Associated Forest Cover
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In the northern part of its range, Oregon ash is occasionally
found in small pure stands, but it is usually associated with
other trees, such as red alder (Alnus rubra), bigleaf
maple (Acer macrophyllum), black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa),
Oregon white oak Quercus garryana), and various
willows (Salix spp.) (2,3,8,22). In its drier habitats,
it also grows with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
grand fir (Abies grandis) (2,6,22). Associated species in
southwestern Oregon and northern California are California-laurel
(Umbellularia californica), white alder (Alnus
rhombifolia), California sycamore (Platanus racemosa),
California black oak Quercus kelloggii), Oregon white
oak, and ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) and Digger pines
(P. sabiniana) (8,22). Oregon ash is an associate
in the following forest cover types, Red Alder (Society of
American Foresters Type 221), Black Cottonwood-Willow (Type 222),
Port Orford-Cedar (Type 231), and Oregon White Oak (Type 233).
Understories in the riparian communities of western Oregon valleys
vary from almost nothing under dense stands or in areas with
recent silt deposits to herbaceous-typically sedges-or dense
shrubby types (3,4).
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Climate
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In the northern part of its range, Oregon ash grows where summers
are generally cool and humid and winters are usually mild (22).
Mean annual temperatures are 8° to 9° C (46° to 48°
F), and temperatures are usually not extreme. Precipitation
ranges from 1500 to 3000 mm (59 to 118 in) annually and is
generally well distributed from fall through spring. July and
August are often rainless. In the valleys of western Oregon, mean
annual temperatures are 11° to 12° C (52° to 54°
F), and annual precipitation averages 510 to 1020 mm (20 to 40
in) (3). In the southern part of its range, Oregon ash grows
where summer temperatures are high and precipitation is low;
humidity varies from high to low, depending on proximity to the
Pacific Ocean (22).
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Damaging Agents
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Oregon ash is attacked by a variety of
insects (5). Thysanocnemis spp. are small weevils that
can destroy 60 percent of a seed crop. They are found throughout
the range of the species. Various insects that cause foliage or
twig damage harmful to ornamentals but are not considered forest
pests are: Arizona ash lace bug (Leptoypha minor), plant
bug (Tropidosteptes pacificus), snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus
fultoni), and the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea). The
Oregon ash bark beetle (Leperisinus oregonus) causes no
economic damage but is often abundant in cordwood.
Fungi occurring on Oregon ash that cause leaf spot are Mycosphaerella
effigurata, Cylindrosporium fraxini or Marssonina
fraxini, Piggotia fraxini, Mycosphaerella fraxinicola,
Phyllosticta innumera, and Cylindrosporium californicum
(9,24). Common powdery mildew (Phyllactinia guttata) is
found on Oregon ash (9,19). Twig fungi that occur are
Hysterographium fraxini, Cytospora ambiens, and Nectria
cinnabarina (9,19,24). The true mistletoe Phoradendron
longispicum is found on Oregon ash. The heart rot Perenniporia
fraxinophilus attacks older trees and may cause extensive
cull (9,19).
Oregon ash is browsed by deer and elk (17).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Oregon ash is dioecious; its small
greenish flowers appear in dense, glabrous panicles with the
leaves in April or May (8,25). The fruits, oblong to elliptical
samaras, ripen in August or September. They are 3 to 5 cm. (1.25
to 2 in) long and 3 to 9 mm (0.1 to 0.33 in) wide, including the
wing, and are light brown when mature (10, 18).
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Genetics
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No varieties are currently recognized (11,13).
South of the Kern River in California, Oregon ash becomes similar
to velvet ash (Fraxinus uelutina); anatomical
characteristics indicate the possibility of hybridization between
the two species (13). Most ash trees in Kern County are
intermediate in at least one characteristic (23).
