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Biology ( англиски )

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Pitcher plants are dioecious meaning that male and female flowers grow on separate plants (4), and only begin to flower once the upper pitchers are produced (6). The flowers produce large amounts of nectar during the early evening and night, which evaporates by the morning. This nectar attracts flies during the early evening and moths at night to aid pollination. Once fertilised, a fruit usually takes about three months to develop and ripen. The fruits of Nepenthes species produce between 100 and 500 very light, winged seeds, which can measure up to 30 millimetres long, and are thought to be dispersed by the wind (2) (5). Despite enormous numbers of seeds being produced, only a few manage to germinate and only a fraction of those survive to maturity (5). Carnivorous pitcher plants are adapted to grow in soils low in nutrients. Although the plants do gain some nutrition through the soil, and energy through photosynthesis, they supplement this with a diet of invertebrates, usually consisting of ants, cockroaches, centipedes, flies and beetles. Insects are attracted to the pitchers by their bright colours and nectar, which is secreted by glands situated on the lid and the peristome of the pitcher. The insects fall into the acidic fluid at the base of the pitcher and, unable to escape, they drown. Digestive enzymes are then released to break down the captured prey (4). Despite the hostile environment of the pitchers, they can be home to number of animals. The red crab spider (Misumenops nepenthicola) inhabits pitcher plants in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. This spider ambushes insects that crawl into the pitcher, and preys upon other insects, such as mosquitoes, as they emerge from larvae that live in the pitcher fluid (5).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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Nepenthes aristolochiodes is found within Kerinci-seblat National Park, but over-collection and habitat loss remains a problem (2). Although listed under Appendix II on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which limits the international export of this species (3), trade is very difficult to regulate. There is no requirement for internationally traded Nepenthes to be identified down to species level and plants simply labelled as Nepenthes accounted for 94 percent of all exported Nepenthes plants between 1988 and 1993. This needs to be remedied and urgent attention is required to close other trade loopholes (5). Nepenthes aristolochioides is being cultivated, helping to reduce the impact on wild populations (5).
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Description ( англиски )

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The tropical pitcher plants of Asia (Nepenthes species) are amongst the largest and most spectacular of all carnivorous plants. Nepenthes aristolochioides is a vine that climbs to a height of about five metres and has modified pitcher-shaped leaves hanging from long, coiled tendrils (2). Nepenthes species usually have two or three different types of pitcher, generally known as upper and lower pitchers (4). In Nepenthes aristolochiodes, the trumpet-shaped pitchers are greenish-white with red speckles, with the mouth situated uniquely at the front of the pitcher (2). Insects and other invertebrates fall into the pitchers, which contain an acidic fluid, secreted by the many glands that cover the inside surface of the lower half of the pitcher (4). The smooth and waxy upper inner surface of the pitcher makes it impossible for captive insects to gain a foothold (4), and a ridge of hardened tissue lining the mouth of the pitcher, the peristome, bears downward pointing teeth, also preventing insects from escaping. A deep red lid overhanging the mouth of the pitcher prevents rain water from diluting the pitcher fluid (2) (5). The pitchers, leaf axils and leaf midribs are covered with white, flat hairs, while the rest of the plant is hairless (2) (6)
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Nepenthes aristolochoides grows either as an epiphyte or terrestrially in mossy forest on the steep ridges of Mount Kerici (2).
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Range ( англиски )

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Endemic to Mount Kerici in Sumatra, Indonesia, where it occurs between 2,000 to 2,200 metres above sea level (1).
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Status ( англиски )

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Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats ( англиски )

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Nepenthes species are threatened by a combination of over-collection and habitat loss (5). Nepenthes aristolochoides is particularly threatened by over-collection and recovery is hampered by its extremely restricted range, as it grows only on Mount Kerici. Species that have a highly restricted range are particularly susceptible to extinction if habitats are disturbed or from catastrophic environmental events, such as drought and fire. In addition, highland plants, such as Nepenthes aristolochoides,take longer to recover than lowland plants as growth is slower (2).
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Nepenthes aristolochioides ( германски )

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Nepenthes aristolochioides ist eine fleischfressende Pflanze aus der Gattung der Kannenpflanzen (Nepenthes). Sie wurde 1997 von den Botanikern Mathew Jebb und Martin Cheek erstbeschrieben. Ihr Artenname ist eine Anspielung auf die Gattung der Pfeifenwinden (Aristolochia), deren Blüten eine auffällige Ähnlichkeit mit den Kannen von N. aristolochioides aufweisen.

