The smallest of India's giant squirrels, Ratufa macroura have a head and body length of 25-45cm (Finn 1929, Nowak 1991). Their tails can be as long or longer (Nowak 1991). Ratufa macroura possess short round ears that are often tufted. Their hands are very broad and are well adapted for gripping. Both their hands and feet are equipped with large powerful claws, making them agile climbers (Nowak 1991). Ratufa macroura get their common name from the coloration of their tails. The dorsal surface of the tail is gray or brownish-gray with distinct white highlights, giving the fur a grizzled appearance (Prater 1971). The coloration of the rest of the body varies greatly by locality and may include various shades of brown, red, gray and black, but the ventral fur is always lighter (Nowak 1991). A number of subspecies have been classified strictly on the basis of color variations (Ellerman 1961).
Range mass: 1.5 to 3 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Ratufa macroura are almost completely arboreal. Forays to the ground occur when evading predators or chasing other squirrels during the breeding season (Nowak 1991). They are very agile in the trees and have the ability to leap more than six meters from tree to tree (Prater 1971). Ratufa macroura use holes in tree trunks as temporary shelters (Nowak 1991).
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Ratufa macroura are distributed throughout southern India and Sri Lanka.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
Ratufa macroura enjoy a diverse diet that includes fruits, nuts, insects, bird eggs, and the bark of some trees (Nowak 1991). The fruit of the climber Combretum ovalifolium is an especially important food source where it occurs. Young squirrels, upon first emerging from the nest, have been observed to feed exclusively on this fruit (Joshua and Johnsingh 1994).
Ratufa macroura is the oldest recorded species in this genus, dating back to 1769 (Ellerman 1961).
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Ratufa macroura are listed on Appendix 2 of CITES (Nowak 1991). The population in south India has been estimated at 300 individuals (Joshua and Johnsingh 1994). The primary threat to their survival is an increasing human population that has caused even traditional activities of forest-dwelling people to become destructive (Joshua and Johnsingh 1994). Thinning of the forest canopy as a result of wood cutting has made Ratufa macroura a more vulnerable target to aerial predators such as the black eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis (Joshua and Johnsingh 1994)
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened
Like many squirrels, Ratufa macroura probably plays a significant role as an agent of seed dispersal (Gurnell 1987). Also, squirrels worldwide have been hunted for food and their fur (Gurnell 1987). Ratufa macroura is probably not an exception.
Ratufa macroura are poorly studied and there is very little data available on their reproductive cycle. The gestation period is believed to last about 28 days (Nowak 1991). During the breeding season, a large nest, similar in appearance to an eagle's nest, is constructed. Parturition occurs within the nest, and the young remain there for at least two to three months (Joshua and Johnsingh 1994). Each litter consists of one or two young, and the female nurses them from her three pairs of mammary glands (Nowak 1991). It has been speculated that Ratufa macroura may raise several litters each year; however, this is unconfirmed (Nowak 1991).
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
The grizzled giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura) is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa found in the highlands of the Central and Uva provinces of Sri Lanka, and in patches of riparian forest along the Kaveri River and in the hill forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of southern India.[4] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species as near threatened due to habitat loss and hunting.
Grizzled giant squirrels are named for the white flecks of hair that cover their greyish-brown bodies, giving them a grizzled look.[5]
R. macroura is the smallest of the giant squirrels found in the Indian subcontinent, with a head and body length of 25 to 45 cm (10–18 in), and tail measuring roughly the same or more, for a total length of 50 to 90 cm (20–35 in). It has small rounded ears with pointed tufts. The home range of an individual is between 1,970 and 6,110 m2 (21,200–65,800 sq ft).
Subspecies dandolena is dorsally brown grizzled with white. Ventrally light brownish cream. Tail frosted with white fur. Forehead and feet are black in color. Whereas ssp. melamochra, upper parts are jet black which contrast brownish cream to orange yellow ventral surface. Tail frosted with black fur. Snout of both ssp. are pinkish color.
Their vision is good, which aids them in detecting predators. Their sense of hearing is relatively poor.[6] The call is staccato and loud with repeated shrill cackle. It is usually uttered in morning and evening. A low "churr" is also used to communicate with nearby groups.
Hands are normally pentadactylous, with four digits and a rudimentary thumb. Fingers have large broad soft pads, where the inner pad is expanded for gripping while moving through branches. Feet are also comprised with soft pads with both fore and hind limbs possessing long, sharp claws.[6]
In India, R. macroura has been recorded from Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Theni Forest Division, Palni Hills, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Anaimalai Tiger reserve, Sirumalai, Thiruvannamalai Forest Division of the Eastern Ghats, Hosur Forest Division and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary.[7] The easternmost population of Ratufa macroura dandolena was discovered in the Pakkamalai Reserve Forest in eastern Tamil Nadu.[8]
Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Shenbagathoppu, Srivilliputtur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Ratufa macroura are known to eat fruits, nuts, insects, bird eggs, and the bark of some trees. The fruit of the climber Combretum ovalifolium is an especially important food source where it occurs. Young squirrels, upon first emerging from the nest, have been observed to feed exclusively on this fruit.[9]
Unlike its relatives, the giant squirrel balances using its two hind feet, instead of its tail.
The species is almost entirely an arboreal, very rarely coming to the ground to escape from predators, to flee from an intruder, attack males of the territory, and connecting with females.[6]
The three subspecies are easily recognizable due to color distinctions. They are also geographically separated demes. The table below lists the three recognized subspecies of Ratufa macroura, along with any synonyms associated with each subspecies:[3]
According to Mammals of Sri Lanka, the three subspecies are identified as follows:
Males are 35 cm long and females with 37 cm. Tail is 37 cm long in males and 38 cm in females. Jet black dorsal area with a sheen. Rump with white grizzling appearance. Underparts brownish creamy to pale yellow. Tail is with dark black fur with white tip. Face has pink color in naked areas. Fur moderately long with few coarse hairs. Geographically, this subspecies is restricted to central highlands up to 2000m, such as Horton Plains.
Males are 37 cm long and females 35 cm. Tail varies from 37 cm in males and 40 cm in females. Males are larger than females. Dorsal surface is brown instead of jet black in subsp. macroura. White rump. Distinct maroon tinge between shoulders. There is a brownish cream crown patch. Underparts are light brownish cream. Tail is dark brown and there is a reddish-brown tip. Fleshy parts of face are pink. Fur moderately long and coarse. Inhabit dry zone parts of the island, as well as India.
Males are 35 cm long and females 37 cm. Tail varies from 37 cm in males and 38 cm in females. Upperparts are jet black with contrasting color variation with creamy yellowish ventral surface. Fur is shorter and coarser. Found in low country wet zone, and intermediate zones of the country.
The grizzled giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura) is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa found in the highlands of the Central and Uva provinces of Sri Lanka, and in patches of riparian forest along the Kaveri River and in the hill forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of southern India. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species as near threatened due to habitat loss and hunting.
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