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Growth and Yield
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Oregon ash has moderately rapid growth
for 60 to 100 years and attains a height of 18 to 24 m (60 to 80
ft) and a d.b.h. of 40 to 75 cm (16 to 30 in) in 100 to 150 years
on good sites (16,22). Individuals may grow twice as large and
reach 200 to 250 years of age under favorable conditions,
although they generally grow slowly after their first hundred
years (22). The largest known specimen is 18 m (59 ft) tall and
668 cm (263 in) in circumference (15). In drier parts of its
range and at higher elevations, Oregon ash is often smaller than
8 m (25 ft) tall and 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) in d.b.h. (22).
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Reaction to Competition
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The species is classed as
intermediate in tolerance of shade (1). Individuals self-prune
quickly with side shade, and forest-grown trees have long, clean
trunks and narrow, short crowns with small branches (22).
Overtopped trees respond well to release (16). Open-grown trees
on moist sites have short trunks and wide, round-topped crowns
with large limbs (22). Oregon ash is often a small, crooked tree
on dry sites or at high elevations (22).
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Rooting Habit
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The root system is moderately shallow but
very fibrous and wide spreading (2,21). The trees are windfirm
(2,8,21).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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Seeds are produced
about the 30th year (2). Oregon ash is an abundant annual seeder
in open stands or as isolated trees (22), but heavy crops occur
at 3- to 5-year intervals in forest stands (2). Seeds are
dispersed by wind in September or October. There are usually
22,000 to 31,000 cleaned seeds per kilogram (10,000 to 14,000/lb)
(25). Most seeds of ash have dormant embryos and require cool,
moist stratification to germinate (25). They have medium to high
germination and persistent viability. Germination is best and
seedlings are most abundant on moist or wet soils rich in organic
matter. Germination is scanty in sandy or gravelly stream bottoms
where seeds are carried away by floods (22).
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Seedling Development
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Germination is epigeal. Seedlings
grow in height rapidly in rich soils and slowly in poor soils
(22). They are somewhat tolerant of shade when quite young (16).
Growth is rapidly checked by drought, but seedlings survive
drought well (21).
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Special Uses
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The most notable use of Oregon ash is for fuel; it splits easily
and has high heat value. The symmetrical shape, rapid growth
rate, and hardiness of Oregon ash have resulted in its being
planted as an ornamental tree and a street tree in cities within
its native range, in the Eastern United States, in southwestern
British Columbia, and in Europe. It is found in botanical gardens
of western and central Europe (18). The wood of Oregon ash is
used in its native range for tool handles, sports equipment,
boxes, cooperage, and furniture (2,17).
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Sprouts from stumps are common
and vigorous (2,10,21).
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Distribution
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Oregon ash is found from northern Washington to southern
California. Some trees found growing wild in southwestern British
Columbia are thought to have come from seed disseminated by
planted ornamentals (14). In Washington, Oregon ash grows along
the shores of Puget Sound, in the western Cascade Range, and
along the southwestern coast, but not in the Olympic Mountains
(22). It grows along the Columbia River from the coast east to
The Dalles in Oregon (22). In western Oregon, it occurs from the
coast into the western Cascades and is prominent in the
valleys-particularly the Willamette Valley (2). More than 2.5
million m³ (90 million ft³) of growing stock occur in
Oregon and Washington (12). In California, Oregon ash is found in
the north Coast Ranges as far south as Santa Clara County (10).
It also grows in the Sierra Nevada and in the delta region of the
Great Valley. The species is prevalent in the canyons of the Pit
and Sacramento Rivers (7).
-The native range of Oregon ash.
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Brief Summary
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Oleaceae -- Olive family
Peyton W. Owston
Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) is the only native species
of Fraxinus in the Pacific Northwest. It is commonly
found in riparian habitats and is not managed for timber
production. This tree may reach the age of 250 years and is fast
growing the first third of those years, then grows slowly. The
seeds are eaten by birds and squirrels. The wood is most used as
fuelwood.
