Brief Summary
(
холандски; фламански
)
добавил Ecomare
Alexandrium is een pantserwier dat je niet wilt tegenkomen. Als ze met velen zijn maken ze een gif, dat schelpdieren en vissen doodt of verlamt. Mensen die dat eten worden ook doodziek, net als vogels. Het zeewater kleurt roodbruin van deze alg. Langs de kusten van Engeland en Denemarken is dat wel eens gebeurd. De zee kan overigens ook zo verkleuren van andere soorten algen, die niet gevaarlijk zijn.
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Brief Summary
(
англиски
)
добавил Ecomare
Alexandrium is one of those dinoflagellates you don't want to run into. This harmful alga poisons shellfish and fish that consume the plankton and can kill or paralyze animals as well as people that eat the (shell)fish. When it blossoms in large amounts, the seawater turns red or brown, causing a so-called red tide. However, not all red tides are necessarily Alexandrium or even harmful algae.
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Ecology
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
A. tamarense is a planktonic dinoflagellate species associated with toxic paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) events around the world. Toxic blooms are commonly reported in Japan (Fukuyo et al. 1985; Ogata et al. 1982; Oshima et al. 1982). Red tide blooms of A. tamarense have been reported in Europe (Mortensen 1985; Moestrup & Hansen 1988), and are common along the NE coast of North America (New England and Canada) (Bicknell & Walsh 1975; Hurst 1975; Loeblich & Loeblich 1975). During a red tide event reported in the Faroe Islands, Norway, in 1984, population levels of A. tamarense were estimated at 1X 107 cells/L and completely dominated the plankton (Mortensen 1985; Moestrup & Hansen 1988).
This species produces an ellipsoidal resting cyst that cannot be distinguished from the cyst produced by A. catenella. This cyst has rounded ends with a thick cell wall, and is covered in mucilage (Fig. 6). Cysts often contain colorless granules and distinct reddish lipid bodies. Size ranges from 36-56 µm in length and 23-32 µm in width (Turpin et al. 1978; Fukuyo 1985; Bolch & Hallegraeff 1990; Hallegraeff 1991; Hallegraeff et al. 1991).
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Habitat and Locality
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англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
A. tamarense is a widely distributed coastal and estuarine dinoflagellate species (Lebour 1925; Steidinger & Tangen 1996) mainly found in cold to cold-temperate waters in North America, Europe and Japan. However, this species has been reported from warmer waters around the world: Australia, Venezuela and the Gulf of Thailand (Balech 1995; Fukuyo et al. 1990; Hallegraeff 1991; Steidinger & Tangen 1996; Taylor et al. 1995).
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Morphology and Structure
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
A. tamarense is a photosynthetic species with a number of orange-brown chloroplasts. A lunar-shaped nucleus is situated ventrally just inside the cingulum (Fig. 1) (Fukuyo 1985; Larsen & Moestrup 1989).
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Nomenclatural Types
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англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
Holotype: Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour, 1925: 92, plate XIV, figs. 1a-1d
Type Locality: English Channel: River Tamar Estuary, near Plymouth, United Kingdom
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Reproduction
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
A. tamarense reproduces asexually by binary fission; plane of fission is oblique. This species also has a sexual cycle with anisogamous mating types. The gametes join laterally for sexual fusion, produce a planozygote which then encysts into a characteristic resting cyst (Fig. 6) (Loeblich & Loeblich 1975; Turpin et al. 1978; Silva 1962).
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Species Comparison
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
A. tamarense can resemble a number of other species within the genus, but it can be distinguished by its cell shape and size, presence of a ventral pore (vp) on the 1' plate, and shape of the thecal plates (Balech 1995; Hallegraeff 1991; Larsen & Moestrup 1989; Steidinger & Tangen 1996).
A. tamarense is very similar morphologically (size, shape and thecal plate formula) to A. catenella; both also produce deadly PSP toxins. Morphological differences lie in the shape of the Po, and presence or absence of a vp: the Po in A. catenella is slightly smaller than that in A. tamarense, and the vp is absent (Fukuyo 1985). Molecular testing conducted on A. catenella from Japan and A. tamarense from Japan and the U.S.A. revealed a close genetic relationship between the two species, however they remain distinct (Adachi et al. 1995).
