The lifespan of Metasepia pfefferi is estimated to be between 18 and 24 months based on knowledge of other species in the same family. However, many females do not survive post-spawning. Metasepia pfefferi is rarely held in captivity, and therefore, its lifespan in captivity has not been described.
Cuttlefish are carnivorous animals. They feed primarily on crustaceans and bony fish. The beak is used to capture prey.
Animal Foods: fish; aquatic crustaceans
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)
Metasepia pfefferi is a predatory animal. It helps to keep fish and crustacean population sizes in check.
Currently, there are no known positive effects of Metasepia pfefferi on humans. However, it has recently been discovered that the venom it possesses is of a new class that may possibly have uses in medicine.
Positive Impacts: source of medicine or drug
Metasepia pfefferi is one of only three known venomous species of cephalopods. The venom that M. pfefferi contains is shown to have similar lethal effects as that of the blue-ringed octopus, Hapolochlaena maculosa. The venom is very toxic and it may possibly be able to quickly kill an adult human.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )
The eggs initially are round and white, and become clear as the egg develops. Development timing depends on water temperature.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
There has been little or no research into the status of Metasepia pfefferi in the wild.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Cuttlefish in general have a well-developed brain that can see, smell, and sense sound waves. The cuttlefish will change colors in response to its environment, either to lure in prey or avoid predators. Males may put on displays to attract a female. Some cuttlefish are able to go through mazes through use of visual cues.
Cuttlefish also have a well developed eye which can detect polarized light, but it is likely color-blind. Reshaping the eye allows it to focus on specific objects.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; polarized light ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical
Pfeffer's flamboyant cuttlefish, Metasepia pfefferi, is found in Tropical Indo-Pacific oceans, especially along the coast of northern Australia, western Australia, and across to the southern edge of New Guinea.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); australian (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
Metasepia pfefferi is typically a bottom-dweller living from depths of 3 to 86 m. It prefers living among sandy and muddy substrates in tropical waters.
Range depth: 3 to 86 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; reef ; coastal
Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral
Metasepia pfefferi is a small cephalopod with a dark brown base color. This cuttlefish has overlaying patterns of white and yellow and its arms are purple-pink. The skin contains many chromatophores, which are pigment cells that can be manipulated to change colors. Females and males have similar colors except when spawning.
Metasepia pfefferi has a very broad, oval mantle that is flattened dorsoventrally. The dorsal mantle has three pairs of large, flat, flap-like papillae, which cover its eyes. The dorsal anterior edge of the mantle lacks the tongue-like projection that is common among all other species of cuttlefish. The head is slightly narrower than the mantle. The mouth is surrounded by ten appendages. Two of the appendages are tentacles and eight of them are arms. The arms are broad and blade-like. On males, one of the arms is modified into a hectocotylus for holding and transferring spermatophores. The cuttlebone, the defining feature of a cuttlefish, is approximately two thirds to three quarters the length of the mantle. Metasepia pfefferi is also venomous.
Range length: 60 (high) mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
In general, cuttlefish are preyed upon by seals, dolphins and fish. When Metasepia pfefferi is threatened, it quickly change its colors through the manipulation of its chromatophores. It creates black, white and yellow patches on its dark brown skin and turns the tips of its arms bright red. These bright colors are used to warn other creatures of its venomous nature. It will keep this color pattern while waving its protective arm membranes, until it no longer feels threatened. Cuttlefish in general will secrete ink to disorient a predator and escape.
Anti-predator Adaptations: aposematic ; cryptic
The females generally mate with more than one male. Sometimes male cuttlefish may spray water into the female's buccal area to clear out spermatophores from previous mates.
Mating System: polyandrous
Males will put on colorful displays to attract females. Some males may change color to look like a female to avoid a more aggressive male, but gain access to a female.
Sexes are separate. Metasepia pfefferi reproduces by internal fertilization. Males have a specialized, hectocotyl arm that is used for holding and transferring spermatophores (packets of sperm) into the females buccal areas during mating. The female grabs the spermatophores with her arms and wipes them onto her eggs. After fertilization, the female lays her eggs one by one in hard to reach cracks and crevices to hide and provide protection against predators.
Breeding interval: Cuttlefish breed six to eight weeks in the spring.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous
The females lay eggs in places that hide them from predators, but there is no parental care post-hatching as cuttlefish die after spawning.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female)
Pfeffer's flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfefferi) is a small (6-8 cm long, excluding the tentacles) species of cuttlefish occurring in tropical Indo-Pacific waters off northern Australia, New Guinea and the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia.These creatures live in shallow waters, on mud or sandy bottoms, and are remarkable in being the only cuttlefish known to “walk” along the sea floor rather than swim.When threatened, they boldly hold their ground rather than dart away as do other cuttlefish species. This strategy is thought possible because M. pfefferi has recently been discovered to have poisonous flesh (the only toxic cuttlefish), perhaps with toxicity similar to that of the deadly blue-ringed octopuses, genus Hapalochlaena.Its toxins, a very different class from those used by Hapalochlaena, are being investigated for potentially useful bioactive molecules (Fremlin 2011; Allen et al. 2013; Williams et al. 2011).
