dcsimg

Associations ( англиски )

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
Uncinula adunca var. adunca parasitises Salix nigra

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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: density, grassland

Following a spring fast-moving head fire in a palm (Sabal spp.) grove in
south Texas, all black willow trees up to 13 feet (4 m) tall were
scorched badly and had few green leaves. Three months after the fire
all aboveground portions of black willow trees had died, but almost all
sprouted from the base. Following a low to moderate-severity Oklahoma
grassland summer fire, black willow density decreased. Preburn density
was 169 stems per acre (417 stems/ha); a year following the burn density
was only 51 stems per acre (125 stems/ha) [1].
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Common Names ( англиски )

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More info for the term: swamp

black willow
swamp willow
southwestern black willow
Gulf black willow
scythe-leaved willow
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Value ( англиски )

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More info for the term: cover

Black willow cover values in Utah are rated as follows [7]:

pronghorn - poor
elk - poor
moose - fair
small mammals - fair
small nongame birds - good
upland game birds - good
waterfowl - fair
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( англиски )

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More info for the term: tree

Black willow is a small (sometimes shrublike) to large, short-lived,
deciduous tree [3,5,8,27,29]. It is fast growing and may reach maturity
within 30 years [8,17]. This tree usually obtains a height of 66 feet
(20 m) but can grow up to 138 feet (42 m) on some sites [8]. The
massive trunks are usually leaning and are often divided. The bark is
thick and deeply divided into furrows separating thick, scaly ridges.
The crown is broad and open with stout branches [27]. Twigs are slender
and easily detached [8]. Leaf blades are variable in size, the larger
to 4.7 inches (12 cm) long. Black willow roots are shallow and
laterally extensive [5,39].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Black willow is found throughout the eastern United States, adjacent
parts of Canada, and Mexico. Its range extends west from southern New
Brunswick and central Maine to Quebec, southern Ontario, central
Michigan, southeastern Minnesota, and eastern North Dakota. It occurs
south and west to the Rio Grande just below its confluence with the
Pecos River; and east along the Gulf Coast through the Florida Panhandle
and southern Georgia [5,8,11]. Black willow has been introduced in Utah
where it is now common along many streambottoms [17].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( англиски )

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More info for the term: fire regime

Black willow has the ability to sprout from the base following fire
[37]. Its wind- and water-dispersed seeds are also important in
revegetating areas following fire. Fires are rare in the bottomland
areas where black willow typically occurs [1].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( англиски )

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Burning has been shown to be beneficial in maintaining tallgrass
prairies by inhibiting the invasion of black willow and other woody
species [1].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( англиски )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( англиски )

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More info for the term: swamp

Black willow is most common on river margins where it occupies the
lower, wetter, and often less sandy sites. It is also common in swamps,
sloughs, swales, gullies, and drainage ditches, growing anywhere light
and moisture conditions are favorable [5]. It flourishes at or slightly
below water level and is not appreciably damaged by flooding and silting
[5,16]. On a flooded site in southern Illinois, black willow survived
32 or more days of complete inundation [16]. Black willow, however, is
not drought tolerant. Whole stands may die out when water tables lower
and soil dries up [39].

Soils: Black willow grows on a variety of soils but develops best in
fine silt or clay in relatively stagnant water. It thrives in saturated
or poorly drained soil from which other hardwoods are excluded [6,24].
Black willow is commonly found in moderately acidic (lower pH limit is
4.5) to near neutral soils [5].

Climate: Black willow grows best in climates characterized by an
average annual rainfall of 51 inches (130 cm), with approximately 20
inches (51 cm) falling from April through August. The average maximum
temperature across its range is 93 degrees Fahrenheit (34 deg C) in the
summer and 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 deg C) in the winter [5].

Plant associates: Black willow is commonly associated with the
following species: eastern cottonwood, red maple (Acer rubrum), black
spruce (Picea mariana), river birch (Betula nigra), American sycamore
(Platanus occidentalis), boxelder (Acer negundo), red mulberry (Morus
rubra), swamp privet (Forestiera acuminata), buttonbush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis), water elm (Planera aquatica), and American elm (Ulmus
americana) [5,39].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( англиски )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: swamp

61 River birch - sycamore
63 Cottonwood
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
95 Black willow
101 Baldcypress
102 Baldcypress - tupelo
103 Water tupelo - swamp tupelo
235 Cottonwood - willow
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( англиски )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( англиски )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K091 Cypress savanna
K092 Everglades
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( англиски )

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Although black willow does exhibit some fire adaptations, it is very
susceptible to fire damage and will typically decrease following fire
[1]. High-severity fires can kill entire stands of black willow.
Low-severity fires can scorch the bark and seriously wound trees,
leaving them more susceptible to insects and disease [5,37]. Surface
fires will also destroy young seedlings and saplings [5,24,37].
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( англиски )

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Birds eat the buds and flowering catkins of black willow; deer eat the
twigs and leaves; and rodents eat the bark and buds [8,35]. The
yellow-bellied sapsucker feeds on the sap [5,39]. Black willow is
somewhat tolerant of grazing and browsing [39]. Black willow/cottonwood
stands are also commonly used as nesting habitat by some small nongame
bird species [30].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: codominant, marsh, swamp

Black willow occurs as a codominant in some early seral floodplain
communities [24,30]. It codominates with sandbar willow (Salix exigua)
on floodplains having the greatest water depths and the longest
hydroperiods of any of the shallow freshwater swamps of the southern
United States [24]. Black willow also codominates with eastern
cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the lower Mississippi Valley [30].
Published classifications listing black willow as a codominant in
community types (cts) are listed below:

Area Classification Authority

S. U.S. southern swamp & Penfound 1952
marsh cts
AR,MS: Lower cts Shelford 1954
Mississippi Valley
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Tree, Shrub
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( англиски )

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More info for the term: forest

Thinning: To increase yields and reduce mortality of black willow,
stands should be thinned as soon as economically feasible; thinning
should continue at 5-year intervals [5,28]. Spacing between trees after
thinning should average about 21 times the mean stem diameter of 10
inches (25.4 cm). This results in a 17.5 feet (5.3 m) spacing [5].

