Conservation Status
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The twostriped grasshopper is a serious agricultural pest to grain crops, alfalfa, and corn. During outbreaks it will completely defoliate crops and even in urban areas it will devour flowers and vegetables (Pfadt 2002).
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Cyclicity
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Melanoplusbivittatus nymphs (no wings or short wing buds) hatch from egg pods in the soil early in the summer and are one of the first species to appear. They continue to hatch for four to six weeks following rain and warm temperatures and so may be found in an area up to 75 days. Adults (wings extend the length of the abdomen) can be found 40 days after the nymphs have emerged (Pfadt 2002). In Alberta they have been found from May to September (Strickland Museum records).
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Distribution
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This species is wide spreadfrom coast to coast across North America, as far north as northern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the majority of Ontario, the southern part of Quebec, and most of the maritime provinces. Its range extends south throughout the entire United States except for the few states bordering the Gulf of Mexico (based on range map in Pfadt 2002). They have been collected in mid and southern Alberta (Strickland Museum records).
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General Description
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The twostriped grasshopper is one of the two largest in the genus Melanoplus grasshoppers, the other being Melanoplus differentialis which is found in the same habitat in the United States. This and other grasshoppers of the subfamily Melanoplinae often have a spiny bump on their "throat" between their front legs (Johnson 2002). Adult males of this species are easily identified by their mitten-shaped cerci. Both males and females have a pair of distinctive yellow stripes that run down their body, head to mid-wing, where they meet to form a triangle (Pfadt 2002).
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Habitat
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The twostriped grasshopperinhabits areas with lush vegetation across North America. It is abundant in tallgrass prairies, wet meadows, roadsides, and crop edges (Pfadt 2002).
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Life Cycle
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The life cycle of this species is described in Pfadt's Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers (2002). Nymphs mature through 5 instars before emerging as an adult in the first part of summer. Most populations have a one-year life cycle, but some mountainous populations are known to have a two-year life cycle. Females deposit their eggs in crowns of grass or roots of weeds, often along south-facing roadsides, one or two weeks after mating. The egg pods are curved tubes up to 4 cm long and may contain 50 to 108 olive-coloured eggs. The eggs complete the majority of their development that summer before going into diapause for the winter, allowing them to hatch early the following spring.
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Trophic Strategy
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This species feeds on a broad variety of plants, both forbs and grasses. These include mustards, alfalfa clover, greenflower, dandelion, chicory, prickly lettuce, ragweed, prairie sunflower, perennial sowthistle, and kochia (Pfadt 2002).
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Melanoplus bivittatus
(
англиски
)
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Melanoplus bivittatus, the two-striped grasshopper, is a poikilothermic[1] species of grasshopper belonging to the genus Melanoplus. It is commonly found in North America,[2] with high quantities inhabiting Canadian prairies and farmland.[3]
Identification
A relatively large species with sizes ranging from 30 to 55 mm.[4] A pair of pale yellow stripes running along the top of its body from above its eyes to the hind tip of its wings help to easily identify this species. This characteristic also gives this species its other common name the yellow-striped grasshopper.[4] The species also has a yellowish green coloration throughout its body due to chromoprotein and carotenoid.[5] The rest of the body looks similar to that of most grasshopper species, with enlarged hind legs for jumping and two pairs of wings, with one set overlapping the other.