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Oregon-Esche
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Die Oregon-Esche (Fraxinus latifolia) ist eine Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Eschen in der Familie der Ölbaumgewächse. Ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet ist der Westen Nordamerikas.
Beschreibung
Die Oregon-Esche ist ein mittelgroßer Laubbaum, der eine Höhe von 15 bis 25 Metern erreicht. Die Zweige sind steif und mehr oder weniger stark behaart. Die Endknospen sind braun, spitz und meist dünn bräunlich behaart. Die Blätter sind 20 bis 35 Zentimeter lang, zusammengesetzt und bestehen aus fünf bis sieben, selten auch neun sitzenden oder fast sitzenden Blättchen. Die Blättchen sind 7 bis 14 Zentimeter lang, breit elliptisch bis eiförmig oder verkehrt-eiförmig, spitz mit abgerundeter oder breit keilförmiger Basis. Die Blattoberseite ist kahl oder dünn behaart, die Unterseite ist behaart. Der Blattrand ist ganzrandig bis undeutlich gezähnt. Die Blüten sind zweihäusig verteilt. Sie stehen in seitenständigen, kahlen Rispen. Kronblätter fehlen. Die Blüten erscheinen mit den Blättern von Mai bis Juni. Als Früchte werden 3 bis 4 Zentimeter lange, runde, geflügelte Nussfrüchte gebildet, deren Flügelsaum mehr oder weniger bis zur Basis herabläuft.[1]
Verbreitung und Ökologie
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Oregon-Esche reicht von British Columbia in Kanada über den Nordwesten der Vereinigten Staaten bis nach Kalifornien. Dort gedeiht sie in Auen und an Ufern auf mäßig trockenen, frischen bis feuchten, schwach sauren bis neutralen, sandigen Böden an sonnigen Standorten. Sie ist wärmeliebend und meist frosthart.[1]
Systematik
Die Oregon-Esche (Fraxinus latifolia) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Eschen (Fraxinus) aus der Familie der Ölbaumgewächse (Oleaceae). Sie wird der Sektion Melioides zugeordnet.[2]
Verwendung
Die Oregon-Esche wird selten als Nutzholz-Lieferant genutzt.[1]
Nachweise
Literatur
-
Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 308.
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 308
-
↑ Fraxinus latifolia. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 28. Dezember 2010 (englisch).
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
-
Peyton W. Owston: Fraxinus latifolia. In: Silvics of North America, Volume 2: Hardwoods. USDA, abgerufen am 28. Dezember 2010 (englisch).
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Oregon-Esche: Brief Summary
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![src=]()
Blätter
Die Oregon-Esche (Fraxinus latifolia) ist eine Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Eschen in der Familie der Ölbaumgewächse. Ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet ist der Westen Nordamerikas.
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Fraxinus latifolia
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Fraxinus latifolia, the Oregon ash,[3] is a member of the ash genus Fraxinus, native to western North America.