Beschreibung

Vegetative Merkmale

Nepenthes aristolochioides ist ein kletternder Halbstrauch, dessen Triebe zwischen 5 und 8 Metern Länge erreichen können. Die Sprossachse ist drei bis fünf Zentimeter dick und zylindrisch, die Internodien 7 bis 10 Zentimeter lang.

Die ungestielten, lederigen, hellgrünen Blätter werden aus einer 8 bis 14 Zentimeter langen und drei Zentimeter breiten, lanzettlich-spatelförmigen scheinbaren Blattspreite gebildet, die aber im strengen Sinne nur einen umgebildeten Blattgrund darstellt. Dieser wird geteilt von einer starken Mittelrippe, ab ihrem Ansatz verlaufen von der Mittelrippe aus sechs bis zehn Seitenrippen, von diesen aus wiederum ist die Blattnervatur unregelmäßig netzförmig. An den Rändern ist sie mit weißen Haaren bewachsen.

Die an der Spitze des Blattgrundes herauswachsende Ranke ist rund doppelt so lang wie der Blattgrund, bildet keine Schleife und geht an ihrem Ende in den Boden der Kanne über.

 src=
Untere Kanne von N. aristolochioides

Wie viele Kannenpflanzenarten weist auch Nepenthes aristolochioides einen sogenannten „Kannendimorphismus“ auf, die bodennahen Kannen unterscheiden sich also von den Luftkannen.

Die elfenbeinfarbenen bis blassroten und zahlreich rot gefleckten, blasenförmigen, lederigen Bodenkannen sind dickwandig, 5 bis 7 Zentimeter hoch und 2,5 bis 3 Zentimeter breit, ihre Innenseite ist vollständig drüsig. Sie haben zwei fransige Flügel, die vom Kannenansatz bis zum Peristom (dem Rand der Kannenöffnung) verlaufen und bis zu 1 Millimeter breit sind. Die Fransen stehen in einem Abstand von 0,5 bis 2 Millimeter zueinander und sind 3 bis 5 Millimeter lang. Die Kannenöffnung ist kreis- bis eiförmig und bis zu 1,5 Zentimeter breit.

 src=
Obere Kanne im Porträt

Anders als bei anderen Arten der Gattung weist sie nicht nach oben, sondern ist seitlich versetzt und sitzt schräg vertikal nach außen weisend am oberen Ende der Kanne. Das rote bis dunkelrote Peristom ist abgeflacht, 7 bis 20 Millimeter breit, die Rippen stehen in 0,3 bis 0,5 Millimeter Entfernung zueinander, die Zähne des Innenrandes sind zwei- bis dreimal so lang wie breit. Der schräg nach unten weisend über der Öffnung sitzende Deckel ist kreis- bis eiförmig mit einem Durchmesser von 1 bis 1,5 Zentimetern, an der gesamten Oberfläche (besonders jedoch nahe der Mittelrippe) mit großen Drüsen besetzt, Auswüchse an der Unterseite fehlen. Von seiner Mittelrippe gehen pro Seite drei deutlich hervortretende Seitenrippen ab. Auf der Unterseite ist der Deckel durchgängig rot, auf der Oberseite gelblich mit kleinen roten Flecken.

Die Luftkannen sind schlank trompetenförmig, 7 bis 10 Zentimeter hoch und 2,5 bis 4 Zentimeter breit. Die Kannenöffnung weist fast vertikal nach außen, das Peristom ist 4 bis 6 Millimeter breit. Der Deckel ist eiförmig und von drei bis vier von der Mittelrippe abgehenden Seitenrippen durchzogen. In allen anderen Punkten sind sie den Bodenkannen gleich.

Blütenstände, Blüten, Früchte und Samen

Wie alle Kannenpflanzen ist auch Nepenthes aristolochioides zweihäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch), das heißt, eine Pflanze ist entweder weiblich oder männlich, nie aber zwittrig. Die weiblichen traubigen Blütenstände sind 14 bis 15 Zentimeter lang. Der Blütenstandsstängel ist 4 bis 5 Zentimeter lang und 2 bis 4 Millimeter dick. Die Blütenstiele der unteren Blüten sind 12 Millimeter lang, die der oberen 6 Millimeter.

Die Kapselfrüchte sind 15 bis 20 Millimeter lang. Die Samen sind fadenförmig.