The common name of M. pfefferi describes well their dramatic color and pattern changing abilities, used for communication and camouflage. As soon as they hatch, the direct-developing juveniles, miniature versions of the adults, are able to color-change as adults do (Protect our coral sea 2009-14; Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation 2014; MarineBIo Conservation Society 2013).
Although not especially common, flamboyant cuttlefish have been cultured in captivity.The Monterey Bay Aquarium has bed many generations and makes them available to other institutions.They are also popular in the aquarium industry, though they live only about a year and are very difficult to breed.Their population status and the impact of potential threats such as harvesting and ocean acidification, is at this point unknown (Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation 2014; Barratt and Allcock 2012).
Metasepia pfefferi je druh sépie z rodu Metasepia. Do stejného rodu ještě patří Metasepia tullbergi.
Typový exemplář byl objeven v rámci expedice Challenger na "Stanici 188" v hloubce 51,2 metrů, vylovena byla jedna samice (" vyloveno jižně od Papui, 28 sáhů, jeden exemplář, samice"), Hoyle ji pojmenoval po Dr. Georgovi Pfefferovi z Hamburského muzea.[2] "Stanici 188" expedice navštívila 10. září 1874, stanice ležela na 9° 59’ jižní šířky a 139° 42’ východní délky, na jihu Papui (Nová Guinea), což je v Arafurském moři.[3] Typový exemplář je uložen v Přírodopisném muzeu v Londýně.[4]
Metasepia pfefferi se vyskytuje v tropickém Indo-Pacifiku, u pobřeží Austrálie, Nové Guineje[5] a Filipínách, Indonésii, Malajsii.[6]
Metasepia pfefferi je drobná sépie, její plášť je velký 6-8 cm[6], základní barva je hnědá při vyrušení rychle mění barvu na vzor tmavě hnědých, černých, bílých a žlutých skvrn na těle s rudými konci chapadel.[5] Žije na písčitém či bahnitém dně v hloubkách od 3 do 86 metrů, je aktivní ve dne kdy loví drobné ryby a korýše, je známá tím, že sépie spíše "kráčí" po svých chapadlech než plavou.[5] Dožívají se asi 18-24 měsíců, což však není zcela známo, protože chybí dostatečné údaje. Mezi sebou se dorozumívají změnou barvy.[6] Pohlaví jsou oddělená. Samice se obvykle páří s více samci, vajíčka jsou průhledná a samice je klade do prasklin a různých trhlin aby je ochránila před predátory, samice vajíčka nijak nehlídá a po nakladení brzy hyne.[6] Nedávno se zjistilo, že jsou jedovaté, což vysvětluje proč v ohrožení rychle neodplave a dál si "jde" po mořském dně.[6]
Jak velká je populace se přesně neví z důvodu malé informovanosti o tomto druhu. Pro jídlo se neloví, ale vzhledem k nesnadnému odchovu v zajetí a zajímavému vzhledu jí mohou ohrozit odlovy pro mořské akvária.[5][6]
V roce 1926 (Iredale) popsal podruh sépie Metasepia pfefferi laxior a později (v roce 1954) ještě Metasepia pfefferi wanda. Později po prostudování sépionu (Khromov, 1987 ) a chování živočichů (Roper and Hochberg, 1988) se tyto podruhy zrušily.[7]
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Metasepia pfefferi ve Wikimedia Commons
Metasepia pfefferi je druh sépie z rodu Metasepia. Do stejného rodu ještě patří Metasepia tullbergi.
Typový exemplář byl objeven v rámci expedice Challenger na "Stanici 188" v hloubce 51,2 metrů, vylovena byla jedna samice (" vyloveno jižně od Papui, 28 sáhů, jeden exemplář, samice"), Hoyle ji pojmenoval po Dr. Georgovi Pfefferovi z Hamburského muzea. "Stanici 188" expedice navštívila 10. září 1874, stanice ležela na 9° 59’ jižní šířky a 139° 42’ východní délky, na jihu Papui (Nová Guinea), což je v Arafurském moři. Typový exemplář je uložen v Přírodopisném muzeu v Londýně.
Metasepia pfefferi, auch Prachtsepia, Pfeffers Prachtsepia oder Flammende Sepia, ist eine kleine Art der Tintenfische, welche einen kleinen, dicken, rautenförmigen Schulp ohne zugespitztes Ende besitzt. Das Verbreitungsgebiet im Indo-Pazifik erstreckt sich von Nordaustralien über Indonesien bis nach Malaysia im Westen und den Philippinen im Norden.
Das Typusexemplar, ein Weibchen, wurde während der Challenger-Expedition in der Arafurasee am 9. Oktober 1874 in einer Tiefe von 51 m gesammelt.[1] Es wird im Natural History Museum in London aufbewahrt.[2]
Die Tiere sind verhältnismäßig klein und erreichen lediglich eine Mantellänge von etwa 6 cm. Sie sind kurz und gedrungen mit einem rundlichen Mantel. Das dorsale Armpaar (Armpaar I) ist deutlich kürzer als die anderen Armpaare (und auch deutlich kürzer als bei M. tullbergi). Die Saugnäpfe sind auf den acht normalen Armen in vier Längsreihen angeordnet, auf den Fangarmen 5 oder 6 Saugnäpfe pro Querreihe. Der Schulp ist gerundet, im Umriss rautenförmig und ohne zugespitztes Ende. Er ist verhältnismäßig dick und deutlich kürzer als der Mantel und sitzt im vorderen Drittel bis Viertel des Mantels. Der vordere, obere Mantelrand ist ohne zungenförmigen Fortsatz. Der Mantel besitzt auf dem Rücken sechs papillenförmige Fortsätze und über den Augen je einen Fortsatz. Die Grundfarbe ist ein dunkelbraun mit veränderlichen Mustern von Weiß und Gelb. Die Arme sind purpurrot.