Description
Fraxinus latifolia is a medium-sized deciduous tree that can grow to heights of 20–25 metres (65–80 feet) in height, with a trunk diameter of 40–75 centimetres (16–30 inches) in its 100−150-year average life span.[4] Oregon ash can grow considerably larger and can have well over a 200-year life span, or become stunted and very small in more dry habitats. It can develop a broad crown, almost as wide as a bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) when it grows in the open, but crowns remain narrow when they are part of a denser tree stand, similar to that of red alder (Alnus rubra).[4]
The bark is distinctive with dark gray–brown, and it will eventually develop a woven pattern of deep fissures and ridges. The compound leaves are pinnate, 12–33 cm (4+3⁄4–13 in) long, with 5–9 leaflets attached in pairs to a linear stalk and an additional leaflet at the tip. Each leaflet is ovate, 6–12 cm (2+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) long and 3–4 cm (1+1⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) broad.[4] The leaves are noticeably lighter green than those of associated broadleaf species, and turn bright yellow and fall off early in autumn. It is common for the leaves and bark to show signs of disease and brown rot on otherwise healthy plants. After leaves have fallen off the plant in fall and before it begins to leaf out, Oregon ash can be identified by its stout twigs and opposite branching arrangement and opposing buds. Unlike bigleaf maples, ash twigs have woolly hairs. In mid to late spring, the tree produces small flowers that are not very noticeable. It is dioecious; it requires two separate plants (male and female) to successfully pollinate and reproduce. The fruit, produced by female trees, is a cluster of samaras, 3–5 cm (1+1⁄8–2 in) long that includes wings similar to maple trees. It is shaped like a canoe, with the small seed located near one end.[3][4][5]
Distribution and habitat
Fraxinus latifolia is found on the west side of the Cascade Range from southwestern British Columbia south through western Washington, western Oregon, and northwestern California; and in central California in the Sierra Nevada.[3][4][5][6]
The Oregon ash grows mostly in wet habitats and prefers damp, loose soils such as sloughs, swales, wet meadows, swamps, streams, and bottomlands. It grows from sea level to 900 m (3,000 ft) in elevation, up to 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in the south of the range in California. In central Southern California, it integrates with Fraxinus velutina (velvet ash) of southern California east into Arizona.[3][5]
Ecology
Oregon ash is intolerant of shade, and may eventually be replaced by more competitive trees such as bigleaf maples or conifers that block the light with their leaves or sheer size. This tree flourishes when its habitat become opened due to floods, blowdowns, or other disturbances. Oregon ash sprouts vigorously from cut stumps or fire-killed trees. Young trees typically grow vigorously for their first 60 years, with their growth slowing considerably in the following years.[4]
This particular species of ash is well adapted to soggy ground due to its moderately shallow, but extensive and wide-spreading root system. This also allows for the tree to withstand wind storms exceptionally well. Ash tolerates flooding considerably better than Douglas-fir and grand fir. Oregon ash also provides nourishment to songbirds, squirrels, and water fowl by way of its seeds. Deer and elk have also been known to graze its foliage and sprouts.[4]
Uses
The wood of Oregon ash compares favorably to the valuable lumber of eastern ashes, but it is seldom used for hardwood products because of its limited availability and distribution. The Cowlitz Indian Tribe used its wood for canoe paddles and digging sticks.[7] Europeans, and later European Americans, have long preferred similar species of ash for comparable purposes such as tool handles and sports equipment.[4] The light color of the wood is somewhat lustrous, hard, strong, stiff, high in shock resistance, flexible, workable with machines, and wears smooth with use. The commercial application of Oregon ash has been limited due to the much more abundant eastern ashes. The young and fast-growing wood of ash is more elastic and more favorable for handles and baseball bats because it has wider growth rings. The wood of old ash trees in general are valued for firewood due to their fine grain and brittleness. It is commonly used as an ornamental or shade tree within and beyond it native range of the Pacific Northwest because of its rapid growth rate, symmetrical shape, and hardiness. It has also been known to be used for wind breaks and to help with riparian restoration due to its wide root system and quick growth.[4]
Thomas Nuttall found that stories persisted in Oregon that rattlesnakes would admonish sticks from the tree; this was historically reported by Pliny the Elder.[2]
References
-
^ Westwood, M.; Oldfield, S. (2017). "Fraxinus latifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61918519A61918522. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61918519A61918522.en. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
-
^ a b Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 693.
-
^ a b c d Plants of British Columbia: Fraxinus latifolia
-
^ a b c d e f g h i Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 280–283. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
-
^ a b c Jepson Flora Project: Fraxinus latifolia
-
^ Owston, Peyton W. (1990). "Fraxinus latifolia". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2 – via Southern Research Station.
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^ Moerman, Daniel E. (1998). Native American ethnobotany. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 9780881924534.