Verbreitung

Nepenthes aristolochioides ist ausschließlich vom Tujuh-Berg in Zentral-Sumatra auf Höhenlagen zwischen 2000 und 2200 m bekannt. Es wird allerdings für möglich gehalten, dass es auf dem benachbarten Kerinchi, dem höchsten Berg Sumatras, ebenfalls Vorkommen gibt.

Gefährdungsstatus

Zwar sind die Vorkommen im Nationalpark Kerinchi-Seblat gelegen und dadurch geschützt, Nepenthes aristolochioides ist aber stark bedroht durch illegale Absammlungen von „Pflanzenliebhabern“. Die IUCN führt die Art daher als „stark gefährdet“[1].

Botanische Geschichte

Erstmals aufgesammelt wurde Nepenthes aristolochioides 1956 durch Willem Meijer, der sein Exemplar dem damaligen Rijksherbarium der Universität Leiden übergab. Dieses Exemplar (das sich in schlechtem Zustand befand) wurde erstmals 1988 von Joachim Nerz eingesehen. Nach Rücksprache mit Willem Meijer und der Ansicht fotografischer Zeugnisse wurde klar, dass es sich um eine bisher nicht beschriebene Art handelte. Im Sommer 1996 reiste Nerz daraufhin nach Sumatra, um die Art wiederzufinden, und hatte Erfolg. Im Folgejahr wurde die Art von Matthew Jebb und Martin Cheek erstbeschrieben.

Literatur

  • Joachim Nerz: Rediscovery of an outstanding Nepenthes: N. aristolochioides (Nepenthaceae). In: Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. Bd. 27, Nr. 3, 1998, , S. 101–114, (online).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Nepenthes aristolochioides in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2006. Eingestellt von: Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Wistuba, 2000. Abgerufen am 11. August 2007.
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Nepenthes aristolochioides: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Nepenthes aristolochioides ist eine fleischfressende Pflanze aus der Gattung der Kannenpflanzen (Nepenthes). Sie wurde 1997 von den Botanikern Mathew Jebb und Martin Cheek erstbeschrieben. Ihr Artenname ist eine Anspielung auf die Gattung der Pfeifenwinden (Aristolochia), deren Blüten eine auffällige Ähnlichkeit mit den Kannen von N. aristolochioides aufweisen.

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Nepenthes aristolochioides ( англиски )

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Nepenthes aristolochioides /nɪˈpɛnθz ærɪˌstɒlkiˈɔɪdz/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of 1800–2500 m above sea level. It has an extremely unusual pitcher morphology, having an almost vertical opening to its traps.[3] It is critically endangered by overcollection.

The specific epithet aristolochioides is formed from the genus name Aristolochia and the Latin ending -oides, meaning "resembling". It refers to the similarity that the pitchers of this species bear, in both shape and pigmentation, to the specialised flowers of Aristolochia.[2]

Botanical history

Nepenthes aristolochioides was first collected by Willem Meijer on August 5, 1956. The holotype, Meijer 6542, was collected on that date from Mount Tujuh (Tudjuh) in Jambi at an elevation of 2000 m. It is deposited at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands (L) in Leiden, but is in relatively poor condition.[4] An isotype is held at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java.[5]

Although labelled as "new species?",[4] the specimen was largely overlooked for over 30 years. In 1988, botanist Joachim Nerz became aware of it upon visiting the herbarium of Leiden University.[4] The name N. aristolochioides was coined quite early on; it was already being used in 1994 to informally refer to this (at the time undescribed) taxon.[6] That same year, taxonomist Jan Schlauer questioned the supposed lateral pitcher mouth of N. aristolochioides in email correspondence with botanist Matthew Jebb, who was preparing a revision of the genus at the time.[7] Schlauer wrote that he had examined a specimen of this species (Meijer 7426) and that the seemingly vertical insertion of the pitcher mouth might be a result of the preservation process, whereby the traps had become "compressed along their longitudinal axes".[7] In the summer of 1996, Nerz met with Schlauer and Meijer in the Frankfurt Palmengarten, where Meijer showed him a photograph of the mysterious species. Together with Katrin Hinderhofer, Nerz organised a field trip to Sumatra in June 1996 and was successful in rediscovering N. aristolochioides in the wild.[4]

Nepenthes aristolochioides was finally described by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", published in the May 1997 issue of the botanical journal Blumea.[2][8][9] Joachim Nerz wrote a detailed description of the species for an issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter published the following year.[4] The next major treatments of the species appeared in Cheek and Jebb's updated 2001 work, "Nepenthaceae";[10] Charles Clarke's Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, also published in 2001;[5] and Stewart McPherson's two-volume Pitcher Plants of the Old World, released in 2009, which included colour photographs of specimens from a newly discovered locality.[3]