Die Tiere sind tagaktiv und jagen kleine Krebstiere und kleine Fische. Entweder sie lauern gut getarnt oder sie nähern sich behutsam auf ihren Fangarmen und dem hinteren Teil der Mantelfortsätze schreitend ihrer Beute. Diese wird schließlich mit den blitzartig vorschnellenden Fangarmen gegriffen.[3]
Bei der Begattung wenden sich die Geschlechtspartner einander zu und umschlingen sich mit ihren Fangarmen. Dabei platziert das Männchen die Spermien in einer kleinen Tasche unterhalb des Mantels des Weibchens. Dieses kann mit Hilfe dieser Tasche die Befruchtung der Eier regulieren, da die Eizellen getrennt von den Spermien aufbewahrt werden. Schließlich legt das Weibchen die befruchteten Eier in die Lücken und Spalten zwischen Korallen- und Felsstücken in flacherem Wasser ab. Die Jungtiere wandern dann meist in etwas größere Tiefe auf schlammige und sandige Weichböden, um schließlich als Adulte wieder zu den Laichgebieten zurückzukehren. Es ist beobachtet worden, dass die Weibchen ihr Gelege gegen kleinere Räuber wie Fische verteidigen.[4] Der Lebenszyklus dieser Spezies liegt in Menschenobhut bei einem Jahr.[5]
Die Art lebt auf sandigen und schlammigen Weichböden in 3 bis 86 m Tiefe. Das Verbreitungsgebiet von M. pfefferi reicht von Mandurah in Westaustralien bis zur Moreton Bay im südlichen Queensland und über Arafura See zur Südküste von Neuguinea.[6] Die Art kann darüber hinaus auch auf Sulawesi und den Molukken in Indonesien sowie in Malaysia auf den Inseln Mabul und Sipadan beobachtet werden.[7] Nach Norden erstreckt sich das Verbreitungsgebiet bis zu den Philippinen, wo die Art vor allem auf den Visayas, z. B. auf der Insel Negros, gefunden werden kann.
Die Art wird nicht kommerziell genutzt, da sie zu klein ist und nicht in Massen auftritt. Australische Forscher haben festgestellt, dass das Fleisch der Tiere ein hochgiftiges Toxin enthält, dessen tödliche Wirkung in etwa der von Tetrodotoxin beim Blaugeringelten Kraken entspricht. Damit ist sie die einzige bisher bekannte giftige Sepia-Art.[3]
Metasepia pfefferi, auch Prachtsepia, Pfeffers Prachtsepia oder Flammende Sepia, ist eine kleine Art der Tintenfische, welche einen kleinen, dicken, rautenförmigen Schulp ohne zugespitztes Ende besitzt. Das Verbreitungsgebiet im Indo-Pazifik erstreckt sich von Nordaustralien über Indonesien bis nach Malaysia im Westen und den Philippinen im Norden.
Das Typusexemplar, ein Weibchen, wurde während der Challenger-Expedition in der Arafurasee am 9. Oktober 1874 in einer Tiefe von 51 m gesammelt. Es wird im Natural History Museum in London aufbewahrt.
Metasepia pfefferi, also known as the flamboyant cuttlefish, is a species of cuttlefish occurring in tropical Indo-Pacific waters off northern Australia, southern New Guinea, as well as numerous islands of the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia.
The natural range of M. pfefferi extends from Mandurah in Western Australia (), northeastward to Moreton Bay in southern Queensland (), and across the Arafura Sea to the southern coast of New Guinea.[3] The species has also been recorded from Sulawesi and the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and even as far west as the Malaysian islands of Mabul and Sipadan.[4] They are also common in the Philippines and are frequently sighted in the Visayas.
The type specimen, a female, was collected off Challenger Station 188 in the Arafura Sea () at a depth of 51 m on October 9, 1874, as part of the Challenger expedition.[3][5] It is deposited at The Natural History Museum in London.[6]
M. pfefferi is a robust-looking species, having a very broad, oval mantle. Arms are broad and blade-like and have four rows of suckers. The modified arm used by males for fertilisation, called the hectocotylus, is borne on the left ventral arm. The oral surface of the modified region of the hectocotylus is wide, swollen, and fleshy. It bears transversely grooved ridges and a deep furrow running along the middle. The sucker-bearing surface of the tentacular clubs is flattened, with 5 or 6 suckers arranged in transverse rows. These suckers differ greatly in size, with the largest located near the centre of the club. Three to four median suckers are especially large, occupying most of middle portion of the club. The swimming keel of the club extends considerably near to the carpus. The dorsal and ventral protective membranes are not joined at the base of the club, but fused to the tentacular stalk. Dorsal and ventral membranes differ in length and extend near to the carpus along the stalk. The dorsal membrane forms a shallow cleft at the junction with the stalk.[3] This particular species of cuttlefish is the only one known to walk upon the sea floor. Due to the small size of its cuttlebone, it can float only for a short time.
