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Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Anolis is a genus of lizards belonging to the family Polychrotidae. Anoles, as they are commonly known, are distributed from southeastern North America to central South America, including the West Indies. Most anoles are brown, grey or green, with a few exceptions including Anolis gorgonae, which is blue. Anoles are vertebrates (have a backbone or spine), have four limbs and a long tail, and are characterized by having adhesive toe-pads, and in most species, brightly colored throat fans, called dewlaps. Species found in the Caribbean are the most studied, but the majority of species are found in Central and South America (~60%). There is one anole species native to the United States, Anolis carolinensis, also known as the North American Green Anole (1). Often studied as an example of evolutionary diversification and adaptive radiation, the genus Anolis is an important research subject in areas like physiology, behavior, and community ecology, among others. The scientific importance of this group is reflected in that the North American green anole lizard was selected to be the first non-avian reptile to have its genome sequenced (3).
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Middle-America
Distribution: Mexico (exact range unclear fide SMITH & TAYLOR 1950).
Type locality: Mexico.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Middle-America
Distribution: Mexico (Tamaulipas, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán, N Oaxaca), elevation 0-1200 m. ustus: Mexico (Yucatan);
Type locality: œBelize. jacobi: Mexico;
Type locality: œVeracruz kidderi: Mexico;
Type locality: œquinta at Merida, Yucatan
Type locality: El Encero de Jalapa, Veracruz.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Middle-America
Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz, San Luis Potosí), Guatemala, Honduras (elevation 1340-1370 m)
Type locality: Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; restricted to Finca Samac by SMITH & TAYLOR 1950
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: South-America
Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas, Para, Amapa, Rondonia, Acre), French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia (Beni, La Paz), Venezuela (HR 34: 383).
Type locality: Río Napo or Upper Río Marañón, Ecuador or Peru. bouvieri: Guatemala;
Type locality: Escuintla, Guatemala.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Middle-America
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador ?, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Type locality: œVeragua
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Caribbean
Distribution: Puerto Rico
Type locality: œohne genauere Angabe des Fundorts [i.e. not given].
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Caribbean
Distribution: Puerto Rico
Type locality: œUtuado [Puerto Rico]
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Caribbean
Distribution: Jamaica, Bermuda Anolis grahami grahami western Jamaica; Cabarita I. off Port Maria; intergrades with A. g. aquarum.
Type locality: Unknown; restricted to œJamaica by OShaughnessy 1875. Anolis grahami aquarum: Portland and St. Thomas parishes.
Type locality: œBotanical gardens, Bath, St. Thomas [Parish], Jamaica.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Caribbean North-America
Distribution: Jamaica, Cayman I USA (Florida: introduced),
Type locality: Jamaica.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Middle-America South-America
Distribution: Ecuador (elevation 518 m, up to 1800 m), Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz), Peru (Pasco etc.), Venezuela, Brazil (incl. Minas Gerais, Pernambuco), Colombia, Guiana, Surinam, French French Guiana kugleri: Venezuela;
Type locality: El Mene, Acosta District, Estado Falcón, Venezuela.
Type locality: corrected by DOrbigny (1847) to Río Mamoré, between Loreto and œle confluent du Río Sara, Bolivia, and by BOCOURT (1873) to Provincia Moxas, Bolivia (see comment) [cited after PETERS & DONOSO-BARROS 1970]. bocourti: Peru;
Type locality: Nauta, Peru
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Middle-America
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas), W Guatemala
Type locality: San Agustín, on slopes of Volcán Atitlán, Guatemala, elevation 1200 m.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Middle-America Caribbean North-America Asia
Distribution: USA (E Texas, SE Oklahoma, S Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, SE Tennessee), Bahamas, Grand Cayman Islands (HR 33: 321), Anguilla (HR 32: 118), Cuba, Mexico. Introduced to Belize and Hawaii (fide MCKEOWN 1996) Introduced to Japan (Chichizima Is. and Hahazima Is. of Ogasawara Islands.And Okinawazima Is.).
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Caribbean
Distribution: Hispaniola (S Haiti, SW Dominican Republic)
Type locality: Pic la Selle, Département du Sud-Est, Haiti.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Caribbean
Distribution: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic: Cordillera Central)
Type locality: Valle Nuevo, in the Cordiblera Central, southeast of Constanza, 6000 ft. to 8000 ft., La Vega Province, República Dominicana.
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Anolis ( чешки )

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Anolis (nebo také Anoles) je plaz z rodu leguánovitých ještěrů, který byl objeven v roce 1802. Anolisové taxonomicky patří mezi leguány. Zatím je známo kolem 400 druhů a poddruhů.[1]

Kladou jedno, případně dvě vejce v rámci jedné snůšky. Mláďata se vylíhnou zhruba po dvou měsících.[2]

Mohou se dožít poměrně vysokého věku. V optimálních podmínkách se velké druhy mohou dožít více než 10 let, malé druhy 7 let.

Popis

Typickým znakem anolisů jsou přísavné lamely na prstech, které jim umožňují pohyb po hladkém povrchu nebo skle. Také mají částečnou schopnost barvoměny. Zelení anolisové se např. mohou zbarvit do hněda nebo do téměř černé barvy.

Ohrožení

Kromě predátorů (jako jsou např. ptáci nebo hadi) ohrožuje anolisy postupné ničení jejich přirozeného prostředí člověkem - vypalování a kácení lesů, pohromu napáchají i volně pobíhající hospodářská zvířata - např. kozy nebo prasata.

Dorozumívání

Anolisové ovládají široké spektrum optických signálů – pohyby hlavy i celého těla. Můžeme pozorovat i vyplazování jazyka, pohyby ocasem nebo nafukování.

Komunikační projevy se dají pozorovat zejména při setkání dvou navzájem se neznajících jedinců, při námluvách nebo obraně teritoria. Anolisové se nejčastěji dorozumívají napínáním hrdélka v různých intervalech a jeho opětovným stažením. Zároveň s hrdélkem ke komunikaci používají pohyby hlavou (kývání).[3]

Rozšíření

Je rozšířený hlavně na severu Jižní Ameriky a ve Střední Americe. Také obývá ostrovy a státy v Karibském moři a část USA.

Prostředí

Většinou žijí na stromech nebo v jejich okolí v tropických deštných pralesech. Některé druhy jsou natolik přizpůsobivé, že se dají potkat ve městech nebo lidských obydlích (např. Anolis sagrei).

