thorny shrubland steppes. Rainfall is extremely unpredictable and there are huge shifts in precipitation and floral composition between wet and dry seasons. The area is quite warm, with average temperatures in the summer usually around 20 degrees Celsius and winter temperatures rarely dropping below freezing. Generally, Patagonian maras prefer to build dens in open habitat dominated by grasses and other low-growing plants. Though it dens in areas that are densely vegetated, they visually monitor for predators, which is less effective in more closed habitats. Large settlements of Patagonian maras have been observed on and around sheep ranches, most likely due to their similar habitat preferences.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; scrub forest

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Life Expectancy

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Little information could be found on the lifespan of wild or captive mara.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
14.0 years.

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Dolichotis patagonum is the second largest member of the family Caviidae. One study reported average weights of males and females as 7.73 kg and 8.44 kg, respectively. However, most accounts report that males are larger than females. Length ranges from 610 to 810 mm with an average of 700 mm. They can be distinguished from other members of Caviidae by their large size, long rabbit-like ears (Dolichotis literally means "long ear"), and short, nearly hairless tail which it holds close to the body. Unlike other cavies, which have anal glands anterior to the anus, the anal glands of D. patagonum are located between the anus and the base of the tail. It has short, grizzly gray fur, with a large, conspicuous patch of white on the rump. Midway up the rump a sharply contrasting area of black occurs, which quickly fades to gray. The venter is white, with patches of rusty orange fur on the chin, cheeks, and flanks. Two subspecies are recognized: Dolichotis patagonum centricola and Dolichotis patagonum patagonum, which are distinguished based on geographic location and fur coloration.

Much like ungulates, Dolichotis patagonum has elongated metapodials in its hindlegs as a modification for fast and efficient running. Forelegs are significantly longer than in most other rodents, and both the hind- and forefeet are small with hoof-like claws. Forefeet have four digits while hindfeet have three, and all digits have a claw. The elbow lies relatively high on the forelimb as the radius is longer than the humerus. Dolichotis patagonum has a dental formula of 1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3, and cheek teeth are hypsodont and evergrowing.

Average mass: 8.12 kg.

Range length: 610 to 810 mm.

Average length: 707.2 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Average mass: 12500 g.

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Associations

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Dolichotis patagonum has evolved a predator response system very similar to that of ungulates. It relies on its well-developed senses of hearing, vision and smell for early predator detection in open habitats. In the the event of a chase, D. patagonum is able to run very fast (up to 45 mph). This species exhibits stotting behavior identical to that seen in some ungulates. Its brown coloration helps camouflage it from potential predators. The main predators of the mara are Suran's foxes, South American grey foxes and pumas; however, due to human activities populations of both of these species have declined sharply. Humans now present the main threat to D. patagonum, both through habitat alteration and poaching. Other predators include lesser grison and variable hawks.

Known Predators:

  • puma (Puma concolor)
  • Suran's fox (Dusicyon culpeus)
  • South American grey fox (Dusicyon griseus)
  • lesser grison (Galactis cuja)
  • Buteo polysoma

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Dolichotis patagonum is strongly monogamous, and male-female pairs usually bond for life. The pair-bond is maintained mainly by the efforts of the male, who follows and guards the female wherever she goes. To mark her as his territory, he urinates on her, spreads anal gland secretions around her and fiercely defends her from rival males. Males have been observed fighting, but there has never been a documented case of mate stealing. Male typically defend a 20 m^2 mobile territory centered around his female. Because estrus occurs once every 3 to 4 months and lasts for just half an hour, monogamy is advantageous, as spending all his time with one female assures a male that he does not miss his chance to breed. Monogamy may have also arisen as a response to the patchy and sparsely distributed food resources of the region. Since this sort of resource distribution is likely to result in a very scattered distribution of females, a male has the highest chance of successful breeding by finding one female and remaining with her. Another benefit to pair-bonds is that females are able to invest additional time and attention to caring for her young, relying on the male to watch for predators. Monogamy increases the males reproductive success both by lowering the death rate of his own offspring and increasing the longevity of his mate, allowing him more chances to breed.

Mating System: monogamous

Female Patagonian maras are sexually mature by 8 months of age. Estrus occurs once every 3 or 4 months and lasts only about half an hour. This extremely short estrous cycle is very unusual and most likely played a part in the evolution of monogamy in this species. Females in captivity often conceive shortly after parturition and can give birth to 3 or 4 litters per year, however, in the wild only one litter per year is produced. Litters range in size from 1 to 3 pups, with average litters containing 2. Rarely, a few females may have a second litter around January, but the majority of pups are born between mid August and late December. There is a large pulse of births between mid September and late October, with almost two thirds of pups being born during this time period. Gestation lasts an average of 100 days in the wild.

Females have 6 or 8 teats and nurse 1 or 2 pups at a time. On rare occasions females have been seen nursing up to 4 pups, suggesting occasional milk stealing by unrelated pups. It is thought that females recognize their young mainly by size, so pups of similar size to a female's own pups may have greater milk stealing success. Females also recognize their young by sound and scent cues. Occasionally, orphaned pups may be "adopted" by another female and allowed to suckle. However, females usually aggressively reject interloping pups by lunging, chasing, biting and shaking, or throwing them away from her. Some pups make frequent attempts to steal milk and many have tattered and damaged ears from these fierce rejections. Nursing bouts last for about half an hour and adult visits to the den usually last about an hour. Pups are usually nursed for about 75 to 78 days, which is unusually long compared to other rodents.

Like many ungulates, Dolichotis patagonum exhibits the "hider" strategy through the first part of their lives, staying close to the burrow and hiding at the signal from an adult sentry. As pups mature, they go through a "follower" phase where they trail behind their parents on foraging expeditions farther away from the burrow. Most young disperse at the time of weaning, however some stay with their parents until the next breeding season.

Though members of this species spend most of the year associating strictly as male-female pairs, when pups are born Dolichotis patagonum gathers in large groups around large warren "settlements" and raise young in communal creches. Each communal den has on average 4.26 breeding adults and 4.46 pups; however, up to 29 pairs have been observed sharing a single den. Since males aggressively guard their mates, only one pair at a time is present at the den.

Breeding interval: Patagonian maras breed year-round.

Breeding season: Patagonian maras primarily breed from mid August through late December.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 3.

Range gestation period: 91 to 111 days.

Average gestation period: 100 days.

Range weaning age: 75 to 78 days.

Range time to independence: 75 to 78 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 561.94 g.

Average number of offspring: 2.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
183 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
158 days.

Males contribute very little in terms of direct parental care. They rarely interact with small pups, and interactions with large pups is limited to sitting or foraging nearby. However, males spend the majority of their time watching for predators, which significantly lowers predation risk faced by his offspring and mate.

Parental Investment: male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Male); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male)

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Mascow, M. 2011. "Dolichotis patagonum" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html
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Molly Mascow, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Biology

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In keeping with its strange appearance, the Patagonian mara displays behavioural traits that are very unusual among the rodents. Active during the day, this species spends long periods basking in the sun, either resting on its haunches or with its front limbs folded under its body like a cat. It remains vigilant for predators, however, and when threatened, may escape by galloping or stotting, a high-speed form of locomotion involving rapid bounces using all four limbs at once. Surprisingly, this diminutive species can reach speeds of 45 kilometres per hour over distances in excess of one kilometre. The Patagonian mara consumes a variety of vegetation, usually feeding in grass or shrubland during the day and sheltering in an abandoned burrow of another species, or amongst dense vegetation at night (2). Perhaps the most unusual feature of this species is its social and reproductive behaviour. Patagonian maras are strictly monogamous (a rare trait in mammals), forming lifelong pairs that generally avoid contact with conspecifics, except during the curious arrangements that form in the austral summer breeding season. The female Patagonian maras dig burrows, in which the young are often reared communally (2) (3). After a gestation period of 90 days (3), the female gives birth to a litter, usually of two young, close to the entrance of a burrow (1) (2). The young, which are born well-developed, with eyes already open, quickly move into the burrow, which may be co-habited by the offspring of several other breeding pairs (2). The young remain in the vicinity of the burrow for the next four months, where they are visited daily by the mother to be suckled. When the breeding pair visits the burrow, the female makes a shrill call, which brings all the infant Patagonian maras in the burrow to the surface. The female then attempts to discern its own offspring within the group by smell, while chasing off the young of other pairs, which try to, and occasionally succeed, in obtaining the female's milk. Once identified, the female leads its offspring a short distance away from the burrow to be fed, while the adult male keeps watch, chasing off other pairs that approach. The other breeding pairs must therefore wait until the preceding pair have departed, before visiting the burrow. This communal behaviour is thought to help reduce predation, as it means that adults are more frequently present around the burrow (3).
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Conservation

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At present, the Patagonian mara is found in at least 12 protected areas within its range (1), where it received varying degrees of protection against habitat loss and hunting (4).
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Description

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With long hare-like ears and a body resembling a small deer, the Patagonian mara is a distinctly unusual looking rodent (3). The upperparts are brownish grey, with a darker patch on the rump bordered below by a white fringe, while the underparts are whitish (2) (3). The body is well adapted for running, with long, powerful hind limbs, ending in three digits, each bearing a hoof like claw. In contrast, the front limbs are shorter, with four sharp claws that help this species to dig burrows in which the young take refuge (2).
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Habitat

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The Patagonian mara inhabits lowland areas of coarse grassland or open scrub desert, but may also occur in forests (1) (2) (3).
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Range

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The Patagonian mara is endemic to Argentina, where it is widely distributed. Two subspecies are currently recognised: Dolichotis patagonum centricola, which occurs in the north within the provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja, Cordoba and Santiago del Estero; and Dolichotis patagonum patagonum, which occurs from the province of Mendoza, east to Buenos Aires, and south as far as Santa Cruz (1).
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Status

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Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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As a result of habitat loss, hunting and competition with large introduced herbivores such as sheep and the European hare, the Patagonian mara population is undergoing a worrying decline. In Buenos Aires Province, hunting for this species' skin and clearance of its habitat for agriculture has resulted in localised population extinctions. Unless measures are taken to mitigate the threats to this species, it is likely that it will soon qualify for threatened status (1).
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Mara Patagonia ( Breton )

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Mara Patagonia (Dolichotis patagonum) a zo ur c'hrigner hag a vev er pampa, e kreiz ha su Arc'hantina.

