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Nepenthes alata ( германски )

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Nepenthes alata ist eine fleischfressende Pflanze aus der Gattung der Kannenpflanzen (Nepenthes). Sie ist heimisch auf den Philippinen. Sie wurde 1837 von Francisco Manuel Blanco erstbeschrieben.

Beschreibung

Nepenthes alata ist eine Kletterpflanze, ihre Sprossachse ist zwischen 4 und 8 Millimeter dick und bis zu 4 Meter hoch.

Die lederigen Blätter werden in gleichmäßigen Abständen von 1,5 bis vier Zentimetern entlang der Sprossachse gebildet. An jedem Knoten sitzt ein bis zu fünf Zentimeter langer, geflügelter Blattstiel, der in eine bis zu 25 Zentimeter lange und etwas über 5 Zentimeter breite, schmal-elliptische oder umgekehrt lanzettlich- bis spatelförmige scheinbare Blattspreite übergeht, die aber im strengen Sinne nur einen umgebildeten Blattgrund darstellt. Dieser wird geteilt von einer Mittelrippe, ab ihrem Ansatz verlaufen nah an ihr zwei bis vier Seitenrippen.

Ihre Kannen sind grün bis rötlich, bis zu 20 Zentimeter lang und 6 Zentimeter breit, unten bauchig und oben zylinderförmig. Zusätzlich besitzt Nepenthes alata zwei Zahnleisten, die nicht hart und spitz sind.

An der Art wurden im Jahr 2005 vom Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung Untersuchungen zur Beschaffenheit der Wachsbeschichtung des Kanneninneren durchgeführt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass eine doppelte Wachsschicht gebildet wird. Die obere, weichere Schicht besteht aus plättchenförmigen, gestielten Kristallen, die wiederum auf einer härteren, spitz hervorstehenden Wachsschicht aufliegen. Die Kristalle der oberen Schicht verkleben dabei die Hafthaare der Insektenbeine, die untere Schicht minimiert den Haftkontakt zusätzlich durch Reduktion der Fläche. Im Handel findet man häufig Hybriden aus Nepenthes alata und Nepenthes ventricosa, da diese besonders leicht zu kultivieren und sehr starkwüchsig sind, aber oft als reine N. alata deklariert werden.

Verbreitung

Die Art ist im philippinischen Hochland heimisch, auf Höhen von 400 bis 2400 Meter. Sie wächst in moosigen Wäldern, gelegentlich auf Böden auf ultrabasischem Gestein.

Literatur

  • Martin Cheek, Matthew Jebb: Nepenthaceae (= Flora Malesiana. Ser. 1: Spermatophyta. Bd. 15). Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden 2001, ISBN 90-71236-49-8.
  • E. Gorb, K. Haas, A. Henrich, S. Enders, N. Barbakadze, S. Gorb: Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax layer of the slippery zone in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata and its effect on insect attachment. In: The Journal of Experimental Biology. Bd. 208, Nr. 24, 2005, , S. 4651–4662, doi:10.1242/jeb.01939.

Weblinks

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Nepenthes alata: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Nepenthes alata ist eine fleischfressende Pflanze aus der Gattung der Kannenpflanzen (Nepenthes). Sie ist heimisch auf den Philippinen. Sie wurde 1837 von Francisco Manuel Blanco erstbeschrieben.

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Nepenthes alata ( англиски )

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Nepenthes alata (/nɪˈpɛnθz əˈlɑːtə/; from Latin alatus "winged") is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines.[7][17] Like all pitcher plants, it is carnivorous and uses its nectar to attract insects that drown in the pitcher and are digested by the plant. It is highly polymorphic, and its taxonomy continues to be subject to revisions.

Description

Developing seed pods.

N. alata can vary strongly in colouration and morphology. The floral formula is ✶ K4 A4+4+1* G0 for staminate (the apical stamen /*/ may not be present) and ✶ K4 A0 G(4) for pistillate flowers.[18]

Taxonomy

Nepenthes alata has long been treated as a highly polymorphic species spanning all the major islands of the Philippine archipelago (with the possible exception of Palawan).[19] Under this broad circumscription, N. alata was understood to have an altitudinal range of 0–1,900 m (0–6,234 ft) above sea level[17] and was recorded from, among others, the islands of Bohol, Camiguin, Cebu, Culion, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar,[20][21] and Sibuyan. Nepenthes alata in this broad sense (sensu lato) is one of the easiest and most popular Nepenthes in cultivation.[22]