Description

Nepenthes aristolochioides is a climbing plant. The stem, which may be branched,[3] is terete[10] and grows to 8 m in length and 5 mm in diameter.[4] Internodes are cylindrical to obtusely angular[4] in cross section and up to 15 cm long.[5] Axillary buds are notably conspicuous in this species and are located 1.5–7 mm above the leaf axils.[10]

Leaves

Leaves are coriaceous and sessile. The lamina is linear, lanceolate[3] or spathulate-lanceolate[5] in form and up to 20 cm long by 5 cm wide.[3] It has an acute or obtuse apex that may rarely be sub-peltate.[10] It is gradually attenuate towards the base, becoming partly amplexicaul (clasping the stem for one-third to half of its circumference)[10] and, rarely, slightly decurrent.[3][5] Leaves of short stems have rounded auricles, whereas those of climbing stems lack auricles.[10] Two[5] to five[4] longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. They arise from the leaf base and occasionally along the length of the midrib, and are restricted to the distal third[10] to two-thirds of the lamina, where they run parallel to the laminar margin.[4] These longitudinal veins are indistinct in dried specimens.[10] Pinnate veins are irregularly reticulate[4] and indistinct. They are few in number and arise obliquely to eventually curve towards the laminar apex.[10] The lower laminar surface bears sessile glands.[10] Tendrils reach 15 cm in length.[5] Those bearing rosette pitchers are typically around twice as long as the laminae and do not have a curl.[4]

An offshoot from an old climbing stem (left) and a closeup of a rosette pitcher

Pitchers

Nepenthes aristolochioides is noted for exhibiting relatively little dimorphism between its lower and upper pitchers.[3] Rosette and lower pitchers are only briefly produced on small rosettes before the plant begins to climb, or on offshoots from the climbing stem. They arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 3–5 mm wide curve.[4] They are broadly infundibular in the lower two-thirds and globose above, forming a dome above the pitcher opening.[5] They reach 7 cm in height and 3 cm in width.[5] A pair of wings (≤9 mm wide) runs down the front of the pitcher, either covering the length of the trap's ventral surface or being restricted to the upper part only.[5] These wings bear fringe elements up to 10 mm long.[3] The pitcher mouth is orbicular to ovate and up to 1.5 cm in diameter.[4] It has a horizontal,[5] oblique or almost vertical insertion.[4] The glandular region covers almost the entire inner surface of the pitcher, but is often missing from the uppermost parts of the pitcher dome.[5] The waxy zone typical of many Nepenthes species is absent.[11][12] Digestive glands are overarched; the lower ones measure 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter and are present at a density of around 200/cm2, whereas the upper ones are smaller and present at a density of around 500/cm2.[4] The flattened peristome is broad, greatly incurved, and up to 20 mm wide.[4] Its ribs are spaced up to 0.5 mm apart.[4] Its inner margin is lined with small teeth that are curled at their apices[5] and are 2–3 times as long as they are broad.[4] The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 82% of its total cross-sectional surface length.[11] The pitcher lid or operculum is orbicular-cordate[5] or ovate, up to 1.5 cm wide, and bears no appendages.[4] Large nectar glands are present on the lid's entire lower surface, particularly around the midline.[4] Three prominent veins are usually present on either side of the lid's midline.[4] A broad and flattened spur (≤7 mm long) is inserted at the base of the lid.[4] It has been variously described as either branched[4] or unbranched (simple).[5]

A pitcher of N. aristolochioides in longitudinal section, showing the broad, incurved peristome and extensive glandular region