Most sources agree that M. pfefferi grows to 8 cm (3.1 in) in mantle length,[4][7] although others give a maximum mantle length of 6 cm (2.4 in).[3] The dorsal surface of the mantle bears three pairs of large, flat, flap-like papillae. Papillae are also present over the eyes.[3]
The cuttlebone of this species is small, two-thirds to three-quarters the length of the mantle, and positioned in its anterior. Characteristic of the genus Metasepia, the cuttlebone is rhomboidal in outline. Both the anterior and posterior of the cuttlebone taper gradually to an acute point. The dorsal surface of the cuttlebone is yellowish and evenly convex. The texture throughout is smooth, lacking bumps or pustules. The dorsal median rib is absent. A thin film of chitin covers the entire dorsal surface. The cuttlebone lacks a pronounced spine; if present, it is small and chitinous. The striated zone of the cuttlebone is concave, with the last loculus being strongly convex and thick in the front third. The sulcus is deep and wide and extends along the striated zone only. Striae (furrows) on the anterior surface form an inverted V-shape. The limbs of the inner cone are very short, narrow, and uniform in width, with the U-shape thickened slightly towards the back. The cuttlebone of M. pfefferi does not possess an outer cone, unlike that of most other cuttlefish species.[3]
M. pfefferi has been recorded from sand and mud substrate in shallow waters at depths of 3 to 86 m. The species is active during the day and has been observed hunting fish and crustaceans. It employs complex and varied camouflage to stalk its prey. The normal base color of this species is dark brown. Individuals that are disturbed or attacked quickly change colour to a pattern of black, dark brown, white, with yellow patches around the mantle, arms, and eyes. The arm tips often display bright red coloration to ward off would-be predators. Animals displaying this colour pattern have been observed using their lower arms to walk or "amble" along the sea floor while rhythmically waving the wide protective membranes on their arms.[3] This behavior advertises a poisonous nature: the flesh of this cuttlefish contains a unique toxin.[4][8]
Copulation occurs face-to-face, with the male inserting a packet of sperm into a pouch on the underside of the female's mantle. The female then fertilises her eggs with the sperm. The eggs are laid singly and placed by the female in crevices or ledges in coral, rock, or wood. In one instance, around a dozen eggs were found under an overturned coconut half. They had been placed there by a female which had inserted them through the central hole of the husk. Thereby, the eggs were protected from predatory fish.[3][4]
Freshly laid eggs are white, but slowly turn translucent with time, making the developing cuttlefish clearly visible. From emergence, juvenile M. pfefferi are capable of producing the same camouflage patterns as adults.[3][4]
A toxicology report has confirmed that the muscle tissue of flamboyant cuttlefish is highly toxic, making it only the third cephalopod found to be poisonous. Research by Mark Norman with the Museum Victoria in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, has shown the toxin to be as lethal as that of fellow cephalopod the blue-ringed octopus.[8]
M. pfefferi represents no interest to fisheries for the above reason. If its supply were steady, the spectacular colour and textural displays of this species would make it an excellent candidate for private aquariums.[3] The species is sometimes seen in public aquariums, available through captive breeding programs, such as the Monterey Bay Aquarium.[9][10]
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Metasepia pfefferi at Wakatobi National Park Sulawesi, 2014
Metasepia pfefferi, also known as the flamboyant cuttlefish, is a species of cuttlefish occurring in tropical Indo-Pacific waters off northern Australia, southern New Guinea, as well as numerous islands of the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia.
Metasepia pfefferi es una especie de cefalópodo de la familia Sepiidae,[3] también conocidas como sepias.
Es un cefalópodo mayormente de color rojo, aunque puede variar de colores, que es venenoso, y su potente toxina causa un fuerte daño al humano, que puede causar la muerte.[4]
Habita en las aguas alrededor de Australia, Nueva Guinea, islas Filipinas e islas de la Sonda.[5]
Metasepia pfefferi es una especie de cefalópodo de la familia Sepiidae, también conocidas como sepias.
Metasepia pfefferi
La seiche flamboyante (Metasepia pfefferi) est une espèce de seiche des eaux tropicales Indo-Pacifique au large de l'Australie du Nord, le sud de la Nouvelle-Guinée, ainsi que de nombreuses îles des Philippines, l'Indonésie et la Malaisie. Cette espèce de seiche est toxique. Son nom scientifique fait référence au zoologiste allemand Georg Johann Pfeffer qui étudiait principalement les céphalopodes.
La seiche flamboyante est une espèce robuste, avec un manteau très large, de forme ovale. Elle mesure 6 ou 7 cm[1]. Les bras sont larges et comme des lames, avec une paire des bras plus courtes que les autres. Les membranes de protection sont étroites chez les deux sexes. Les ventouses sont disposées en quatre rangées. Le bras modifié du mâle pour la fertilisation, appelé hectocotyle, se situe sur le bras ventral gauche.
Cette espèce de seiche est la seule à être capable de marcher sur le plancher océanique en utilisant ses tentacules (bras). En raison de la petite taille de son os de seiche, elle peut flotter seulement pendant une courte durée.