Morphologically, A. fundyense is nearly identical to A. tamarense except for the missing ventral pore on the 1' plate. A. minutum can also be misidentified as A. tamarense; however, A. tamarense is a smaller species, is always longer than wide, and is found in colder waters than A. minutum (Balech 1995; Hallegraeff 1991; Larsen & Moestrup 1989; Steidinger & Tangen 1996).
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Species Overview
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
Alexandrium tamarense is an armoured, marine, planktonic dinoflagellate. It is associated with toxic PSP blooms in cold water coastal regions.
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Synonyms
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour, 1925
Gonyaulax tamarensis var. excavata Braarud, 1945
Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech, 1971
Gessnerium tamarensis (Lebour) Loeblich and Loeblich, 1979
Protogonyaulax tamarensis (Lebour) Taylor, 1979
Alexandrium excavatum (Braarud) Balech and Tangen, 1985
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Taxonomic Description
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
Cells of A. tamarense are small to medium in size, nearly spherical, and slightly longer than wide (Fig. 1). The first apical plate bears a ventral pore (Figs. 3, 5). Cells are commonly found single or in pairs (Figs. 1-3), and less commonly in fours. Paired cells may contain an anterior attachment pore (aap) and a posterior attachment pore (pap)(Fig. 4). Thecal plates are smooth and thin (Fig. 3). The size and shape of this species is highly variable: cells range in size between 22-51 µm in length and 17-44 µm in transdiameter width (Lebour 1925; Fukuyo et al. 1990; Hallegraeff 1991; Hallegraeff et al. 1991; Larsen & Moestrup 1989; Balech 1995; Taylor et al. 1995; Steidinger & Tangen 1996).
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Thecal Plate Description
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
The plate formula for A. tamarense is: Po, 4', 6'', 6c, 8s, 5''', 2''''. The apical pore complex (APC) is rectangular and narrows ventrally (Fig. 3). The apical pore plate (Po) houses a large fishhook shaped foramen and a small round aap (Figs. 3, 4). The first apical plate (1') is variable in shape: from a broad triangle to a narrow rectangle, and bears a small ventral pore (Figs. 3, 5). The 1' plate comes in direct contact with the Po (Fig. 3) (Lebour 1925; Fukuyo et al. 1985; 1990; Larsen & Moestrup 1989; Balech 1995; Taylor et al. 1995; Steidinger & Tangen 1996).
The epitheca and hypotheca are nearly equal in height (Figs. 1, 2, 5). The epitheca is broadly conical, while the hypotheca is roughly trapezoidal (Figs. 1, 2, 5). The posterior end is slightly indented resulting in two hypothecal lobes; the left lobe is slightly larger than the right (Figs. 1, 2). The deeply excavated cingulum is displaced in a descending fashion one time its width with narrow lists (Figs. 2, 5). The deep sulcus, with lists, widens posteriorly (Figs. 2, 5). The posterior attachment pore (pap), if present, is small and located in the right half of the posterior sulcal plate (Lebour 1925; Fukuyo et al. 1985; 1990; Larsen & Moestrup 1989; Balech 1995; Taylor et al. 1995; Steidinger & Tangen 1996).
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Toxicity
(
англиски
)
добавил NMNH Marine Dinoflagellates
Alexandrium tamarense is a known toxin-producing dinoflagellate species. This species produces very potent PSP neurotoxins which can affect humans, other mammals, fish and birds (Larsen & Moestrup 1989): gonyautoxins (GTX I, II, III, IV and V), neosaxitoxin (NSTX) and saxitoxin (SXT) (Shimizu et al. 1975; Oshima et al. 1977). This species is responsible for numerous human illnesses and several deaths after consumption of infected shellfish: ten deaths in Venezuela in 1977 (Reyes-Vasquez et al. 1979), and one death in Thailand in 1984 (Tamiyavanich et al. 1985). Resting cysts of A. tamarense can also harbor PSP toxins. Dale et al. (1978) demonstrated that cysts were more than ten times as toxic as their motile stage counterparts.
Not all strains of A. tamarense are toxic: both toxic and nontoxic strains have been reported in New England within the same red tide event (Yentsch et al. 1978). Strains in Australia (Hallegraeff 1991), River Tamar estuary, Britain (type locality) (Moestrup & Hansen 1988) and the Gulf of Thailand (Fukuyo et al. 1988) are all non-toxic.