Upper pitchers gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 10 mm wide curve.[4] They are narrowly infundibular in the lower half and utriculate above, with a pronounced dome above the pitcher orifice.[5] The ventral face of the trap is often noticeably flattened[3] and is around 30% thicker than the wall of the translucent dome.[12] Aerial traps are larger than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching 15 cm in height and 8 cm in width.[5] They typically bear ribs in place of wings, although these may not be apparent at all.[3] The pitcher mouth is subapical, ovate[10] to circular, and measures up to 4 cm in diameter.[3] It is angled even more steeply than in lower pitchers and may be positioned almost vertically. The glandular region usually covers the basal two-thirds[5] of the pitcher cup's inner surface, or the pitcher may be wholly glandular.[4] Digestive glands are slightly overarched; those near the bottom are 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter and occur at a density of around 200/cm2, whereas the upper ones are 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter and occur at a density of around 250/cm2.[4] The peristome, which is up to 20 mm wide,[5] is expanded, incurved, and internally flattened, forming an "entrance corridor" similar to a lobster pot.[3][13] It extends for up to 2 mm on its outer margin,[3] which is rounded.[10] There is often a gap of up to 5 mm between the two lobes of the peristome near the base of the lid.[3] The peristome bears ribs up to 0.8 mm high[3] and spaced up to 0.8 mm apart,[10] which terminate in indistinct teeth that are 2–3 times as long as they are broad.[4] Large nectaries are located between the ribs.[10] The pitcher lid is orbicular[10] to ovate and is often held roughly horizontally, at a right angle to the pitcher orifice.[5] It has a rounded to emarginate apex and a slightly cordate base,[10] and measures up to 4 cm in length by 3 cm in width.[3] It has no appendages, but bears numerous nectar glands, which are scattered quite evenly across the entire lower surface of the lid.[10] These nectaries are circular to shortly elliptic and thinly bordered, measuring around 0.3 mm in diameter.[10] They become slightly larger and more densely packed around the midline.[10] Their rims are visibly asymmetric and are highest near the apical end of the lid.[10] Three to four prominent veins are present on either side of the lid's midline.[4] The spur is broad and flattened,[4] measuring up to 10 mm in length.[3] It has 2–4 acute points at its apex, and has been variously described as either simple[10] or branched.[4]

Inflorescence

Nepenthes aristolochioides has a racemose inflorescence up to 30 cm long.[3] Both the peduncle and rachis may be up to 15 cm long, although the latter is usually shorter in female plants.[5] The peduncle is up to 4 mm in diameter.[4] Pedicels are simple-bracteolate[5] and one-flowered. The basalmost ones are up to 12 mm long, whereas those higher up the rachis reach only 6 mm.[4] Tepals are ovate and up to 4 mm long.[5] Fruits are up to 20 mm long and 4 mm wide, and bear lanceolate valves. Seeds are filiform.[4]

Indumentum

Most parts of the plant are glabrous. Where present, the indumentum is inconspicuous;[10] hairs are found on the leaf axils, midribs, laminar margins,[4] and parts of the pitchers (especially around the peristome and on the lid,[10] and in developing pitchers).[3] The indumentum is sparse and consists of short, simple or irregularly branching, appressed hairs, which are white[10] to silver[3] in colour and measure up to 0.2 mm[10] and sometimes even 2 mm in length.[3]

Colouration

The stem, laminae, tendrils and midribs are yellowish-green.[3] On their outer surfaces, pitchers are white to reddish with numerous reddish-brown to purple speckles, with both lower and upper pitchers exhibiting similar colouration. The dark blotches are often denser in the upper part of the pitcher,[10] though the extent of the translucent lighter patches is almost twice as great on the rear of the pitcher as compared to the front.[12] The peristome is usually dark red or purple, being particularly dark in rosette pitchers. The undersurface of the lid is dark red or purple throughout, while the upper surface is speckled like the rest of the pitcher. The inner surface of the pitcher is white to light yellow throughout.[3] Herbarium specimens are brown to dark brown, the preserved pitchers having conspicuous dark spots.[4]

Little variation has been observed within natural populations of N. aristolochioides and no infraspecific taxa have been described.[3][5]

Ecology

Distribution and habitat

Nepenthes aristolochioides is endemic to Sumatra and has an altitudinal distribution of 1800–2500 m above sea level.[3][14] In 2001, Charles Clarke wrote that the species was only known from Mount Tujuh in Jambi, although specimens collected by Herbert Christopher Robinson and Cecil Boden Kloss labelled as being taken from "Mt. Kerinci" suggested that it may be more widespread in the region. Mount Kerinci is Sumatra's highest peak and neighbours Mount Tujuh.[15] Clarke noted that since most of the mountain remains unexplored, there is a good chance that N. aristolochioides occurs there as well. The full range of N. aristolochioides on Mount Tujuh is also unknown, since only three of the mountain's seven peaks had been climbed as of 2001.[5] In 2009, Stewart McPherson reported that N. aristolochioides was known from three subpopulations in Kerinci Seblat National Park.[14][16][17] Of these, one (the type locality on Mount Tujuh) may already be extinct due to poaching by plant collectors;[3] in 2007, E'En Endatno observed only a single N. aristolochioides plant on Mount Tujuh.[3] The other two sites are located on remote peaks and support only "a few dozen" plants, as determined by McPherson.[3]

