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Comments ( англиски )

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Plants of Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis that have most styles 3-fid, most achenes trigonous, and culms very soft with large air cavities occur at lower elevations in California (mostly southern) and Baja California. In California they often grow on stream bars. They may deserve varietal status. The varieties intergrade throughout most of the west with var. occidentalis.

Schoenoplectus acutus hybridizes with Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, S. heterochaetus, and S. californicus (see also S. tabernaemontani).

Although previously assumed to be restricted to North America, some specimens from Eurasia are probably Schoenoplectus acutus, and one very young specimen from Clipperton Island in the eastern Pacific is probably S. acutus var. occidentalis.

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Flora of North America Vol. 23: 45, 47, 48, 49, 50 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( англиски )

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Rhizomes 5–15 mm diam. Culms cylindric, 1–4 m × 2–10 mm. Leaves 3–4, all basal; sheaths often dark reddish proximally, front membranous-translucent and splitting, orifice adaxially deeply V-shaped; blades 1–2, C-shaped to dorsiventrally flat in cross section, usually much shorter than sheath, distal blade 8–120 × 3–7 mm, margins often scabridulous. Inflorescences 2(–3) times branched, open or compact, branches 6(–18) cm; proximal bract usually erect, thickly C-shaped in cross section, 1–9 cm, margins sometimes scabridulous. Spikelets 3–190, solitary or in clusters of 2–8, never all solitary; scales reddish to orange-brown to straw-colored, often variable on same scale, usually wholly or partly straw-colored and prominently lineolate-spotted at 10X, scale or midrib often green when young, ovate, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, sparsely to often densely reddish or straw-colored spinulose-papillose distally or on most of surface, margins ciliate, hairs long, contorted, flanks veinless, apex acute to obtuse, notch 0.3–0.5 mm deep, awn on at least some scales in spikelet usually strongly contorted, 0.5–2 mm (often broken off). Flowers: perianth members (4–)6(–8), brown, bristlelike, equaling achene body or sometimes much shorter, rarely rudimentary, spinulose; anthers 2 mm; styles 2(–3)-fid. Achenes dark gray-brown, plano-convex or rarely weakly trigonous, obovoid, (1.5–)2–3 ´ 1.2–1.7 mm; beak 0.2–0.4 mm.
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Flora of North America Vol. 23: 45, 47, 48, 49, 50 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym ( англиски )

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Scirpus acutus Muhlenberg ex Bigelow, Fl. Boston, 15. 1814
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Flora of North America Vol. 23: 45, 47, 48, 49, 50 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Schoenoplectus acutus ( англиски )

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Schoenoplectus acutus (syn. Scirpus acutus, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus lacustris subsp. acutus), called tule /ˈtl/, common tule, hardstem tule, tule rush, hardstem bulrush, or viscid bulrush, is a giant species of sedge in the plant family Cyperaceae, native to freshwater marshes all over North America.[1][2] The common name derives from the Nāhuatl word tōllin [ˈtoːlːin], and it was first applied by the early settlers from New Spain who recognized the marsh plants in the Central Valley of California as similar to those in the marshes around Mexico City.

Tules once lined the shores of Tulare Lake in California, formerly the largest freshwater lake in the western United States. It was drained by land speculators in the 20th century. The expression "out in the tules" is still common, deriving from the dialect of old Californian families and meaning "where no one would want to live", with a touch of irony. The phrase is comparable to "out in the boondocks".[3]

Schoenoplectus acutus has a thick, rounded green stem growing to 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall, with long, grasslike leaves, and radially symmetrical, clustered, pale brownish flowers. Tules at shorelines play an important ecological role, helping to buffer against wind and water forces, thereby allowing the establishment of other types of plants and reducing erosion. Tules are sometimes cleared from waterways using herbicides. When erosion occurs, tule rhizomes are replanted in strategic areas.