Potrava

Anolisové přijímají hmyz, velké druhy nepohrdnou obojživelníky, plazi nebo drobnými savci. Sní i menší druhy anolisů.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. HOLÁŇOVÁ, Veronika. Anolisové. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2012. 70 s. S. 5.
  2. HOLÁŇOVÁ, Veronika. Anolisové. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2012. 70 s. S. 38, 39, 40.
  3. HOLÁŇOVÁ, Veronika. Anolisové. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2012. 70 s. S. 20, 21.

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Anolis: Brief Summary ( чешки )

добавил wikipedia CZ

Anolis (nebo také Anoles) je plaz z rodu leguánovitých ještěrů, který byl objeven v roce 1802. Anolisové taxonomicky patří mezi leguány. Zatím je známo kolem 400 druhů a poddruhů.

Kladou jedno, případně dvě vejce v rámci jedné snůšky. Mláďata se vylíhnou zhruba po dvou měsících.

Mohou se dožít poměrně vysokého věku. V optimálních podmínkách se velké druhy mohou dožít více než 10 let, malé druhy 7 let.

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Anolis ( германски )

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Anolis, auch Saumfingerechsen,[1] ist eine Gattung kleiner bis mittelgroßer oftmals baumbewohnender Echsen, die zu den Leguanartigen zählt. Anolis ist mit 436[2] anerkannten Arten die artenreichste Echsengattung.[3]

Aussehen und Merkmale

Anolis-Arten erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von unter 10 cm bis ca. 30 cm. Sie sind vergleichsweise schlanke Echsen mit spitzzulaufender länglicher Schädelform. Die Augen sind groß und sitzen hoch am Kopf. Der Schwanz nimmt häufig über 60 % der Körperlänge ein.

Die Körperfärbung variiert unter den Arten zwischen gräulich-(dunkel)braunen oder beigen bis intensiv grünen Tönen. Häufig trägt die Haut eine mitunter reich differenzierte Musterung aus Streifen oder Flecken. Nahezu alle Arten sind außerdem dazu fähig ihre Farbe ähnlich Chamäleons nach Stimmung zu verändern.

Balzender männlicher Anolis
 src=
A. barbatus

Die Männchen der meisten Anolis-Arten besitzen eine zur Körperfarbe kontrastierende Kehlfahne, die sie durch Abspreizen ihres Zungenbeines aufstellen können. Die Weibchen besitzen zumeist kleine oder keine Kehlfahnen. Ausnahmen hierzu sind möglich. So gibt es Anolis-Arten, bei denen auch die Weibchen große und farbige Kehlfahnen besitzen oder die Männchen reduzierte oder keine Kehlfahnen aufweisen. Die Männchen nutzen sie in Verbindung mit Kopfnicken zur Werbung bei der Paarung, zur Revierabgrenzung und um Kontrahenten zu beeindrucken. Bei den Weibchen tritt dieses Verhalten seltener zu Tage.

Anolis-Arten besitzen ähnlich wie Geckos „Haftsohlen“ unter ihren Füßen, die durch eine extrem vergrößerte Oberfläche (makroskopisch: Lamellen, mikroskopisch: Härchen) ein Anhaften selbst an glatten Oberflächen ermöglichen. Dies geschieht nicht durch Festsaugen, sondern durch die Van-der-Waals-Kräfte auf molekularer Größenordnung.

Zudem bietet diese Echsengattung ein Anschauungsbeispiel für Konvergenz in der Evolution. Auf mehreren Antillen-Inseln wurden in ähnlichen ökologischen Nischen phänotypisch nahezu identischen Arten gefunden, trotz unabhängiger, Millionen von Jahren dauernder Entwicklung.[4]

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Gattung Anolis erstreckt sich über den karibischen Raum sowie die angrenzenden Landmassen der südlichen und südöstlichen USA, Mexikos, Mittel- und Südamerikas, wobei mehr als die Hälfte der Anolisarten auf Inseln endemisch sind.[5] Die folgende Liste zeigt die Anzahl der Anolisarten in besonders artenreichen Gebieten:[6]

  • Kuba 64 Arten
  • Hispaniola (Dom. Rep. und Haiti) 54 Arten
  • Puerto Rico 13 Arten
  • Mexiko 58 Arten
  • Guatemala 21 Arten
  • Honduras 38 Arten
  • Costa Rica 39 Arten
  • Kolumbien 75 Arten
  • Venezuela 24 Arten

Lebensweise

Anolis sind gute Kletterer und leben auf Bäumen und im Unterholz, einige Arten bewohnen auch zeitweise den Waldboden. Die Tiere sind territorial und bilden unterschiedliche große Reviere, die verteidigt und je nach Nahrungsangebot und Eignung verändert werden. Die eher kleinen Reviere beinhalten meist verschiedene Versteckmöglichkeiten und Stellen zur Beobachtung der lokalen Umgebung. Je nach Verbreitung leben mehrere Anolis-Arten sympatrisch.

Ernährung

Anolis ernähren sich überwiegend von verschiedenen Wirbellosen, Arten auf dem Festland fast ausschließlich, während auf Inseln lebende Arten oft auch pflanzliche Bestandteile verzehren. Außerdem sind ein bedeutender Teil der Inselendemiten spezialisierte Ameisenfresser. Insgesamt fressen 45 % der Anolisarten Pflanzen, während von allen Echsenarten nur 26 % pflanzliche Bestandteile fressen. Von den auf Inseln vorkommende Anolisarten fressen 58 % Pflanzen und bei 29 % der auf Inseln lebenden Echsen sind Pflanzen Bestandteil der Ernährung. Auf dem Festland ist es umgekehrt. Dort fressen nur 6,5 % der Anolis Pflanzen, bei den Echsen insgesamt sind es 23 %. Grund für die häufige Omnivorie der Inselanolis ist wahrscheinlich ihre dichtere Population der dortigen Arten, in der Regel leben auf der gleichen Fläche auf Inseln 15 mal so viele Individuen wie auf dem Festland. Zum Insektenfang suchen die auf Inseln lebenden Anolis in der Nacht oder Dämmerung oft Flächen auf, die künstlich beleuchtet werden.[7]

Systematik

Die Gattung Anolis wurde im Jahr 1802 durch den französischen Zoologen François Marie Daudin eingeführt.[8] Die Gattung wurde den Leguanen (Iguanidae) zugeordnet, später teilweise auch den Buntleguanen (Polychrotidae). Heute sind die Anolis die einzige Gattung der Familie Dactyloidae, die im Jahr 1843 durch den österreichischen Zoologen Leopold Fitzinger aufgestellt wurde.[9] Die Bezeichnung Anolidae, 1864 durch Edward Drinker Cope benannt,[10] gilt als Synonym der Dactyloidae. Heute gehören 436 Arten zur Gattung Anolis.[2] Verschiedene Versuche die Gattung in mehrere Gattungen aufzuteilen konnten sich bisher nicht durchsetzen[11][12][13][14] und somit sind Audantia, Chamaelinorops, Ctenonotus, Dactyloa, Deiroptyx, Norops und Xiphosurus als Synonyme von Anolis anzusehen.