Stumm

Etre 8 ha 16 kg eo e bouez ha war-dro 70 cm hirder e gorf, gant ul lost bihan 5 cm. Gell-gris eo e vlevenn war e gein ha gwenn war e gof.

Pevar biz a zo d'e bavioù a-raok ha 3 d'e bavioù a-dreñv, an holl anezho gant skilfoù lemm.

Parañ

Ar c'houbladoù a chom asambles a-hed o buhez, ha parañ a reont div pe deir gwech ar bloaz (an aliesañ e kreiz ar goañv hag en nevezamzer). An dougen a bad 3 miz ha ganet e vez un torad etre 1 ha 3 c'holen ennañ.

Bodet e vez kelin meur a goublad (betek 15 anezho) en un douarenn ma vezont desavet holl asambles. Pep koublad a ya d'e dro en douarenn da reiñ bronn d'e hini bihan.

Tizhout a ra mara Patagonia e oad gour da 2-3 miz evit ar parezed ha 6 miz evit ar pared.

Emzalc'h

Oberiant eo diouzh an deiz ha tremen ul lodenn vat eus e amzer o tommheoliañ.

Bevañ a ra a-goubladoù dreist-holl met a-wechoù en em vod a-strolladoù bras (betek 70 loen).

Dilec'hiañ a ra ar mara o kerzhet, o lammat evel ur c'honikl pe o c'haloupat (betek 45 km/eur).

En em vagañ a ra diwar geot hag a bep seurt plant.

Arvar

En arvar da vont da get emañ mara Patagonia, dreist-holl evit daou abeg:

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Mara Patagonia: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Mara Patagonia (Dolichotis patagonum) a zo ur c'hrigner hag a vev er pampa, e kreiz ha su Arc'hantina.

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Llebre de la Patagònia ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La llebre de la Patagònia (Dolichotis patagonum) és una espècie de rosegador de la família Caviidae, també conegut com a mara patagònica o llebre criolla encara que no pertany a l'ordre de les llebres (lagomorfs).

És relativament gran, amb un pes mitjana és de 8 kg, amb exemplars de fins a 16 kg.

Hàbitat

La mara patagònica viu en la Patagònia, regió sud de l'Argentina i Xile, especialment en estepes semiàrides i deserts d'arbusts espinosos. L'hàbitat es troba reduït en relació a l'extensió original, aproximadament en els 28°S i 50°S, amb especial reducció d'individus a la regió costanera, a causa de la relativa major urbanització.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Llebre de la Patagònia Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Llebre de la Patagònia: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La llebre de la Patagònia (Dolichotis patagonum) és una espècie de rosegador de la família Caviidae, també conegut com a mara patagònica o llebre criolla encara que no pertany a l'ordre de les llebres (lagomorfs).

És relativament gran, amb un pes mitjana és de 8 kg, amb exemplars de fins a 16 kg.

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Mara stepní ( Czech )

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Mara stepní (Dolichotis patagonum) je relativně velký savec obývající vyprahlé pastviny a otevřené polopouště střední a jižní Argentiny. Byli vysazováni i na mnoha místech jižní Evropy a v bývalém SSSR, nějakou dobu volně žili dokonce i v Česku, zvláště pak u Žamberka. Příbuzné mar stepních jsou mary slaništní.

Synonyma

  • Cavia patachonica
  • Cavia salinicola
  • Dolichotis patagona
  • mara jižní

Popis

Mara stepní je velice zvláštní savec a svým vzhledem připomíná spíše zajíce. Na hřbetě mají mary šedou, krátkou a měkkou srst a břicho je světlejší, především oranžové, málokdy i bílé. Hlava má typicky "morčecí" vzhled - velké černé nozdry, oči a velké vztyčené ušní boltce. Okolí čenichu bývá většinou bílé. Dlouhé končetiny s osrstěnými chodidly jim umožňují rychle běhat a skákat. Na zadních končetinách mají mary tři prsty s nevelkými hákovitými drápky a na předních nohou čtyři prsty s o něco delšími drápky. Mají dlouhé tělo, které dosahuje 69-75 cm na délku a okolo 45 cm na výšku. Ocas mají podobně vyvinutý jako kapybary a má spíše pahýlovitý tvar s bílým vroubkováním - pro mary má funkci poplašnou.

Způsob života

Mary stepní žijí většinou v menších skupinách tvořených z trvalých párů, ale velkou výjimkou nejsou ani skupiny tvořené z několika desítek zvířat. Jelikož se pasou v otevřené krajině, kde se stanou snadnou kořistí nejrůznějších predátorů, jsou mary velice ostražité a plaché. Pokud jsou v klidovém stavu, spokojeně hopkají a požírají trávu, ale pokud alespoň jeden člen zaregistruje nebezpečí, mary rychlostí, která může přesáhnout i 50 km/h, zmizí v norách, které nejsou příliš hluboké a které si buď vyhrabou, nebo osídlí po jiných zvířatech (např. pásovcích). Svou denní aktivitou se liší od většiny ostatních morčatovitých, kteří jsou aktivní převážně večer a v noci, případně brzo ráno. Mara stepní slunce doslova miluje a velice ráda se vyhřívá. Naproti tomu nesnáší příliš vlhké podnebí.

Mara stepní je výhradně býložravec, který vlastně obsadil ekologickou niku zajíců v oblastech, kde se nevyskytují. Za den dokáží spásat velké množství trávy, listů a výhonků, což jim dovoluje vydržet poměrně dlouhou dobu bez vody.

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Mládě

Jak už bylo výše zmíněno, žijí mary v trvalých párech, kdy samec svou družku stále doprovází kvůli ochraně, ale také kvůli odehnání svých soků. Po téměř 3 měsíční březosti (18-93 dní) rodí samice 2 až 5 mláďat do své nory dvakrát až třikrát ročně. Ve volné přírodě se mary dožívají max. kolem 5 let; v zajetí se mary normálně dožívají 5-7 let, ale byly zaznamenány i případy, kdy se dožili více jak 13 let.

Ochrana

Ještě před několika desetiletími byly mary stepní poměrně hojnými obyvateli argentinských polopouští. I když počty mar stepních ve volné přírodě stále klesají, není mara uznána jako zranitelný, ani ohrožený druh a v Červeném seznamu IUCN je zapsána jako téměř ohrožený druh (Lower Risk Near Threatened) [2]. Jejich pokles je způsoben dvěma hlavními faktory:

  1. hromadná lokalitní ztráta,
  2. konkurence ze strany evropských zajíců, kteří jsou v Argentině stále vysazováni.

Chov v zajetí

Mara stepní je často chována v zoologických zahradách, méně častěji i jako domácí zvíře. Postupem času se ukázalo, že jsou mary společenské a dokáží žít ve společnosti lidí, ale jen pokud jsou na ně zvyklí od narození. Pokud byste chtěli ochočit již dospělou maru, která není zvyklá na společnost lidí, mohla by se stát agresivní a začít preferovat noční způsob života. Mary se v zajetí také poměrně snadno množí.

Mara stepní je v Česku chována v těchto zoo (stav září 2018):[3]

Dříve byl tento druh chován i v Zoo Praha.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/6785/all
  3. www.Zootierliste.de. zootierliste.de [online]. [cit. 2018-09-24]. Dostupné online.

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Mara stepní: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Mara stepní (Dolichotis patagonum) je relativně velký savec obývající vyprahlé pastviny a otevřené polopouště střední a jižní Argentiny. Byli vysazováni i na mnoha místech jižní Evropy a v bývalém SSSR, nějakou dobu volně žili dokonce i v Česku, zvláště pak u Žamberka. Příbuzné mar stepních jsou mary slaništní.

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Großer Pampashase ( German )

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Großer Pampashase

Der Große Pampashase oder die Große Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) ist eine in Argentinien lebende Nagetierart aus der Familie der Meerschweinchen (Caviidae). Zusammen mit dem Kleinen Pampashasen bildet er die Gattung der Pampashasen.

Merkmale

Allgemein

Der Große Pampashase ist nach dem Capybara – dem größten lebenden Nagetier – der größte Vertreter der Meerschweinchen. Er erreicht eine Kopfrumpflänge von 61 bis 81 Zentimeter (durchschnittlich 71 Zentimeter), der Schwanz ist ein Stummel von maximal 5 Zentimetern Länge, er ist flachgedrückt und fast haarlos. Männchen erreichen ein durchschnittliches Gewicht von 7,7 Kilogramm, Weibchen sind mit 8,3 Kilogramm etwas schwerer – das Höchstgewicht beträgt 16 Kilogramm.

Ihr Fell ist an der Oberseite graubraun (aguti) gefärbt, der Bauch ist weiß. Die rückwärtigen Teile der Oberschenkel sind ebenfalls weiß, dort befindet sich auch ein auffallender, schwarzer Streifen oberhalb. Die Flanken und das Kinn, manchmal auch die Seiten des Kopfes sind orange- bis rostfarben. Das Fell dieser Tiere ist dicht und kurz, erweckt aber einen borstigen Eindruck.