In 2013, N. alata was redelimited by Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb to encompass only those populations from northern and central Luzon with conspicuously hairy pitchers (a taxon known in horticultural circles as the "hairy N. alata").[7] Cheek and Jebb's N. alata sensu stricto has an altitudinal distribution of 550 m (1,800 ft) and above.[7] Under this interpretation, the more southerly plants previously referred to this species actually represent the newly resurrected N. graciliflora (the "typical N. alata" of horticulture; found on Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, and Sibuyan) as well as the newly described N. negros (Biliran and Negros) and N. ramos (Mindanao).[7][23] Nepenthes viridis from Dinagat and Samar is another close relative,[24] as are N. ceciliae (Mindanao), N. copelandii (Mindanao), N. extincta (Mindanao), N. hamiguitanensis (Mindanao), N. kitanglad (Mindanao), N. kurata (Mindanao), N. leyte (Leyte), N. mindanaoensis (Dinagat and Mindanao), N. saranganiensis (Mindanao), and N. ultra (Luzon).[7][17][23][25][26][27] Together these species form the so-called "N. alata group", being united by a number of morphological characters including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base.[25]

Nepenthes alata is closely related to several other species, including N. copelandii, N. mindanaoensis, and N. saranganiensis. Nepenthes eustachya from Sumatra was once considered to fall within the variability of N. alata, but this was based on a misinterpretation of type specimens; these two species do not seem closely related to each other.

Infraspecific taxa

Natural hybrids

References

  1. ^ Clarke, C.M. (2018). "Nepenthes alata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T49120197A143972386. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T49120197A143972386.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ (in Spanish) Blanco, F.M. 1837. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. pp. 805–809.
  3. ^ (in Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
  4. ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x
  5. ^ (in French) Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.
  6. ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
  8. ^ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
  9. ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  10. ^ Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
  11. ^ Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
  12. ^ (in Indonesian) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
  13. ^ Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
  14. ^ Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
  15. ^ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  16. ^ a b c Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  17. ^ a b c d e McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  18. ^ Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8.
  19. ^ a b McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  20. ^ Suarez, W. 2011. Samar's Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, January 12, 2011.
  21. ^ a b Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
  22. ^ Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.
  23. ^ a b Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112
  24. ^ (in German) Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013. Nepenthes viridis, eine neue Nepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. Das Taublatt 76: 4–21.
  25. ^ a b c Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69
  26. ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013. doi:10.3767/000651913X675124
  27. ^ Mey, F.S. 2013. The Nepenthes alata group: resurrection of N. graciliflora ; N. ramos and N. negros described as new species. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, August 27, 2013.
  28. ^ a b Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
  29. ^ a b Mann, P. 1998. A trip to the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 6–11.
  30. ^ a b Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(1): 155–158. Abstract Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Fleming, R. 1979. Hybrid Nepenthes. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 8(1): 10–12.
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Nepenthes alata: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Nepenthes alata (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz əˈlɑːtə/; from Latin alatus "winged") is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines. Like all pitcher plants, it is carnivorous and uses its nectar to attract insects that drown in the pitcher and are digested by the plant. It is highly polymorphic, and its taxonomy continues to be subject to revisions.

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Nepenthes alata ( француски )

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Nepenthes alata est une plante carnivore originaire des îles Philippines, et qui pousse à des altitudes très variables : de 800 à 2 400 m.

Étymologie

Alatus en latin signifie « aile » et fait référence à la morphologie des urnes.

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Nepenthes alata: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Nepenthes alata est une plante carnivore originaire des îles Philippines, et qui pousse à des altitudes très variables : de 800 à 2 400 m.

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Nepenthes alata ( ирски )

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Ascaid trópaiceach is ea Nepenthes alata ( Laidin: alatus' "sciathánach") eindéimeach do na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha.[6][16] Cosúil le gach ascaid eile, is planda feoiliteach í agus úsáideann sí a neachtar chun feithidí a mhealladh isteach sa chrúsca (nó sa phitséar), áit ina mbíonn siad díleáite. Tá sí thar a bheith polamorfach, agus bíonn a tacsanomaíocht fós faoi réir athbhreithnithe.