Life cycle
During the winter, eggs are laid in the soil and hatch by late April to early May.[3] At optimal conditions (25 °C, very moist), Melanoplus bivittatus will stop morphogenesis at around 21 days.[6] Once morphogenesis is stopped, the eggs go into a state of diapause, with development continuing again in spring.[6] Once temperatures are warm enough the eggs start hatching. Once hatching starts, the maximum rate of hatching occurs between the 10th and 13th day.[6] At the end of development, a Melanoplus bivittatus individual will have gone through five instars.[3]
Mating and reproduction
Melanoplus bivittatus participate in long hours of mating, with some copulation lasting up to 10 hours.[7] The mating rituals of M.bivittatus are similar to that of red-legged grasshoppers (Melanoplus femurrubrum) in that both species receive and obtain nuptial gifts, in this case spermatophores[7] Spermatophores are provided during the entire copulation period, which tends to be dominated mostly by male activity.[7] Not only does long periods of copulation increase the likelihood of transferring genes, but time spent in copola can be very productive for sperm and nutrient transfer.[7] Once the females have mated with a male they can delay mating for up to 21 days.[7] Females will often refrain from rejecting males due to the benefits gained from the protein and fitness from eating the spermatophore.[7]
Diet
Melanoplus bivittatus are polyphagous, which means they are capable of eating a wide variety of food.[2] The main source of food they rely on are plants such as forbs and lentil crops.[2] This species is commonly seen eating many different types of crops on farms across North America.[2] In times of food shortage, this species has been known to cannibalize one another.[8] During times of colder weather (below 25 °C) Melanoplus bivittatus will not feed since fecal production is low and excrete can not be expelled.[2] This species of Orthoptera require a diet with linoleic acid or unsaturated fatty acids, since these acids keep the organism's wings from crumpling.[5]
Pest
Orthoptera are known pests to agricultural environments. Some species can completely ruin crops and have detrimental economic effects on farmers.[3] Melanoplus bivittatus can cause crop damage all through their life cycle.[3] Not only do M. bivittatus damage crops, but they tend to eat the reproductive parts of the plants (sepals, flowers, immature and mature pods), so the likelihood of regeneration or reproduction is slim.[3]
References
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^ Harrison, Jon F.; Phillips, John E.; Gleeson, Todd T. (March 1991). "Activity Physiology of the Two-Striped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus: Gas Exchange, Hemolymph Acid-Base Status, Lactate Production, and the Effect of Temperature". Physiological Zoology. 64 (2): 451–472. doi:10.1086/physzool.64.2.30158185. ISSN 0031-935X. S2CID 87926207.
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^ a b c d e Harrison, Jon F.; Fewell, Jennifer H. (May 1995). "Thermal Effects on Feeding Behavior and Net Energy Intake in a Grasshopper Experiencing Large Diurnal Fluctuations in Body Temperature". Physiological Zoology. 68 (3): 453–473. doi:10.1086/physzool.68.3.30163779. ISSN 0031-935X. S2CID 85834005.
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^ a b c d e f Olfert, O.; Slinkard, A. (1999). "Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) damage to flowers and pods of lentil (Lens culinaris L.)". Crop Protection. 18 (8): 527–530. doi:10.1016/s0261-2194(99)00056-3.
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^ a b "Species Melanoplus bivittatus - Two-striped Grasshopper".
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^ a b Nayar, J. K. (January 1964). "THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF GRASSHOPPERS: I. REARING OF THE GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS (SAY), ON A COMPLETELY DEFINED SYNTHETIC DIET AND SOME EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF B-VITAMIN MIXTURE, LINOLEIC ACID, AND β-CAROTENE". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 42 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1139/z64-002. ISSN 0008-4301.
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^ a b c Church, N. S.; Salt, R. W. (June 1952). "Some Effects of Temperature on Development and Diapause in Eggs of Melanoplus Bivittatus (say) (orthoptera: Acrididae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 30 (3): 173–184. doi:10.1139/z52-015. ISSN 0008-4301.
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^ a b c d e f Hinn, J.C. (1999). "Male and female mating strategies as they relate to the spermatheca in Melanoplus bivittatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)". North Carolina State University: 1–42.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) -
^ Gangwere, S. K. (1961). "A monograph on food selection in Orthoptera". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 2 (87): 67–230.
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Melanoplus bivittatus: Brief Summary
(
англиски
)
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Mer Bleue Conservation Area,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Melanoplus bivittatus, the two-striped grasshopper, is a poikilothermic species of grasshopper belonging to the genus Melanoplus. It is commonly found in North America, with high quantities inhabiting Canadian prairies and farmland.
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Melanoplus bivittatus
(
холандски; фламански
)
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Insecten Melanoplus bivittatus is een rechtvleugelig insect uit de familie veldsprinkhanen (Acrididae). De wetenschappelijke naam van deze soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1825 door Say.
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22-04-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen.
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Melanoplus bivittatus
(
виетнамски
)
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Châu chấu hai sọc (Melanoplus bivittatus) là một loài châu chấu thuộc chi Melanoplus. Nó được coi là một loài dịch hại cho Mỹ và Canada.[1]
Một cặp sọc màu vàng nhạt chạy dọc theo phía trên của cơ thể nó từ trên đôi mắt đến đầu sau của đôi cánh của nó.
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Melanoplus bivittatus
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Melanoplus bivittatus: Brief Summary
(
виетнамски
)
добавил wikipedia VI
Châu chấu hai sọc (Melanoplus bivittatus) là một loài châu chấu thuộc chi Melanoplus. Nó được coi là một loài dịch hại cho Mỹ và Canada.
Một cặp sọc màu vàng nhạt chạy dọc theo phía trên của cơ thể nó từ trên đôi mắt đến đầu sau của đôi cánh của nó.
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Mer Bleue Conservation Area, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 