La seiche flamboyante vit sur les fonds sableux à des profondeurs allant de 3 à 86 m. Durant la journée, elle est active et chasse des poissons et des crustacés. Elle utilise un camouflage complexe et varié pour traquer sa proie. La couleur de base de cette espèce est brun foncé. Les individus qui sont dérangés ou agressés peuvent changer rapidement de couleur pour un modèle de noir, de brun foncé et blanc, avec des taches jaunes sur le manteau, les bras et les yeux. Les bras présentent souvent une coloration rouge vif pour repousser les prédateurs. La seiche flamboyante utilise deux de ses bras pour marcher sur le fond marin tout en agitant rythmiquement ses larges membranes de protection sur les bras. Les scientifiques suggèrent que ce comportement sert à avertir les prédateurs de sa toxicité. En effet, la chair de cette seiche est toxique, elle contient une toxine unique.
La copulation se produit en face-à-face, le mâle insérant un spermatophore dans une poche sur la face inférieure du manteau de la femelle. La femelle fertilise ses œufs avec le sperme. Les œufs sont pondus individuellement et placés par la femelle dans des crevasses ou des rebords de corail, de roches ou de bois. Dans un cas, environ une douzaine d'œufs ont été trouvés placés sous une demi-noix de coco renversée. Ainsi, les œufs ont été protégés des prédateurs.
Les œufs fraîchement pondus sont blancs, mais deviennent translucides avec le temps, rendant l'embryon clairement visible. Dès la naissance, les jeunes sont capables d'utiliser leur camouflage.
Un rapport de toxicologie a découvert et confirmé que les tissus musculaires de la seiche flamboyante sont hautement toxiques, ce qui en fait le troisième céphalopode toxique et l'unique seiche toxique. Les recherches menées par Mark Norman avec le Museum Victoria dans le Queensland, en Australie ont montré que sa toxine est aussi meurtrière que celle des pieuvres à anneaux bleus[2].
La seiche flamboyante ne représente aucun intérêt pour la pêche pour la raison citée ci-dessus. Si son offre était stable, les couleurs spectaculaires et le comportement de cette espèce en feraient un excellent candidat pour la maintenance en aquarium privé.
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_eating_a_Nosestripe_Sandperch_(Parapercis_lineopunctata)_(8461468527).jpg)
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Metasepia pfefferi
La seiche flamboyante (Metasepia pfefferi) est une espèce de seiche des eaux tropicales Indo-Pacifique au large de l'Australie du Nord, le sud de la Nouvelle-Guinée, ainsi que de nombreuses îles des Philippines, l'Indonésie et la Malaisie. Cette espèce de seiche est toxique. Son nom scientifique fait référence au zoologiste allemand Georg Johann Pfeffer qui étudiait principalement les céphalopodes.
La seppia fiammeggiante di Pfeffer[2] (Metasepia pfefferi Hoyle, 1885), nota anche con il nome di seppia galleggiante, è un mollusco cefalopode della famiglia Sepiidae, diffuso nei fondali sabbiosi adiacenti alle barriere coralline dell'Indo-Pacifico.
L'esemplare tipo, una femmina, fu raccolto al largo del Mare degli Arafura ed è depositato al Museo di Storia Naturale di Londra.
Detta anche "cinghiale di mare", M. pfefferi è una delle seppie più piccole: difficilmente supera i 6 cm[3]; la lunghezza massima registrata del mantello è di 8 cm[4]. Quest'ultimo ha una forma ovale, mai molto allungata; la colorazione è prevalentemente marrone[3].
Tendenzialmente la seppia fiammeggiante ha una colorazione marrone, molto mimetica, ma se l'animale viene disturbato sulle braccia appaiono aree rosse, sul dorso striature pallide, bianche o giallastre, molto variabili e irregolari[5], in "movimento"[3] (strategia dell'aposematismo). Le punte delle braccia mostrano spesso una colorazione rosso brillante per allontanare i predatori. Il corpo di questa seppia presenta diverse protuberanze (papille), di cui due sopra agli occhi. L'osso di seppia, la conchiglia interna, ha una colorazione tendente al giallo, e pur non presentando spine ha una forma appuntita[4].
La seppia fiammeggiante vive nelle acque tropicali dell'Indo-Pacifico al largo dell'Australia settentrionale, della Nuova Guinea[1] meridionale e di numerose isole delle Filippine (è frequentemente avvistata nelle Visayas), dell'Indonesia (soprattutto alle Sulawesi e Molucche) e della Malesia (a ovest delle isole di Mabul e Sipadan, nel Borneo malese).
Vive su fondali fangosi e sabbiosi da 3 fino a 86 m di profondità[5]. È molto comune negli scuri fondali sabbiosi di origine vulcanica dello stretto di Lembeh, nel Sulawesi settentrionale.
Animali che mostrano questo modello di colore sono stati osservati mentre usavano le loro braccia per "camminare" lungo il fondo del mare.
È una specie diurna che per la maggior parte del tempo rimane mimetizzata[1]. I maschi sono molto territoriali[6]. Il normale colore di base di questa specie è marrone scuro, ma gli individui che vengono disturbati o attaccati cambiano rapidamente colore mostrando toni rossi, gialli e viola "fiammeggianti". Il segnale è di tipo aposematico e serve ad avvertire i predatori che la seppia è velenosa, un meccanismo difensivo già trovato in altre specie di cefalopodi velenosi, come nei letali polpi dagli anelli blu, del genere Hapalochlaena, o nel piccolo Amphioctopus mototi.