Cur síos

 src=
Ar fhoraois imeallach, thart ar 360 troigh, ag Pueblo de Panay, Panay, Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha

Is féidir le N. alataarhrú go mór a dhéanamh i gcló agus i moirfeolaíocht. Is éard is a foirmle bhláthach na ✶ K4 A4 + 4 + 1 * G0 i gcomhair bláthanna staimíneacha (b'fhéidir nach mbeidh an staimín i láithair) agus ✶ K4 A0 G (4) le haghaidh bláthanna pistileacha.


Hibridí nádúrtha

  • N. alata × N. burkei[16]
  • N. alata × N. merrilliana [=N. × merrilliata][17]
  • ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya]
  • N. alata × N. mindanaoensis
  • N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][18]
  • ? N. alata × N. petiolata
  • N. alata × N. pulchra
  • N. alata × N. vulgaris [=N. × truncalata]
  • N. alata × N. ventricosa [=N. × ventrata][19]

Tagairtí

  1. Teimpléad:Es icon Blanco, F.M. 1837. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. pp. 805–809.
  2. Teimpléad:La icon Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
  3. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156. Teimpléad:DOI
  4. Teimpléad:Fr icon Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.
  5. Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. Teimpléad:DOI
  7. Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
  8. Schlauer, J. Teimpléad:Tooltip Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  9. Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
  10. Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
  11. Teimpléad:Id icon Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
  12. Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
  13. Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
  14. Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  15. Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  16. 16.0 16.1 McPherson, S.R. 2009.
  17. Mann, P. 1998.
  18. Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972.
  19. Fleming, R. 1979.
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Nepenthes alata: Brief Summary ( ирски )

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Ascaid trópaiceach is ea Nepenthes alata ( Laidin: alatus' "sciathánach") eindéimeach do na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha. Cosúil le gach ascaid eile, is planda feoiliteach í agus úsáideann sí a neachtar chun feithidí a mhealladh isteach sa chrúsca (nó sa phitséar), áit ina mbíonn siad díleáite. Tá sí thar a bheith polamorfach, agus bíonn a tacsanomaíocht fós faoi réir athbhreithnithe.

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Nepenthes alata ( индонезиски )

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Nepenthes alata (/nˈpɛnθz əˈlɑːtə/; Latin: alatus "bersayap") adalah tumbuhan kantong semar yang endemik di Filipina.[6][16]

Nepenthes alata telah lama diperlakukan sebagai spesies yang sangat polimorfik mencakup semua pulau-pulau besar kepulauan Filipina (dengan kemungkinan pengecualian Palawan).[17] Di bawah batasan yang luas ini, N. alata dipahami memiliki berbagai ketinggian dari 0-1.900 m (0-6.234 kaki) di atas permukaan laut[16] dan tercatat dari, antara lain, pulau Bohol, Camiguin, Cebu, Culion, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar,[18][19] dan Sibuyan. Nepenthes alata dalam arti luas ini (sensu lato) merupakan salah satu Nepenthes termudah dan paling populer untuk dibudidaya.[20]

Pada tahun 2013, N. alata kembali dibatasi oleh Martin Cheek dan Matthew Jebb yang mencakup hanya populasi dari utara dan tengah Luzon dengan kantong berbulu mencolok (takson dikenal di kalangan hortikultura sebagai "N. alata berbulu").[6] N. alata sensu stricto Cheek dan Jebb memiliki penyebaran ketinggian di atas 550 m (1.800 kaki).[6] Berdasarkan penafsiran ini, tumbuhan di selatan yang sebelumnya disebut spesies ini ternyata benar-benar mewakili N. graciliflora baru dikeluarkan (hortikultura "N. alata khas"; ditemukan di Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, dan Sibuyan) serta N. negros baru dideskripsikan (Biliran dan Negros) dan N. ramos (Mindanao).[6][21] Nepenthes viridis dari Dinagat dan Samar merupakan kerabat dekat lain,[22] seperti N. ceciliae (Mindanao), N. copelandii (Mindanao), N. extincta (Mindanao), N. hamiguitanensis (Mindanao), N. kitanglad (Mindanao), N. kurata (Mindanao), N. leyte (Leyte), N. mindanaoensis (Dinagat dan Mindanao), N. saranganiensis (Mindanao), dan N. ultra (Luzon).[6][16][21][23][24][25] Bersama dengan spesies ini, membentuk apa yang disebut "kelompok N. alata", yang disatukan oleh sejumlah karakter morfologi, seperti tangkai bersayap, tutup dengan rabung pangkal pada permukaan bawah (sering dijabarkan sebagai alat pelengkap), dan kantong atas yang biasanya meluas di dekat dasar.[23]