Arten

Zur Gattung Anolis gehören derzeit 436 rezente Arten:[2]

Anolis und Menschen

Viele Anolis-Arten sind beliebte Terrarien-Tiere und werden weltweit von Reptilienhaltern gepflegt. Die in der Heimtierhaltung bekannteste Art ist der Rotkehlanolis (Anolis carolinensis) aus Florida. Dieselbe Art war auch das erste Reptil, dessen Genom vollständig sequenziert wurde.

Literatur

  • Axel Flaschendräger, Leo C. Wijffles: Anolis. In Biotop und Terrarium. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Münster 1996, ISBN 3-931587-04-5.
  • Gordon H. Rodda: Lizards of the World: Natural History and Taxon Accounts. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2020, ISBN 978-1-4214-3823-8, S. 173–196.
  • Jonathan Losos: Lizards in an evolutionary tree: Ecology and adaptive radiation of Anoles. (= Organisms and environments. Band 10). University of California Press, Berkeley u. a. 2011, ISBN 978-0-520-25591-3.

Belege

  1. Forschung auf senckenberg.de, abgerufen am 24. November 2014.
  2. a b c Anolis In: The Reptile Database; abgerufen am 5. Oktober 2020.
  3. Largest genus of lizards. Abgerufen am 15. April 2021 (deutsch).
  4. D. Luke Mahler, Travis Ingram, Liam J. Revell, Jonathan B. Losos: Exceptional Convergence on the Macroevolutionary Landscape in Island Lizard Radiations. In: Science. Band 341, Nr. 6143, 2013, S. 292–295, doi:10.1126/science.1232392.
  5. Rodda, 2020, S. 174.
  6. Rodda, 2020, S. 173.
  7. Rodda, 2020, S. 174 u. 175.
  8. Daudin, F.M. 1802. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des reptiles : ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini. Tome Quatrième. L'Imprimerie de F. Dufart: Paris. 397 pp. + plates XLVI–XLVIII. im Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  9. Fitzinger, L. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel: Wien. vi + 106 pp. BHL Seite dieser Quellenangabe.im Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  10. Cope, E.D. 1864. On the characters of the higher groups of Reptilia Squamata and especially of the Diploglossa. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Band 16, S. 224–231.
  11. Kirsten E. Nicholson, Brian I. Crother, Craig Guyer, Jay M. Savage: It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). (= Zootaxa. Band 3477). Magnolia Press, Auckland 2012, ISBN 978-1-77557-010-3, Digitalisat (PDF; 8,2 MB).
  12. Steven Poe: New genera of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) are unwarranted. In: Zootaxa. Band 3626, Nr. 2, 2013, S. 295–299, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3626.2.7.
  13. Steven Poe, Adrián Nieto-montes de oca, Omar Torres-carvajal, Kevin De Queiroz, Julián A. Velasco, Brad Truett, Levi N. Gray, Mason J. Ryan, Gunther Köhler, Fernando Ayala-varela: A Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, and Taxonomic study of all Extant Species of Anolis (Squamata; Iguanidae). In: Systematic Biology. Band 66, Nr. 5, 2017, S. 663–697, doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx029.
  14. Kirsten E. Nicholson, Brian I. Crother, Craig Guyer, Jay M. Savage: Translating a clade based classification into one that is valid under the international code of zoological nomenclature: the case of the lizards of the family Dactyloidae (Order Squamata). In: Zootaxa. Band 4461, Nr. 4, 2018, S. 573–586, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.7.

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Anolis: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Anolis, auch Saumfingerechsen, ist eine Gattung kleiner bis mittelgroßer oftmals baumbewohnender Echsen, die zu den Leguanartigen zählt. Anolis ist mit 436 anerkannten Arten die artenreichste Echsengattung.

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Teju tara ( гварански )

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Teju tara

Teju tara (karaiñe'ẽ: camaleón) teju apytépegua. Osẽ asajekue jave kokuére ha tapére. Oje’e avei chupe teju asaje’i. Ndatuichaguasúi, hete para hũngy, oiko yvyra rakãre. Apepu rakãre.

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Анолисттер ( киргиски )

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 src=
Anolis carolinensis.

Анолисттер (лат. Anolis) — кескелдириктердин бир уруусу, булардын бир нече түрү белгилүү: (лат. A. ricordi) — дөөанолис, (лат. A. cardinensis) — кызыл тамак анолис, (лат. А. phyllarhinus) — жалбырак тумшук анолис, (лат. A. equestris) — баатыр анолис, (лат. A. cyanophleurus) — кооздолгон анолис.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Анолисттер: Brief Summary ( киргиски )

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 src= Anolis carolinensis.

Анолисттер (лат. Anolis) — кескелдириктердин бир уруусу, булардын бир нече түрү белгилүү: (лат. A. ricordi) — дөөанолис, (лат. A. cardinensis) — кызыл тамак анолис, (лат. А. phyllarhinus) — жалбырак тумшук анолис, (лат. A. equestris) — баатыр анолис, (лат. A. cyanophleurus) — кооздолгон анолис.

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Anolis ( англиски )

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Anolis is a genus of anoles (US: /əˈn.liz/ (listen)), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species,[1] it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to be moved to other genera, in which case only about 45 Anolis species remain.[2][3] Previously, it was classified under the family Polychrotidae that contained all the anoles, as well as Polychrus, but recent studies place it in the Dactyloidae.[2]

Taxonomy

This very large genus displays considerable paraphyly, but phylogenetic analysis suggests a number of subgroups or clades.[2][4] Whether these clades are best recognized as subgenera within Anolis or separate genera remains a matter of dispute.[2][3][5]

If the clades are recognized as full genera, about 45 species remain in Anolis, with the remaining moved to Audantia (9 species), Chamaelinorops (7 species), Ctenonotus (more than 40 species), Dactyloa (circa 95 species), Deiroptyx (almost 35 species), Norops (about 190 species), and Xiphosurus (around 15 species).[2][3] Some of these can be further subdivided. For example, Phenacosaurus was often listed as a full genus in the past, but it is a subclade within Dactyloa (Dactyloa heteroderma species group).[6] Among the subgroups within Anolis are:

In 2011, the green (or Carolina) anole (Anolis carolinensis) became the first reptile to have its complete genome published.[7]

Closely related, recently diverged anole lizards exhibited more divergence in thermal biology than in morphology. These anole lizards are thought to have the same structural niche and have similarities in their size and shape, but they inhabit different climatic niches with was variability in temperature and openness of the environment. This suggests that thermal physiology is more associated with recently diverged anole lizards.[8][9]

Ecomorphs

Anolis lizards are some of the best examples of both adaptive radiation and convergent evolution. Populations of lizards on isolated islands diverge to occupy separate ecological niches, mostly in terms of the location within the vegetation where they forage (such as in the crown of trees vs. the trunk vs. underlying shrubs).[10] These divergences in habitat are accompanied by morphological changes primarily related to moving on the substrate diameter they most frequently encounter, with twig ecomorphs having short limbs, while trunk ecomorphs have long limbs.