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Fraxinus latifolia: Brief Summary
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Fraxinus latifolia, the Oregon ash, is a member of the ash genus Fraxinus, native to western North America.
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Fraxinus latifolia
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Fraxinus latifolia Benth., el fresno de Oregón, es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia Oleaceae.
Hábitat
Es nativo del occidente de América del Norte desde el suroeste de la Columbia Británica a través de Washington y el oeste de Oregón y hasta el centro de California.[1][2][3]La especie prefiere la humedad, suelos sueltos, y crece desde el nivel del mar a 900 metros de altitud, hasta 1700 m en el sur en California.
Descripción
Puede crecer hasta los 25 metros de altura, con un tronco de 3-8 dm de diámetro. Las hojas son pinnadas de 12-33 cm de largo, con 5-9 folíolos, ovales de 6-12 cm de longitud y 3-4 cm de ancho, a menudo muestran signos de la enfermedad y la podredumbre parda, incluso en plantas sanas. El fruto es una sámara de 3-5 cm de largo incluyendo el ala.[1][2]
Taxonomía
Fraxinus latifolia fue descrita por George Bentham y publicado en The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 33. 1844.[4]
- Etimología
Ver: Fraxinus
latifolia: epíteto latíno que significa "con la hoja ancha"[5]
- Sinonimia
-
Fraxinus oregona Nutt.
-
Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. oregana (Wesm.) G.N.Mill.[6]
-
Fraxinus americana subsp. oregona (Nutt.) Wesm.
-
Fraxinus californica Dippel
-
Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. oregona (Nutt.) G.S.Mill.[7][8]
Referencias
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Fraxinus latifolia: Brief Summary
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Fraxinus latifolia Benth., el fresno de Oregón, es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia Oleaceae.
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Fraxinus latifolia
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Fraxinus latifolia, le Frêne d'Orégon, Frêne de l'Oregon ou Frêne à larges feuilles, est une espèce d'arbres à feuilles caduques de la famille des Oleaceae, originaire d'Amérique du Nord.
Habitat
Cette espèce préfère les sols de fond de vallée, riches en humus, profonds, frais et humides. Elle affectionne particulièrement les sols argilo-limoneux bordant les rivières.
Description
C’est un arbre à feuillage caduc, poussant à une hauteur variant entre 20 et 25 m, avec un tronc droit dont le rhytidome de couleur gris verdâtre, se fissure en vieillissant.
Dans de bonnes conditions, il peut facilement vivre 250 ans.
Les jeunes rameaux sont tomenteux.
Les fruits sont des samares oblongues de couleur brun clair ayant de 3 à 5 cm de longueur sur 3 à 9 mm de large arrivant à maturité de mi-août à début septembre.
![src=]()
Feuille du Frêne de l’Oregon.
Les feuilles opposées, et pennées de forme elliptique ou ovale à oblongue. D’aspect mat elles sont de couleur verte avec parfois des nuances de vert jaunâtre. Elles sont pubescentes sur les deux faces au début de leur croissance, pourvues de 5 à 9 folioles sessiles et mesurent entre 8 et 16 cm de long.
Les panicules terminales glabres, portent de petites fleurs campanulées de couleur verdâtre avec des anthères oblongues.
Utilisation
En Amérique, il est recherché pour la fabrication de charpentes, de meubles, d’équipements sportifs, de manches d'outil et de tonneaux. Sa grande rapidité de croissance, son haut pouvoir calorifique et la facilité avec laquelle il se laisse fendre en font aussi un bois de chauffage recherché.
En Europe, il est plutôt utilisé pour l’ornementation des parcs où il peut être planté en sujet isolé ou dans les massifs, car il est très rustique et a une belle silhouette.
Il peut aussi être utilisé comme arbre d’alignement le long des routes et des cours d’eau.
Taxonomie
Le nom scientifique complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Fraxinus latifolia Benth.1er_juin_2021_1-0">1er_juin_2021-1">[1].