Deskripsi

Rumus floral untuk bunga jantan adalah ✶ K4 A4+4+1* G0 (mungkin tidak terdapat benang sari apikal /*/) dan ✶ K4 A0 G(4) untuk bunga betina.[26]

Taksonomi

Nepenthes alata berkaitan erat dengan beberapa spesies lain, termasuk N. copelandii, N. mindanaoensis, dan N. saranganiensis. Nepenthes eustachya dari Sumatra pernah dianggap termasuk ke dalam variabilitas N. alata, tetapi didasarkan pada jenis spesimen salah tafsir, dua spesies ini tampaknya tidak terkait erat satu sama lain.

Perbedaan morfologi antara N. alata dan N. eustachya (Jebb & Cheek, 1997) Ciri morfologi N. alata N. eustachya Helaian daun melanset hingga membundar telur melanset Ujung daun meruncing atau menirus membulat hingga sub-memerisai Tangkai bersayap luas hampir tidak atau tidak bersayap Taji sederhana, berbintik akut sederhana atau menggarpu rangkap Indumentum berambut kemerahan atau keputihan tidak ada di seluruh bagian Struktur dasar kantong tekstur mirip pada seluruh kantong, tiba-tiba menirus menuju sulur menyudut, mengayu, bertahap menirus menuju sulur

Taksa bawah jenis

Hibrida alami

Referensi

  1. ^ (Spanyol) Blanco, F.M. 1837. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. pp. 805–809.
  2. ^ (Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
  3. ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x
  4. ^ (Prancis) Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.
  5. ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
  7. ^ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
  8. ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  9. ^ Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
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  26. ^ Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 165. ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8.
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  28. ^ a b Mann, P. 1998. A trip to the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 6–11.
  29. ^ a b Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(1): 155–158. Abstract
  30. ^ Fleming, R. 1979. Hybrid Nepenthes. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 8(1): 10–12.

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  • Amoroso, V.B., L.D. Obsioma, J.B. Arlalejo, R.A. Aspiras, D.P. Capili, J.J.A. Polizon & E.B. Sumile 2009. Inventory and conservation of endangered, endemic and economically important flora of Hamiguitan Range, southern Philippines. Blumea 54(1–3): 71–76. doi:10.3767/000651909X474113
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  • Kamesaki, T., E. Kajii & S. Ikemoto 1989. Purification of the decomposing enzyme from Nepenthes alata against glycophorin B of human red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 489(2): 384–389. PubMed
  • Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
  • Kiew, R.G. 1990. Pitcher plants of Gunung Tahan. Journal of Wildlife and National Parks (Malaysia) 10: 34–37.
  • Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes alata. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 118–121.
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Pranala luar

Diagnosis taksa tidak lengkap
N. sp. Anipahan
N. sp. Luzon
N. sp. Misool
Kemungkinan spesies punah
N. echinatus
N. echinosporus
N. major
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Nepenthes alata: Brief Summary ( индонезиски )

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Nepenthes alata (/nᵻˈpɛnθiːz əˈlɑːtə/; Latin: alatus "bersayap") adalah tumbuhan kantong semar yang endemik di Filipina.

Nepenthes alata telah lama diperlakukan sebagai spesies yang sangat polimorfik mencakup semua pulau-pulau besar kepulauan Filipina (dengan kemungkinan pengecualian Palawan). Di bawah batasan yang luas ini, N. alata dipahami memiliki berbagai ketinggian dari 0-1.900 m (0-6.234 kaki) di atas permukaan laut dan tercatat dari, antara lain, pulau Bohol, Camiguin, Cebu, Culion, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar, dan Sibuyan. Nepenthes alata dalam arti luas ini (sensu lato) merupakan salah satu Nepenthes termudah dan paling populer untuk dibudidaya.