In addition, these patterns repeat on numerous islands, with animals in similar habitats converging on similar body forms repeatedly.[10][11] This demonstrates adaptive radiation can actually be predictable based on habitat encountered, and experimental introductions onto formerly lizard-free islands have proven Anolis evolution can be predicted.[12][13][14][15]

After appearing on each of the four Greater Antillean Islands about 50 million years ago, Anolis lizards spread on each island to occupy niches in the island's trees. Some living in the tree canopy area, others low on the tree trunk near the ground; others in the mid-trunk area, others on twigs. Each new species developed its own distinct body type, called an ecomorph, adapted to the tree niche where it lived. Together, the different species occupied their various niches in the trees as a "community". A study of lizard fossils trapped in amber shows that the lizard communities have existed for about 20 million years or more. Four modern ecomorph body types, trunk-crown, trunk-ground, trunk, and twig, are represented in the amber fossils study. Close comparison of the lizard fossils with their descendants alive today in the Caribbean shows the lizards have changed little in the millions of years.[16][17]

Behavior

As ectotherms, Anolis lizards must regulate their body temperature partly through behavioral changes and bask in the sunlight to gain enough heat to become fully active, but lizards cannot behaviorally warm themselves at night when temperatures drop. Because of this, cold tolerance evolves faster than heat tolerance in these lizards.[18] On the island of Hispanola, both high-altitude and low-altitude lizard populations exist, and the thermal conditions at high and low elevations differ significantly.[19] High-altitude lizards have shifted their ecological niche to boulder environments, where warming themselves is easier, and they show changes in the shape of limbs and skull that make them better adapted to these environments.

Species

The Anolis lizards that are less susceptible to predation are those with a dewlap in which both the scales and the exposed skin areas between them match the usual pale gray or whitish of the rest of the ventral surface.[20]

Dewlap

The dewlap is a flap of skin found beneath the jaw or throat of Anolis lizards. It can present in a variety of colorations, and is most present in male anoles. The dewlap is extended by means of the hyoid muscles in the throat, and can be flashed in a “pulse” pattern where the flap is extended repeatedly, or a “moving flag” pattern, where the lizard flashes it continuously while bobbing up and down.[21] The coloration of the dewlap is caused by two pigments, pterins and carotenoids. Pterin pigments are compounds synthesized from guanine, whereas carotenoids are pigments acquired from the diet.[22] Both cause the red-yellow hues most commonly found in Anolis lizard dewlaps. The function of the dewlap in Anolis lizards has been a topic of debate for centuries. It is thought that the dewlap is flashed as a visual signal for other competing males, or as a courtship signal for single females. It has also been hypothesized that the dewlap serves as a signal for sex recognition.[23]

Pink dewlap on an Anolis carolinensis lizard.

Initial Studies

The first study done on dewlap function was by Mertens (1926). The initial assumption was that the dewlap was flashed as a method of sexual selection, and that the males would use it in order to attract females. It is hypothesized that female Anolis lizards are more attracted to males who flash their dewlaps more often, or have more brightly colored dewlaps.[24] This was then challenged by the hypothesis that males flashed their dewlap as a way to threaten other males in the area.[25] During intermale fights, dewlaps are flashed. More currently, many studies have been done on the dewlap as a function for species recognition, with focus on the relationship of the contrast between dewlap color and environment.

Relationship with Environment

The dewlap comes in a variety of colors, ranging from yellow, blue, and red. It was previously believed that the color of the dewlap is what mattered most in interlizard interactions, but it has since been found that there exists a relationship between habitat light conditions and dewlap color.[26][21] This means that, rather than the color being of importance, it is the contrast of the dewlap against the background of its environment that best visually signals to other lizards. There have been many methods used to determine this. Persons et. al (1999) found that the probability of a dewlap showing being detected goes up with the contrast of dewlap against the background. They determined this by measuring the amount of times a “positive response” of the lizard's eyes turning towards a flashed dewlap occurred among different background contrasts. Similarly, Leal and Fleishman (2002) found that the light conditions in which a lizard displays its dewlap affects the probability of it being visually detected. They did this by measuring the UV spectral reflectance of dewlaps in Anolis cristatellus lizards using a spectroradiometer, then measuring the spectral sensitivity of the lizards’ retinal responses using electroretinographic (ERG) flicker photometry.[27]

Evolution

Anolis lizards have emerged to be a good example of adaptive radiation. The difference in dewlap morphology among Anolis lizard populations demonstrates this phenomenon. Anolis lizards have the ability to adapt to different areas of the environment in a way where multiple species can coexist effectively. The amount of vegetation in an environment affects the amount of light absorbed. Studies have shown that lighting affects the dewlap’s function as a visual signal. The diversity in vegetation in Anolis lizards’ environments has caused a similar diversity in dewlap morphology, as different species of anoles adapt to the lighting conditions in their environment.[27] The ability for a lizard to signal effectively also means it is able to defend its territory and attract mates more effectively, making it a good competitor.

The relationship between background contrast and visual signals also suggests that there exists a coevolution between the signals and sensory systems of Anolis lizards.[28] The environmental diversity of Anolis habitats causes a diversity in the recognition of individuals. Sensory systems must be able to effectively pick up on dewlap signals, thus coevolving with the changes in dewlap characteristics.

One of the main limitations to these theories is that of gene flow. Population genetic theory says that gene flow can counteract evolutionary adaptations made and prevent signal divergence, due to an influx of abnormal alleles into the new population.[29] This causes a genetic homogenization and challenges the idea that dewlap morphology in Anolis lizards and their sensory systems have coevolved.