Nepenthes aristolochioides inhabits Sphagnum-dominated mossy forest near the tops of steep ridges. It usually grows terrestrially, but can also occur as an epiphyte in pockets of moss on tree trunks.[5] The species occurs sympatrically with N. gymnamphora and N. singalana. It grows with the former in montane forest and swamps dominated by Pandanus species that line the shoreline of a crater lake. The altitudinal distribution of N. gymnamphora on Mount Tujuh (1800–2100 m) overlaps that of N. aristolochioides, but no natural hybrids have been observed.[4] A small form of N. singalana occurs in the same habitat as N. aristolochioides, but appears to occupy a different ecological niche; it is generally confined to the forest floor while N. aristolochioides often climbs into the canopy.[4] A number of plants representing the natural hybrid N. aristolochioides × N. singalana have been recorded.[5]

Conservation

The base of a severed climbing stem of N. aristolochioides: the result of plant poaching in Kerinci Seblat National Park

Nepenthes aristolochioides is listed as Critically Endangered on the 2013 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,[1] as its known distribution was restricted to two mountains (Mount Kerinci and Mount Tujuh) at the time of the assessment. Despite the fact that all known populations of the species lie within Kerinci Seblat National Park, it is severely threatened by over-collection, because its unique pitcher morphology makes it particularly sought-after.[5][14] In 2010, the Rare Nepenthes Collection was established with the aim of conserving 4 of the most endangered Nepenthes species: N. aristolochioides, N. clipeata, N. khasiana, and N. rigidifolia.[18][19][20]

Pitcher infauna

No infaunal organisms have been recorded from the pitchers of N. aristolochioides. This is not due to a lack of potential inhabitants; pitchers of N. singalana, which grow alongside N. aristolochioides, support large populations of such organisms. It is thought that the structure of the traps may serve to disorientate emerging adults and so infaunal species avoid colonising them.[5]

Carnivory

Different trapping mechanisms have been proposed for the lower and upper pitchers of N. aristolochioides.

Pitfall traps

The lower pitchers of this species frequently develop embedded in Sphagnum moss, with only the top of the traps visible. Joachim Nerz suggested that they act as simple pitfall traps specialised for trapping ground-dwelling insects. The insects crawl into the pitcher through the small mouth and fall to the bottom of the pitcher cup. Unable to climb out, they drown in the digestive fluid.[4]

Profile views of different upper pitchers, showing the oblique to almost vertical orientation of the mouth and variation in the development of the pitcher dome. The dark red lid undersurface is visible on the left.

Light traps

Along with N. klossii, N. aristolochioides is the only species in the genus to employ domed pitchers with translucent patches that allow sunlight to illuminate the interior. When viewed from the front, the peristome and lid appear dark, contrasting heavily against the inner surface of the pitcher, which is brightly lit by light passing through the top of the pitcher dome. It has been suggested that in upper pitchers this adaptation serves to attract flying insects in a similar manner to the North American pitcher plants Darlingtonia californica, Sarracenia minor, and Sarracenia psittacina.[4][5] A similar trapping mechanism has also been proposed for N. jacquelineae.[5] This is supported by the fact that most of the prey caught by N. aristolochioides consist of small flies, which are attracted to bright light sources.[5][12] Prey are often disorientated inside the upper pitchers of N. aristolochioides. Unable to find the exit, they eventually fall into the pitcher fluid and drown. As such, the pitchers have features of lobster-pot traps.[13]

The central role of the translucent dome in the prey trapping mechanism of N. aristolochioides is supported by experimental evidence. In one study, pitchers whose domes were covered with red celluloid filters showed a threefold decrease in Drosophila trapping efficiency as compared to unaltered pitchers and those shaded at the front with the same filters (flies are red-blind and most sensitive to the UV, blue, and green wavebands).[12]

Flypaper traps

Nepenthes aristolochioides produces extremely thick, mucilaginous pitcher liquid, which coats the entire inner surfaces of the traps in a thin film. The pitchers of this species appear to function at least in part as flypaper traps, with the sticky inner walls trapping flying insects above the surface of the fluid.[3] Similarly viscous pitcher fluid is also found in seven other closely allied Sumatran species: N. dubia, N. flava, N. inermis, N. jacquelineae, N. jamban, N. talangensis, and N. tenuis.[3] Together with N. aristolochioides, these species all share infundibular pitchers that are wholly glandular or almost so.[3]

