An dourgi korr (Aonyx cinerea, bet Amblonyx cinereus) eo ar c'hi-dour bihanañ a zo er bed.
Perzh pennañ an dourgon-se eo o skilfoù ha n'eont ket dreist o bizied. A-drugarez d'an dra-se e c'hellont ober gant o favioù hogozik evel an dud gant o daouarn. Debriñ a reont kranked hag anevaled-dour bihan arall kavet ganto er geunioù-mor el lec'h ma vevont.
Bevañ a reont e gevred Azia (eus Nepal hag India betek Indonezia) e strolladoù-familh bras ma c'hell gouennañ ar c'houblad alpha hepken.
An dourgi korr (Aonyx cinerea, bet Amblonyx cinereus) eo ar c'hi-dour bihanañ a zo er bed.
Perzh pennañ an dourgon-se eo o skilfoù ha n'eont ket dreist o bizied. A-drugarez d'an dra-se e c'hellont ober gant o favioù hogozik evel an dud gant o daouarn. Debriñ a reont kranked hag anevaled-dour bihan arall kavet ganto er geunioù-mor el lec'h ma vevont.
Bevañ a reont e gevred Azia (eus Nepal hag India betek Indonezia) e strolladoù-familh bras ma c'hell gouennañ ar c'houblad alpha hepken.
Der Zwergotter (Aonyx cinerea), manchmal auch als Kurzkrallenotter bezeichnet, ist eine in Südostasien verbreitete Raubtierart aus der Unterfamilie der Otter (Lutrinae). Er wurde früher in die eigenständige Gattung Amblonyx gestellt.
Mit einer Kopfrumpflänge von 45 bis 61 Zentimetern, einer Schwanzlänge von 25 bis 35 Zentimetern und einem Gewicht von 1 bis 5 Kilogramm ist er der kleinste Otter. Sein Fell ist an der Oberfläche dunkelbraun oder grau gefärbt, das Gesicht, der Nacken und der Bauch sind heller. Wie die Fingerotter hat er stark reduzierte Krallen, die kaum noch einen Nutzen haben. Auch die Schwimmhäute sind rückgebildet, was eine große Beweglichkeit der einzelnen Finger ermöglicht.
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Zwergotter erstreckt sich von Indien und der südlichen Volksrepublik China über die Malaiische Halbinsel bis Borneo und Java und schließt auch die südlichen Philippinen ein. Sie bewohnen mit dichter Vegetation bestandene Gebiete in der Nähe von Gewässern, sowohl bei Flüssen als auch an Flussmündungen und entlang von Meeresküsten.
Zwergotter sind geselliger als die anderen Otterarten, sie leben in Familiengruppen von bis zu zwölf Tieren. Sie spielen miteinander und kommunizieren mit einer Reihe von Lauten.
Ihr sehr starkes Gebiss dient dem Knacken von Weich- und Krebstierschalen, auf die sie sich als Nahrung weitgehend spezialisiert haben. Fische spielen auf dem Speiseplan des Zwergotters eine untergeordnete Rolle. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Otterarten heben sie Nahrung mit den Pfoten und nicht mit dem Mund auf, dabei wühlen sie oft auf der Suche nach Essbarem mit den Pfoten im Sand oder im Schlamm.
Nach einer rund 60- bis 64-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen ein oder zwei Jungtiere zur Welt. Zur Geburt wird von beiden Elternteilen ein kleiner Bau im Schlamm angelegt, in dem die Neugeborenen ihre ersten Lebenswochen verbringen. Nach 80 Tagen können sie feste Nahrung zu sich nehmen. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen Otterarten können Zwergotter zweimal im Jahr werfen.
Zwergotter gelten nach der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN als gefährdet (Vulnerable). Ihr Fell wird als weniger wertvoll eingestuft als das der Fischotter, so dass er weit weniger bejagt wurde als der im gleichen Areal verbreitete Haarnasenotter. Dennoch gibt es durch die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums Bestandsrückgänge.