Der Körperbau der Pampashasen wird als hasenähnlich beschrieben, was vor allem an den langen Beinen und den großen Ohren liegt. Bis auf diese beiden Merkmale ähneln sie den Meerschweinchen. Wie bei allen Vertretern dieser Familie enden die Vorderfüße in vier und die Hinterfüße in drei Zehen. Die Hinterfüße tragen hufartige Klauen, Vorderfüße scharfe Krallen, die zum Graben geeignet sind. Die Hinterbeine sind länger als die Vorderbeine, wobei wie bei vielen schnell laufenden Tiere das Stylopodium (Oberarm bzw. Oberschenkel) kürzer als das Zygopodium (Unterarm bzw. Unterschenkel) ist. Mit der Entwicklung langer Gliedmaßen als Anpassung an eine Lebensweise in Grasland und Steppe nehmen Pampashasen die ökologische Nischen ein, die anderenorts von Huftieren eingenommen werden. Dies zeigt sich in einer Reihe konvergenter Entwicklung, etwa in der Reduktion der Schlüsselbeine.

Kopf und Zähne

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Kopf eines Großen Pampashasen

Der große, schmale Kopf wird vor allem durch die langen, 9 bis 10 Zentimeter langen Ohren charakterisiert. Damit einhergehend ist ein guter Gehörsinn, was für die Wahrnehmung in offenen Habitaten wichtig ist. Die Augen sind groß und seitlich am Kopf angebracht. Die Nase ist stumpf, die Vibrissen sind gut ausgebildet. Im Bau des Schädels ist das Nasenbein auffallend, das groß und nach vorne zugespitzt ist, allerdings nicht so weit vorne wie der Maxilla. Das Stirnbein ist sehr breit und das Tränenbein sehr groß.

Die Zahnformel lautet wie bei allen Meerschweinchenverwandten 1/1-0/0-1/1-3/3=20, das heißt pro Kieferhälfte haben sie einen als Nagezahn ausgeprägten Schneidezahn, keinen Eckzahn, einen Prämolar (Vorbackenzahn) und drei Molaren (Backenzähne). Die Nagezähne sind wie die fast aller Nagetiere wurzellos und wachsen ein Leben lang nach. Eckzähne fehlen wie bei allen Nagetieren, zwischen Schneide- und Backenzähnen klafft eine als Diastema bezeichnete Lücke. Die Backenzähne sind wie bei allen Meerschweinchen ebenfalls wurzellos und dauerwachsend.

Innere Anatomie

Der Verdauungstrakt gleicht dem der übrigen Meerschweinchen. Der Magen ist einfach gebaut, sie sind Enddarmfermentierer. Das heißt, sie können in ihrem Blinddarm (Caecum) mittels symbiotischer Bakterien auch Zellulose aufschließen. Der Grimmdarm (Colon) ist zu diesem Zweck modifiziert und weist oft komplexe Falten auf. Diese Anpassungen geht mit der Caecotrophie, dem nochmaligen Aufnehmen des Kotes zur besseren Verwertung der Nahrung, einher.

Eine Besonderheit der Pampashasen ist, dass sich die Analdrüse zwischen Anus und Schwanzwurzel befindet – bei den anderen Meerschweinchen ist sie vor dem Anus gelegen.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

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Verbreitungsgebiete der beiden Arten der Pampashasen (violett: Großer Pampashase, grün: Kleiner Pampashase)

Große Pampashasen sind in Argentinien endemisch. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet reicht ungefähr vom 28. bis zum 50. Breitengrad, das heißt von den Provinzen Catamarca und Córdoba im Norden bis Santa Cruz im Süden. Ihr Lebensraum sind offene, tiefer gelegene Habitate. Vorwiegend bewohnen sie Grassteppen (Pampa – bis zur Verdrängung durch die Landwirtschaft – Dornstrauchsavanne (Espiñal) und Monte), aber auch lichte Wälder und trockene Regionen (etwa die Halbinsel Valdés). Sie bevorzugen dabei Gebiete, die mit Büschen oder Bäumen als Sichtschutz und Deckung bestanden sind.

Lebensweise

Aktivitätszeiten und Fortbewegung

Große Pampashasen sind tagaktiv. Rund die Hälfte des Tages (46 %) verbringen sie fressend, sind aber auch oft beim Sonnenbaden zu beobachten. Zur Nachtruhe graben sie keine eigenen Baue (außer zur Jungenaufzucht), sie schlafen in dichter Vegetation verborgen oder übernehmen die Baue von anderen Tieren, etwa Viscachas.

Je nach Bedarf praktizieren sie unterschiedliche Fortbewegungsarten, ein langsames Gehen, ein hasenähnliches Hoppeln oder auch das Hüpfen mit allen vier Beinen. Dabei können sie über 1 Kilometer Geschwindigkeiten von bis zu 45 km/h erreichen. Die Ruhepositionen sind entweder ein Sitzen auf dem Gesäß mit ausgestreckten Vorderbeinen oder ein Liegen mit katzenartig unter der Brust verschränkten Vorderbeinen – beides für Nager untypische Haltungen. Es entspricht eher der Ruhestellung von Hasenartigen.

Sozial- und Territorialverhalten

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Große Pampashasen leben in Paaren.

Im Sozialverhalten zeigen Pampashasen die unter Säugetieren einmalige Kombination aus Monogamie und gemeinsamer Jungenaufzucht. Diese Tiere leben streng monogam, das heißt die Paare bleiben über Jahre beisammen und üblicherweise kommt es nur beim Tod eines Partners zum Partnerwechsel. Der Grund dafür dürfte vorrangig in der extremen Kürze der Empfängnisbereitschaft liegen. Die Paarbindung wird vorrangig vom Männchen aufrechterhalten, es folgt dem Weibchen wo immer es hingeht. Auch besprüht das Männchen das Weibchen mit Urin und den Boden rund um das Weibchen mit Analdrüsensekret und Kot, dieses Besprühen dient dem Zurückdrängen männlicher Nebenbuhler. Aber auch Weibchen besprühen manchmal das Gesicht des Männchens mit Urin, vermutlich um ihm zu zeigen, dass es nicht empfängnisbereit ist. Vor allem während der Trächtigkeit und Säugezeit muss das Weibchen weit mehr fressen als Männchen, die Männchen verbringen diese Zeit neben dem Weibchen sitzend und Wache haltend – sowohl vor Fressfeinden als auch vor Nebenbuhlern.

Mehrere Paare bilden zusammen lose Verbände, die bis zu 70 Tiere umfassen können. Die Männchen errichten untereinander eine Rangordnung, die dabei verwendeten Verhaltensweisen beinhalten ebenfalls das Besprühen mit Urin, daneben auch das Präsentieren des Gesäßes sowie Verfolgungsjagden und Bisse in den Rumpf.

Jedes Paar bewohnt ein Exklusivrevier von rund 10 Hektar Größe. Durch dauernde Wanderungen verschieben sich allerdings die Reviergrenzen andauernd, über das Jahr gerechnet ergibt sich somit eine Reviergröße von 33 bis 200 (Durchschnitt 100) Hektar. Im Lauf der Zeit kommt es somit zu starken Überlappungen der Territorien der einzelnen Paare.

Große Pampashasen kommunizieren mit Quietschlauten, die der Kontaktaufnahme dienen, und stoßen im Bedrohungsfall Grunzlaute aus. Der visuellen Kommunikationen dient auch das Sträuben der Haare und das Klappern mit den Zähnen. Wie oben erwähnt, spielt die olfaktorische Kommunikation eine entscheidende Rolle.

Natürliche Feinde und Bedrohungen

Zu den natürlichen Feinden der Pampashasen zählen Raubtiere wie Pampaskatzen, Kleinfleckkatzen, Pumas, Grisons und Kampfüchse, für Jungtiere können auch Greifvögel wie Magellanuhus und Blaubussarde gefährlich werden. An Parasiten ist der Fadenwurm Wellcomia dolichotis bekannt, der auf Pampashasen spezialisiert ist.

Nahrung

Patagonian hare.jpg

Diese Tiere sind opportunistische Pflanzenfresser, die unter anderem Gräser, Kräuter, aber auch Büsche (zum Beispiel Mesquite-Sträucher) verzehren. Zur besseren Verwertung der Nahrung praktizieren sie die Caecotrophie, das nochmalige Verzehren des Kotes. Der Blinddarmkot, eine weiche, klebrige Form des Kotes, dessen Material mit Hilfe spezieller Bakterien im Blinddarm fermentiert wird, wird unmittelbar nach dem Ausscheiden erneut verzehrt. Auf diese Weise können die Tiere die schwer verdauliche, zellulosehaltige Nahrung auf bestmögliche Weise verwerten. Der nach der erneuten Verdauung entstehende Kot ist trocken, er wird nicht wieder aufgenommen.

Generell sind Pampashasen sehr effiziente Nahrungsverwerter. So brauchen sie weniger Nahrung pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht als etwa Schafe oder Rinder.

Fortpflanzung

Paarung und Trächtigkeit

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Jungtier

Weiblichen Pampashasen haben einen äußerst kurzen Östrus, sie sind nur alle 3 bis 4 Monate für eine halbe Stunde empfängnisbereit. Das dürfte auch der Grund für die strikte Monogamie dieser Tiere sein.

Die Paarung erfolgt saisonal, die meisten Geburten fallen in die Monate August bis November, der Höhepunkt liegt zwischen Ende September und Anfang Oktober. In dieser Zeit herrscht in ihrem Lebensraum der Frühling vor der Sommerdürre. Während die Tiere in freier Wildbahn nur einen Wurf jährlich austragen, können es in menschlicher Obhut drei bis vier Würfe im Jahr sein. Die Tragzeit beträgt 91 bis 110 (durchschnittlich 100) Tage. Die Wurfgröße beträgt durchschnittlich zwei Jungtiere, kann aber auch eins oder drei betragen.