The two varieties are:

  • Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus – northern and eastern North America
  • Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis – southwestern North America

History and culture

Schoenoplectus acutus at the Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Dyed and woven, tules are used to make baskets, bowls, mats, hats, clothing, duck decoys, and even boats by Native American groups. Before the Salish got horses for bison hunting, they lived in tents covered with sewed mats of tule.[4] At least two tribes, the Wanapum and the Pomo people, constructed tule houses as recently as the 1950s and still do for special occasions. Bay Miwok, Coast Miwok, and Ohlone peoples used the tule in the manufacture of canoes or balsas, for transportation across the San Francisco Bay and using the marine and wetland resources.[5] Northern groups of Chumash used the tule in the manufacture of canoes rather than the sewn-plank tomol usually used by Chumash and used them to gather marine harvests.[6]

The Paiutes named a neighboring tribe the Si-Te-Cah in their language, meaning tule eaters. The young sprouts and shoots can be eaten raw and the rhizomes and unripe flower heads can be boiled as vegetables.

One of the few Pomo survivors of the Bloody Island Massacre (also called the Clear Lake Massacre) in Northern California, a 6-year-old girl named Ni'ka (also known as Lucy Moore) evaded the U.S. Cavalry by hiding behind the tule reeds in the bloodied water.[7] Her descendants have since formed the Lucy Moore Foundation to work for better relations between the Pomo and residents of California.

It is so common in wetlands in California that several places in the state were named for it, including Tulare (a tulare is a tule marsh). Tule Lake is near the Oregon border and includes Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge. It was the site of an internment camp for Japanese Americans during World War II, imprisoning 18,700 people at its peak. The town of Tulelake is northeast of the lake. California also has a Tule River. The Tule Desert is located in Arizona and Nevada. Nevada also has Tule Springs.

California's dense, ground-hugging tule fog is named for the plant, as are the tule elk and tule perch. The giant garter snake (Thamnophis gigas) was historically closely associated with tule marshes in California's Central Valley.

Uses

Flour can be made by peeling and cutting up the older roots, crushing and boiling them, removing any fiber, and drying.[8] The seeds can also be ground and mixed with the root flour.[8]

Notes

  1. ^ Munz, Philip A. (1973) [1959]. A California Flora. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
  2. ^ Munz, Philip A. (1976). "Scirpus lacutris, validus, glaucus". A California Flora: Supplement. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 183.
  3. ^ Eaton, Joe (January–March 2004). "Out in the Tules: The Freshwater Marsh of Coyote Hills". Bay Nature – via baynature.org.
  4. ^ Teit, James A. (1930). "The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus". 45th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution: 332.
  5. ^ Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn (2007). California prehistory: colonization, culture, and complexity. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press. ISBN 9780759108721 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Andy Burnham (ed.). Morro Creek – via megalithic.co.uk.
  7. ^ Dadigan, Marc (18 May 2012). "Pomo Indians Remember 1850 Bloody Island Massacre With Events May 18-19". IndianCountryToday.com. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  8. ^ a b Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.

Further reading

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Schoenoplectus acutus: Brief Summary ( англиски )

добавил wikipedia EN

Schoenoplectus acutus (syn. Scirpus acutus, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus lacustris subsp. acutus), called tule /ˈtuːliː/, common tule, hardstem tule, tule rush, hardstem bulrush, or viscid bulrush, is a giant species of sedge in the plant family Cyperaceae, native to freshwater marshes all over North America. The common name derives from the Nāhuatl word tōllin [ˈtoːlːin], and it was first applied by the early settlers from New Spain who recognized the marsh plants in the Central Valley of California as similar to those in the marshes around Mexico City.

Tules once lined the shores of Tulare Lake in California, formerly the largest freshwater lake in the western United States. It was drained by land speculators in the 20th century. The expression "out in the tules" is still common, deriving from the dialect of old Californian families and meaning "where no one would want to live", with a touch of irony. The phrase is comparable to "out in the boondocks".

Schoenoplectus acutus has a thick, rounded green stem growing to 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall, with long, grasslike leaves, and radially symmetrical, clustered, pale brownish flowers. Tules at shorelines play an important ecological role, helping to buffer against wind and water forces, thereby allowing the establishment of other types of plants and reducing erosion. Tules are sometimes cleared from waterways using herbicides. When erosion occurs, tule rhizomes are replanted in strategic areas.

The two varieties are:

Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus – northern and eastern North America Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis – southwestern North America
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Schoenoplectus acutus ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El tule (Schoenoplectus acutus, Scirpus acutus, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus lacustris subsp. acutus), también llamado junco o espadaña, es una planta acuática nativa de los lagos y pantanos de Norteamérica. Su nombre deriva del náhuatl tolli que significa junco; el cual fue difundido por los colonizadores españoles fuera de la zona de habla náhuatl; siéndole otorgado el nombre por igual a los juncos de las zonas lacustres de California y a sus equivalentes en la ribera del lago de Texcoco.