Durch das Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen CITES[1], Appendix II wird der Zwergotter wie alle Arten der Unterfamilie Otter (Lutrinae) durch Einschränkungen im Handel geschützt. Zu diesem Zweck setzt auch die Europäische Union die Art auf Anhang B der EU-Artenschutzverordnung (EG) Nr. 338/97[2] bzw. der Änderung durch EG-Verordnung 407/2009.[3] Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland schafft mit der Benennung aller Arten der Gattung Aonyx als besonders geschützt im Bundesnaturschutzgesetz[4] die rechtlichen Grundlagen für Schutzmaßnahmen auch dieser Marderart.
Der Zwergotter (Aonyx cinerea), manchmal auch als Kurzkrallenotter bezeichnet, ist eine in Südostasien verbreitete Raubtierart aus der Unterfamilie der Otter (Lutrinae). Er wurde früher in die eigenständige Gattung Amblonyx gestellt.
The Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus), also known as the oriental small-clawed otter and the small-clawed otter, is an otter species native to South and Southeast Asia. It has short claws that do not extend beyond the pads of its webbed digits. With a total body length of 730 to 960 mm (28.6 to 37.6 in), it is the smallest otter species in the world.
The Asian small-clawed otter lives in riverine habitats, freshwater wetlands and mangrove swamps. It feeds on molluscs, crabs and other small aquatic animals. It lives in pairs, but was also observed in family groups with up to 12 individuals.
It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and in some areas also by hunting.
Lutra cinerea was the scientific name proposed by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1815 for an otter collected in Batavia.[2] In the 19th and 20th centuries, several zoological specimens were described:
Results of a mitochondrial cytochrome B analysis published in 1998 indicated that it should be subordinated to the genus Aonyx.[7] Results of a molecular study published in 2008 showed that the Asian small-clawed otter is a sister taxon of Lutrogale, lending support to retaining the genus Amblonyx or expanding Aonyx to make it monophyletic. They genetically diverged about 1.5 million years ago.[8]
The Asian small-clawed otter groups with the African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) and the smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) into a sister clade with the genus Lutra. Hybridisation of Asian small-clawed otter females with smooth-coated otter males occurred in Singapore. The resulting offspring and their descendants bred back into the smooth-coated otter population, but maintained the genes of their small-clawed otter ancestors. Today, a population of at least 60 hybrid otters are present in Singapore.[9]
The Asian small-clawed otter has deep brown fur with some rufous tinge on the back, but paler below. Its underfur is lighter near the base. The sides of the neck and head are brown, but its cheeks, upperlip, chin, throat and sides of the neck are whitish.[10] Its skull is short, and the naked rhinarium rounded above. The muzzle has long coarse vibrissae on either side. Its eyes are located toward the front of the head. The small ears are oval-shaped with an inconspicuous tragus and antitragus. Its paws are narrow with short digits that are webbed to the last joint. There are short hairs on the lower sides of the interdigital webs. The four-lobed plantar pads are longer than wide. The claws are short, almost erect, and in some individuals even absent.[11] Females have four mammary glands.[12]
The Asian small-clawed otter is the smallest otter species in Asia. In head-to-body length, it ranges from 470 to 610 mm (18.4 to 24 in) with a 260 to 350 mm (10.2 to 13.6 in) long tail. The tapering tail is thick and muscular, especially at the base, and more than half the length of the body. Hind feet are 97 to 102 mm (3.8 to 4 in) long. Length of skull ranges from 3.3 to 3.7 in (84 to 94 mm). It does not have upper premolars and only four postcanine teeth above.[13] Adult captive otters range in weight from 2.7 to 3.5 kg (6.0 to 7.7 lb).[14]
The Asian small-clawed otter's native range comprises parts of India to Southeast Asia including the islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Palawan. It lives in freshwater wetlands such as swamps, meandering rivers, irrigated rice fields as well as estuaries, coastal lagoons and tidal pools. It occurs in West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, and in coastal regions of Odisha. In Karnataka, Nilgiri and Palni hills in Tamil Nadu, it lives in shallow mountain creeks up to an elevation of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[1] In West Java, it inhabits areas along slow-flowing irrigation channels, pond areas and rice fields surrounded by vegetation that offers shelter. It also occurs in mangroves.[15]