Jungenaufzucht

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Weibchen beim Säugen

Neugeborene Große Pampashasen wiegen 480 bis 730 Gramm, sie sind Nestflüchter und können gleich nach der Geburt laufen. Zur Jungenaufzucht errichten bis zu 29 Paare ein gemeinsames Lager, das einen Komplex aus mehreren Erdbauen darstellt und in dem bis zu 33 Jungtiere leben. Das Weibchen kommt einmal pro Tag für rund 1 Stunde in den Bau, um ihre Jungen zu säugen; andere Tiere umkreisen derweilen das Lager. Während dieser Lagerzeit entfernt sich ein Paar niemals weiter als 2,5 Kilometer vom Lager. Trotz des gemeinsamen Baus findet keine Kooperation der Mütter statt. Jedes Weibchen versucht nach Möglichkeit, nur die eigenen Jungtiere zu säugen, die sie am Geruch und an der Stimme erkennt. Trotzdem gelingt es einigen Jungtieren immer wieder, bei fremden Weibchen zu trinken. Ob dadurch verwaisten Jungtieren das Aufwachsen ermöglicht werden kann, ist umstritten. Die Sterblichkeit der Jungtiere ist hoch, was neben den Fressfeinden auch an Krankheiten und Unterkühlung liegt. Je größer das Jungtierlager, desto höher sind die Überlebenschancen.

Diese erste Phase der Zeit im Lager dauert rund 3 Wochen. Die Jungtiere bleiben im oder nahe beim Lager, sie halten engen Körperkontakt, was für die Erwärmung wichtig ist, sie kuscheln sich aneinander und spielen. Die zweite Phase liegt in der 4. bis 13. Lebenswoche. Zu dieser Zeit folgen die Jungen den Eltern bei Nahrungssuche, werden aber immer noch gesäugt. Die endgültige Entwöhnung erfolgt mit 75 bis 80 Tagen, was für Nagetierestandards sehr lang ist.

Die Geschlechtsreife tritt (zumindest bei Weibchen) mit rund 8 Monaten ein. Die Lebenserwartung in freier Natur liegt wohl nicht über 10 Jahren, in menschlicher Obhut können diese Tiere bis zu 14 Jahre alt werden.

Mensch und Großer Pampashase

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Große Pampashasen werden häufig in Zoos gehalten und sind leicht zu züchten.

Ein wichtiger Faktor der Bedrohung ist Nahrungskonkurrenz mit eingeschleppten Tieren, vor allem Hasen, die im südlichen Südamerika ursprünglich nicht heimisch waren, auch die Umwandlung ihres Lebensraums in Viehweiden für Rinder und Ackerland stellen zu einem gewissen Grad eine Gefährdung dar. Die Bejagung spielt eine geringe Rolle, manchmal werden sie wegen ihres Fleisches verfolgt, oder um Decken aus ihrem Fell zu machen. Gebietsweise sind Große Pampashasen selten geworden, so sind sie zum Beispiel in der Provinz Buenos Aires ausgestorben. Insgesamt ist die Art aber noch nicht bedroht, von der IUCN wird sie als potenziell gefährdet eingestuft.

Große Pampashasen sind häufig in Zoos zu sehen und leicht zu züchten.

Systematik

Der Große Pampashase bildet zusammen mit dem Kleinen Pampashasen die Gattung der Pampashasen (Dolichotis), die eine eigene Unterfamilie, Dolichotinae, innerhalb der Meerschweinchen (Caviidae) bilden. Fossil ist diese Gruppe seit dem späten Miozän belegt, Fossilfunde aus Provinzen Buenos Aires und Córdoba.

Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden, D. p. centricola im mittleren und D. p. patagonum im südlichen Argentinien, die Unterschiede liegen vorwiegend in der Fellfarbe.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Großer Pampashase: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Große Pampashase oder die Große Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) ist eine in Argentinien lebende Nagetierart aus der Familie der Meerschweinchen (Caviidae). Zusammen mit dem Kleinen Pampashasen bildet er die Gattung der Pampashasen.

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Mara (animal) ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Aire de distribucion naturau de las maras
Mara 1.jpg

La mara o lèbe de Patagonia (Dolichotis patagonum en classification binominala) qu'ei un mamifèr arroganhaire originari de Patagonia.

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Mara (sûchdier) ( Western Frisian )

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De mara (Latynske namme: Dolichotis patagonum), ek wol Patagoanyske mara neamd ta ûnderskie fan syn famyljelid de lytse mara (Dolichotis salinicola), is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e kavia-eftigen (Caviidae) en it skaai fan 'e mara's of Pampahazzen (Dolichotis). Dit bist komt allinnich mar foar yn Argentynje, en liket hast wol in krusing te wêzen tusken in hazze en in lytse antilope; yn wurklikheid is de mara lykwols frij nau besibbe oan 'e kavia. Syn neiste sibbe, de lytse mara, is lytser fan stal en libbet noardliker.

Fersprieding

De mara komt inkeld foar yn Argentynje, dêr't er de pampa's fan Patagoanje en oare gersflakten bewennet. Syn fersprieding is beheind ta it diel fan it lân tusken 28º en 50º suderbreedte.

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In mara oan it foerazjearjen.

Uterlike skaaimerken

De mara hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 50-75 sm, mei in sturtlingte fan 4½ sm en in gewicht fan 8-9 kg. Hy stiet heech op 'e poaten en hat lange rjochtoppige earen en grutte eagen. De koarte brunige pels skaait op 'e rêch wat dûnker, griiseftich út. Op 'e bealch is er tusken de foarpoaten readbrún en tusken de efterpoaten witich. Ek de kiel is wyt.

Biotoop

Mara's jouwe ornaris de foarkar oan relatyf flakke gerslânbiotopen, mei foldwaande strewelleguod om beskerming te bieden tsjin predaasje troch rôffûgels. Lykwols komme se ek foar op 'e keale en oerbeweide grûn fan Monte Desert. Boppedat omfiemet har ferspriedingsgebiet yn noardwestlik Argentynje ek wâldgebieten.

Hâlden en dragen

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In pear mara's berûke inoar ris.

De mara is foar it measte part oerdeis aktyf, en sa'n 46% fan syn aktiviteiten hâldt ferbân mei foerazjearjen. Wyfkes binne dêr yn 'e regel langer mei dwaande as mantsjes, fanwegen it feit dat se ek foar harren jongen frette moatte as se drachtich binne of drinkende jongen hawwe. Mantsjes sitte it grutste part fan 'e dei om har hinne te sjen, wach foar rôfdieren lykas kateftigen, foksen en rôffûgels. Mara's binne fierhinne herbivoar, en frette benammen gerzen, blêden en fruchten. Se binne goed oanpast oan in libben op 'e iepen flakten, mei lange skonken dy't har faasje jouwe as se gau útpike moatte. Under it draven hawwe se wol wat wei fan in lytse antilope, al lykje se mear op in hazze as se stilsitte.

Mara's binne monogaam, en pearkes bliuwe har hiele libben byinoar. Se wikselje inkeld fan partner as de oarspronklike partner deagien is. It wyfke is dúdlik de baas yn 'e relaasje, en it mantsje moat har mar folgje dêr't se hinne giet. Mantsjes besmare har wyfke mei harren urine en de grûn om har hinne sette se ôf mei kjitte en ôfskieding út spesjaal dêrfoar bedoelde klieren, sadat der in mobyl territoarium ûntstiet. De fuortplanting fynt by mara's plak yn hoalen dy't sels útgroeven wurde, en dy't faak ûndergrûnsk ferbûn wurde mei de hoalen fan oare pearkes, sadat der in netwurk fan soms wol 29 pearkes ûntstiet. Sok kommunaal wenjen jout beskerming tsjin predaasje, en biologen hawwe fêststeld dat der mear jongen oerlibje by gruttere ûndergrûnske netwurken as by lytseren.

 src=
In mara mei jongen (op 'e foargrûn).

De peartiid falt by mara's, alteast dy yn súdlik Argentynje, tusken augustus en jannewaris. Nei in draachtiid fan likernôch 100 dagen smyt it wyfke 1-2 jongen. Yn Patagoanje bart dat meast tusken septimber en oktober, foàr de simmerdrûchte en nei de winterrein. Meastal produsearje mara's mar ien nêst jongen jiers, hoewol't se yn ekstreme gefallen wol 4 nêsten jiers smite kinne. Hoewol't de wyfkes net aktyf gearwurkje by it grutbringen fan 'e jongen, litte se soms it jong fan in oar wyfke by har drinke. De jongen kinne daliks nei de berte rinne, mar bliuwe de earste 3 wiken deunby de hoale. Dêrnei kinne se mei har âlden by de hoale weiswalkje en fan gers libje. Mei 13 wiken wurde se folslein ôfwûn.

Status

De mara hat de IUCN-status fan "gefoelich", mei't er de lêste pear hûndert jier sterk yn syn fersprieding beheind is. Histoarysk kamen mara's foar fan noardlik Argentynje hast hielendal oant yn Fjoerlân. Troch oerbejaging en habitatferlies binne se no útstoarn yn ferskate gebieten, wêrûnder de hiele provinsje Buenos Aires. Marapelzen wurde yn Argentynje wol brûkt om bêdspreien en flierkleden fan te meitsjen.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Mara (sûchdier): Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

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De mara (Latynske namme: Dolichotis patagonum), ek wol Patagoanyske mara neamd ta ûnderskie fan syn famyljelid de lytse mara (Dolichotis salinicola), is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e kavia-eftigen (Caviidae) en it skaai fan 'e mara's of Pampahazzen (Dolichotis). Dit bist komt allinnich mar foar yn Argentynje, en liket hast wol in krusing te wêzen tusken in hazze en in lytse antilope; yn wurklikheid is de mara lykwols frij nau besibbe oan 'e kavia. Syn neiste sibbe, de lytse mara, is lytser fan stal en libbet noardliker.