References

  1. ^ Uetz, P.; Hallermann, J. (2018). "Dactyloidae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e Nicholson, Kirsten E.; Crother, Brian I.; Guyer, Craig; Savage, Jay M. (2012). "It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3477 (1): 1–108, page 38. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3477.1.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2016. Abstract
  3. ^ a b c Nicholson, K.A.; B.I. Crother; C. Guyer; J.M. Savage (2018). "Translating a clade based classification into one that is valid under the international code of zoological nomenclature: the case of the lizards of the family Dactyloidae (Order Squamata)". Zootaxa. 4461 (4): 573–586. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.7. PMID 30314068. S2CID 52975031.
  4. ^ Glor, Richard E.; Jonathan, B. Losos; Larson, Allan (2005). "Out of Cuba: overwater dispersal and speciation among lizards in the Anolis carolinensis subgroup" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 14 (8): 2419–2432. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02550.x. PMID 15969724. S2CID 20092906.
  5. ^ Poe; Nieto-Montes de Oca; Torres-Carvajal; Queiroz; Velasco; Truett; Gray; Ryan; Köhler; Ayala-Varela; Latella (2017). "A Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, and Taxonomic study of all Extant Species of Anolis (Squamata; Iguanidae)". Systematic Biology. 66 (5): 663–697. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx029. PMID 28334227.
  6. ^ Nicholson 2012, p. 17
  7. ^ Sweetlove, Lee (2011-08-31). "Lizard genome unveiled". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.512.
  8. ^ Losos, J. B. (2009). Lizards in an evolutionary tree: ecology and adaptive radiation of anoles. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
  9. ^ Hertz, P.E.; Arima, Y.; Harrison, A.; Huey, R.B.; Losos, J.B.; Glor, R.E. (2012). "Asynchronous evolution of physiology and morphology in Anolis lizards". Org. Evol. 67 (7): 2101–2113. doi:10.1111/evo.12072. PMID 23815663. S2CID 2793493.
  10. ^ a b Losos, J.B. (2007). "Detective work in the West Indies: integrating historical and experimental approaches to study island lizard evolution" (PDF). BioScience. 57 (7): 585–597. doi:10.1641/b570712. S2CID 6869606.
  11. ^ Losos, J. B.; Jackman, T. R.; Larson, A.; de Queiroz, K.; Rodriguez-Schettino, L. (1998). "Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards". Science. 279 (5359): 2115–2118. Bibcode:1998Sci...279.2115L. doi:10.1126/science.279.5359.2115. PMID 9516114.
  12. ^ Calsbeek, R (2008). "Experimental evidence that competition and habitat use shape the individual fitness surface". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 22 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01625.x. PMID 19120813. S2CID 25745447.
  13. ^ Calsbeek, R.; Buermann, W.; Smith, T.B. (2009). "Parallel shifts in ecology and natural selection in an island lizard". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 3. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-3. PMC 2630972. PMID 19126226.
  14. ^ Calsbeek, R.; Cox, R.M. (2010). "Experimentally assessing the relative importance of predation and competition as agents of selection". Nature. 465 (7298): 613–616. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..613C. doi:10.1038/nature09020. PMID 20453837. S2CID 4326027.
  15. ^ Calsbeek, R.; Smith, T.B. (2007). "Probing the adaptive landscape using experimental islands: density-dependent natural selection on lizard body size". Evolution. 61 (5): 1052–1061. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00093.x. PMID 17492960. S2CID 4643163.
  16. ^ "Trapped in Amber: Ancient fossils reveal remarkable stability of Caribbean lizard communities". 27 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  17. ^ Sherratt, Emma; Castañeda, María del Rosario; Garwood, Russell J.; Mahler, D. Luke; Sanger, Thomas J.; Herrel, Anthony; Queiroz, Kevin de; Losos, Jonathan B. (2015-07-27). "Amber fossils demonstrate deep-time stability of Caribbean lizard communities". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (32): 9961–9966. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.9961S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1506516112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4538666. PMID 26216976.
  18. ^ Muñoz, Martha M.; Stimola, Maureen A.; Algar, Adam C.; Conover, Asa; Rodriguez, Anthony J.; Landestoy, Miguel A.; Bakken, George S.; Losos, Jonathan B. (2014-03-07). "Evolutionary stasis and lability in thermal physiology in a group of tropical lizards". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1778): 20132433. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2433. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3906933. PMID 24430845.
  19. ^ Muñoz, Martha M.; Losos, Jonathan B. (January 2018). "Thermoregulatory Behavior Simultaneously Promotes and Forestalls Evolution in a Tropical Lizard". The American Naturalist. 191 (1): E15–E26. doi:10.1086/694779. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 29244559. S2CID 3918571.
  20. ^ Fitch, H.S.; Hillis, D.M. (1984). "The anolis dewlap: Interspecific variability and morphological associations with habitat". Copeia. 1984 (2): 315–323. doi:10.2307/1445187. JSTOR 1445187.
  21. ^ a b Persons, M.H., Fleishman, L.J., Frye, M.A., Stimphil, M.E., 1999. Sensory response patterns and the evolution of visual signal design in Anoline Lizards. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 184(6), pp. 585–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050358.
  22. ^ Steffen, J.E. and McGraw, K.J., 2007. Contributions of pterin and carotenoid pigments to dewlap coloration in two anole species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 146(1), pp. 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.08.017.
  23. ^ Sigmund, W.R., 1983. Female preference for Anolis carolinensis males as a function of dewlap color and background coloration. Journal of Herpetology, 17(2), p. 137. https://doi.org/10.2307/1563454.
  24. ^ Sigmund, W.R., 1983. Female preference for Anolis carolinensis males as a function of dewlap color and background coloration. Journal of Herpetology, 17(2), p. 137. https://doi.org/10.2307/1563454.
  25. ^ Noble, G.K. and Bradley, H.T., 1933. The mating behavior of lizards; its bearing on the theory of sexual selection. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 35(1), pp. 25–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1933.tb55365.x.
  26. ^ Fleishman, L.J., Perez-Martinez, C.A. and Leal, M., 2022. Can sensory drive explain the evolution of visual signal diversity in terrestrial species? A test with anolis lizards. The American Naturalist, 200(2), pp. 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1086/720267.
  27. ^ a b Leal, M. and Fleishman, L.J., 2002. Evidence for habitat partitioning based on adaptation to environmental light in a pair of sympatric lizard species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 269(1489), pp. 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1904.
  28. ^ Leal, M. and Fleishman, L.J., 2004. Differences in visual signal design and detectability between allopatric populations of anolis lizards. The American Naturalist, 163(1), pp. 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1086/379794.
  29. ^ Dieckmann, U. and Doebeli, M.,1999. On the origin of species by sympatric speciation. Nature, 400(6742), pp. 354–357. https://doi.org/10.1038/22521.
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Anolis: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Anolis is a genus of anoles (US: /əˈnoʊ.liz/ (listen)), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to be moved to other genera, in which case only about 45 Anolis species remain. Previously, it was classified under the family Polychrotidae that contained all the anoles, as well as Polychrus, but recent studies place it in the Dactyloidae.

