dcsimg

Description

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Members of this genus are small toads with the following synapomorphies: presence of medial projection of the nasal cartilage at tip of snout, angle between body of clavicle and clavicular acromion process 90 degrees or less (acute), absence of webbing between the toes, and presence of only one prepollical element, which is spherical in shape, along with other characteristics of bufonids (toads). From preservative, coloration of the holotype is that of a dorsal chocolate brown with a narrow dark brown line from tip of snout to cloaca. A dark chocolate brown stripe extends from canthus rostralis through eye and along the flanks to the groin. The chin, chest, belly, and ventral surfaces of limbs are creamy colored with brown mottling. Variation in coloration and pattern of tuberculation (and longitudinal dorsal stripes) is quite variable among specimens. The mean SVL of adult males ranges from 26.1-29.9 mm. Dorsal tubercles brown and spinose, humeral crests hypertrophied in males, sacrococcygeal articulation bicondylar, and quadrate present. Snout pointed when viewed dorsally and protruding past lower jaw when viewed laterally. Upper lip slightly swollen. Lacks cranial crests, tympanum, ostia pharyngea, and vocal slits. Arms robust with broken row of tubercles along ulnar margin. Relative length of fingers are 2
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Distribution and Habitat

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Known from three localities in the Ayacucho region of the Cordillera Oriental of Peru: Ayacucho, La Mar, Yanamonte at 2400 m; Ccarapa, below Tambo on Ayacucho-Valle del Apurimac Rd at 2438 m; and below Tambo on Ayacucho-Valle del Apurimac Rd, at about 2742 m.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Little is known of this species natural history.
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Truebella tothastes

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Truebella tothastes is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Ayacucho Region in the Cordillera Oriental of central Peru and is only known from a few locations west of the Apurímac River.[1][3] The specific name tothastes is a Greek noun meaning "one who scorns" and refers to the enigmatic position of the genus Truebella within the bufonids.[2]

Description

Adult males measure 26–30 mm (1.0–1.2 in) and adult females, based on a single specimen only, 37 mm (1.5 in) in snout–vent length. A smaller female (29 mm (1.1 in) SVL) was not mature. The snout is pointed in dorsal view and acutely rounded and protruding in lateral view. The canthus rostralis is sharp. Tympanum is absent. The arms are robust and the fingers are short, with slightly bulbous tips but no terminal discs; webbing is absent. The legs are short and stocky. The toes have slightly bulbous tips but no terminal discs; webbing is thick and fleshy, barely discernible. Skin has many warts dorsally but parotoid glands are absent. Coloration is variable; preserved specimens are mostly uniformly dark chocolate brown dorsally, but a mid-dorsal stripe, and sometimes, even dorsalateral stripes, may be present. The belly is mottled.[2]

Habitat and conservation

Truebella tothastes occurs in leaf litter of riparian cloud forests at elevations of 2,200–2,440 m (7,220–8,010 ft) above sea level. Its breeding habits are unknown.[1]

Truebella tothastes is an uncommon species. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture and by increased fire frequency. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). "Truebella tothastes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T54892A89197819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T54892A89197819.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Graybeal, Anna & Cannatella, David C. (1995). "A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa". Herpetologica. 51 (2): 105–131. JSTOR 3892580.
  3. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Truebella tothastes Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
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Truebella tothastes: Brief Summary

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Truebella tothastes is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Ayacucho Region in the Cordillera Oriental of central Peru and is only known from a few locations west of the Apurímac River. The specific name tothastes is a Greek noun meaning "one who scorns" and refers to the enigmatic position of the genus Truebella within the bufonids.

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