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Мара ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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Мара.

Мара (лат. Dolichotis patagonum) — Түштүк Американын коёнго окшоштугу бар кемиргич айбандарынын бир түрү.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Patagonian mara

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The Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) is a relatively large rodent in the mara genus Dolichotis.[3] It is also known as the Patagonian cavy or Patagonian hare. This herbivorous, somewhat rabbit-like animal is found in open and semiopen habitats in Argentina, including large parts of Patagonia. A population has also been recorded in the northern United Arab Emirates, possibly as a result of escaped pets or captive animals. It is monogamous, but often breeds in warrens shared by several pairs.

Description

The Patagonian mara resembles a jackrabbit.[4] It has distinctive long ears and long limbs. Its hind limbs are longer and more muscular than its fore limbs and it has a longer radius than humerus.[5] The feet are compressed, making them hoof-like. The fore feet have four digits while the hind feet have three digits. Its tail is short, depressed, and hairless.[5] It has a gray dorsal pelage with a white patch on the rump separated from the dorsal fur by a black area.[6] In addition, the mara has a white underside with a somewhat orange flank and chin.[5] The average Patagonian mara has a head and body length of 69–75 cm (27–30 in) with a tail of 4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 in). It weighs 8–16 kg (18–35 lb). Unlike most other caviids, such as guinea pigs and capybaras, the anal glands of the mara are between the anus and the base of the tail rather than being anterior to the anus.[5]

Ecology and activity

Mara foraging

Patagonian maras are found only in Argentina, from 28 to 50°S. They prefer to live in habitats with shrub cover, but they also inhabit overgrazed and barren soils in the Monte Desert biome.[5] In northwestern Argentina, they primarily inhabit lowland habitats such as forest and creosote bush or larrea. Maras prefer sandy and low shrub habitat in Valdes Peninsula.[5] They have adapted well to a cursorial lifestyle on the open plains and steppe, with long legs, reduced clavicle, and well-developed sensory organs making them capable of running and communicating in these open habitats. When running, maras have been compared to deer and antelope.[4] Maras are largely herbivorous. They feed primarily on green vegetation and fruit. In the Monte Desert, monocots make up 70% of their diet, while dicots make up 30%.[7] Preferred grass species eaten are those of the genera Chloris, Pappophorum, and Trichloris, while dicots that are eaten include Atriplex lampa, Lycium spp., and Prosopis spp.[7]

Maras are primarily diurnal and around 46% of their daily activities involve feeding.[8] Their temporal activity rhythms are related to environmental factors.[9] Light, precipitation, and temperature have positive effects on annual activities, while darkness and relative humidity have negative effects. The daily activity of maras is unimodal in winter and biomodal in other seasons.[9] Their preferred temperature is around 20 °C or 68 °F.[9] Females spend more time feeding than the males, due to the demands of gestation and lactation. Males spend most of the day sitting and being vigilant for predators.[8] Predators of maras, particularly the young, are felids, grisons, foxes, and birds of prey.[8] Maras are also hosts for parasites such as the nematode worm Wellcomia dolichotis.[5]

Social behavior and reproduction

Mara pair with young

Their social organizations have a unique combination of monogamy and communal breeding.[10] Being monogamous, pairs of maras stay together for life, with replacement of partners only occurring after one's death.[11] The male has almost the sole responsibility in maintaining the pair by following the female wherever she goes.[8] A male marks his female with urine and marks the ground around her with secretions from his glands and with feces, making the grounds around the female a mobile territory.[11] Pairs breed together alone or with other pairs in warrens shared by up to 29 pairs.[10] Maras breed, at least in southern Argentina, from August to January. Gestation lasts 100 days in wild.[8] Most births in Patagonia occur between September and October, which is before the summer dry season and after the winter rains.[8] Females produce one litter each year in the wild,[8] but can produce as many as four litters a year in captivity.[11] Young can walk almost immediately postpartum.[5]

Young mara and older one sniffing each other, from the zoological garden of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris
Mara at Barbados Wildlife Reserve, Barbados

Dens are dug during the breeding season for the young to be raised.[8] Litters from one to 22 pairs are grouped together in these dens. Communal living provides protection from predators with the survival rate for young being higher in larger groups than in smaller groups.[8] One pair visits the den at a time for around one hour and the other parents circle around the den.[12] One or two pups are nursed at a time by a female.[8] A female may sometimes nurse a young from another pair. While a female may prevent young other than her own from nursing her, some young are able to steal milk.[10][11] Mothers do not actively cooperate in raising their young.[10][11] For the first three weeks, young remain near the den. At this time, distance between individuals is low, with frequent body contact, huddling, allogrooming, and extended play among the pups.[5] After this, the young are able to leave the den and graze with their parents. Young are weaned after 13 weeks.

Maras make a number of vocalizations during grazing or slow locomotion.[11] When seeking contact, a mara emits an inflected "wheet" while a low, repetitive grunt is made when following a conspecific.[13] Maras tooth chatter and emit low grunts when threatened. They also produce a series of short grunts when grooming.[13] Scent marking is used by maras for complex and intense social interactions.[12] Maras stretch and sniff the soil and then sit upright with an arched back and the anogenital area flattened to the ground,[14] a process known as anal digging.[5] In addition, a male stands on his hind legs and urinates on a female's rump, to which the female responds by spraying a jet of urine backwards into the face of the male.[11] The male's urination is meant to repel other males from his partner, while the female's urination is a rejection of any approaching male when she is not receptive.[11] Both anal digging and urination are more frequent during the breeding season and are more commonly done by males.[14]

Status

A Patagonian mara family in Southwick's Zoo - note pup nursing.

Patagonian maras are considered to be a near threatened species.[1] Historically, maras have ranged from north-central Argentina south almost to Tierra del Fuego.[15] Nevertheless, maras have been greatly affected by hunting and habitat alteration and have been extirpated in some areas, including Buenos Aires Province.[5] Mara skins have been used for bedspreads and rugs.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b Roach, N. (2016). "Dolichotis patagonum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6785A22190337. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6785A22190337.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Dolichotis patagonum. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 09 July 2015.
  3. ^ Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1555. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ a b Smythe. N., (1970) "On the existence of pursuit invitation signals in mammals". American Naturalist 104(938): 491-94.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Campos. C. M., Tognelli. M. F., Ojeda. R. A., (2001) Dolichotis patagonu, Mammalian Species, 625:1-5
  6. ^ Redford, K. H., and J. F. Eisenberg, (1992) Mammals of the Neotropics: The Southern Cone, University of Chicago Press.
  7. ^ a b Claudia M. Campos and Ricardo A. Ojeda, (1997) "Dispersal and germination of Prosopis flexuosa (Fabaceae) seeds by desert mammals in Argentina", Journal of Arid Environments, 35(4):707-14.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j TABER AB (1987) "The Behavioural Ecology of the Mara". Dolichotis patagonum. Ph. D. Thesis, Belliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
  9. ^ a b c Kufner. M. B. (1995) "Temporal activity of the mara (Dolichotis patagonum) in the Monte Desert, Argentina". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 30:37–43.
  10. ^ a b c d Taber, A. B. and Macdonald, D. W. (1992), "Communal breeding in the mara, Dolichotis patagonum ". Journal of Zoology, 227: 439–452.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Genest, H. & Dubost, G. (1974) "Pair living in the mara ( Dolichotis paragonum Z ) " Mammalia 38: 155-162.
  12. ^ a b U. GANSLOSSER, S. WEHNELT (1997) "Juvenile development as part of the extraordinary social system of the Mara Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviidae) ", Mammalia 61:3-15.
  13. ^ a b Eisenberg, J. F. (1974). "The function and motivational basis of hystricomorph vocalizations". Symp. Zool. Soc. London 34, 211-248.
  14. ^ a b TABER, B. E., AND D. W. MACDONALD. (1984) "Scent dispersing papillae and associated behaviour in the mara, Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviomorpha) ". Journal of Zoology 203:298-301.
  15. ^ Rood. J. P. (1972) Ecological and behavioral comparisons of three genera of Argentine cavies, Animal Behavior Monographs 5:1-83.
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Patagonian mara: Brief Summary

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The Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) is a relatively large rodent in the mara genus Dolichotis. It is also known as the Patagonian cavy or Patagonian hare. This herbivorous, somewhat rabbit-like animal is found in open and semiopen habitats in Argentina, including large parts of Patagonia. A population has also been recorded in the northern United Arab Emirates, possibly as a result of escaped pets or captive animals. It is monogamous, but often breeds in warrens shared by several pairs.

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Dolichotis patagonum ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La mara (Dolichotis patagonum) es una especie de roedor de la familia Caviidae, también conocido como mara patagónica, liebre patagónica, y liebre criolla, aunque no pertenece al orden de las verdaderas liebres (Lagomorpha).

Es uno de los roedores más grandes del mundo, con un peso promedio de 8 kg, con ejemplares de hasta 16 kg. Es uno de los mamíferos endémicos de Argentina de mayor tamaño. Posee patas largas y fuertes que usa para correr a alta velocidad cuando se siente perseguida.

Hábitat

La mara vive en estepas semiáridas y desiertos de arbustos espinosos del oeste, centro, y sur de Argentina. Su distribución se encuentra reducida por causa de la alteración de su hábitat, en especial en la llanura pampeana y en las regiones costeras, debido a la relativa mayor urbanización.