È carnivora e si nutre sia di invertebrati marini (crostacei) che di piccoli pesci[1]. Si avvicina di soppiatto alla preda, ben mimetizzata sulla sabbia, e raggiunta una certa distanza proietta la coppia di tentacoli più lunghi, muniti di ventose, verso la preda, portandola al becco. Il morso velenoso di M. pfefferi paralizza la preda impedendone la fuga.
L'accoppiamento avviene faccia a faccia, con il maschio che inserisce un pacchetto di sperma in una sacca posta sul lato inferiore del mantello della femmina. La femmina quindi feconda le sue uova con lo sperma. Le uova vengono deposte singolarmente dalla femmina in fessure o sporgenze di corallo, roccia o legno. In diversi casi sono state trovate circa una dozzina di uova di M. pfefferi sotto una metà rovesciata di una noce di cocco[5]; erano state messi lì da una femmina che le aveva inserite attraverso il foro centrale della noce di cocco. In tal modo, le uova sono state protette dai pesci predatori.
Le uova appena deposte sono bianche[4], ma con il tempo diventano lentamente traslucide, rendendo chiaramente visibile lo sviluppo degli embrioni. Dalla nascita, i giovani M. pfefferi sono in grado di produrre gli stessi schemi di mimetizzazione degli adulti. La femmina, come in altri cefalopodi, muore dopo la deposizione[6].
Un rapporto tossicologico ha confermato che il tessuto muscolare della seppia fiammeggiante è altamente tossico, il che la rende solo il terzo cefalopode risultato velenoso. Una ricerca condotta a Melbourne, in Australia, ha dimostrato che la tossina di M. pfefferi è letale quanto quella di altri cefalopodi velenosi, i polpi dagli anelli blu.
Viene classificato come "dati insufficienti" (DD) dalla lista rossa IUCN perché potrebbe essere minacciata dall'acidificazione degli oceani e dalla cattura per l'allevamento in acquario, dove è ricercata per la colorazione[1][5]. Non è invece di interesse per la pesca[5] ed è tossica se ingerita[6].
La seppia fiammeggiante di Pfeffer (Metasepia pfefferi Hoyle, 1885), nota anche con il nome di seppia galleggiante, è un mollusco cefalopode della famiglia Sepiidae, diffuso nei fondali sabbiosi adiacenti alle barriere coralline dell'Indo-Pacifico.
L'esemplare tipo, una femmina, fu raccolto al largo del Mare degli Arafura ed è depositato al Museo di Storia Naturale di Londra.
Metasepia pfefferi is een soort in de taxonomische indeling van de inktvissen, een klasse dieren die tot de stam der weekdieren (Mollusca) behoort. De inktvis komt enkel in zout water voor en is in staat om van kleur te veranderen. Hij beweegt zich voort door water in zijn mantel te pompen en het er via de sifon weer krachtig uit te persen. De inktvis is een carnivoor en zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit vis, krabben, kreeften en weekdieren die ze met de zuignappen op hun grijparmen vangen.
De inktvis komt uit het geslacht Metasepia en behoort tot de familie Sepiidae. Metasepia pfefferi werd in 1885 beschreven door Hoyle.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Metasepia pfefferi er en liten blekksprut som lever i tropiske hav.
Når den føler seg truet, viser den kraftige varselfarger. Det er den eneste arten i gruppen Sepiida som man vet er giftig, og man vet bare om to andre giftige grupper av blekksprut. Giften er heller ikke kjent fra andre organismer, og er omtrent like sterk som hos blåringede blekkspruter.
Den skiller seg også ut ved å gå på bunnen i stedet for å svømme. Den blir opptil 8 cm lang (kappelengde).
Metasepia pfefferi er en liten blekksprut som lever i tropiske hav.
Når den føler seg truet, viser den kraftige varselfarger. Det er den eneste arten i gruppen Sepiida som man vet er giftig, og man vet bare om to andre giftige grupper av blekksprut. Giften er heller ikke kjent fra andre organismer, og er omtrent like sterk som hos blåringede blekkspruter.
Den skiller seg også ut ved å gå på bunnen i stedet for å svømme. Den blir opptil 8 cm lang (kappelengde).
Metasepia pfefferi je vrsta sipe, ki prebiva v tropskih predelih Indopacifika, predvsem ob obalah severne in zahodne Avstralije ter južnega dela Nove Gvineje. Živi na blatnem ali peščenem morskem dnu do globine nekaj metrov.
Ima razmeroma majhno telo s povprečno dolžino okoli 6 cm. Je temno rjave barve in ima svarilne vzorce bele in rumene barve, lovke so obarvane vijolično-roza. Odrasli samci in samice so obarvani podobno. Plašč je zelo širok in sploščen. Lovke so široke, podobne rezilu. Dolžina sipine kosti znaša dve tretjini do tri četrtine dolžine plašča.
V primerjavi z ostalimi glavonožci je dotična vrsta sipe slaba plavalka, predvsem zaradi majhne sipine kosti. To pomeni, da sipa ne more preplavati daljših razdalj, zato se večinoma premika oz. »hodi« po morskem dnu. Je dnevna žival in se prehranjuje z majhnimi raki in ribami.