Ce taxon porte en français les noms vernaculaires ou normalisés suivants : « Frêne d'Orégon »1er_juin_2021_1-1">1er_juin_2021-1">[1], « Frêne de l'Oregon »1er_juin_2021_1-2">1er_juin_2021-1">[1],1er_juin_2021_2-0">1er_juin_2021-2">[2] ou « Frêne à larges feuilles »1er_juin_2021_1-3">1er_juin_2021-1">[1].
Fraxinus latifolia a pour synonymes1er_juin_2021_1-4">1er_juin_2021-1">[1] :
-
Fraxinus americana subsp. oregana (Nutt.) Wesm., 1892
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Fraxinus americana subsp. oregona (Nutt.) Wesm.
-
Fraxinus californica Dippel
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Fraxinus oregana Nuttall
-
Fraxinus oregona Nutt.
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Fraxinus oregona f. pulverulenta Dieck
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Fraxinus oregona f. pulverulenta Dieck ex Beissn.
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Fraxinus oregona var. glabra Lingelsh.
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Fraxinus oregona var. latifolia (Benth.) Lingelsh.
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Fraxinus oregona var. riparia Nutt.
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Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. oregana (Wesm.) G.N.Mill.
-
Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. oregona (Nutt.) G.S.Mill.
-
Fraxinus pennsylvanica subsp. oregona (Nuttall) G.N.Miller
Notes et références
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Fraxinus latifolia, le Frêne d'Orégon, Frêne de l'Oregon ou Frêne à larges feuilles, est une espèce d'arbres à feuilles caduques de la famille des Oleaceae, originaire d'Amérique du Nord.
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Oregonask
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Oregonask (Fraxinus latifolia) er et løvfellende tre i askeslekta.
Den blir opptil 25 m høy og har furete, gråbrun bark. Bladene er finnete med 5–7 småblad; de er eggformete og helrandete eller tannete. Trærne er særbu. Arten vokser i fuktige skoger langs den amerikanske stillehavskysten fra nordlige Washington til Sierra Nevada i sørlige California. Den finnes forvillet sørvest i Britisk Columbia.
I nord vokser den blant annet sammen med rødor, oregonlønn, kjempepoppel, oregoneik og ulike pilearter, og på tørrere steder finnes den også sammen med douglasgran og kjempeedelgran. Lenger sør finnes den sammen med blant annet californialaurbær, californiaplatan, Quercus kelloggii og gullfuru.
En invaderende art, asiatisk askepraktbille (Agrilus planipennis), dreper asketrær i østlige Nord-Amerika. En frykter at billen skal spre seg vestover, og oregonask er derfor vurdert som nær truet på IUCNs rødliste.
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Oregonask: Brief Summary
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добавил wikipedia NO
Oregonask (Fraxinus latifolia) er et løvfellende tre i askeslekta.
Den blir opptil 25 m høy og har furete, gråbrun bark. Bladene er finnete med 5–7 småblad; de er eggformete og helrandete eller tannete. Trærne er særbu. Arten vokser i fuktige skoger langs den amerikanske stillehavskysten fra nordlige Washington til Sierra Nevada i sørlige California. Den finnes forvillet sørvest i Britisk Columbia.
I nord vokser den blant annet sammen med rødor, oregonlønn, kjempepoppel, oregoneik og ulike pilearter, og på tørrere steder finnes den også sammen med douglasgran og kjempeedelgran. Lenger sør finnes den sammen med blant annet californialaurbær, californiaplatan, Quercus kelloggii og gullfuru.
En invaderende art, asiatisk askepraktbille (Agrilus planipennis), dreper asketrær i østlige Nord-Amerika. En frykter at billen skal spre seg vestover, og oregonask er derfor vurdert som nær truet på IUCNs rødliste.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
Datos: Q1581524
Multimedia:
Especies: Fraxinus latifolia