Comportamiento

Estructura social

 src=
Dos jóvenes.

La estructura social de la mara se define por su condición monógama, poco común entre los roedores; se aparea de por vida teniendo 6 crías o más por camada. La pareja se desenvuelve en un territorio de aproximadamente 40 ha, su madriguera es subterránea y suelen hacerla aprovechando los nidos abandonados previamente cavados por ciertas especies de búhos patagónicos. El macho siempre sigue a la hembra, cuidando de rivales y predadores. Es poco evidente otro concepto de territorialidad, pero los machos parecen tener un sistema jerárquico de dominio.[cita requerida]

Las maras pasan la mayor parte del tiempo con su pareja, viajando juntas. Sin embargo, ocasionalmente se movilizan en grandes grupos de 70 o más individuos en migraciones a regiones lacustres donde el alimento es abundante.[2]

Son animales de actividad diurna.

Alimentación

Es una especie herbívora, come principalmente pastos y otras hierbas, y es capaz de vivir sin beber agua gracias a su metabolismo.[3]

Depredadores

Estos roedores tienen como depredador natural ya sea el jaguar, el puma, el grisón, el zorro gris patagónico y el águila de Azara.

Apareamiento y reproducción

Las maras tienen habitualmente entre 1 y 3 crías por camada, con tres a cuatro partos anuales y una gestación de 96 días.[4]

Los cachorros se crían en una madriguera común, en el que hasta 15 madres pueden dejar su camada. Se desarrollan rápidamente y pueden comenzar a pastar a las 24 horas de nacidos. Sin embargo, permanecen en la madriguera hasta cuatro meses mientras las madres los visitan varias veces al día para amamantarlos.[5]

Expectativa de vida

 src=
Alimentándose.
 src=
Mara amamantando a sus crías, en el Parque nacional Sierra de las Quijadas.

En cautividad, las maras viven normalmente entre 5 y 7 años, aunque se sabe de individuos que vivieron más de 10.[6]

Maras en cautividad

Las maras patagónicas son frecuentemente criadas en zoológicos, aunque es un animal silvestre.[cita requerida]

Conservación

La población silvestre se encuentra en la lista roja de los Mamíferos de la Argentina, y es una especie vulnerable desde el 2019 según SAyDS-SAREM.[7]

La baja poblacional se basa en dos factores primordiales:

  • Pérdida de hábitat por desarrollo agrícola, industrial y crecimiento de la población humana.
  • Competencia alimentaria con las liebres europeas (Lepus europaeus), que fueron introducidas en Suramérica por el hombre.[cita requerida]

La provincia de Mendoza en Argentina la declaró monumento natural provincial por la ley n.º 6599 sancionada el 12 de mayo de 1998.[8]

Galería

Referencias

  1. Ojeda, R. & Pardinas, U. (2008). «Dolichotis patagonum». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 13 de junio de 2016.
  2. «SIB | Dolichotis patagonum». www.sib.gov.ar. Archivado desde el original el 20 de mayo de 2018. Consultado el 19 de mayo de 2018.
  3. http://www.zoobotanicojerez.com/index.php?id=860
  4. «Liebre de la patagonia». www.zoologicodevallarta.com. Consultado el 13 de octubre de 2020.
  5. http://herramientas.educa.madrid.org/animalandia/ficha.php?id=3206
  6. «Mara O Liebre Patagona». rednaturaleza.com. Consultado el 19 de abril de 2022.
  7. «Estado de conservación: Categorización 2019 de los mamíferos de Argentina según su riesgo de extinción».
  8. «Ley n.° 6599». Archivado desde el original el 18 de febrero de 2018. Consultado el 18 de febrero de 2018.

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Dolichotis patagonum: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La mara (Dolichotis patagonum) es una especie de roedor de la familia Caviidae, también conocido como mara patagónica, liebre patagónica, y liebre criolla, aunque no pertenece al orden de las verdaderas liebres (Lagomorpha).

Es uno de los roedores más grandes del mundo, con un peso promedio de 8 kg, con ejemplares de hasta 16 kg. Es uno de los mamíferos endémicos de Argentina de mayor tamaño. Posee patas largas y fuertes que usa para correr a alta velocidad cuando se siente perseguida.

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Dolichotis patagonum ( Basque )

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Dolichotis patagonum Dolichotis generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Dolichotinae azpifamilia eta Caviidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Zimmermann (1780) Caviidae Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere 328. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Dolichotis patagonum: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Dolichotis patagonum Dolichotis generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Dolichotinae azpifamilia eta Caviidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Mara (eläin) ( Finnish )

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Mara eli etelänmara eli pampajänis (Dolichotis patagonum) on Argentiinan tasangoilla elävä marsun sukuinen jyrsijälaji. Se on elinalueensa ainut kookas ruohonsyöjä. Mara muistuttaa ulkonäöltään hieman jänistä; sillä on pieni töpöhäntä ja melko pitkät korvat. Myös sen jalat ovat huomattavan pitkät. Mara synnyttää kerrallaan tavallisesti 1–3 poikasta.

Lähteet

  1. a b Ojeda, R. & Pardinas, U.: Dolichotis patagonum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (toim.): Dolichotis patagonum Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). 2005. Johns Hopkins University Press. Viitattu 28.7.2014. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Mara (eläin): Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Mara eli etelänmara eli pampajänis (Dolichotis patagonum) on Argentiinan tasangoilla elävä marsun sukuinen jyrsijälaji. Se on elinalueensa ainut kookas ruohonsyöjä. Mara muistuttaa ulkonäöltään hieman jänistä; sillä on pieni töpöhäntä ja melko pitkät korvat. Myös sen jalat ovat huomattavan pitkät. Mara synnyttää kerrallaan tavallisesti 1–3 poikasta.

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Dolichotis patagonum ( French )

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Mara, Lièvre de Patagonie, Lièvre des pampas

Le Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) est une espèce de Rongeurs de la famille des Cavidés, comme les cobayes communs, bien que son apparence rappelle celle des lièvres. Ce mammifère est endémique d'Argentine et classé dans la Liste rouge de l'UICN comme « quasi menacé »[2]. Après le capybara et les castors, ce mara est le troisième plus gros rongeur vivant.

L'espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1780 par le zoologiste allemand Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann (1743-1815). Ces animaux sont nommés en français Mara[3],[4],[5], Lièvre de Patagonie[5] ou Lièvre des pampas[4] ou encore Lièvre des pampas de Patagonie[4] pour les distinguer des viscaches appelées de même.

Description

Le mara mesure entre 70 et 75 centimètres de la tête à la queue et pèse de 8 à 16 kilogrammes. Ses oreilles et membres sont particulièrement longs. Ses pattes arrière sont plus grandes et musclées que ses pattes avant. Il a notamment un radius plus longs que l'humérus [6]. Les pattes avant ont quatre doigts tandis que celles arrière en ont seulement trois. Il a un pelage dorsal gris avec une tache blanche sur la croupe séparée de la fourrure dorsale par une zone noire [7]. En outre, le mara a un ventre blanc avec un flanc et un cou tendant à l'orange. Sa queue est courte (environ 5 cm) et presque sans poils [6]. Bâti pour la course, le mara est extrêmement rapide pour un animal de sa taille : il peut sprinter à 55 km/h en moyenne avec des pointes à 80 km/h[8] sur de courtes distances et il peut bondir jusqu'à 2 mètres à la verticale[9]. Il peut vivre de 20 ans a 25 ans selon les individus.

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (25 janv. 2013)[10] :

  • sous-espèce Dolichotis patagonum centricola
  • sous-espèce Dolichotis patagonum patagonum

Selon NCBI (25 janv. 2013)[11] :

  • sous-espèce Dolichotis patagonum centricola

Habitat

Cet animal est naturellement présent en Argentine. Il habite les vastes savanes sèches à buissons et arbustes et les régions semi-désertiques de la Patagonie où les hivers sont très froids et les étés très chauds. Il creuse ses propres terriers qui peuvent être très profonds (jusqu'à 10 mètres) ou en utilise des abandonnés. On peut parfois le trouver dans des caves.

 src=
Photo d'un mara adulte debout

Alimentation

Herbivore, il se nourrit le jour d'herbes, plantes, feuilles, racines et d'écorces.

Comportement

Ce sont des animaux très sociaux : ils peuvent vivre dans des groupes de 10 à 30 individus[12] et ils communiquent par différents sons, des petits bruits graves aux sifflements aigus comme le cochon d'Inde.

En couples

Le mara est l'un des rares mammifères restant toute sa vie en couple monogame. L'un des partenaires guette le danger, pendant que l'autre mange. Les couples interagissent rarement, mais ils ont un terrier commun pour tous leurs petits, nourris chaque jour par leurs parents respectifs.

Références

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 25 janv. 2013
  2. UICN, consulté le 25 janv. 2013
  3. Meyer C., ed. sc., 2009, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales. consulter en ligne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
  4. a b et c (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0444518770), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé
  5. a et b A. Batard et J. Ducos de Lahitte, Pathologie du mara (Dolichotis patagonum) dans la Revue Médecine Vétérinaire, 2009, n°160, 6, pages 308-313
  6. a et b Campos. C. M., Tognelli. M. F., Ojeda. R. A., (2001) Dolichotis patagonu, Mammalian Species, 625:1-5
  7. Redford, K. H., and J. F. Eisenberg, (1992) Mammals of the Neotropics: The Southern Cone, University of Chicago Press.
  8. Latitud Argentina - Faune Argentine - Mara
  9. Bestioles / rongeurs / mara
  10. Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005), consulté le 25 janv. 2013
  11. NCBI, consulté le 25 janv. 2013
  12. Bestioles / Le mara est un rongeur

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Dolichotis patagonum: Brief Summary ( French )

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Mara, Lièvre de Patagonie, Lièvre des pampas

Le Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) est une espèce de Rongeurs de la famille des Cavidés, comme les cobayes communs, bien que son apparence rappelle celle des lièvres. Ce mammifère est endémique d'Argentine et classé dans la Liste rouge de l'UICN comme « quasi menacé ». Après le capybara et les castors, ce mara est le troisième plus gros rongeur vivant.