Insects and Disease: The forest tent caterpillar (malacosoma disstria),
the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), the cottonwood leaf beetle
(Chrysomila scripta), the willow sawfly (Nematus ventralis), and the
willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora) partially or occasionally
completely defoliate willow trees, reducing growth but seldom causing
death. The cottonwood borer (Plectrodera scalator) attacks black willow
and may kill by girdling the base. Top and branch rot account for 86
percent of the cull in willow. Leaf rust, fungus scab, and black canker
can cause leaf and shoot destruction of black willow seedlings [5,39].

Because of its weak wood and shallow roots, black willow is susceptible
to breakage and windthrow [39].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( англиски )

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Black willow has been rated as fair in energy value and poor in protein
value [7].
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( англиски )

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AL AR CT DE FL GA IL IN IA KS
KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NE
NH NJ NY NC ND OH OK PA RI SC
TN TX UT VT VA WV WI MB NB ON
PQ MEXICO
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( англиски )

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More info for the term: natural

Ancient pharmacopoeia recognized the bark and leaves of willow as useful
in the treatment of rheumatism [5]. Pioneering settlers boiled the bark
of black willow for its purgative and vermin-destroying powers [40]. In
1829, the natural glucoside, salicin, which is closely related
chemically to aspirin, was isolated from willow [5]. Black willow was
once used as a source of charcoal for gunpowder [8].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( англиски )

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Palatability of black willow has been rated as fair for livestock and
deer [7,39].
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( англиски )

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Black willow flowering begins in February in the southern portion of its
range and extends through late June at the northern limits. The catkins
usually appear at the time of or immediately preceding leaf emergence
[5,39]. Seeds ripen and fall in April to July [39].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( англиски )

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More info for the term: seed

Black willow will sprout from the base following fire [5,37]. Fires
that expose bare mineral soil may create a favorable seedbed for black
willow establishment. However, because seed viability is greatly
reduced by dry conditions [5], seedling establishment on burned sites
depends on the season of the burn, amount of moisture available, and
amount of exposed mineral soil.
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, seed

survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: competition, cover, epigeal, seed

Sexual reproduction: Black willows start producing seed when they are
about 10 years old [4,5]. Optimum seed-bearing age is from 25 to 75
years. The trees have good seed crops almost every year. producing an
average of 2.3 million seeds per pound (5 million/kg). Seeds ripen 45
to 60 days after catkins are pollinated by insects or wind. As the
seeds fall, the long silky hairs act as wings to carry the seeds long
distances. The seeds are also disseminated by water [5].

Seeds are not dormant. Viability is greatly reduced by only a few days
of dry conditions. Germination is epigeal, and germination capacity is
usually high. Very moist bare mineral soil is best for germination and
early development [5,14,28]. Once seedlings are established, full light
promotes vigorous growth. Seedlings grow rapidly in a favorable
environment, often exceeding 4 feet (1.2 m) in the first year. Low
ground cover competition and shade, however, greatly hampers growth
[28].

Vegetative reproduction: Root stocks of very young black willow trees
sprout prolifically. Propagation by cutting is the usual method of
artifical regeneration [5,39].
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( англиски )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

6 Upper Basin and Range
12 Colorado Plateau
14 Great Plains
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( англиски )

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More info for the term: tree

Black willow is a pioneer or early seral species commonly found along
the edges of rivers and streams, mud flats, and floodplains. This tree
is very shade intolerant and usually grows in dense, even-aged stands.
Black willow stands periodically stagnate and are eventually replaced by
more shade-tolerant trees such as American elm, sycamore (Platanus
spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), boxelder, and sweet gum (Liquidambar
styraciflua) [5,14,32,34,41].
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( англиски )

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More info for the term: marsh

The currently accepted scientific name of black willow is Salix nigra
Marsh. [11,12,22,26,31]. Recognized varieties are S. nigra var. nigra
Marsh., S. nigra var. altissima Sarg., S. nigra var. falcata (Pursh.)
Torr., and S. nigra var. lindheimeri [20,22,26].

Salix nigra, S. gooddingii Ball, and S. amygdaloides Anderss. are
closely related taxa commonly referred to as the black willows [26].
The three species are not easily distinguished morphologically, and in
fact, some authorities consider S. gooddingii to be S. nigra var.
vallicola Dudley or S. n. var. venulosa (Anderss.) Bebb. [5,8,36]. S.
amygdaloides is sometimes considered to be S. nigra var. amygdaloides
Anderss. [13]. For our purposes, however, these varieties will be
considered as separate species. S. nigra hybridizes with S.
amygdaloides (S. X glatfelteri Schneider); S. alba (S. X hankensonii
Dode); and S. lucida (S. X schneider Boivin) [5,20,38].
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: competition, seed, tree

Black willow was commonly used in soil stabilization projects in early
efforts at erosion control. Its flood tolerance and the ease with which
it establishes from cuttings continue to make it an excellent species
for reducing erosion of streambanks, bars, and islands [5,8,18,39].
Post-sized willow cuttings have been rooted for use in flood projects to
prevent gullies from forming [5].