The usual route of PSP toxin transmission is via contaminated shellfish; however, bloom events of A. tamarense have been linked to several massive fish kills: Atlantic herring in the Bay of Fundy, Canada (White 1980); and rainbow trout and salmon in the Faroe Islands, Norway (Mortensen 1985). Hayashi et al. (1982) attribute the fish kills to dinoflagellate toxins accumulated in the food chain; i.e. fish feed on zooplankton infected with PSP poisons and die. However, Ogata and Kodama (1986) report production of ichthyotoxins in cultured media of this species.
- библиографски навод
- Faust, Maria A. and Rose A. Gulledge. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates. Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 42: 1-144 (including 48 plates, 1 figure and 1 table).
Alexandrium tamarense
(
германски
)
добавил wikipedia DE
Alexandrium tamarense ist ein Dinoflagellat. Er ist toxisch[1] und Auslöser der Paralytischen Muschelvergiftung (PSP), einer Krankheit, die beim Menschen auftritt.
Merkmale
Die Theca von Alexandrium tamarense ist aus glatten und dünnen Platten aufgebaut. Im Lichtmikroskop sind sie schlecht zu erkennen. Es sind besondere Methoden der Färbung, Quetschtechniken für die Theka oder Rasterelektronenmikroskopie erforderlich. Die Epitheka ist breit konisch, die zugehörigen Schultern sind undeutlich. Die Hypotheka ist im Profil häufig nicht erkennbar. Sie ist leicht trapezoid und am hinteren Ende konkav. Eine ausgeprägte, auffällige Pore ist in der ersten Apikalplatte zu finden; wenn die Zellen aber noch ganz erhalten sind, ist sie jedoch nicht erkennbar. Antapikale Dornen oder apikale Hörner sind nicht vorhanden.
Lebenszyklus
Der Lebenszyklus ist heteromorph. Es sind benthische Ruhestadien vorhanden. Sie sind glatt und elliptisch. Eine Schleimschicht umgibt sie.
Vorkommen
Alexandrium tamarense kommt häufig in mediterranen Küstengebieten vor.
Einzelnachweise
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↑ Liang, Zhongxiu; Li, Jian; Li, Jitao; Tan, Zhijun; Ren, Hai; Zhao, Fazhen (July 8, 2014). Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Hepatopancreas of Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Ocean University of China 13 (6): 1005–1011. doi:10.1007/s11802-014-2397-8.
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Alexandrium tamarense: Brief Summary
(
германски
)
добавил wikipedia DE
Alexandrium tamarense ist ein Dinoflagellat. Er ist toxisch und Auslöser der Paralytischen Muschelvergiftung (PSP), einer Krankheit, die beim Menschen auftritt.
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Alexandrium tamarense
(
англиски
)
добавил wikipedia EN
Alexandrium tamarense is a species of dinoflagellates known to produce saxitoxin, a neurotoxin which causes the human illness clinically known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Multiple species of phytoplankton are known to produce saxitoxin, including at least 10 other species from the genus Alexandrium.
Recent molecular work shows that this species belongs to the Alexandrium tamarense complex (Atama complex, including A. tamarense, Alexandrium fundyense, Alexandrium catenella) and that none of the three original morphospecies designations forms monophyletic groups in the present SSU-based and previous LSU-based[1] phylogenetic trees, i.e. these species designations are invalid.[2] There is docosahexaenoic acid along with saxitoxin.
References
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^ Lilly, E. L.; Halanych, K. M.; Anderson, D. M. (2007). "Species boundaries and global biogeography of theAlexandrium tamarensecomplex (Dinophyceae)1". Journal of Phycology. 43 (6): 1329–1338. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00420.x.
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^ Miranda, L. N.; Zhuang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Lin, S. (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis guided by intragenomic SSU rDNA polymorphism refines classification of "Alexandrium tamarense" species complex". Harmful Algae. 16: 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2012.01.002.
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Alexandrium tamarense: Brief Summary
(
англиски
)
добавил wikipedia EN
Alexandrium tamarense is a species of dinoflagellates known to produce saxitoxin, a neurotoxin which causes the human illness clinically known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Multiple species of phytoplankton are known to produce saxitoxin, including at least 10 other species from the genus Alexandrium.