Pada tahun 2013, N. alata kembali dibatasi oleh Martin Cheek dan Matthew Jebb yang mencakup hanya populasi dari utara dan tengah Luzon dengan kantong berbulu mencolok (takson dikenal di kalangan hortikultura sebagai "N. alata berbulu"). N. alata sensu stricto Cheek dan Jebb memiliki penyebaran ketinggian di atas 550 m (1.800 kaki). Berdasarkan penafsiran ini, tumbuhan di selatan yang sebelumnya disebut spesies ini ternyata benar-benar mewakili N. graciliflora baru dikeluarkan (hortikultura "N. alata khas"; ditemukan di Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, dan Sibuyan) serta N. negros baru dideskripsikan (Biliran dan Negros) dan N. ramos (Mindanao). Nepenthes viridis dari Dinagat dan Samar merupakan kerabat dekat lain, seperti N. ceciliae (Mindanao), N. copelandii (Mindanao), N. extincta (Mindanao), N. hamiguitanensis (Mindanao), N. kitanglad (Mindanao), N. kurata (Mindanao), N. leyte (Leyte), N. mindanaoensis (Dinagat dan Mindanao), N. saranganiensis (Mindanao), dan N. ultra (Luzon). Bersama dengan spesies ini, membentuk apa yang disebut "kelompok N. alata", yang disatukan oleh sejumlah karakter morfologi, seperti tangkai bersayap, tutup dengan rabung pangkal pada permukaan bawah (sering dijabarkan sebagai alat pelengkap), dan kantong atas yang biasanya meluas di dekat dasar.

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Nepenthes copelandii ( индонезиски )

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Nepenthes copelandii (/nˈpɛnθz kpˈlændi./; menghormati Edwin Copeland) adalah tumbuhan kantong semar yang berasal dari pulau Mindanao di Filipina. Habitat aslinya diketahui berasal dari Gunung Apo dekat Kota Davao dan Gunung Pasian dekat Bislig, sejak saat itu spesies ini telah ditemukan pada sejumlah puncak di seluruh Mindanao.[6] Kantong semar ini juga terdapat di pulau terdekat, yaitu Camiguin.[7][8][9] Kantong semar ini memiliki distribusi ketinggian yang luas, 1100-2400 m di atas permukaan laut.[6] Nepenthes copelandii tidak diketahui memiliki hibrida alami.[10] Tidak ada bentuk atau varietas yang telah dideskripsikan.

Bentuk Gunung Apo telah dibudidayakan oleh penggemar asal Australia sejak awal tahun 1980-an, dengan takson yang disebut sebagai "N.sp. Filipina No. 2". Bentuk Gunung Pasian dimasukkan dalam tanaman budidaya setelah sekiam lama kemudian.[11]

Nepenthes copelandii termasuk ke dalam "kelompok N. alata", yang meliputi N. alata, N. ceciliae, N. extincta, N. graciliflora, N. hamiguitanensis, N. kitanglad, N. kurata, N. leyte, N. mindanaoensis, N. negros, N. ramos, N. saranganiensis, dan N. ultra.[3][12][13][14] Spesies ini disatukan oleh sejumlah karakter morfologi, seperti tangkai bersayap, tutup dengan rabung pangkal pada permukaan bawah (sering dijabarkan sebagai alat pelengkap), dan kantong atas yang biasanya luas di dekat dasar.[3][12]

Dalam karyanya, Carnivorous Plant Database, taksonom Jan Schlauer memperlakukan N. copelandii sebagai sinonim heterotipe dari N. alata.[15]

Referensi

  1. ^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
  2. ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  3. ^ a b c Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
  4. ^ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
  5. ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  6. ^ a b McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  7. ^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Philippine Journal of Science 33(2): 127–140.
  8. ^ Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
  9. ^ Heinrich, V.B. 2009. Philippines: Volcanoes Nepenthes and more. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, October 28, 2009.
  10. ^ McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  11. ^ Bourke, G. 2010. Plant profile: Nepenthes copelandii. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(2): 9.
  12. ^ a b Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69
  13. ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112
  14. ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013. doi:10.3767/000651913X675124
  15. ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes copelandii. Carnivorous Plant Database.

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Amoroso, V.B., L.D. Obsioma, J.B. Arlalejo, R.A. Aspiras, D.P. Capili, J.J.A. Polizon & E.B. Sumile 2009. Inventory and conservation of endangered, endemic and economically important flora of Hamiguitan Range, southern Philippines. Blumea 54(1–3): 71–76. doi:10.3767/000651909X474113
  • Amoroso, V.B. & R.A. Aspiras 2011. Hamiguitan Range: a sanctuary for native flora. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 18(1): 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.07.003
  • Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
  • Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  • (Jerman) Gronemeyer, T. 2008. Nepenthes auf den Philippinen – ein Reisebericht. Das Taublatt 60: 15–27.
  • (Jerman) McPherson, S. & T. Gronemeyer 2008. Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen: eine Fotodokumentation. Das Taublatt 60: 34–78.
  • Borneo Exotics: Nepenthes copelandii – Discovery and Rediscovery