In the 1980s, a few Asian small-clawed otters escaped from captivity in England and established a population in the wild.[16][17]
The Asian small-clawed otter is mostly active after dark.[18][19] It lives in groups of up to 15 individuals.[19] In the Bangladesh Sundarbans, 53 individuals were recorded in 351 km (218 mi) of water courses in 13 locations between November 2014 and March 2015. Group size ranged from one to 12 individuals.[20] Group members communicate using 12 or more distinct calls, and utter a variety of yelps and whimpers.[12] When disturbed, they scream to rally the help of others.[21]
When swimming on the surface, otters row with the forelimbs and paddle with the hind limbs.[22] When diving under water, they undulate their bodies and tails. Captive otters swim at speeds of 0.7–1.2 m/s (2.3–3.9 ft/s).[14]
Observations of wild Asian small-clawed otters revealed that they smear their spraint at latrine sites, using their hind feet and tails. Large groups smeared more than groups of three or fewer animals. The frequency of latrines with smeared scats varied in different locations, indicating a preference for certain sites. Spraint smearing most likely facilitates social ties among group members and is associated with territorial marking displays. They use grassy or sandy banks for resting, sun bathing and grooming. In marshes, they use mostly islands.[19]
The Asian small-clawed otter feeds mainly on crabs, mudskippers and Trichogaster fish. Its diet varies seasonally. When and where available, it also catches snakes, frogs, insects, rats and ricefield fish like catfish, Anabas testudineus and Channa striata.[19] The size of crabs found in spraints in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary ranged in carapace width from 10 to 44 cm (3.9 to 17.3 in).[23] Captive Asian small-clawed otters were observed to leave shellfish in the sun so the heat causes them to open, making it possible for them to eat them without having to crush the shells.[12]
Information about the Asian small-clawed otter's mating and breeding behaviour has been studied in captive environments. Captive pairs are monogamous. The estrous cycle of females lasts 28 to 30 days with estrus lasting between one and 13 days. Usually, mating takes place in the water.[24] Gestation lasts 62 to 86 days. Interval between births is at least eight months.[25] About two weeks before parturition, both female and male engage in building a nest. They collect grass, hay or straw and carry this material into the breeding chamber. Between one and seven pups are born in a litter. Pups are born with closed eyes, which open in the fifth week.[24] Newborn pups weigh between 45.6 and 62.5 g (1.61 and 2.20 oz) and reach a weight of 410–988 g (14.5–34.9 oz) after 60 days.[26] They start exploring the environs of the breeding den at the age of ten weeks. At about three months, they enter and paddle in shallow water under the guidance of the mother. They become independent at the age of four to five months.[24]
The Asian small-clawed otter is threatened by poaching for its fur, loss and destruction of habitats such as hill streams, peat swamp forests and mangroves for aquaculture projects. Threats in India include deforestation, conversion of natural habitat for tea and coffee plantations, overfishing of rivers and water pollution through pesticides.[1]
It is the most sought after otter species for the illegal pet trade in Asia. At least 711 Asian small-clawed otters were offered for sale through online websites by 280 traders in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam between 2016 and 2017.[27] Between December 2015 and October 2018, 49 Asian small-clawed otters were confiscated from wildlife traffickers in Thailand, Vietnam and Japan; 35 of them were bound for sale in Japan.[28]
The Asian small-clawed otter was listed on CITES Appendix II and is protected in almost all range countries prohibiting its killing.[1] Since August 2019, it is included in CITES Appendix I, thus strengthening its protection in regards to international trade.[29]
The Association of Zoos and Aquariums established a Species Survival Plan for the Asian small-clawed otter in 1983 to encourage research on captive breeding.[30][31]
In Europe, Zoo Basel keeps Asian small-clawed otters together with Indian rhinoceros.[32]
Asian small-clawed otters suffering from osteoporosis display resorption of hyperactive bone and cartilage by osteoclasts in many bone sites, which causes pockmarks on all the bones.[33]
The Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus), also known as the oriental small-clawed otter and the small-clawed otter, is an otter species native to South and Southeast Asia. It has short claws that do not extend beyond the pads of its webbed digits. With a total body length of 730 to 960 mm (28.6 to 37.6 in), it is the smallest otter species in the world.