Estas plantas en un tiempo cubrieron las riberas de los lagos de la parte meridional de Norteamérica en grandes cantidades como en el lago Tulare, en California, en un tiempo el cuerpo de agua dulce más grande del occidente de Estados Unidos, el cual fue desecado por colonos en busca de tierras a finales del siglo XIX. La expresión en los tules (out in the tules), común en el valle de san Joaquín, es utilizada como sinónimo de un lugar donde nadie quiere vivir; esta expresión surgió entre los primeros inmigrantes estadounidenses en el valle debido a que consideraban a los humedales donde estas plantas prosperaban como zonas indeseables para vivir.

Descripción

 src=
El tule forma espesas matas en torno a los cuerpos de agua. Estas matas rodearon el Lago de Texcoco, y sirvieron como material para la construcción de las chinampas.

Esta planta posee un tallo redondo de verde intenso, que alcanza entre 1 y 3 metros de altura, con largas hojas similares a las del pasto, y racimos de pálidas y parduscas flores radialmente simétricas.

Importancia ecológica

El tule cumple una importante función ecológica en las riberas de los lagos y estanques, sirviendo de defensa contra los embates del viento y las olas, permitiendo el crecimiento de otras plantas, brindando criaderos a la fauna lacustre y evitando la erosión. En ocasiones se les erradica de los arroyos y canales mediante herbicidas, pero se les siembra en zonas estratégicas para evitar la erosión.

Variedades

 src=
Mapa del lago de Texcoco, en verde las zonas de chinampas.

Existen dos variedades:

  • Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus. del norte y oriente de Norteamérica.
  • Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis. del suroeste de Norteamérica.

Relación con el hombre

Explotación del tule en la América precolombina

En la región del valle central de California, los indígenas utilizaban esta planta para la confección de cestas, señuelos, prendas, entre otros utensilios. Otros pueblos como los wanapum y los pomo, construían chozas con ellas hasta la dácada de 1950; de hecho siguen haciéndolo en ocasiones especiales. Los chumash las utilizaban para elaborar pequeñas canoas, que utilizaban para ir a recolectar mariscos.

En el sur, en Mesoamérica, los indígenas de la cuenca de México utilizaron el tule no solo como material de confección, también utilizaron el tule para edificar uno de los sistemas agrícolas más efectivos jamás creados, las chinampas. Este sistema se utilizaba principalmente en los lagos al sur de la cuenca. Para elaborar una chinampa, se sondeaba con un bastón las aguas en busca de un lugar cerca de la superficie, se marcaba con estacas, y luego se le acomodaban capas alternadas de barro y tules encima hasta emerger, luego se sembraban ahuejotes en sus bordes para darle firmeza. La humedad constante, y la descomposición de los tules brindaban un suelo siempre fértil para el cultivo, lo cual fue clave para el sostén de grandes civilizaciones como teotihuacanos y aztecas.

El tule en la cultura moderna

En la actualidad el tule ha perdido importancia, ya que no es objeto de explotación formal en ninguno de los territorios donde se le encuentra; pero su importancia a nivel cultural se ha mantenido.

Lugares como Tultitlán en México y Tule Springs en Nevada, Estados Unidos, deben su nombre a esta planta, la cual en un tiempo fue común en los lagos y pantanos cercanos a estas ciudades.

El tule también da nombre a la niebla costera de California (Tule fog), y a animales como el uapití del tule (Tule elk), también llamado ciervo de California; y la perca del tule (Tule perch).

Referencias

  • Muntz, Philip A. A California Flora. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973, copyright 1959
  • Muntz, Philip A. A California Flora: Supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976 (p. 183 Scirpus lacutris, validus, glaucus.)
  • C.Michael Hogan (2008) Morro Creek, published by Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham [1]
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Schoenoplectus acutus: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia ES

El tule (Schoenoplectus acutus, Scirpus acutus, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus lacustris subsp. acutus), también llamado junco o espadaña, es una planta acuática nativa de los lagos y pantanos de Norteamérica. Su nombre deriva del náhuatl tolli que significa junco; el cual fue difundido por los colonizadores españoles fuera de la zona de habla náhuatl; siéndole otorgado el nombre por igual a los juncos de las zonas lacustres de California y a sus equivalentes en la ribera del lago de Texcoco.