Recent molecular work shows that this species belongs to the Alexandrium tamarense complex (Atama complex, including A. tamarense, Alexandrium fundyense, Alexandrium catenella) and that none of the three original morphospecies designations forms monophyletic groups in the present SSU-based and previous LSU-based phylogenetic trees, i.e. these species designations are invalid. There is docosahexaenoic acid along with saxitoxin.
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Gonyaulax tamarensis
(
француски
)
добавил wikipedia FR
Alexandrium tamarense est une espèce marine d'algues unicellulaires. Certaines cellules peuvent produire des neurotoxines paralysantes. Les bivalves filtreurs (les moules ou les myes communes par exemple) peuvent accumuler ces toxines en se nourrissant de ces cellules. Des humains qui consommeraient des bivalves ainsi devenus toxiques, risquent d'être victimes de troubles neurologiques plus ou moins graves (allant jusqu'à une paralysie pouvant entraîner la mort dans les cas les plus graves) en fonction de la dose de toxines qu'ils auront absorbé.
Synonyme
L'espèce a été nommée auparavant Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour (voir le genre Gonyaulax).
Voir aussi
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Gonyaulax tamarensis: Brief Summary
(
француски
)
добавил wikipedia FR
Alexandrium tamarense est une espèce marine d'algues unicellulaires. Certaines cellules peuvent produire des neurotoxines paralysantes. Les bivalves filtreurs (les moules ou les myes communes par exemple) peuvent accumuler ces toxines en se nourrissant de ces cellules. Des humains qui consommeraient des bivalves ainsi devenus toxiques, risquent d'être victimes de troubles neurologiques plus ou moins graves (allant jusqu'à une paralysie pouvant entraîner la mort dans les cas les plus graves) en fonction de la dose de toxines qu'ils auront absorbé.
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Alexandrium tamarense
(
норвешки
)
добавил wikipedia NO
Alexandrium tamarense er en art av Dinoflagellater kjent for å produsere saxitoxin, en nervegift som fører til en sykdom klinisk kjent som lammende skalldyrforgiftning (PSP). Flere arter av planteplankton er kjent for å produsere saxitoxin, inkludert minst ti andre arter fra slekten Alexandrium. [1] Tallet på dinoflagellaten Alexandrium tamarense pr. liter sjøvann er ofte grunnen til at en blir frarådd å spise skalldyr. [2]
Referanser
Videre lesning
- Liang, Zhongxiu; Li, Jian; Li, Jitao; Tan, Zhijun; Ren, Hai; Zhao, Fazhen (8. juli 2014). «Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Hepatopancreas of Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)». Ocean University of China. 13 (6): 1005–1011. doi:10.1007/s11802-014-2397-8. Besøkt 1. desember 2014.
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Lu, Yameng; Wohlrab, Sylke; Gloeckner, Gernot; Guillou, Laure; Uwe, John (November 2014). «Genomic Insights into Processes Driving the Infection of Alexandrium tamarense by the Parasitoid Amoebophrya sp.». Eukaryotic Cell Journal. 13 (11): 1439–1449. PMC 4248694
. doi:10.1128/EC.00139-14.
- Zou, Cheng; Ye, Rui-Min; Zheng, Jian-Wei; Luo, Zhao-He; Gu, Hai-Feng; Yang, Wei-Dong; Li, Hong-Ye; Liu, Jie-Sheng (15. desember 2014). «Molecular phylogeny and PSP toxin profile of the Alexandrium tamarense species complex along the coast of China.». Marine pollution bulletin. 89 (1-2): 209–219. PMID 25444620. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.056. Besøkt 12. februar 2015.
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Alexandrium tamarense: Brief Summary
(
норвешки
)
добавил wikipedia NO
Alexandrium tamarense er en art av Dinoflagellater kjent for å produsere saxitoxin, en nervegift som fører til en sykdom klinisk kjent som lammende skalldyrforgiftning (PSP). Flere arter av planteplankton er kjent for å produsere saxitoxin, inkludert minst ti andre arter fra slekten Alexandrium. Tallet på dinoflagellaten Alexandrium tamarense pr. liter sjøvann er ofte grunnen til at en blir frarådd å spise skalldyr.
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