L'espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1780 par le zoologiste allemand Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann (1743-1815). Ces animaux sont nommés en français Mara,,, Lièvre de Patagonie ou Lièvre des pampas ou encore Lièvre des pampas de Patagonie pour les distinguer des viscaches appelées de même.

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Mara patagónica ( Galician )

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A mara patagónica (Dolichotis patagonum) é unha especie de roedor da familia dos cavíidos, e malia a súa semellanza coas lebres non pertence á orde das verdadeiras lebres (lagomorfos).

É un dos meirandes roedores do mundo, cun peso medio de 8 kg, con exemplares chegando até os 16 kg. É un dos mamíferos endémicos da Arxentina de maior tamaño. Posúe patas longas e fortes que usa para correr a gran velocidade cando se sente ameazada.

Notas

  1. "Dolichotis patagonum". Lista Vermella de especies ameazadas. Versión 2014.3 (en inglés). Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza. 2008. Consultado o 22 de maio de 2015.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Dolichotis patagonum. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Descargado o 9 de xullo de 2015.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Puig, Silvia; Cona, Mónica I.; Videla, Fernando; Méndez, Eduardo (2010). "Diet of the mara (Dolichotis patagonum), food availability and effects of an extended drought in Northern Patagonia (Mendoza, Arxentina)". Mammalian Biology 75 (5): 389–398. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2009.12.003.
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Mara patagónica: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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A mara patagónica (Dolichotis patagonum) é unha especie de roedor da familia dos cavíidos, e malia a súa semellanza coas lebres non pertence á orde das verdadeiras lebres (lagomorfos).

É un dos meirandes roedores do mundo, cun peso medio de 8 kg, con exemplares chegando até os 16 kg. É un dos mamíferos endémicos da Arxentina de maior tamaño. Posúe patas longas e fortes que usa para correr a gran velocidade cando se sente ameazada.

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Dolichotis patagonum ( Italian )

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Il marà della Patagonia (Dolichotis patagonum, Zimmermann, 1780) è un mammifero, la cui forma morfologica ricorda sia la cavia (è infatti conosciuto anche come cavia della Patagonia) che la lepre (dove mostrano una similitudine anche comportamentale per via dei caratteristici salti e corse). Tuttavia la sua somiglianza alla lepre è un caso di convergenza evolutiva, ma non sono specie imparentate. Infatti il Dolichotis è un roditore, stretto parente delle cavie, mentre la lepre appartiene ai lagomorfi. Fra le due specie di Dolichotis, il D. patagonum è quello dalle dimensioni maggiori.

Descrizione

Il Marà è un grosso roditore dalle zampe lunghe. L'aspetto ed il comportamento ricordano quelli di un giovane capriolo. Ha una macchia chiara sul collo simile ad un collare e una frangia biancastra sulla piccola coda. Ha il muso lungo e gli occhi e le orecchie grandi.

Biologia

Il Marà corre e salta con grande agilità e si nutre principalmente di erba e di arbusti bassi. La coppia rimane unita per tutta la vita e scava ampie tane per accogliere la prole.

Distribuzione

I marà della Patagonia sono roditori diurni dell'America del Sud, dove l'allevamento delle pecore, l'introduzione della lepre con le sue malattie e la rapida diffusione hanno comportato una diminuzione di tale specie. Le femmine partoriscono da 2 ai 5 figli. Sono diffusi soprattutto in Argentina, in particolar modo nella regione della Patagonia.

Galleria d'immagini

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Dolichotis patagonum: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il marà della Patagonia (Dolichotis patagonum, Zimmermann, 1780) è un mammifero, la cui forma morfologica ricorda sia la cavia (è infatti conosciuto anche come cavia della Patagonia) che la lepre (dove mostrano una similitudine anche comportamentale per via dei caratteristici salti e corse). Tuttavia la sua somiglianza alla lepre è un caso di convergenza evolutiva, ma non sono specie imparentate. Infatti il Dolichotis è un roditore, stretto parente delle cavie, mentre la lepre appartiene ai lagomorfi. Fra le due specie di Dolichotis, il D. patagonum è quello dalle dimensioni maggiori.

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Mara (zoogdier) ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De mara, pampahaas of Patagonische haas (Dolichotis patagonum) is een cavia-achtig knaagdier.

Kenmerken

De mara staat hoog op de poten en heeft grote, rechtopstaande oren en grote ogen. Hij heeft een korte, bruine vacht met een donkere, grijsachtige rugzijde. Op de romp wordt de vacht donkerder. Over de romp loopt een witte franje. Ook de buik is wit. De mara wordt 50 tot 75 centimeter lang met een 4,5 centimeter lang staartje en een lichaamsgewicht van acht à negen kilogram.

Leefwijze

Mara's leven in de droge, open struikwoestijnen en graslanden van Centraal- & Zuid-Argentinië. Het zijn dagdieren. Overdag grazen ze op korte grassen, kruiden en bladeren en twijgen van korte struiken of liggen de dieren te zonnebaden. 's Nachts betrekken ze een zelfgegraven hol of het verlaten hol van een viscacha. Mara's zijn goede renners en springers, en zullen bij gevaar snel wegrennen.

Paarbinding

Mara's leven in monogame paartjes. Het mannetje blijft zijn hele leven lang bij het vrouwtje. De drang van mannetjes om zich te binden aan een vrouwtje is zo sterk, dat ze zich soms al binden met onvolwassen vrouwtjes. Het vrouwtje loopt voorop, het mannetje loopt erachteraan en houdt de omgeving in de gaten. Terwijl het vrouwtje graast of zoogt, let het mannetje op de aanwezigheid van roofdieren, of houdt hij vrijgezelle mannetjes op een afstand. De twee dieren houden constant met elkaar contact door middel van een lage brom. Ook andere paartjes worden op een afstand gehouden, en worden weggejaagd als ze dichter dan 30 meter in de buurt komen. Enkel bij groot voedselaanbod tolereren paartjes andere mara's in hun omgeving. Een paartje heeft meestal een woongebied van zo'n 40 hectare. De mara kan tot 15 jaar oud worden.

Voortplanting

Vrouwtjes zijn meestal slechts enkele uren per jaar ontvankelijk. Na een draagtijd van 90 dagen worden één tot drie jongen geboren. De jongen worden geboren in een gemeenschappelijk hol, waar de worpen van één tot vijftien paartjes in kunnen zitten. Dit hol wordt gegraven door de vrouwtjes. Het worp wordt aan de rand van het hol gedaan, waarna de jongen zich dieper in het hol verstoppen. Alhoewel ze al binnen een dag kunnen en zullen grazen, blijven ze tot vier maanden lang in de buurt van het nest. Die tijd worden de jongen gezoogd. Één à twee keer per dag bezoekt het paartje het nest om haar jongen te laten zogen. Met een fluitende roep roept ze de jongen. Ook jongen van andere worpen zullen proberen te zogen, maar het vrouwtje laat enkel haar eigen jongen toe. Soms weet echter ook een vreemd jong bij haar te zogen. Als één paartje hun jongen laat zogen, moet een tweede paartje wachten. Hierdoor is er meestal wel een paartje in de buurt van het nest, dat kan letten op aankomend gevaar.

Verspreiding

Deze soort bewoont de Patagonische pampa's en andere Argentijnse graslanden. Alhoewel de mara uiterlijk veel weg heeft van een haas of een kleine antilope, is hij nauwer verwant met de cavia. Zijn naaste verwant, de kleine mara (Dolichotis salinicola), is kleiner en leeft noordelijker.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Mara (zoogdier): Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De mara, pampahaas of Patagonische haas (Dolichotis patagonum) is een cavia-achtig knaagdier.

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Mara patagońska ( Polish )

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Mara patagońska[5] (Dolichotis patagonum) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny kawiowatych.

W kłębie mierzy do 45 cm, może ważyć do 11 kg. Występuje na stepach południowej części Ameryki Południowej. Ma długie, zakończone kopytkowatymi pazurami nogi. Uszy zwierzęcia są wysokie i spiczaste. Mara porusza się inochodem – specyficznym rodzajem chodu, normalnym też u niektórych innych gatunków ssaków i spotykanym u koni, polegającym na jednoczesnym poruszaniu nóg tej samej strony ciała. Sierść zwierzęcia ma kolor brunatny. Odżywia się zielonymi częściami roślin, nasionami akacji i kaktusami. Żyje 15 lat. Ciąża trwa 3 miesiące, młode po dwóch godzinach od porodu potrafią się samodzielnie poruszać (biegać, skakać). Mary patagońskie są monogamiczne, łączą się w pary na całe życie.

Przypisy

  1. Dolichotis patagonum, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Dolichotis patagonum. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2 listopada 2009]
  3. Dolichotis patagonum. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Dolichotis patagonum. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 09 July 2015.
  5. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
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Mara patagońska: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Mara patagońska (Dolichotis patagonum) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny kawiowatych.

W kłębie mierzy do 45 cm, może ważyć do 11 kg. Występuje na stepach południowej części Ameryki Południowej. Ma długie, zakończone kopytkowatymi pazurami nogi. Uszy zwierzęcia są wysokie i spiczaste. Mara porusza się inochodem – specyficznym rodzajem chodu, normalnym też u niektórych innych gatunków ssaków i spotykanym u koni, polegającym na jednoczesnym poruszaniu nóg tej samej strony ciała. Sierść zwierzęcia ma kolor brunatny. Odżywia się zielonymi częściami roślin, nasionami akacji i kaktusami. Żyje 15 lat. Ciąża trwa 3 miesiące, młode po dwóch godzinach od porodu potrafią się samodzielnie poruszać (biegać, skakać). Mary patagońskie są monogamiczne, łączą się w pary na całe życie.