Related species

The unusual pitcher morphology of N. aristolochioides makes it difficult to confuse with any other species; the almost vertical orientation of the pitcher mouth is a unique characteristic.[4]

Joachim Nerz noted that N. aristolochioides shows "close affinities" to N. talangensis.[4] However, it may be easily distinguished from that species on the basis of the pitcher mouth, which is horizontal in N. talangensis. In addition, the pitcher mouth of N. talangensis is elongated into a short neck, whereas N. aristolochioides lacks a neck altogether, with the lid being inserted in front of the pitcher. Both the mouth and lid are considerably larger in N. talangensis. The two taxa also differ somewhat in growth habit; N. talangensis occurs only terrestrially and is a weak climber, whereas N. aristolochioides occasionally grows as an epiphyte and climbs high into the forest canopy.[4][21]

The laminar morphology of N. aristolochioides is also similar to that of N. bongso, although N. aristolochioides is easily distinguished from this species by the shape of its pitchers and the hooded nectaries of the lid.[10]

In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is part of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 1", which has 51% bootstrap support. Its most strongly supported subclade is the sister pair of N. inermis and N. dubia, having 95% support.[5]

A fully developed upper pitcher (left) and an unopened upper pitcher (right), both found at 2100 m above sea level
51%

N. aristolochioides

unnamed
unnamed

N. tenuis

unnamed
95%

N. dubia

N. inermis

Although N. aristolochioides resembles N. klossii in some respects, the two species are geographically isolated from each other and are not thought to be closely related.[4] The unique adaptations of these taxa might represent an example of convergent evolution, whereby two organisms that are not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate, but comparable, ecosystems.

Natural hybrids

Only one natural hybrid involving N. aristolochioides is known. Nepenthes aristolochioides × N. singalana has been found in dense mossy forest on two ridges of Mount Tujuh, only one of which is populated by N. aristolochioides. It is relatively rare, which suggests that the two species flower at different times of the year. This hybrid is smaller than either of its parent species; the pitchers rarely exceed 5 cm in height. The lower pitchers resemble those of N. talangensis, but differ in having more pronounced peristome teeth. Upper pitchers are infundibular in the lower parts, ovoid in the middle, and cylindrical in the upper parts. This hybrid can be distinguished from N. aristolochioides on the basis of its narrow, cylindrical peristome and oblique mouth, as opposed to almost vertical in the latter.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b Clarke, C.M. (2013). "Nepenthes aristolochioides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T39644A19630981. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T39644A19630981.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Nerz, J. 1998. Rediscovery of an outstanding Nepenthes: N. aristolochioides (Nepenthaceae). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(3): 101–114.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  6. ^ Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
  7. ^ a b Schlauer, J. 1994. NEPENTHES comments for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
  8. ^ Nepenthes aristolochioides M.Jebb & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
  9. ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes aristolochioides. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  11. ^ a b Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
  12. ^ a b c d e Moran, J.A., C. Clarke & B.E. Gowen 2012. The use of light in prey capture by the tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes aristolochioides. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7(8): 957–960. doi:10.4161/psb.20912
  13. ^ a b Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(1): 23–27.
  14. ^ a b c McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  15. ^ Jacobs, M. 1938. Contributions to the botany of Mount Kerintji and adjacent area in West Central Sumatra—I. Annales Bogorienses 3: 45–79.
  16. ^ McPherson, S. 2009. Nepenthes aristolochioides and Nepenthes klossii. Two of Indonesia's most remarkable plants. Carniflora Australis 7(1): 27–30.
  17. ^ McPherson, S. 2012. Two of Indonesia's most remarkable plants. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 103: 16–19.
  18. ^ Ziemer, B. 2010. Exciting conservation news: the Rare Nepenthes Collection project! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 39(3): 67.
  19. ^ Nepenthes aristolochioides. Ark of Life.
  20. ^ Bourke, G. 2010. A new conservation initiative: the Rare Nepenthes Collection project. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(2): 5–6.
  21. ^ Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.
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Nepenthes aristolochioides: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Nepenthes aristolochioides /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ærɪˌstɒloʊkiˈɔɪdiːz/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of 1800–2500 m above sea level. It has an extremely unusual pitcher morphology, having an almost vertical opening to its traps. It is critically endangered by overcollection.