Seeds lose viability rapidly if stored at room temperature.
Refrigerated storage of moistened seeds for no longer than 1 month is
recommended. Commercial seed is not usually available [39]. Planted
seedlings or cuttings should be protected from livestock, beavers, small
rodents, and rabbits. Hardware cloth placed around individual plants
will protect them from rodents and rabbits. Livestock should be
excluded by fencing the entire area, and firebreaks should surround the
revegetated area. Additionally, the area around each tree should be
kept free of weeds [18]. To reduce competition densities greater than
494 to 556 trees per acre (200-225 trees/ha) should be avoided [18].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Wood Products Value ( англиски )

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Black willow is the largest and only commercially important willow in
North America. The wood is light, usually straight grained, and
moderately high in shock resistance. It stains and finishes well but is
relatively unendurable [5]. The wood was once used extensively for
artificial limbs because it is lightweight, does not splinter easily, and
holds its shape well [5,8]. It is still used for making boxes and
crates, furniture core stock, turned pieces, table tops, wooden
novelties, doors, cabinets, polo balls, and toys [5,8,15]. Black willow
is also used for pulp [5,8].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Salix nigra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Associations ( англиски )

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This tree is only occasionally browsed by white-tailed deer and rabbits. Ruffled grouse sometimes eat buds in winter. Principal value to wildlife is providing cover in aquatic habitats. Young saplings near water are a favorite site of red-winged blackbirds. Sapling stands along water's edge attract willow flycatchers and yellow warblers. Larger trees attract green-backed herons, yellow-crowned night herons, warbling vireos, eastern kingbirds, and others. Dead snags may be used by downy and red-bellied woodpeckers and subsequently by prothonotary warblers and tree swallows. The tree rarely lives long enough to develop cavities. (Weeks et al, 2005) The bark, tender twigs and buds are food for browsers such as deer, rabbits and beaver. These materials may be early season harvest for songbirds, waterfowl and small mammals. The flowers attract birds and butterflies. It is a larval host for Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa), Viceroy (Limenitis archippus), Red-spotted Purple, Viceroy and Tiger Swallowtail, and Acadian Hairstreak (Satyrium acadica). (NPIN, 2007)
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Cyclicity ( англиски )

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Active growth period is the Spring and Summer. Bloom period is early spring. Fruit/seed period begins in Spring and ends in Summer. (USDA PLANTS, 2009) Flowers appear late April into May. The fruit ripens in May and seeds germinate immediately. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Dispersal ( англиски )

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Propagation by root sprouts is common. (Weeks et al, 2005) Seeds are wind-borne on silky hairs. (NPIN, 2007)
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Distribution ( англиски )

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This is the most common tree-sized willow in the Eastern US. (Weeks et al, 2005) One of the most extensive ranges across the country. (NPIN, 2007)

USA: AL , AR , CT , DE , FL , GA , IL , IN , IA , KS , KY , LA , ME , MD , MA , MI , MN , MS , MO , NE , NH , NJ , NY , NC , OH , OK , PA , RI , SC , TN , TX , VT , VA , WV , WI , DC (NPIN, 2007)

Canada: MB , NB , ON , QC (NPIN, 2007)

Native Distribution: S. New Brunswick and Maine south to NW. Florida, west to S. Texas, and north to SE. Minnesota; also from W. Texas west to N. California; local in N. Mexico; to 5000 (1524 m). (NPIN, 2007)

USDA Native Status: L48(N), CAN(N) (NPIN, 2007)

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Ecology ( англиски )

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Common with cattails. This plant plays a strong role in stabilizing and holding soil with strong roots. (Hultman, 1978)
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Common in wetlands. May act as pioneers at the waters edge. (Hultman, 1978) Occurs along streams and around sloughs and pools. (Peattie, 1930) The tree is common in low, wet ground along streams, lakes, ponds, ditches, and marshes. In old river channels it can attain it's largest size. (Weeks et al, 2005) Habitat consists of streambanks and meadows in alluvial soils. (UW, 2009) Native habitat includes stream banks, ditches, tanks, low ground, and other areas of wet soil. (NPIN, 2007)
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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The tree is fast growing and short-lived, no longer than 85 years. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Look Alikes ( англиски )

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Willows are a very difficult group to identify. (Peattie, 1930) This is the most common tree-sized willow in the Eastern US. Several introduced willows occur in the Midwestern US, including Salix babylonica (Weeping Willow) and Salix alba (White Willow). No other tree-sized willows have leaves that are green on both top and bottom and have finely toothed margins. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Overall A brushy young pioneer to a large, spreading tree with black branches and trunks. (Hultman, 1978) Sometimes this may only be a shrub. (Peattie, 1930) The tree can grow very large. The wood is very brittle. It has a short, crooked, or leaning trunk with a spreading, open, irregular crown. (Weeks et al, 2005) There are often 1-4 leaning trunks. (UW, 2009) The tree has an open crown often with several trunks growing out at angles from one root. (NPIN, 2007)

Flowers The sexes are on different plants. Male flowers are accompanied by 1 or 2 small glands. Female flowers have a small flat gland near the base of the ovary. Each flower is subtended by a scale. Flowers and leaves appear together. Catkins are long and slender, with yellow deciduous scales. There are 3-5 stamens. Stigmas are nearly sessile. (Peattie, 1930) Flowers are slender and upright. (Weeks et al, 2005) There are sharply pointed buds. Catkins are on a long, leafy stalk. (UW, 2009) Bright yellow-green twigs bear yellow-green catkins. Flowers are inconspicuous and arranged in elongate clusters. (NPIN, 2007)

Fruit The capsule is ovate-conic, glabrous (hairless), and light reddish brown. (Peattie, 1930) Fruit is a cluster of capsules that release cottony seeds. (Weeks et al, 2005)

Leaves are narrow and green on both sides. (Hultman, 1978) Young leaves are much unlike the mature ones. Stipules are conspicuous, somewhat persistent, and halfheart-shaped. Young leaves are more or less downy. Mature leaves are lanceolate, long, curved-tapering, acute at base, finely serrate, thin, and bright green. (Peattie, 1930) Leaves are green on both top and bottom, smooth on both sides, and have finely toothed margins. Leaves are simple, very narrow, and elongate. Tips often curve. Often a pair of leafy stipules are at the base of the short leaf stalk. (Weeks et al, 2005) Leaves are usually hanging, narrowly lance-like, with both sides green but paler below, and edges mostly finely toothed and not curled. (UW, 2009)