The Asian small-clawed otter lives in riverine habitats, freshwater wetlands and mangrove swamps. It feeds on molluscs, crabs and other small aquatic animals. It lives in pairs, but was also observed in family groups with up to 12 individuals.
It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and in some areas also by hunting.
La nutria enana o nutria de uñas pequeñas asiática (Aonyx cinereus)[2][nota 1] es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia Mustelidae propia del Sudeste asiático, encontrándose en India, Nepal, Bután, Bangladés, sur de China, Indochina y las islas de Sumatra y Borneo.[1]
Las nutrias asiáticas enanas son la especie de nutria más pequeña que existe, su longitud total puede variar de 70 a 100 cm, de los cuales unos 30 cm son de la cola. El peso puede variar de 1 a 5,4 kg. Su cuerpo es delgado, aerodinámico y serpenteante, y es lo suficientemente flexible como para permitir el aseo de casi todo el cuerpo. La mayor parte de la superficie dorsal está cubierta por un pelaje marrón oscuro y grisáceo con una coloración crema más clara en la superficie ventral, especialmente en la cara y el cuello. El pelaje tiene pelos relativamente cortos de menos de 2,5 cm de longitud, y es fino, denso y aterciopelado. Las nutrias tienen dos tipos de pelaje: pelos largos y robustos y un subpelo corto y fino.[cita requerida]
La nutria enana o nutria de uñas pequeñas asiática (Aonyx cinereus) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia Mustelidae propia del Sudeste asiático, encontrándose en India, Nepal, Bután, Bangladés, sur de China, Indochina y las islas de Sumatra y Borneo.
Las nutrias asiáticas enanas son la especie de nutria más pequeña que existe, su longitud total puede variar de 70 a 100 cm, de los cuales unos 30 cm son de la cola. El peso puede variar de 1 a 5,4 kg. Su cuerpo es delgado, aerodinámico y serpenteante, y es lo suficientemente flexible como para permitir el aseo de casi todo el cuerpo. La mayor parte de la superficie dorsal está cubierta por un pelaje marrón oscuro y grisáceo con una coloración crema más clara en la superficie ventral, especialmente en la cara y el cuello. El pelaje tiene pelos relativamente cortos de menos de 2,5 cm de longitud, y es fino, denso y aterciopelado. Las nutrias tienen dos tipos de pelaje: pelos largos y robustos y un subpelo corto y fino.[cita requerida]
Aonyx cinereus, Aonyx cinerea, Amblonyx cinereus
La loutre cendrée (Aonyx cinereus, anciennement Amblonyx cinereus) est une espèce de loutres de la famille des Mustelidés. Aussi appelée loutre asiatique, loutre naine d'Asie ou loutre à griffes courtes, cette loutre est menacée et considérée comme étant vulnérable (VU) à cause de la disparition rapide de son habitat[2] et de la pollution aux pesticides.
C'est la plus petite des loutres[3].
La loutre cendrée ou loutre asiatique mesure (tête et corps) de 40,6 à 63,5 cm (voire moins selon la source Histoire naturelle : de 36 à 47 cm) pour un poids de 2,7 à 5,4 kg. La queue mesure entre 24,6 et 30,4 cm[4].
Cette loutre est active surtout la nuit.
Son dos est brun, son ventre est plus clair avec des taches blanches dans le bas de la face, la gorge et la poitrine. Ses griffes sont très courtes.