The specific epithet aristolochioides is formed from the genus name Aristolochia and the Latin ending -oides, meaning "resembling". It refers to the similarity that the pitchers of this species bear, in both shape and pigmentation, to the specialised flowers of Aristolochia.

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Nepenthes aristolochioides ( француски )

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Le Nepenthes aristolochioides est une espèce de plantes carnivores à piège passif formé d'ascidies (urnes) de la famille des Nepenthaceae. Cette plante est endémique du Mont Tujuh à Jambi sur l'île de Sumatra où elle pousse entre 2000 et 2500m d'altitude. Cette espèce doit son nom à la ressemblance de ses urnes avec les fleurs de certaines Aristolochia.La terminaison latine oides signifie «ressemblant».

Notes et références

Espèces

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Nepenthes aristolochioides: Brief Summary ( француски )

добавил wikipedia FR

Le Nepenthes aristolochioides est une espèce de plantes carnivores à piège passif formé d'ascidies (urnes) de la famille des Nepenthaceae. Cette plante est endémique du Mont Tujuh à Jambi sur l'île de Sumatra où elle pousse entre 2000 et 2500m d'altitude. Cette espèce doit son nom à la ressemblance de ses urnes avec les fleurs de certaines Aristolochia.La terminaison latine oides signifie «ressemblant».

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Nepenthes aristolochioides ( индонезиски )

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Nepenthes aristolochioides (/[unsupported input]nˈpɛnθz ærˌstɒlkiˈɔɪdz/) adalah kantong semar endemik Sumatra, tempat di mana tanaman ini tumbuh pada ketinggian 1800–2500 m di atas permukaan laut. Tanaman ini memiliki bentuk yang sangat aneh dibanding biasanya, dengan pembukaan yang hampir vertikal pada kantong penjebaknya.[2]

Nama aristolochioides berasal dari nama genus Aristolochia dan akhiran Latin -oides, yang berarti menyerupai. Ini berdasarkan banyaknya kesamaan bentuk dan terutama warna pada pembungaan Aristolochia.

Sejarah botani

Nepenthes aristolochioides pertama kali dikoleksi oleh Willem Meijer pada 5 Agustus, 1956. The holotype, Meijer 6542, dikoleksi dari Gunung Tujuh (Tudjuh) di Jambi pada ketinggian 2000 m.

Referensi

  1. ^ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  2. ^ McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
 src= Artikel bertopik tumbuhan ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.
Diagnosis taksa tidak lengkap
N. sp. Anipahan
N. sp. Luzon
N. sp. Misool
Kemungkinan spesies punah
N. echinatus
N. echinosporus
N. major
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Nepenthes aristolochioides: Brief Summary ( индонезиски )

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Nepenthes aristolochioides (/[unsupported input]nᵻˈpɛnθiːz ærᵻˌstɒloʊkiˈɔɪdiːz/) adalah kantong semar endemik Sumatra, tempat di mana tanaman ini tumbuh pada ketinggian 1800–2500 m di atas permukaan laut. Tanaman ini memiliki bentuk yang sangat aneh dibanding biasanya, dengan pembukaan yang hampir vertikal pada kantong penjebaknya.

Nama aristolochioides berasal dari nama genus Aristolochia dan akhiran Latin -oides, yang berarti menyerupai. Ini berdasarkan banyaknya kesamaan bentuk dan terutama warna pada pembungaan Aristolochia.

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Nepenthes aristolochioides ( италијански )

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Nepenthes aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek, 1997 è una pianta carnivora della famiglia Nepenthaceae[2], endemica di Sumatra. La forma dell'ascidio ricorda quella dei fiori di Aristolochia, da cui il nome.

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale di questa specie è ristretto all'isola di Sumatra (Indonesia), ove è presente in due sole località sul monte Kerinci e sul monte Tujuh, ad altitudini comprese tra 2.000 e 2.400 m sul livello del mare.[1]

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Nepenthes aristolochioides come specie in pericolo critico di estinzione (Critically Endangered).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Clarke, C.M. 2013, Nepenthes aristolochioides, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 19/1/2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Nepenthes aristolochioides, in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 20/1/2020.

Bibliografia

  • Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  • Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  • McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

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Nepenthes aristolochioides: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Nepenthes aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek, 1997 è una pianta carnivora della famiglia Nepenthaceae, endemica di Sumatra. La forma dell'ascidio ricorda quella dei fiori di Aristolochia, da cui il nome.

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