Stems/branches are black. Branches are long and drooping. (Hultman, 1978) Twigs are round and limber. Twigs are reddish brown to pale orange, at first tomentose (closely covered with downy hairs). (Peattie, 1930) Branching is alternate. Bud with a single greenish brown, reddish, or yellow scale. Buds are small, flat, and somewhat triangular. Twigs are extremely slender and brittle and have various colors similar to the buds. Leaf scars are tiny with 3 bundle scars. (Weeks et al, 2005) Bright yellow-green twigs bear yellow-green catkins. (NPIN, 2007)

Bark is black. (Hultman, 1978) Bark is dark, flat, and scaly. (Peattie, 1930) Bark is dark brownish with thick, wide shaggy plates. MAture bark is dark brown to nearly black with thick, rough, shaggy patches that nearly interlace. Fissures are often deep. (Weeks et al, 2005)

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Size ( англиски )

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Plant is 3-40'. (Hultman, 1978) Typically 30-40' tall, but can be much larger. (Weeks et al, 2005) Up to 65' tall. (UW, 2009) In the lower Mississippi Valley it attains commercial timber size, reaching 100-140' (30-42 m) in height. (NPIN, 2007)

Flowers are nearly 3" long. (Weeks et al, 2005) Catkins are 1"-3" long. (UW, 2009)

Fruit is 2.5" long. (Weeks et al, 2005)

Stems Trunks are up to 20" in diameter. (UW, 2009) In the lower Mississippi Valley it attains commercial timber size, reaching up to 4" (1.2 m) in diameter. (NPIN, 2007)

Leaves are 3-6" long. (Hultman, 1978) Leaves are up to 5" long. (NPIN, 2007)

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Uses ( англиски )

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Wood is weak, but still used for boxes and crates. It is extremely light and used for artificial limbs. (Hultman, 1978) It is used as a soil stabilizer in highly erodible stream banks. It is intolerant of shade. (Weeks et al, 2005)

This is not a preferred ornamental since the lifespan is moderate and the wood is susceptible to physical damage. (Weeks et al, 2005) Large trees are valuable in binding soil banks, thus preventing soil erosion and flood damage. Mats and poles made from Black Willow trunks and branches can provide further protection of riverbanks and levees. One of the lightest of all Eastern hardwoods, it is extremely weak in a structural sense. Yet it has a compliant strength. When nails are driven into it, black willow does not split. It is also a shade tree and honey plant. Ornamental uses include Fall conspicuous foliage, fast growing status, and shade trees. Medicinal uses include preparations of the bark of the roots that is intensely bitter and used to be an ingredient of spring tonics to purge the blood. Other uses include the numerous uses of the wood for millwork, furniture, doors, cabinetwork, boxes, barrels, toys, and pulpwood. During the American Revolution, the wood of black willow (and of other willows) was made into fine charcoal, which was then used to make gunpowder. The young stems are very flexible and are used in basket and furniture making. The twigs can be split in half lengthways, sun-dried and used as the foundation of coiled basketry. The plant is usually coppiced annually when grown for basket making. (NPIN, 2007)

Native American uses included the following. Various preparations of bark, roots, and leaves were used to check bowels, make the hair grow, as a poultice, for fever, for lost voice, for hoarseness, for "feebleness" due to thin blood, for stomach gas, for headaches, and on sprains and bruises. Bark and branches were used to construct various tools and containers. (UM, 2009)

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Salix nigra ( астурски )

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Salix nigra, el sauce negru, ye un árbol orixinariu del este de Norteamérica, dende Nuevu Brunswick y el sur d'Ontario escontra l'oeste hasta Minnesota, y escontra el sur hasta'l norte de Florida y Texas.[1]

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Vista de la planta

Descripción

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Amentos florales.

Ye un árbol caducifoliu de mediu tamañu, la especie más grande de sauce en Norteamérica, algamando los 10-30 m d'altu, escepcionalmente hasta 45 m, con un tueru de diámetru 50–80 cm. La corteza ye pardu escura a corita, fisurándose nos árboles más vieyos y con frecuencia encrúciense cerca de la base.[2] Los biltos son delgaos, de color variable dende'l verde al marrón, mariellu o púrpura; son, como'l so pariente européu la blimal fráxil (Salix fragilis), débiles na base, rompiéndose de manera uniforme na unión de tosquilar si dóblase fuertemente. Les yemes de les fueyes son pequeñes, de 2-4 mm de llargu, con una sola escala pardu acoloratada apuntada. Les fueyes son alternes, llargues, delgaes, de 5-15 cm de llargu y 0.5-2 cm d'anchu, polo xeneral daqué falcadas, de color verde escuru, brillante en dambos llaos o con un viesu d'un verde más claru, con un cantu finamente dentáu, un curtiu peciolu y un par de pequeñes estípules. Ye una planta dioica, con flores pequeñes, de mariellu verdoso a mariellu que nacen sobre amentos de 2.5-7.5 cm de llongura a principios de la primavera, coles mesmes qu'apaecen les fueyes nueves. El frutu ye una cápsula de 5 mm que s'abrir al maurecer pa lliberar numberoses granes pequeñes, cubiertes per debaxo. Les fueyes volver d'un color mariellu llimón na seronda.[3] Alcuéntrase de normal a lo llargo de los regueros y nos banzaos.[4][5][6]

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Ilustración

Salix gooddingii (n'inglés, Goodding's Willow, lliteralmente, "sauce de Goodding") dacuando ta consideráu un S. nigra como una variedá, como S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley; cuando s'inclúi, esto estiende la área de distribución de la especie escontra l'oeste de Norteamérica. Sicasí, los dos de normal son trataos como especies distintes.[7]