Cette loutre vit en groupe d'une douzaine d'individus. C'est un animal sociable très joueur. La loutre cendrée est aussi à l'aise sur la terre ferme que dans l'eau. Elle marque son territoire à l'aide de la sécrétion des glandes anales situées à la base de la queue mais aussi avec son urine et ses crottes.
La loutre cendrée se nourrit principalement de poissons[5] mais aussi de mollusques, de crustacés dont des crabes et de grenouilles.
La gestation dure deux mois. La femelle met bas 2 petits (parfois jusqu'à 4 petits) dans un terrier de nidification creusé dans les berges. Les deux parents s'en occupent[6]. Les petits apprennent à nager dès leur septième semaine et commencent à manger de la nourriture solide dès la neuvième semaine.
La loutre cendrée se trouve en Inde et dans l'Himalaya, en Asie du Sud-Est et en Chine du Sud. Aujourd'hui, elle est essentiellement présente dans les forêts et marais de Malaisie et de Thaïlande. Elle préfère les ruisseaux et les mangroves peu profonds à la végétation basse[7].
Auparavant classée dans le genre monotypique Amblonyx Rafinesque, 1832 sous le synonyme Amblonyx cinereus. L'espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1815 par le zoologiste allemand Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger (177-1813).
Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (21 mai 2013)[8] :
La principale menace qui pèse actuellement sur la loutre centrée en Asie du Sud-Est (et, dans une moindre mesure, sur la loutre d'Europe, la loutre à pelage lisse et la loutre de Sumatra), c'est qu'elle est capturée dans la nature pour être ensuite vendue comme animal de compagnie[9].
Aonyx cinereus, Aonyx cinerea, Amblonyx cinereus
La loutre cendrée (Aonyx cinereus, anciennement Amblonyx cinereus) est une espèce de loutres de la famille des Mustelidés. Aussi appelée loutre asiatique, loutre naine d'Asie ou loutre à griffes courtes, cette loutre est menacée et considérée comme étant vulnérable (VU) à cause de la disparition rapide de son habitat et de la pollution aux pesticides.
C'est la plus petite des loutres.
La lontra dalle piccole unghie (Aonyx cinereus (Illiger, 1815)), nota anche come lontra senza unghie o lontra nana, è un carnivoro della sottofamiglia delle lontre (Lutrinae) originario del Sud-est asiatico. In passato veniva classificata nel genere monospecifico Amblonyx.
Con una lunghezza testa-tronco di 45-61 centimetri, una coda di 25-35 centimetri e un peso di 1-5 chilogrammi, è la più piccola delle lontre. La pelliccia è di colore marrone scuro o grigio in superficie, la faccia, il collo e il ventre sono più chiari. Come tutti i rappresentanti del suo genere, ha artigli molto ridotti che servono a ben poco. Anche le membrane interdigitali sono regredite, il che consente una maggiore mobilità delle singole dita.
L'areale della lontra senza unghie si estende dall'India e dalla Cina meridionale, oltre la penisola malese, fino al Borneo e a Giava e comprende anche le Filippine meridionali. La specie abita le aree caratterizzate da una fitta vegetazione vicino ai corpi idrici, sia vicino a fiumi che a estuari e lungo la costa del mare.
Le lontre senza unghie sono più socievoli delle altre specie di lontre e vivono in gruppi familiari che possono comprendere fino a dodici esemplari. Giocano tra loro e comunicano utilizzando un'intera gamma di suoni.
I loro denti molto forti vengono usati per rompere il rivestimento di molluschi e crostacei, ad una dieta a base dei quali questi animali si sono specializzati. Il pesce riveste una parte di minore importanza nel regime alimentare. A differenza di molte altre specie di lontre, raccolgono il cibo con le zampe e non con la bocca, spesso scavando nella sabbia o nel fango con le zampe in cerca di qualcosa da mangiare.
Dopo un periodo di gestazione di circa 60-64 giorni, la femmina dà alla luce uno o due piccoli. Alla nascita entrambi i genitori creano una piccola tana nel fango in cui i neonati trascorrono le prime settimane di vita. Dopo 80 giorni possono mangiare cibi solidi. A differenza delle altre specie di lontre, le lontre senza unghie possono partorire due volte l'anno.