Estas plantas en un tiempo cubrieron las riberas de los lagos de la parte meridional de Norteamérica en grandes cantidades como en el lago Tulare, en California, en un tiempo el cuerpo de agua dulce más grande del occidente de Estados Unidos, el cual fue desecado por colonos en busca de tierras a finales del siglo XIX. La expresión en los tules (out in the tules), común en el valle de san Joaquín, es utilizada como sinónimo de un lugar donde nadie quiere vivir; esta expresión surgió entre los primeros inmigrantes estadounidenses en el valle debido a que consideraban a los humedales donde estas plantas prosperaban como zonas indeseables para vivir.

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Schoenoplectus acutus ( италијански )

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La lisca acuta (Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Á.Löve & D.Löve) è una pianta semi-acquatica appartenente alla famiglia delle Cyperaceae.[1]

È conosciuta anche con il nome comune inglese di tule, che deriva dalla parola nāhuatl tōllin [ˈtoːlːin], e fu applicato per la prima volta dai primi coloni della Nuova Spagna che riconobbero le piante palustri nella Valle Centrale della California come simili a quelle della paludi intorno a Città del Messico.

Descrizione

Schoenoplectus acutus ha un fusto verde spesso e arrotondato, che cresce a un'altezza da 1 a 3 m, con foglie lunghe simili a ciuffi d'erba, e fiori radialmente simmetrici, a grappolo, di colore brunastro pallido. Le lische acute presso le linee costiere giocano un importante ruolo ecologico, contribuendo a fare da cuscinetto contro le forze del vento dell'acqua, permettendo in tal modo l'insediamento di altri tipi di piante e riducendo l'erosione. Le lische acute a volte sono eliminate dalle vie d'acqua usando erbicidi. Quando si verifica l'erosione, i rizomi delle piante sono ripiantati in aree strategiche.

Distribuzione e habitat

La specie è diffusa nelle plaudi e negli stagni di acqua dolce di tutta l'America settentrionale, dal Messico all'Alaska, spingendosi per breve tratto in Asia sino alla Kamchatka.[1]

Un tempo essi fiancheggiavano le coste del Lago Tulare, in California, anticamente il più grande lago d'acqua dolce negli Stati Uniti occidentali, fino a quando non fu prosciugato dagli speculatori terrieri nel XX secolo. L'espressione inglese out in the tules (letteralmente: "fuori tra i tule") è ancora comune, derivando dal dialetto delle vecchie famiglie californiane e significa "dove nessuno vuole vivere", con un tocco di ironia. La locuzione nasce dal fatto che i primi immigranti consideravano le paludi dove crescevano le piante come luoghi inospitali dove vivere.[2]

Tassonomia

Sono note due varietà:[1]

  • Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus'
  • Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis (S.Watson) S.G.Sm.

Storia e cultura

Tinte e intrecciate, le lische acute sono usate per fare cesti, ciotole, stuoie, cappelli, vestiti, anatre da richiamo e perfino barche dai gruppi nativi americani. Prima che i Salish avessero i cavalli per la caccia al nisonte, vivevano in tende coperte con stuoie intrecciate di lisca acuta.[3] Almeno due tribù, i Wanapum e i Pomo, costruivano case di tule fino agli anni 1950 e ancora lo fanno per le occasioni speciali. I Miwok della Baia, Miwok della Costa e gli Ohlone usavano il tule nella fabbricazione di canoe o balse, per il trasporto attraverso la Baia di San Francisco e usando le risorse marine e delle zone umide.[4] Gruppi settentrionali dei Chumash usavano i tule nella fabbricazione di canoe piuttosto che il tomol di assi cucite usato solitamente dai Chumash e li usavano per raccogliere raccolti marini.[5]

I Paiute chiamavano nella loro lingua una tribù vicina Si-Te-Cah, che significa "mangiatori di tule". I germogli e i virgulti giovani si possono mangiare crudi e i rizomi e i cespi dei fiori immaturi si possono bollire come verdure.