Mayores exemplares

Según el Rexistru Nacional de Grandes Árboles de los EE.XX. el sauce negru más grande del país alcuéntrase en Hennepin, Minnesota. Tien un altor de 63 pies, y una circunferencia de 32 pies y una copa de 73 pies.[8]

El Marlboro Tree ("Árbol de Marlboro") que s'atopa en Marlboro, Nueva Jersey ta certificáu pol Estáu de Nueva Jersey como l'exemplar más grande conocíu d'esti árbol nesi estáu. Tien una edá d'aprosimao 152 años y mide 76 pies d'altu y 19' 8" de circunferencia. Tienen De coyer les manes cinco adultos pa poder arrodiar tol árbol.[9]

Usos

Los raigaños del sauce negru son bien amargoses, y usáronse como sustitutu de la quinina nel pasáu. Los Ojibwa de los Grandes Llagos usaben les cañes nueves y les ramines pa faer cestos y otres partes usar pa tratar la indixestión. La corteza del árbol puede usase tamién pa faer un té amargoso con componentes químicos paecencies a los de la aspirina.

Taxonomía

Salix nigra describióse por Humphry Marshall y espublizóse en Arbustrum Americanum 139–140. 1785.[10]

Etimoloxía

Salix: nome xenéricu llatín pal sauce, les sos cañes y madera.[11]

nigra: epítetu llatín que significa "negra".[12]

Sinonimia
  • Amerina caroliniana Raf.
  • Amerina houstoniana Raf.
  • Amerina nigra Raf.
  • Nectolis ambigua Raf.
  • Nestylix falcata Raf.
  • Pleiarina nigra (Marshall) N.Chao & G.T.Gong
  • Salix ambigua Pursh
  • Salix denudata Raf.
  • Salix dubia Trautv.
  • Salix falcata Pursh
  • Salix flavovirens Hornem.
  • Salix gongylocarpa Shuttlew. ex Andersson
  • Salix houstoniana Pursh
  • Salix ligustrina F.Michx.
  • Salix ludoviciana Raf.
  • Salix marginata Wimm. ex Andersson
  • Salix purshiana Spreng.
  • Salix testacea Wright ex Andersson
  • Salix vulgaris J.Clayton ex Gronov.[13]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Germplasm Resources Information Network: Salix nigra
  2. Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934
  3. Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934
  4. Tree Species of the World's Boreal Forests: Salix nigra
  5. Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Salix nigra
  6. New Brunswick tree and shrub species of concern: Salix nigra
  7. USDA Plants Profile: Salix gooddingii
  8. http://www.americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php?details=4344
  9. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/NJ/200003335.html
  10. Salix nigra en Trópicos
  11. en Flora Vascular
  12. N'Epítetos Botánicos
  13. Salix nigra en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  2. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  3. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 2010. Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Fl. N. Amer. 7: i–xxii, 1–797.
  4. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  5. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  6. Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.Y. O.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Xeorxa Press, Athens.
  7. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  8. Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  9. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  10. Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.Y. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  11. Voss, Y. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  12. Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Salix nigra: Brief Summary ( астурски )

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Salix nigra

Salix nigra, el sauce negru, ye un árbol orixinariu del este de Norteamérica, dende Nuevu Brunswick y el sur d'Ontario escontra l'oeste hasta Minnesota, y escontra el sur hasta'l norte de Florida y Texas.

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Salix nigra ( азерски )

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Salix nigra (lat. Salix nigra) - söyüdkimilər fəsiləsinin söyüd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə


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Salix nigra: Brief Summary ( азерски )

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Salix nigra (lat. Salix nigra) - söyüdkimilər fəsiləsinin söyüd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide ( германски )

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Kätzchen

Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide[1] oder Schwarze Weide[2] (Salix nigra) ist ein kleiner Baum aus der Gattung der Weiden (Salix) mit dunkelbrauner Borke und dunkelgrünen Blattoberseiten. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt in Nordamerika.

Beschreibung

Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide ist ein bis zu 20 Meter hoher Baum mit rauer, dunkelbrauner Borke und schlanken, abstehenden Ästen. Die Zweige sind gelblich und anfangs etwas behaart. Die Laubblätter haben breit halbherzförmige Nebenblätter und einen 3 bis 6 Millimeter langen Stiel. Die Blattspreite ist 8 bis 12 Zentimeter lang, 0,5 bis 2 Zentimeter breit, linealisch-lanzettlich bis lanzettlich, zugespitzt, mit keilförmiger Basis und fein gesägtem Blattrand. Die Blattoberseite ist dunkelgrün und kahl, die Unterseite ist hellgrün und manchmal entlang der Blattadern schwach behaart.[3][4]

Als Blütenstände werden 3 bis 8 Zentimeter lange, zylindrische und gestielte Kätzchen gebildet. Die Tragblätter sind hellgelb und flaumig behaart. Männliche Blüten haben drei bis sieben Staubblätter. Der Fruchtknoten weiblicher Blüten ist deutlich gestielt und kahl, die Narbe ist fast sitzend. Als Früchte werden 3 bis 5 Millimeter lange Kapseln gebildet[5]. Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide blüht mit dem Blattaustrieb von April bis Mai.[3][4]

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 38.[5]

Vorkommen und Standortansprüche

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Verbreitungsgebiet

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Nordamerika und reicht von Ostkanada (Süden von New Brunswick, Ontario und Quebec) über den Osten und die Mitte der Vereinigten Staaten bis nach Florida und Texas.[6] Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide wächst in Auen und an Gewässerufern bis in 1400 Metern Höhe[5] auf frischen bis feuchten, schwach sauren bis alkalischen Untergrund aus Sand, Kies oder Schotter an sonnigen Standorten. Die Art ist wärmeliebend und frosthart. Das Verbreitungsgebiet wird der Winterhärtezone 4 zugeordnet mit mittleren jährlichen Minimaltemperaturen von −34,4 bis −28,9 °C (−30 bis −20 °F).[4]