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Anolis ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Dos ejemplares de Anolis carolinensis luchando por el territorio.

Los abaniquillos (Anolis) son un género de lagartos escamosos dactiloidos.[1]​ Son endémicos de América. Ciertas especies pueden cambiar de color, lo que les da el nombre común de camaleones americanos. Existen 437 especies según las últimas investigaciones.[2][1]​ Anteriormente, se clasificó en la familia Polychrotidae que contenía todos los géneros de abaniquillos, así como al género Polychrus, que contiene a los falsos camaleones. Estudios recientes ubican al género Anolis en la familia Dactyloidae.[3]

Especies

Se reconocen las siguientes 414 especies:[4][2]

Simbología

En la Amazonia, encontrar un anólido (lagartos llamados localmente "camaleones") indica buena suerte, y matarlos trae un mal agüero o presagio. Aun así, hay quien ignora las leyendas y mata los "camaleones" de la Amazonia para comérselos.[cita requerida]

Galería de fotos

Referencias

  1. a b Uetz, P.; Hallermann, J. (2018). «Anolis». The Reptile Database. Consultado el 5 de noviembre de 2018.
  2. a b Poe, 2013 : 1986 Redux: New genera of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) are unwarranted. Zootaxa, no 3626, p. 295-299.
  3. Nicholson, Kirsten E.; Crother, Brian I.; Guyer, Craig; Savage, Jay M. (12 de septiembre de 2012). «It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae)». Zootaxa 3480 (1): 88. ISSN 1175-5334. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3480.1.5. Consultado el 4 de mayo de 2022.
  4. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Anolis». Reptile Database (en inglés). Reptarium. Consultado el 18 de abril de 2016.
  5. Zootaxa 1175 (1). 19 de abril de 2006. ISSN 1175-5334. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1175.1 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1175.1 |url= sin título (ayuda). Consultado el 25 de junio de 2021.

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Anolis: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Dos ejemplares de Anolis carolinensis luchando por el territorio. Anolis transversalis en el Parque nacional Corcovado (Costa Rica).

Los abaniquillos (Anolis) son un género de lagartos escamosos dactiloidos.​ Son endémicos de América. Ciertas especies pueden cambiar de color, lo que les da el nombre común de camaleones americanos. Existen 437 especies según las últimas investigaciones.​​ Anteriormente, se clasificó en la familia Polychrotidae que contenía todos los géneros de abaniquillos, así como al género Polychrus, que contiene a los falsos camaleones. Estudios recientes ubican al género Anolis en la familia Dactyloidae.​

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Anolis ( баскиски )

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Anolis Dactyloidae familian sailkatutako narrasti genero bakarra da. Bere barruan 400 bat espezie deskribatu dira, eta honek amniotaren barruan espezie gehien dituen generoa izatera eraman du. Espezieetako batzuk Norops barruan sailkatu dira azken aldian, baina honen baliagarritasuna ezbaian dago oraindik eta ez du onarpen osorik. Anolis carolinensis izan da bere genoma osoa sekuentziatua izan duen lehen narrastia.

Espezieak

Ikus, gainera

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Anolis: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Anolis Dactyloidae familian sailkatutako narrasti genero bakarra da. Bere barruan 400 bat espezie deskribatu dira, eta honek amniotaren barruan espezie gehien dituen generoa izatera eraman du. Espezieetako batzuk Norops barruan sailkatu dira azken aldian, baina honen baliagarritasuna ezbaian dago oraindik eta ez du onarpen osorik. Anolis carolinensis izan da bere genoma osoa sekuentziatua izan duen lehen narrastia.

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Anolis ( француски )

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Anolis, unique représentant de la famille des Dactyloidae, est un genre de sauriens[1].

Dénominations

Caractéristiques

De nombreuses espèces possèdent – comme les geckos – des setæ sous les doigts, qui leur permet d'être de très bons grimpeurs. Ils présentent une forme allongée, avec une queue atteignant au moins un tiers de la longueur totale. Ils ont une tête allongée, avec un museau généralement assez pointu, et des yeux proéminents.

Certaines espèces ont à l'instar des caméléons des yeux dotés de mobilité indépendante. Certains peuvent de plus changer de couleur en fonction de divers paramètres tels que l'humeur, les conditions externes, la période, bien que de façon moins spectaculaire que la plupart des caméléons.

Les mâles sont dotés d'un fanon gulaire généralement rouge, qu'ils déploient pour impressionner les autres mâles (ce sont des animaux territoriaux) et pour séduire les femelles.

Selon les espèces d'Anolis la masse de ces reptiles varie de 3-30 g[2]. La longueur de leurs sauts varie également, d'environ 30-60 cm[2].

Écologie et comportement

Alimentation

 src=
Anolis vert avalant une Éristale.

Ce sont des lézards diurnes, principalement arboricoles, qui consomment majoritairement des insectes bien que plusieurs espèces consomment également des fruits.

Habitat et répartition

Plus de 400 espèces de ce genre se rencontrent dans le sud-est de l'Amérique du Nord, en Amérique centrale, aux Antilles et dans le nord de l'Amérique du Sud[1].

Classification

Liste des espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (28 mars 2020)[3] :

Taxinomie

Anciennement placé dans la famille des Polychrotidae, ce genre est désormais placé dans les Dactyloidae[4].

Avec presque 400 espèces différentes, Anolis est le genre d'amniotes le plus riche en espèces. Il a été réduit à une cinquantaine d'espèces à la suite d'une révision[5] puis rétabli en un genre unique au sein de sa famille par Steven Poe en 2013[6].