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Mara (roedor) ( Portuguese )

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Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) é um mamífero sul-americano da família Caviidae. Apresenta grande porte, tendo quase o dobro do tamanho de uma lebre europeia adulta, chegando a pesar até oito quilos.

Ainda que tenha o nome popular de lebre-patagônica, é, na verdade, um parente bem distante das lebres. Sua ligação com os lagomorfos se dá somente por meio do clado Glires. É na verdade um roedor de mesma família das capivaras e cobaias.

Referências

  • WOODS, C. A.; KILPATRICK, C. W. Infraorder Hystricognathi. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 2, p. 1538-1600.
  • OJEDA, R.; PARDINAS, U. 2008. Dolichotis patagonum. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 21 de novembro de 2008.

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Mara (roedor): Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) é um mamífero sul-americano da família Caviidae. Apresenta grande porte, tendo quase o dobro do tamanho de uma lebre europeia adulta, chegando a pesar até oito quilos.

Ainda que tenha o nome popular de lebre-patagônica, é, na verdade, um parente bem distante das lebres. Sua ligação com os lagomorfos se dá somente por meio do clado Glires. É na verdade um roedor de mesma família das capivaras e cobaias.

Dolichotis patagonum closeup.jpg Mara 01.jpg Patagonian Maras.jpg Dolichotis patagonum sniff JdP.jpg Dolichotis patagonum on Barbados 04.jpg
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Vanlig mara ( Swedish )

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Vanlig mara eller stor mara (Dolichotis patagonum) är en gnagare i familjen marsvin (Caviidae) som förekommer i Argentina.

Utseende

Med sina långa extremiteter och sina långa öron påminner djuret mer om en hare än om ett marsvin. Arten når en kroppslängd omkring 70 cm (61 till 81 cm) och en vikt omkring 8 kg. Svansen är mycket kort (maximum 5 cm) och nästan naken. Pälsen är på ovansidan gråbrun, övergången till den vita buken och framsidan är brun. Kännetecknande är en vit päls vid stjärten. Vanlig mara har fyra tår vid framtassen som är utrustade med skarpa klor. Bakfötterna har tre tår med naglar som påminner om hovar. Tandformeln är liksom hos alla andra marsvinsartade gnagare 1/1-0/0-1/1-3/3, alltså 20 tänder.[2][3]

Utbredning och habitat

Vanlig mara lever i Argentinas pampas från provinsen Catamarca söderut till 50 grad sydlig bredd. Den vistas främst i gräsmarker, buskmarker och hittas även i öppna skogar i låglandet.[1]

Ekologi

 src=
En hona med sin unge.

I motsats till flera andra gnagare är vanlig mara aktiv på dagen. Den solbadar mycket och kan springa i 45 km/h över en kilometer om den skulle hotas av ett rovdjur. Arten livnär sig av gräs och andra växtdelar. Den vilar i täta vegetationsansamlingar eller i hålor som skapats av andra djur.[2]

Vanlig mara lever nästan uteslutande i monogama par som undviker kontakt med artfränder. Enda undantaget är grupper av nyfödda ungar med olika föräldrar som lever i samma bo. Före ungarnas födelse gräver honorna jordhålor. Dräktigheten varar cirka 90 till 100 dagar och sedan föds vanligen tvillingar. Ungarna föds med öppna ögon och är väl utvecklade. Födelsen sker mellan augusti och december (oftast september eller oktober). De följande fyra månaderna stannar ungarna i boet där de dagligen dias av sina mödrar. En hona känner igen sina ungar på lukten, men ibland lyckas en främmande unge få mjölk. Honor blir könsmogna efter åtta månader .[2][3]

I fångenskapkan vanlig mara få fyra kullar per år, i naturen vanligen bara en.[1]

Individer i fångenskap kan bli omkring 14 år gamla, livslängden i naturen är okänd.[3]

Status

Arten hotas främst av habitatförstörelse när den ursprungliga pampas omvandlas till jordbruksmark. Den jagas för pälsens skull och därför blev den sällsynt i vissa regioner. Med introducerade får och fältharar har den fått konkurrenter om samma föda. IUCN listar vanlig mara som nära hotad (NT).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Ojeda, R. & Pardinas, U. 2011 Dolichotis patagonum Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 6 september 2012.
  2. ^ [a b c] R. Edwards (14 april 2008). ”Patagonian mara”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 11 april 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130411050443/http://www.arkive.org/patagonian-mara/dolichotis-patagonum/#text=All. Läst 6 september 2012.
  3. ^ [a b c] M. Mascow (14 april 2011). Dolichotis patagonum (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dolichotis_patagonum.html. Läst 6 september 2012.

Externa länkar

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Vanlig mara: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Vanlig mara eller stor mara (Dolichotis patagonum) är en gnagare i familjen marsvin (Caviidae) som förekommer i Argentina.

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Мара патагонська ( Ukrainian )

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Патагонська мара в Одеському зоопарку

Патагонську мару успішно утримують у неволі. В Україні її можна побачити в Рівненському та Одеському зоопарках та в парку Межигір‘я.

Джерела


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Мара патагонська: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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 src= Патагонська мара в Одеському зоопарку

Патагонську мару успішно утримують у неволі. В Україні її можна побачити в Рівненському та Одеському зоопарках та в парку Межигір‘я.

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Chuột lang Patagon ( Vietnamese )

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Chuột lang Patagon (danh pháp hai phần: Dolichotis patagonum) là một loài động vật gặm nhấm thuộc họ Chuột lang. Loài này được Zimmermann mô tả năm 1780.[2] Đây là một trong những loài gặm nhấm lớn nhất thế giới, với trọng lượng trung bình 8 kg, với các mẫu vật lên đến 16 kg. Nó là loài động vật có vú đặc hữu lớn nhất ở Argentina. Nó có chân dài, mạnh mẽ và chạy ở tốc độ cao khi gặp nguy hiểm.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Ojeda, R. & Pardinas, U. (2008). Dolichotis patagonum. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Dolichotis patagonum”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Dolichotis patagonum tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về một loài thuộc bộ Gặm nhấm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Chuột lang Patagon: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Chuột lang Patagon (danh pháp hai phần: Dolichotis patagonum) là một loài động vật gặm nhấm thuộc họ Chuột lang. Loài này được Zimmermann mô tả năm 1780. Đây là một trong những loài gặm nhấm lớn nhất thế giới, với trọng lượng trung bình 8 kg, với các mẫu vật lên đến 16 kg. Nó là loài động vật có vú đặc hữu lớn nhất ở Argentina. Nó có chân dài, mạnh mẽ và chạy ở tốc độ cao khi gặp nguy hiểm.

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マーラ (動物) ( Japanese )

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マーラ マーラ
マーラ Dolichotis patagonum
保全状況評価 NEAR THREATENED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 NT.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ネズミ目 Rodentia 亜目 : テンジクネズミ亜目 Caviomorpha : テンジクネズミ科 Caviidae : マーラ属 Dolichotis : マーラ D. patagonum 学名 Dolichotis patagonum
(Zimmermann, 1780) 和名 マーラ 英名 Patagonian cavy
Patagonian hare
Patagonian mara

マーラDolichotis patagonum)は、テンジクネズミ科マーラ属に分類される齧歯類。マーラ属の模式種

分布[編集]

種小名patagonumは生息地であるパタゴニアに由来し、英名のPatagonianと同義。アルゼンチン固有種

形態[編集]

体長50〜75cm。尾長4.5cm。体重8〜9kg。テンジクネズミ科最大種。背面は褐色、腹面は白い体毛で覆われる。腰の体毛は黒く、臀部に房状の白い体毛が生える。眼や外耳は大型で、四肢は長い。

生態[編集]

パンパに生息する。昼行性で、夜間は地面に掘った穴の中で休む。ペアで生活し、ペアは一生解消されない。オスはメスに従うように行動し、メスが採食や授乳を行う時はオスが見張りを担当する。オス同士は激しく争う。繁殖期や食物が豊富な場所では、複数のペアが集まった大規模な群れを形成することがある。跳躍するように走行し、走行速度は時速45kmに達するとされる。

食性は植物食で、主にイネ科を食べる。

繁殖形態は胎生で、年に2回地面に穴を掘り、1回につき1〜3頭の幼獣を産む。幼獣は生後4か月ほどまで穴の中で過ごし、母親は1日1〜2回この穴を訪れ、穴の外で自分の産んだ幼獣にのみ授乳する。1つの穴を1〜15のペアが共同で使い、穴の近くには少なくとも1つのペアが滞在し、見張りを行う。

画像[編集]

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    イラスト

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、マーラ (動物)に関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにマーラ (動物)に関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

マーラ (動物): Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

マーラ(Dolichotis patagonum)は、テンジクネズミ科マーラ属に分類される齧歯類。マーラ属の模式種

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wikipedia 日本語

파타고니아마라 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

파타고니아마라(Dolichotis patagonum)는 파타고니아에 살고 있는 천축서과 설치류이다. 설치류이지만 다리가 길어 토끼노루를 합쳐놓은 것 같은 생김새이다. 동물원에서 주로 볼 수 있다. 가까운 친척인 캐피바라처럼 애완동물로 기르기도 한다.

각주

  1. “Dolichotis patagonum”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 5일에 확인함.
  2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Dolichotis patagonum. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 09 July 2015.
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