Systematik

Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide (Salix nigra) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Weiden (Salix) in der Familie der Weidengewächse (Salicaceae).[6] Sie wurde 1785 von Humphry Marshall erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben.[6] Der Gattungsname Salix stammt aus dem Lateinischen und wurde schon von den Römern für verschiedene Weidenarten verwendet.[7] Das Artepitheton nigra stammt ebenfalls aus dem Lateinischen und bedeutet „schwarz“.[8]

Verwendung

Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide wird nur sehr selten verwendet, sie gilt jedoch als Arzneipflanze.[4]

Nachweise

Literatur

  • Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 584.
  • Jost Fitschen: Gehölzflora. 12., überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01422-1, S. 778.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 (englisch).
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (Nachdruck von 1996).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Deutscher Name nach Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 584
  2. Deutscher Name nach Fitschen: Gehölzflora, S. 778
  3. a b Fitschen: Gehölzflora, S. 778
  4. a b c d Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 584
  5. a b c Salix nigra, in der Flora of North America, Band 7
  6. a b c Salix nigra. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 12. August 2012 (englisch).
  7. Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen, S. 552
  8. Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen, S. 419

Weblinks

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Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide oder Schwarze Weide (Salix nigra) ist ein kleiner Baum aus der Gattung der Weiden (Salix) mit dunkelbrauner Borke und dunkelgrünen Blattoberseiten. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt in Nordamerika.

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Salix nigra ( англиски )

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Salix nigra, the black willow, is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.[2]

Description

Flowers

Salix nigra is a medium-sized deciduous tree, the largest North American species of willow, growing to 10–30 m (35–100 ft) tall, exceptionally up to 45 m (148 ft), with a trunk 50–80 centimeters (20–30 in) diameter. The bark is dark brown to blackish, becoming fissured in older trees, and frequently forking near the base.[3] The shoots are slender and variable in color from green to brown, yellow or purplish; they are (like the related European Salix fragilis) brittle at the base, snapping evenly at the branch junction if bent sharply. The foliage buds are 2–4 millimetres (116316 in) long, with a single, pointed reddish-brown bud scale. The leaves are alternate, long, thin, 5–15 centimeters (2–6 in) long and 0.5–2 centimeters (1434 in) broad, usually somewhat falcate, dark, shiny green on both sides or with a lighter green underside, with a finely serrated margin, a short petiole and a pair of small stipules. It is dioecious, with small, greenish yellow to yellow flowers borne on catkins 2.5–7.5 centimeters (1–3 in) long in early spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The fruit is a 5 millimeters (316 in) capsule which splits open when mature to release the numerous minute, down-covered seeds. The leaves turn a lemon yellow in the fall.[3]

Distribution and Habitat

Salix nigra is native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.[2] It is also found in parts of Mexico, both south and west of the Rio Grande. It has also been introduced along streams in the state of Utah.[4] Salix nigra grows best in areas of full sun and wet or moist soils.[5] Thus, it is typically found along streams and in swamps.[6][7][8]

Taxonomy

Black willow is part of the Salicaceae, the willow family.[9] The accepted name for black willow is: Salix nigra Marshall. Marshall, the "Father of American Dendrology",[9] first described this taxon in 1785.

Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow) is sometimes considered a variety of S. nigra as S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley; when recognized, this extends the range of S. nigra to western North America. However, the two are usually treated as distinct species.[10] Some other related taxa and synonyms are S. nigra var. altissima, S. nigra var. brevijulis, S. nigra var. longifolia, S. nigra var. marginata, and S. nigra var. wardii.[11]

Another name occasionally used for black willow is "swamp willow", not to be confused with Salix myrtilloides (swamp willow). Other common names include "Goodding willow", "southwestern black willow", "Dudley willow", and "sauz" (a Spanish word).[12]

Reproduction and Growth

Salix nigra is dioecious, which means it has separate male and female trees.[13] Flowering may be climate dependent. It flowers during February in the southern part of its range, and flowers until June in the northern parts. These trees are capable of producing seeds when they are around the age of 10 years. The black willow continuously has good seed crops year after year, with only a few failures. The seeds require very specific conditions to germinate. They prefer soil that is very wet or flooded. After they germinate, they can experience excellent growth if they are exposed to high sunlight and copious moisture during the growing season.[14]

Black willow are capable of developing special features related to flood tolerance to help them survive in flooded habitats.[1] Under flooded conditions, black willow develop hypertrophied lenticels and water roots. Black willows are also sensitive to drought conditions. Black willows living in drought conditions experience inhibition of their branch and root growth.[15]

Early season leaves of some species in the Salix genus generally contain denser indumentum than leaves that are produced later in the season. Indumentum refers to hairs that are red or brown in color. Salix have first leaves, which are leaves that grow from the bud, and can also be called leaves that are "preformed". The leaves that form as the branch continues to grow out are called new leaves, or "neoformed".[16]

Largest example

According to the National Register of Big Trees, the largest black willow tree in the US is in Hennepin, Minnesota. Its height is 63 feet (19 m), circumference is 32 feet (9.8 m) and spread is 73 feet (22 m).

The Marlboro Tree, located in Marlboro Township, New Jersey is certified by the State of New Jersey as the largest known example of this tree in the state. It is about 152 years old and measures 76 feet (23 m) in height and 19.7 feet (6.0 m) in circumference. Five grown people must hold hands to fully encircle the tree.[17]

Uses

Black willow roots are very bitter, and have been used as a substitute for quinine in the past.[18] Ethnobotanical uses of black willow by various Native American tribes include basketry, and treatment of fever, headache, and coughs.[19] It was recognized that using the bark and leaves of Salix nigra was useful in treating rheumatism.