La lontra senza unghie viene classificata come «specie vulnerabile» (Vulnerable) secondo la Lista Rossa delle specie minacciate dell'Unione internazionale per la conservazione della natura (IUCN). La sua pelliccia viene considerata meno pregiata di quella della lontra comune, tanto che veniva cacciata molto meno della lontra dal naso peloso, diffusa nella stessa zona. Tuttavia, la distruzione dell'habitat sta causando il declino delle popolazioni.
Come tutte le specie della sottofamiglia delle lontre (Lutrinae), la lontra senza unghie è protetta da restrizioni commerciali ai termini della Convenzione di Washington (CITES)[2]: nello specifico, questa specie compare nell'Appendice I. A tal fine, l'Unione europea inserisce la specie anche nell'Appendice B del Regolamento UE sulla Protezione delle Specie (CE) N. 338/97[3] e nella modifica del Regolamento CE 407/2009[4]. La Repubblica Italiana inserisce tutte le specie del genere Aonyx, pertanto anche questo mustelide, nell'elenco delle specie animali che possono costituire pericolo per la salute e l'incolumità pubblica e di cui è proibita la detenzione[5].
La lontra dalle piccole unghie (Aonyx cinereus (Illiger, 1815)), nota anche come lontra senza unghie o lontra nana, è un carnivoro della sottofamiglia delle lontre (Lutrinae) originario del Sud-est asiatico. In passato veniva classificata nel genere monospecifico Amblonyx.
A lontra-anã-oriental, também chamada de lontra-indiana (nome científico Aonyx cireneus segundo alguns e Amblonyx cinereus segundo outros) é uma pequena espécie de lontra asiática encontrada na Índia, China e outros países próximos. Trata-se da menor espécie de lontra do mundo, com aproximadamente 90 centímetros de comprimento do focinho à cauda, e um peso aproximado de 5 kg.
O habitat natural dessas lontras são os rios, mangues, lagos, pântanos e regiões de água doce em geral. Elas vivem em grupos familiares e alimentam-se de crustáceos, moluscos, peixes e rãs.
A classificação dessa espécie ainda é incerta. Enquanto alguns a classificam no gênero Aonyx, outros lhe dão um género próprio, Amblonyx.
A lontra-anã-oriental tem sido muito desejada e criada como animais de estimação, uma vez que criadas desde pequenas se tornam animais bastante dóceis e que amam interagir com seus donos.[1]
A lontra-anã-oriental, também chamada de lontra-indiana (nome científico Aonyx cireneus segundo alguns e Amblonyx cinereus segundo outros) é uma pequena espécie de lontra asiática encontrada na Índia, China e outros países próximos. Trata-se da menor espécie de lontra do mundo, com aproximadamente 90 centímetros de comprimento do focinho à cauda, e um peso aproximado de 5 kg.
O habitat natural dessas lontras são os rios, mangues, lagos, pântanos e regiões de água doce em geral. Elas vivem em grupos familiares e alimentam-se de crustáceos, moluscos, peixes e rãs.
A classificação dessa espécie ainda é incerta. Enquanto alguns a classificam no gênero Aonyx, outros lhe dão um género próprio, Amblonyx.
A lontra-anã-oriental tem sido muito desejada e criada como animais de estimação, uma vez que criadas desde pequenas se tornam animais bastante dóceis e que amam interagir com seus donos.
작은발톱수달(Amblonyx cinerea)은 전세계에서 가장 작은 수달로 몸무게가 5kg 이하이다.[3][4] 작은발톱수달속(Amblonyx)의 유일종이다. 방글라데시와 버마, 인도, 중국 남부, 라오스, 말레이시아, 인도네시아, 싱가포르, 필리핀, 타이 그리고 베트남의 홍수림 늪과 민물 습지대에서 서식한다.[1]
† 일본수달
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