Secondo alcune ipotesi (peraltro non confermate), il fusto del tule era usato anche come mezzo per la respirazione subacquea. Uno dei pochi sopravvissuti pomo del massacro di Bloody Island (chiamato anche il massacro di Clear Lake) nella California settentrionale, una bambina di 6 anni di nome Ni'ka, o Lucy Moore, sarebbe sfuggita alla Cavalleria degli Stati Uniti nascondendosi sott'acqua e respirando attraverso una canna di tule, e fu in tal modo in grado di sopravvivere. I suoi discendenti hanno fondato la Fondazione Lucy Moore per lavorare per migliorare o rapporti tra i Pomo e i residenti della California.

È così comune nelle zone umide in California, che parecchi luoghi nello stato prendono nome da essa, inclusa la contea di Tulare (un tulare è una palide di tule). Il Lago Tule è vicino alla frontiera con l'Oregon e include il Rifugio naturale nazionale di Tule. Fu il sito di un campo di internamento per i Nippoamericani durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, imprigionando al suo culmine 18.700 persone. La città di Tulelake è a nordest del lago. La California ha anche un fiume Tule. Un "Deserto di Tule" si trova in Arizona e in Nevada. Il Nevada ha anche Tule Springs.

La tule fog, la densa nebbia della California che avvolge anche il terreno, prende nome dalla pianta, come pure il wapiti di Tule e il pesce persico di Tule. Il serpente da giardino gigante (Thamnophis gigas) era storicamente associato alle paludi di tule nella Valle Centrale di California.

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Schoenoplectus acutus, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 6/5/2022.
  2. ^ Joe Eaton, Out in the Tules: The Freshwater Marsh of Coyote Hills, in Bay Nature, gen-mar 2004.
  3. ^ James A. Teit, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, 45th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1930, p. 332.
  4. ^ Klar & Jones, 2007.
  5. ^ C. M. Hogan, 2008.

Bibliografia

  • Philip A. Munz, A California Flora, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1973, copyright 1959.
  • Philip A. Munz, A California Flora: Supplement, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1976, pp. 183 (Scirpus lacutris, validus, glaucus).
  • Terry L. Jones e Kathryn Klar, California prehistory: colonization, culture, and complexity, Creek, CA, Altamira Press, 2007.
  • C. Michael Hogan, Morro Creek, a cura di Andy Burnham, Megalithic Portal, 2008.
  • Corinne Swall e Louis Nuyens III, Tule reed boat workbook: a voyage of adventure, Kentfield, CA, Mother Lode Musical Theatre, Watershed Preservation Network, 2003. URL consultato il 2 marzo 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 luglio 2011).

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Schoenoplectus acutus: Brief Summary ( италијански )

добавил wikipedia IT

La lisca acuta (Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Á.Löve & D.Löve) è una pianta semi-acquatica appartenente alla famiglia delle Cyperaceae.

È conosciuta anche con il nome comune inglese di tule, che deriva dalla parola nāhuatl tōllin [ˈtoːlːin], e fu applicato per la prima volta dai primi coloni della Nuova Spagna che riconobbero le piante palustri nella Valle Centrale della California come simili a quelle della paludi intorno a Città del Messico.

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Schoenoplectus acutus ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

Schoenoplectus acutus is een overblijvende plant die tot de cypergrassenfamilie (Cyperaceae) behoort. Het is een reusachtige bies die een tot drie meter hoog kan worden. De soort komt van nature voor in zoetwatermoerassen in heel Noord-Amerika, maar wordt voornamelijk geassocieerd met de historische draslanden van Californië. Zowel in het Engels als in het Spaans wordt de soort tule genoemd.

Zie ook

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Schoenoplectus acutus van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Schoenoplectus acutus: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

Schoenoplectus acutus is een overblijvende plant die tot de cypergrassenfamilie (Cyperaceae) behoort. Het is een reusachtige bies die een tot drie meter hoog kan worden. De soort komt van nature voor in zoetwatermoerassen in heel Noord-Amerika, maar wordt voornamelijk geassocieerd met de historische draslanden van Californië. Zowel in het Engels als in het Spaans wordt de soort tule genoemd.

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Schoenoplectus acutus ( виетнамски )

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Schoenoplectus acutus là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cói. Loài này được (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Á.Löve & D.Löve miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1954.[1]

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Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Schoenoplectus acutus. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Schoenoplectus acutus: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Schoenoplectus acutus là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cói. Loài này được (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Á.Löve & D.Löve miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1954.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia VI