The black willow is the only United States native willow species to be used as timber for a variety of different items. Black willow lumber is used in furniture and shipping containers. The largest production site for black willow timber was in Louisiana at its peak during the 1970s.[20]

The wood of Salix nigra is very lightweight. The wood was once used for artificial limbs, such as wooden hands.[21] It is also capable of maintaining its shape, does not splinter very easily, and has a moderately high shock resistance, allowing it to sustain continuous moderate impacts.[21]

It may also be used in environmental restoration. Black willow is very resistant to herbivory, flooding, and is an erosion control tool. Salix nigra is used for marshland stabilization or restoration projects as long as the roots don't penetrate any clay liner that may be in place.[22][23] Salix nigra demonstrated some success as a photodegradation tool.[24] Photodegradation is theorized to work by drawing the target chemical, such as Bentazon, up the roots and stem into the leaves where it is degraded by higher energy radiation provided by the sun.[24]

Disease

Black willows are susceptible to diseases such as Crown gall and Cankers. Crown gall is caused by bacteria living in the soil where the black willow is present. When black willow are infected, the bacteria stimulate a quick burst in growth of plant cells. They cause the tree to form tumor-like growths, or "galls" on different parts of the tree such as their roots or on the lower branches. As these galls get bigger, they become hard, woody, brown in color, and corky. Black willows do not normally die from crown galls. However, these galls can cause a disruption in the flow of nutrients throughout the tree and can have its normal growth stunted or slowed down due to this disease. Crown galls are less problematic in soils that are more acidic, thus soil pH can be an important factor in helping to limit this disease.[25]

Black canker disease is caused by the fungus Glomerella miyabeana. This disease starts as spotting on the leaves of the black willow, where it then spreads to the petiole and eventually the twig or branch holding the leaf. It then forms black patches on the stem of the tree that are capable of expanding. Black Willows that are in nutrient-poor locations or that are experiencing poor temporary climate conditions (such as a temporary lack of rainfall or short, drought-like conditions) are considered stressed and very susceptible to the spread of these cankers. Tissue on the black willow that is affected by these cankers will not grow with the rest of the tree, and cracks will begin to form.[26]

References

  1. ^ Barstow, M. (2017). "Salix nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61960325A61960328. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61960325A61960328.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Salix nigra". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  3. ^ a b Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934
  4. ^ "Salix nigra". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  5. ^ "Salix nigra (Black Willow) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  6. ^ Tree Species of the World's Boreal Forests: http://www.borealforest.org/world/trees/black_willow.htm
  7. ^ Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Salix nigra
  8. ^ New Brunswick tree and shrub species of concern: Salix nigra Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b "International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  10. ^ "Plants Profile for Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  11. ^ "SERNEC Collection Search Parameters". sernecportal.org. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  12. ^ "Black Willow - Salix nigra". North American Insects & Spiders. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  13. ^ "Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  14. ^ "Salix nigra Marsh". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  15. ^ Pezeshki, S. Reza; Anderson, Peter H.; Shields, F. Douglas (September 1998). "Effects of soil moisture regimes on growth and survival of black willow (Salix nigra) posts (cuttings)". Wetlands. 18 (3): 460–470. doi:10.1007/bf03161538. ISSN 0277-5212. S2CID 23904993.
  16. ^ "Salix: Dichotomous Key: Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  17. ^ Marlboro Tree
  18. ^ Gunn, John C. (1883). Gunn's Newest Family Physician. Google Books. pp. 807–811. Retrieved 2014-12-23.
  19. ^ "BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database".
  20. ^ "Black Willow, An American Wood" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. July 1985.
  21. ^ a b "Black Willow - Salix nigra". North American Insects & Spiders. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  22. ^ S. Li, L. Martin, S. Pezeshki and F. Shields, "Responses of black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings to simulated herbivory and flooding", Acta Oecologica, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 173–180, 2005.
  23. ^ Clemson University, "Salix nigra Marsh", /www.clemson.edu, 2016. [Online]. Available:http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/salix/nigra.htm. [Accessed: 10- Jun- 2016].
  24. ^ a b R. Conger, Black willow (Salix nigra) use in phytoremediation techniques to remove the herbicide bentazon from shallow groundwater. [Baton Rouge, La.]: [Louisiana State University], 2003.
  25. ^ "Crown Galls". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  26. ^ "Black Canker of Willow". Purdue Landscape Report. Retrieved 2020-11-29.

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Salix nigra: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Salix nigra, the black willow, is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.

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Salix nigra ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Salix nigra, el sauce negro, es un árbol originario del este de Norteamérica, desde Nuevo Brunswick y el sur de Ontario hacia el oeste hasta Minnesota, y hacia el sur hasta el norte de Florida y Texas.[1]

 src=
Vista de la planta

Descripción

 src=
Amentos florales.

Es un árbol caducifolio de medio tamaño, la especie más grande de sauce en Norteamérica, alcanzando los 10-30 m de alto, excepcionalmente hasta 45 m, con un tronco de diámetro 50–80 cm. La corteza es pardo oscura a negruzca, fisurándose en los árboles más viejos y con frecuencia se bifurcan cerca de la base.[2]​ Los brotes son delgados, de color variable desde el verde al marrón, amarillo o púrpura; son, como su pariente europeo la mimbrera frágil (Salix fragilis), débiles en la base, rompiéndose de manera uniforme en la unión de las rapas si se dobla fuertemente. Las yemas de las hojas son pequeñas, de 2-4 mm de largo, con una sola escala pardo rojiza apuntada. Las hojas son alternas, largas, delgadas, de 5-15 cm de largo y 0.5-2 cm de ancho, por lo general algo falcadas, de color verde oscuro, brillante en ambos lados o con un envés de un verde más claro, con un borde finamente dentado, un corto pecíolo y un par de pequeñas estípulas. Es una planta dioica, con flores pequeñas, de amarillo verdoso a amarillo que nacen sobre amentos de 2.5-7.5 cm de largo a principios de la primavera, al mismo tiempo que aparecen las hojas nuevas. El fruto es una cápsula de 5 mm que se abre al madurar para liberar numerosas semillas pequeñas, cubiertas por debajo. Las hojas se vuelven de un color amarillo limón en el otoño.[2]​ Se encuentra normalmente a lo largo de los arroyos y en los pantanos.[3][4][5]