Sipa ob ogroženosti hitro pokaže svarilni barvni vzorec s črnimi, belimi in rumenimi lisami, konice lovk pa postanejo svetlo rdeče. Svarilna obarvanost nakazuje, da je ta vrsta sipe verjetno strupena. Po nekaterih podatkih naj bi strup imel podobne smrtonosne učinke kot strup modroobročkastih hobotnic.
Metasepia pfefferi je vrsta sipe, ki prebiva v tropskih predelih Indopacifika, predvsem ob obalah severne in zahodne Avstralije ter južnega dela Nove Gvineje. Živi na blatnem ali peščenem morskem dnu do globine nekaj metrov.
Ima razmeroma majhno telo s povprečno dolžino okoli 6 cm. Je temno rjave barve in ima svarilne vzorce bele in rumene barve, lovke so obarvane vijolično-roza. Odrasli samci in samice so obarvani podobno. Plašč je zelo širok in sploščen. Lovke so široke, podobne rezilu. Dolžina sipine kosti znaša dve tretjini do tri četrtine dolžine plašča.
V primerjavi z ostalimi glavonožci je dotična vrsta sipe slaba plavalka, predvsem zaradi majhne sipine kosti. To pomeni, da sipa ne more preplavati daljših razdalj, zato se večinoma premika oz. »hodi« po morskem dnu. Je dnevna žival in se prehranjuje z majhnimi raki in ribami.
Sipa ob ogroženosti hitro pokaže svarilni barvni vzorec s črnimi, belimi in rumenimi lisami, konice lovk pa postanejo svetlo rdeče. Svarilna obarvanost nakazuje, da je ta vrsta sipe verjetno strupena. Po nekaterih podatkih naj bi strup imel podobne smrtonosne učinke kot strup modroobročkastih hobotnic.
Metasepia pfefferi là một loài mực nang hiện diện ở vùng nhiệt đới Ấn Độ-Thái Bình Dương vùng biển ngoài khơi phía bắc Australia, miền nam New Guinea, cũng như nhiều hòn đảo của Philippines, Indonesia và Malaysia. Mark Norman của Bảo tàng Victoria ở Victoria, Australia, phát hiện ra rằng nó là loài mực nang duy nhất độc[1].
Phạm vi phân bố tự nhiên của M. pfefferi kéo dài từ Mandurah ở Western Australia (32°33′N 115°04′Đ / 32,55°N 115,067°Đ / -32.550; 115.067), phía đông bắc Vịnh Moreton ở miền nam Queensland (27°25′N 153°15′Đ / 27,417°N 153,25°Đ / -27.417; 153.250),[cần dẫn nguồn] và trên biển Arafura bờ biển phía nam của New Guinea[2] Loài đã được ghi nhận từ Sulawesi và đảo Maluku ở Indonesia, và thậm chí là xa phía tây là đảo Malaysia Mabul và Sipadan.[3]. Chúng cũng phổ biến ở Philippines và thường xuyên nhìn thấy trong Visayas[cần dẫn nguồn].
Bản mẫu điển hình, một con cái, được thu thập ngoài khơi Challenger Station 188 trong biển Arafura (09°59′N 139°42′Đ / 9,983°N 139,7°Đ / -9.983; 139.700) ở độ sâu 51 m vào ngày 9 tháng 10 năm 1874, như là một phần của chuyến thám hiểm Challenger[2][4] Nó được gửi tại Bảo tàng Lịch sử Tự nhiên ở London[5].
Metasepia pfefferi là một loài mực nang hiện diện ở vùng nhiệt đới Ấn Độ-Thái Bình Dương vùng biển ngoài khơi phía bắc Australia, miền nam New Guinea, cũng như nhiều hòn đảo của Philippines, Indonesia và Malaysia. Mark Norman của Bảo tàng Victoria ở Victoria, Australia, phát hiện ra rằng nó là loài mực nang duy nhất độc.
Metasepia pfefferi Hoyle, 1885
Синонимы
Metasepia pfefferi (лат.) — вид каракатиц, живущий в тропических водах Индо-Тихоокеанской области у северной Австралии, южнее Южной Гвинеи, у островов Филиппин, Индонезии и Малайзии. Марк Норман из Музея Виктории открыл, что этот редкий вид каракатиц ядовит[1] (ядовита плоть, причём токсин относится к редким[2]).
Естественный ареал — от Манджеры и до южных берегов Новой Гвинеи[3], встречается у Сулавеси, Молуккских остовов и даже у малайзийских островов Мабул и Сипанада[4].
9 октября 1874 года особь женского пола была собрана в Арафурском море на глубине 51 метр экспедицией «Челленджера»[3][5]; ныне она хранится в лондонском Музее естествознания[6].
Metasepia pfefferi — третье обнаруженное ядовитое головоногое; исследования показали, что яд столь же силён, сколь и яд синекольчатого осьминога[1]. По этой причине употребление его в пищу не имеет смысла, но из-за яркого вида эта каракатица — интересный вариант для аквариумистов[3].
Metasepia pfefferi (лат.) — вид каракатиц, живущий в тропических водах Индо-Тихоокеанской области у северной Австралии, южнее Южной Гвинеи, у островов Филиппин, Индонезии и Малайзии. Марк Норман из Музея Виктории открыл, что этот редкий вид каракатиц ядовит (ядовита плоть, причём токсин относится к редким).