Publications originales

  • Cochran, 1934 : Herpetological collections made in Hispaniola by the Utowana Expedition, 1934. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 8, p. 163-188 (texte intégral).
  • Daudin, 1802 : Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; ouvrage faisant suit à l'Histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et rédigee par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes, vol. 4, F. Dufart, Paris, p. 1-397 (texte intégral).
  • Fitzinger, 1843 : Systema Reptilium, fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Wien, p. 1-106 (texte intégral).
  • Schmidt, 1919 : Descriptions of new Amphibians and Reptiles from Santo Domingo and Navassa. New York Bulletin of the American Museum, vol. 41, p. 519-525 (texte intégral).
  • Fitzinger, 1826 : Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandtschaften nebst einer Verwandschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. Zoologischen Museums zu Wien J. G. Heubner, Wien, p. 1-66 (texte intégral).* Wagler, 1830 : Natürliches System der Amphibien : mit vorangehender Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel : ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. München p. 1-354 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. a et b (en) Toro, Herrel & Irschick, 2004 : The evolution of junmping performance in caribbean anolis lizards: Solutions to biomechanical trade-offs The American Nauralist, vol. 163, no 6, p. 844-856 [(en) lire en ligne]
  3. Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté le 28 mars 2020
  4. Townsend, Mulcahy, Noonan, Sites, Kuczynski, Wiens & Reeder, 2011 : Phylogeny of iguanian lizards inferred from 29 nuclear loci, and a comparison of concatenated and species-tree approaches for an ancient, rapid radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 61, no 2, p. 363–380
  5. Nicholson, Crother, Guyer & Savage, 2012 : It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa, no 3477, p. 1-108 (texte intégral)
  6. Poe, 2013 : 1986 Redux: New genera of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) are unwarranted. Zootaxa, no 3626, p. 295-299 (texte intégral)
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Anolis: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Anolis, unique représentant de la famille des Dactyloidae, est un genre de sauriens.

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Anolis ( италијански )

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Anolis Daudin, 1802 è un genere di lucertole che comprende quasi 400 specie note come anolidi. È l'unico genere della famiglia Dactyloidae Fitzinger, 1843[1].

Descrizione

Anole - Dactyloidae.jpg

Sono sauri lunghi da meno di 10 cm ad oltre 60 cm, con zampe lunghe e provviste di artigli. La loro peculiarità è di avere un sacco giugulare ampio (spesso detto gorgiera) che viene tenuto normalmente ripiegato, ma può essere dispiegato mediante un complesso meccanismo dello ioide per contrassegnare il territorio personale, durante le esibizioni che precedono l'accoppiamento e negli atteggiamenti minacciosi verso i rivali.

Biologia

Gli anolidi sono ovipari. Durante il periodo dell'accoppiamento, il maschio espande la propria gorgiera per attrarre a sé le femmine grazie ai suoi colori.

Distribuzione e habitat

Il genere è diffuso nel Nuovo Mondo, dal sud-est degli Stati Uniti sino alla parte settentrionale del Sud America.

Tassonomia

Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b Genus:Anolis, su The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 27 maggio 2014.

Bibliografia

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Anolis: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Anolis Daudin, 1802 è un genere di lucertole che comprende quasi 400 specie note come anolidi. È l'unico genere della famiglia Dactyloidae Fitzinger, 1843.

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Dactyloidae ( полски )

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Dactyloidaemonotypowa rodzina jaszczurek zaliczana do infrarzędu Iguania[10].

Zasięg występowania

Rodzina obejmuje kilkaset gatunków występujących w Ameryce[11].

Systematyka

Etymologia

  • Anolis: karaibska nazwa Anoli dla „jaszczurki”[12].
  • Dactyloa: gr. δακτυλος daktulos „palec”; ωα ōa „brzeg, krawędź”[2]. Gatunek typowy: Anolis cuvieri Merrem, 1820.
  • Draconura: gr. δρακων drakōn, δρακοντος drakontos „wąż, smok”[13]; ουρα oura „ogon”[14]. Gatunek typowy: Draconura nitens Wagler, 1830 (= Anolis chrysolepis A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1837).
  • Norops: gr. νωροψ nōrops „lśniący”[3]. Gatunek typowy: Anolis auratus Daudin, 1802.
  • Chamaeleolis: zbitka wyrazowa nazw rodzajów: Chamaeleo Laurenti, 1876 i Anolis Daudin, 1802[4]. Gatunek typowy: Anolis chamaeleonides A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1837.
  • Ctenonotus: gr. κτεις kteis, κτενος ktenos „grzebień”[15]; ους ous, ωτος ōtos „ucho”[16]. Gatunek typowy: Lacerta bimaculata Sparrman, 1784.
  • Semiurus: gr. σημα sema, σηματος sematos „znak, znamię”[17]; ουρα oura „ogon”[14]. Gatunek typowy: Anolis ricordii A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1837.
  • Xiphocercus: gr. ξιφος xiphos miecz[18]; κερκος kerkos „ogon”[19]. Gatunek typowy: Anolis chlorocyanus A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1837.
  • Chamaelinorops: zbitka wyrazowa nazw rodzajów: Chamaeleolis A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1837 oraz Norops Wagler, 1830[7]. Gatunek typowy: Chamaelinorops barbouri Schmidt, 1919.
  • Phenacosaurus: gr. φεναξ phenax, φενακος phenakos „oszust”[20]; σαυρος sauros „jaszczurka”[21]. Gatunek typowy: Anolis heterodermus A.M.C. Duméril, 1851.

Podział systematyczny

Do rodziny należy jeden rodzaj z następującymi gatunkami[11]:

Niektórzy autorzy wydzielają z rodzaju Anolis rodzaje: Chamaelinorops, Chamaeleolis, Ctenonotus, Dactyloa, Norops, Phenacosaurus, Semiurus[10].

Przypisy

  1. Dactyloidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Wagler 1830 ↓, s. 148.
  3. a b c Wagler 1830 ↓, s. 149.
  4. a b A.M.C. Duméril & G. Bibron: Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. T. 4. Paris: Roret, 1837, s. 168, 171. (fr.)
  5. a b Fitzinger 1843 ↓, s. 16, 64.
  6. Fitzinger 1843 ↓, s. 17, 67.
  7. a b K.P. Schmidt. Descriptions of new amphibians and reptiles from Santo Domingo and Navassa. „Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History”. 41, s. 523, 1919 (ang.).
  8. T. Barbour. A note on Xiphocercus. „Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club”. 7, s. 62, 1920 (ang.).
  9. F.M. Daudin: Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des reptiles, ouvrage faisant suite à l’Histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini. T. 4. Paris: F. Dufart, 1802, s. 89. (fr.)
  10. a b T.M. Townsend, D.G. Mulcahy, B.P. Noonan, J.W. Sites Jr, C.A. Kuczynski, J.J. Wiens & T.W. Reeder. Phylogeny of iguanian lizards inferred from 29 nuclear loci, and a comparison of concatenated and species-tree approaches for an ancient, rapid radiation. „Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution”. 61 (2), s. 363–380, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.008 (ang.).
  11. a b P. Uetz & J. Hallermann: Genus: Anolis (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 2018-10-16].
  12. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 17.
  13. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 75.
  14. a b Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 247.
  15. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 63.
  16. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 157.
  17. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 209.
  18. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 254.
  19. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 45.
  20. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 170.
  21. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 203.