Pranala luar

Diagnosis taksa tidak lengkap
N. sp. Anipahan
N. sp. Luzon
N. sp. Misool
Kemungkinan spesies punah
N. echinatus
N. echinosporus
N. major
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Nepenthes copelandii: Brief Summary ( индонезиски )

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Nepenthes copelandii (/nᵻˈpɛnθiːz koʊpˈlændi.aɪ/; menghormati Edwin Copeland) adalah tumbuhan kantong semar yang berasal dari pulau Mindanao di Filipina. Habitat aslinya diketahui berasal dari Gunung Apo dekat Kota Davao dan Gunung Pasian dekat Bislig, sejak saat itu spesies ini telah ditemukan pada sejumlah puncak di seluruh Mindanao. Kantong semar ini juga terdapat di pulau terdekat, yaitu Camiguin. Kantong semar ini memiliki distribusi ketinggian yang luas, 1100-2400 m di atas permukaan laut. Nepenthes copelandii tidak diketahui memiliki hibrida alami. Tidak ada bentuk atau varietas yang telah dideskripsikan.

Bentuk Gunung Apo telah dibudidayakan oleh penggemar asal Australia sejak awal tahun 1980-an, dengan takson yang disebut sebagai "N.sp. Filipina No. 2". Bentuk Gunung Pasian dimasukkan dalam tanaman budidaya setelah sekiam lama kemudian.

Nepenthes copelandii termasuk ke dalam "kelompok N. alata", yang meliputi N. alata, N. ceciliae, N. extincta, N. graciliflora, N. hamiguitanensis, N. kitanglad, N. kurata, N. leyte, N. mindanaoensis, N. negros, N. ramos, N. saranganiensis, dan N. ultra. Spesies ini disatukan oleh sejumlah karakter morfologi, seperti tangkai bersayap, tutup dengan rabung pangkal pada permukaan bawah (sering dijabarkan sebagai alat pelengkap), dan kantong atas yang biasanya luas di dekat dasar.

Dalam karyanya, Carnivorous Plant Database, taksonom Jan Schlauer memperlakukan N. copelandii sebagai sinonim heterotipe dari N. alata.

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Nepenthes alata ( италијански )

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Nepenthes alata Blanco, 1837 è una pianta carnivora tropicale, iscritta nella famiglia Nepenthaceae, endemica delle Filippine.[1][2]

Descrizione

Nepenthes Mount Hamiguitan Range.jpg

Nepenthes alata si mostra con foglie verde brillanti e lucide, alle cui estremità si formano i caratteristici ascidi, trappole simili a brocche dalla colorazione verde-rossastra, protette da un coperchio o opercolo. Al loro interno, normalmente per un quarto del volume totale, è contenuto il liquido digestivo composto da acqua ed enzimi digestivi. L'opercolo che sormonta l'ingresso dell'ascidio preserva il liquido dalla diluizione causata dalle piogge. Le prede, solitamente insetti e piccoli invertebrati, vengono attirati nella trappola grazie alla loro colorazione e a particolari sostanze in grado poi di stordirli. Gli animali che muoiono nell'ascidio vengono lentamente assimilati dalla pianta. Dopo una serie di processi enzimatici, diverranno nutrimento per essa sotto forma di azoto nitrico.

Distribuzione e habitat

È una specie endemica delle Filippine, presente in quasi tutte le maggiori isole dell'arcipelago tra cui Provincia di Camiguin, Cebu, Culion, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar e Sibuyan.[3][4]

Predilige substrati dominati da rocce ultrabasiche, con alte concentrazioni di ferro e magnesio.[5]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Clarke, C., Cantley, R., Nerz, J., Rischer, H. & Witsuba, A. 2000, Nepenthes alata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Nepenthes alata, in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 20/1/2020.
  3. ^ McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. [Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  4. ^ Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
  5. ^ Amoroso V.B. & Aspiras R.A., Hamiguitan Range: a sanctuary for native flora, in Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 18, n. 1, 2011, pp. 7–15, DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.07.003.

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Nepenthes alata: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Nepenthes alata Blanco, 1837 è una pianta carnivora tropicale, iscritta nella famiglia Nepenthaceae, endemica delle Filippine.

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