Biology
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Pitcher plants are dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers grow on separate plants and only begin to flower once the upper pitchers are produced (5) (6). The flowers produce large amounts of nectar during the early evening and night, which evaporates by morning. This nectar attracts flies during the early evening and moths at night to aid pollination. Once fertilised the fruits of Nepenthes species usually take about three months to develop and ripen. Nepenthes argentii has been observed fruiting in August (2), producing fruits that each contain between 100 and 500 very light, winged, seeds, which are thought to be dispersed by the wind (5) (6). Despite enormous numbers of seeds being produced, only a few manage to germinate and only a fraction of those survive to maturity (6).
Carnivorous pitcher plants are adapted to grow in soils low in nutrients. Although the plants do gain some nutrition through the soil, and energy through photosynthesis, they supplement this with a diet of invertebrates, usually consisting of ants, cockroaches, centipedes, flies and beetles. Insects are attracted to the pitchers by their bright colours and nectar, which is secreted by glands situated on the lid and the peristome of the pitcher. The insects fall into the acidic fluid at the base of the pitcher and, unable to escape, they drown. Digestive enzymes are then released to break down the captured prey (5). Despite the hostile environment of the pitchers, they can be home to number of animals, such as mosquitoes, which emerge from larvae that live in the pitcher fluid (6).
Conservation
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Although listed under Appendix II on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) which limits the international export of this species (3), trade is very difficult to regulate. There is no requirement for internationally traded Nepenthes to be identified down to species level and plants simply labelled as Nepenthes accounted for 94 percent of all exported Nepenthes plants between 1988 and 1993. This needs to be remedied and urgent attention is required to close other trade loopholes (6). Nepenthes argentii is becoming more common in cultivation, helping to reduce the impact on wild populations (6).
Description
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This charming tropical pitcher plant is the smallest species of Nepenthes, a spectacular genus of carnivorous plants. Nepenthes argentii is a vine that creeps along the ground, with a long, vertical, underground rhizome (4). Because of its small size, Nepenthes argentii is usually concealed in shrubbery, and is only usually detected by the inflorescences emerging above the shrub canopy (2). Thimble-sized, deep maroon-pink pitchers, formed from modified leaves, hang from coiled tendrils. Nepenthes species usually have two or three different types of pitcher, generally known as upper and lower pitchers (5). The pitchers contain an acidic fluid, secreted by the many glands which cover the inside surface of the lower half of the pitcher (5). The smooth and waxy upper inner surface of the pitcher makes it impossible for invertebrates that have fallen into the pitchers to gain a foothold (5), and a ridge of hardened tissue lining the mouth of the pitcher, the peristome, bears downward pointing teeth, also preventing insects from escaping. A lid overhanging the mouth of the pitcher prevents rain water from diluting the pitcher fluid (6). The peristome of Nepenthes argentii is dark purple and the lid is spotted red underneath and mostly mottled red on top (2). The lower surface of the leaves and tendrils of this species are covered with red hairs (2).
Habitat
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Nepenthes argentii inhabits sub-alpine shrubbery on igneous rock, at an altitude of around 1,400 metres (1).
Range
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Endemic to the Philippines where it occurs in the Sibuyan and Romblon Provinces (1).
Status
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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3)
Threats
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Nepenthes species are threatened by a combination of over-collection and habitat loss (6). The highly restricted range of Nepenthes argentii makes it particularly susceptible to the impacts of habitat disturbance or catastrophic environmental events, such as drought and fire. In addition, highland plants, such as Nepenthes argentii, take longer to recover from any disturbance than lowland plants as growth is slower (7).
Nepenthes argentii: Brief Summary
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Nepenthes argentii (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ɑːrˈdʒɛntiaɪ/; after George Argent) is a highland Nepenthes pitcher plant native to Mount Guiting-Guiting on Sibuyan Island in the Philippines. It is possibly the smallest species in the genus and does not appear to have a climbing stage.
Nepenthes argentii inhabits subalpine shrubbery "with a smooth wind-clipped canopy 30 cm tall on an ultrabasic ridge". It grows at an elevation of 1400–1900 m.
On Mount Guiting-Guiting, N. argentii is sympatric with N. sibuyanensis at around 1600 to 1770 m. A taxon resembling N. alata grows on Mount Guiting-Guiting at lower elevations of 800 to 1000 m; it was described as N. graciliflora by Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer. Other plant species endemic to the mountain include Lobelia proctorii and Rhododendron rousei.
Nepenthes argentii has no known natural hybrids, although it may hybridise with N. sibuyanensis. No forms or varieties have been described.
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Nepenthes argentii: Brief Summary
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Nepenthes argentii est une espèce de plantes du genre Nepenthes de la famille des Nepenthaceae.
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Nepenthes argentii: Brief Summary
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Nepenthes argentii Jebb & Cheek, 1997 è una pianta carnivora della famiglia Nepenthaceae, endemica dell'isola di Sibuyan, nelle Filippine, dove cresce a 1400–1900 m.
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