火焰花枝又名火焰墨魚、火焰烏賊（学名：Metasepia pfefferi），是一種棲息在印尼、新幾內亞、馬來西亞與澳洲北部熱帶海域的烏賊（十腕總目）的一種。火焰花枝是目前已知唯一一種帶有毒性的烏賊目和十腕總目。
火焰花枝的自然棲地，包括西澳大利亞州的曼都拉(32°33′S 115°04′E / 32.550°S 115.067°E / -32.550; 115.067)、昆士蘭州(27°25′S 151°43′E / 27.417°S 151.717°E / -27.417; 151.717)以北，到新幾內亞南部的阿拉弗拉海 海域[1]，以及印尼的蘇拉威西島 、摩鹿加群島海域，和馬來西亞的馬寶島、西巴丹島海域[2]。
1874年10月9日，一隻雌性的火焰花枝在阿拉弗拉海(09°59′S 139°42′E / 9.983°S 139.700°E / -9.983; 139.700)被英國皇家學會的挑戰者探險隊所捕獲[1][3]，開啟了科學界對火焰花枝的研究。這隻最早的火焰花枝標本目前存放於倫敦自然史博物館[4]。
火焰花枝有橢圓形的外套膜，腕臂較為粗短、扁平，呈刀鋒形，分布著四排吸盤；第一對腕足比其他的腕足要來得稍短一點。在左腹側一隻較粗大的腕足則是生殖用的交接腕，腕上有用來傳遞貯精囊的深溝。在外套膜的背側與腹側表面，以及頭部、眼睛上方有許多突起的鰭狀物[1]，這些鰭可以幫助火焰花枝在海底前進。火焰墨魚也是目前所知惟一一種會在海床以腕足和鰭行走的烏賊動物[1]；因為墨魚骨較小，火焰墨花枝在水中長途游泳
目前已知最大型的火焰花枝標本，外套膜長度有8公分[5][2]，然而大多數的體型都在6公分以下[1]。火焰墨魚的烏賊骨只佔外套膜長度的2/3左右，外觀呈長斜方形，帶微黃色澤，兩端削尖，中段微微鼓起。和大多數的墨魚不一樣，火焰烏賊的外套膜並沒有烏賊骨突出所形成的錐[1]。
火焰花枝棲息在海水底部的泥沙區域，分布深度從3公尺到86公尺；為日行性，以表面的色素細胞進行複雜的偽裝，捕食魚類和甲殼類生物。火焰花枝原本的體色是深褐色，若遭到騷擾，就會在體表、觸手和頭部快速閃爍著黑色、深褐色、白色與黃色的斑紋；在發動攻擊前的瞬間，觸手前端會顯現明亮的紅色。火焰花枝以接近腹部的一對觸手在海床表面行走，這是牠們主要的移動方式。在目前所紀錄的墨魚品種之中，火焰墨魚是惟一一種帶有毒性的烏賊[6]；牠的肌肉組織帶有毒性，而亮麗鮮豔的體色正是一種警告色。[2]
當一對雌、雄火焰花枝碰頭時，即可能進行交配；雄烏賊以交接腕將精囊遞入雌烏賊的外套膜中，讓卵受精。隨後雌烏賊會將卵產下，一次只產一顆，並以觸手將卵固定在珊瑚、岩石甚至浮木的隙縫之中[2][1]。初時卵呈白色，隨著小墨魚發育，會逐漸便透明。小墨魚一出生即具備與雙親相同的偽裝能力。[2][1]
毒理學的研究顯示火焰花枝的肌肉組織具有強烈毒性；牠是惟一一種具有毒性的墨魚動物，也是僅有的三種有毒頭足綱生物之一。根據澳洲昆士蘭維多利亞博物館的海洋生物學家馬可‧諾曼之研究，火焰墨魚的毒性可媲美牠頭足綱的遠親－藍圈章魚。[7]
因此火焰花枝不具食用價值。然而由於特殊的外表與鮮豔的體色，使得火焰花枝在私人水族市場之中相當受到歡迎。[1]
火焰花枝又名火焰墨魚、火焰烏賊（学名：Metasepia pfefferi），是一種棲息在印尼、新幾內亞、馬來西亞與澳洲北部熱帶海域的烏賊（十腕總目）的一種。火焰花枝是目前已知唯一一種帶有毒性的烏賊目和十腕總目。
프페퍼 불꽃 갑오징어(Pfeffer's flamboyant cuttlefish)는 인도양과 서태평양 쪽에 서식하는 갑오징어목의 한 종이다. 주로 호주, 파푸아뉴기니 남쪽, 필리핀, 말레이시아 등에서 발견된다. 마크 노르만은 이 종이 독을 가지고 있다는 사실을 발견하였다.[1]
웨스턴오스트레일리아주 만두라()에서 퀸즐랜드주 모턴만() 북동쪽과 아라푸라 해부터 파푸아 뉴기니 남해안에 걸쳐 사는 걸로 알려져 있다.[2] 인도네시아의 술라네시 섬과 말루쿠 제도에서 발견된 적이 있으며, 말레이시아의 마불 섬과 시파단 섬에서도 발견된 적이 있다.[3] 필리핀 비사야 제도에서 발견된다고도 한다.
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