Bibliografia

  1. Zwierzęta : encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005, s. 375. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
  2. J.G. Wagler: Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. München, Stuttgart und Tübingen: In der J.G. Cotta’scchen Buchhandlung, 1830, s. 1–354. (niem.)
  3. L.J.F.J. Fitzinger: Systema reptilium. Fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Wien: Braumüller et Seidel, 1843, s. 1–106, i–vi. (łac.)
  4. E.C. Jaeger: Source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1944, s. 1–256. (ang.)
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Dactyloidae: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Dactyloidae – monotypowa rodzina jaszczurek zaliczana do infrarzędu Iguania.

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Anolis ( португалски )

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 src=
Anolis polylepis
 src=
Anolis biporcatus

Os Anolis são um gênero de lagartos americanos bem comuns, possuindo uma distribuição que vai desde a América do Norte até a do Sul.[1] Conhecidos popularmente como papa-vento. São encontrados com mais freqüência nas florestas tropicais da América Central, geralmente caçando insetos e larvas. Trata-se de um dos gêneros de vertebrados mais populoso do mundo, com mais de 400 espécies conhecidas.

Esses animais são pequenos lagartos arborícolas, e tem uma característica bastante peculiar, possui uma extensão de pele no pescoço de cor vermelha, usada como uma bandeirola, que é "içada" para atrair as fêmeas.

As espécies mais importantes são Anolis carolinensis e Anolis sagrei.

Espécies

Ver também

Referências

  1. «Anole | lizard». Encyclopedia Britannica (em inglês). Consultado em 16 de março de 2019
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Anolis: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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 src= Anolis polylepis  src= Anolis biporcatus

Os Anolis são um gênero de lagartos americanos bem comuns, possuindo uma distribuição que vai desde a América do Norte até a do Sul. Conhecidos popularmente como papa-vento. São encontrados com mais freqüência nas florestas tropicais da América Central, geralmente caçando insetos e larvas. Trata-se de um dos gêneros de vertebrados mais populoso do mundo, com mais de 400 espécies conhecidas.

Esses animais são pequenos lagartos arborícolas, e tem uma característica bastante peculiar, possui uma extensão de pele no pescoço de cor vermelha, usada como uma bandeirola, que é "içada" para atrair as fêmeas.

As espécies mais importantes são Anolis carolinensis e Anolis sagrei.

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Anolis ( романски; молдавски )

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Anolis[1] este un gen de șopârle din familia Polychrotidae.[1]

Specii[1]

Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


Legături externe

Commons
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Wikispecies conține informații legate de Anolis
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Anolis: Brief Summary ( романски; молдавски )

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Anolis este un gen de șopârle din familia Polychrotidae.

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Anolis ( виетнамски )

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Thằn lằn Anolis là một chi thằn lằn trong họ Dactyloidae trong đó phân bố nhiều ở vùng Caribe. Với 391 loài, Anolis là chi thằn lằn được ghi nhận là phong phú nhất trong các loài thằn lằn,[1] ngoài ra, loại thằn lằn này được ghi nhận là chúng có sự tiến hóa nhanh của dương vật thằn lằn. Dương vật của một số loài thằn lằn tiến hóa nhanh gấp 6 lần các bộ phận còn lại trên cơ thể chúng.

Các loài thằn lằn dù có họ hàng rất gần nhau nhưng vẫn sở hữu dương vật rất khác nhau. Những cơ quan sinh dục ngoài này thực sự đa dạng về hình dáng, từ các ống hình trụ tới những cấu trúc hai thùy sâu, có đài, gai thịt, đường viền hoặc các ngạnh. Sự khác biệt có thể do quá trình lựa chọn giao phối, cá thể cái của một số loài tìm kiếm bạn tình sở hữu dương vật tự nhiên phù hợp hơn hoặc giúp kích thích hiệu quả hơn cơ quan sinh dục của chúng.

Các loài

Hiện hành ghi nhận các loài sau đây:[1][2]

 src=
Anolis allisoni
 src=
Male A. carolinensis with partially expanded dewlap
 src=
A. cristatellus in garden in Santo Domingo, Cộng hòa Dominicana
 src=
A. baracoae
 src=
A. porcatus northwest of Cuba in a garden
 src=
A. pulchellus northwest of Cuba in a garden
 src=
A. polylepis in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, bobbing its head and extending a large yellow dewlap
 src=
Brown anole (A. sagrei)

Tham khảo

  1. ^ a ă Kristen A. Nicholson; Brian I. Crother; Craig Guyer; Jay M. Savage (ngày 11 tháng 9 năm 2012). “It is time for a new clasification of anoles (Squamata:Dactyloidae)” (PDF). Zootaxa. Magnolia Press. tr. 38. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 5 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Anolis, The Reptile Database
  3. ^ Lotzkat, S., Bienetreu, J.-F., Hertz, A., & Köhler, G. 2011. "A new species of Anolis Squamata: Iguania: Dactyloidae formerly referred to as A. pachypus from the Cordillera de Talamanca of western Panama and adjacent Costa Rica." Zootaxa 3125: 1-21.
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Anolis: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Thằn lằn Anolis là một chi thằn lằn trong họ Dactyloidae trong đó phân bố nhiều ở vùng Caribe. Với 391 loài, Anolis là chi thằn lằn được ghi nhận là phong phú nhất trong các loài thằn lằn, ngoài ra, loại thằn lằn này được ghi nhận là chúng có sự tiến hóa nhanh của dương vật thằn lằn. Dương vật của một số loài thằn lằn tiến hóa nhanh gấp 6 lần các bộ phận còn lại trên cơ thể chúng.

Các loài thằn lằn dù có họ hàng rất gần nhau nhưng vẫn sở hữu dương vật rất khác nhau. Những cơ quan sinh dục ngoài này thực sự đa dạng về hình dáng, từ các ống hình trụ tới những cấu trúc hai thùy sâu, có đài, gai thịt, đường viền hoặc các ngạnh. Sự khác biệt có thể do quá trình lựa chọn giao phối, cá thể cái của một số loài tìm kiếm bạn tình sở hữu dương vật tự nhiên phù hợp hơn hoặc giúp kích thích hiệu quả hơn cơ quan sinh dục của chúng.

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