 src=
Ilustración

Salix gooddingii (en inglés, Goodding's Willow, literalmente, "sauce de Goodding") a veces está considerado un S. nigra como una variedad, como S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley; cuando se incluye, esto extiende el área de distribución de la especie hacia el oeste de Norteamérica. Sin embargo, los dos normalmente son tratados como especies distintas.[6]

Mayores ejemplares

Según el Registro Nacional de Grandes Árboles de los EE. UU. el sauce negro más grande del país se encuentra en Hennepin, Minnesota. Tiene una altura de 63 pies, y una circunferencia de 32 pies y una copa de 73 pies.[7]

El Marlboro Tree ("Árbol de Marlboro") que se encuentra en Marlboro, Nueva Jersey está certificado por el Estado de Nueva Jersey como el ejemplar más grande conocido de este árbol en ese estado. Tiene una edad de aproximadamente 152 años y mide 76 pies de alto y 19' 8" de circunferencia. Deben cogerse las manos cinco adultos para poder rodear todo el árbol.[8]

Usos

Las raíces del sauce negro son muy amargas, y se han usado como sustituto de la quinina en el pasado. Los Ojibwa de los Grandes Lagos usaban las ramas jóvenes y las ramitas para hacer cestos y otras partes se usaban para tratar la indigestión. La corteza del árbol puede usarse también para hacer un té amargo con componentes químicos parecidos a los de la aspirina.

Taxonomía

Salix nigra fue descrita por Humphry Marshall y publicado en Arbustrum Americanum 139–140. 1785.[9]

Etimología

Salix: nombre genérico latino para el sauce, sus ramas y madera.[10]

nigra: epíteto latino que significa "negra".[11]

Sinonimia
  • Amerina caroliniana Raf.
  • Amerina houstoniana Raf.
  • Amerina nigra Raf.
  • Nectolis ambigua Raf.
  • Nestylix falcata Raf.
  • Pleiarina nigra (Marshall) N.Chao & G.T.Gong
  • Salix ambigua Pursh
  • Salix denudata Raf.
  • Salix dubia Trautv.
  • Salix falcata Pursh
  • Salix flavovirens Hornem.
  • Salix gongylocarpa Shuttlew. ex Andersson
  • Salix houstoniana Pursh
  • Salix ligustrina F.Michx.
  • Salix ludoviciana Raf.
  • Salix marginata Wimm. ex Andersson
  • Salix purshiana Spreng.
  • Salix testacea Wright ex Andersson
  • Salix vulgaris J.Clayton ex Gronov.[12]

Referencias

  1. Germplasm Resources Information Network: Salix nigra Archivado el 5 de junio de 2011 en Wayback Machine.
  2. a b Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934
  3. Tree Species of the World's Boreal Forests: Salix nigra
  4. Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Salix nigra
  5. New Brunswick tree and shrub species of concern: Salix nigra
  6. USDA Plants Profile: Salix gooddingii
  7. «Copia archivada». Archivado desde el original el 21 de junio de 2010. Consultado el 28 de agosto de 2010.
  8. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/NJ/200003335.html
  9. Salix nigra en Trópicos
  10. en Flora Vascular
  11. En Epítetos Botánicos
  12. Salix nigra en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  2. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  3. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 2010. Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Fl. N. Amer. 7: i–xxii, 1–797.
  4. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  5. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  6. Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
  7. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  8. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  9. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  10. Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  11. Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  12. Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

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Salix nigra: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Salix nigra, el sauce negro, es un árbol originario del este de Norteamérica, desde Nuevo Brunswick y el sur de Ontario hacia el oeste hasta Minnesota, y hacia el sur hasta el norte de Florida y Texas.​

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Saule noir ( француски )

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Salix nigra

Le saule noir (Salix nigra) est un arbre de la famille des Salicacées vivant en Amérique du Nord.

 src=
Chatons d'un saule noir mâle.

Description

Sa taille est moyenne (10 à 30 m de haut, exceptionnellement 45 m, son tronc atteint 80 cm de diamètre), c'est l'espèce de saule la plus courante en Amérique du Nord. Son écorce est noir-brûnatre à noirâtre, devenant crevassée sur les vieux arbres, souvent ramifiés dès la souche[1].

Les pousses récentes sont minces et de couleur variable de vert à brun, jaune à violet. Elles ressemblent à celles du parent européen Salix fragilis, fragiles à la base, cassant souvent si elles sont pliées brusquement.

Les bourgeons font 4 mm de long, avec un simple point brun-rougeâtre. Les feuilles sont alternes, longues et fines, de 5 à 15 cm de long et de 0,5 à 2 cm de large, noires, vert brillant sur les deux faces ou avec un vert léger au-dessous, avec une fine marge dentée. Elles sont munies d'un court pétiole et d'une paire de stipules.

C'est une plante dioïque, avec de petites fleurs vert-jaunâtre à jaunes composant des chatons de 2,5 à 7,5 cm de long et apparaissant au début du printemps, en même temps que les feuilles.

Le fruit est une capsule de 5 mm qui s'ouvre à maturité pour libérer les nombreuses graines minuscules couvertes d'un léger duvet. Les feuilles virent au jaune avant leur chute[1]. L'espèce peuple typiquement les rives de cours d'eau et les marais[2],[3],[4].

L'espèce Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow) est parfois classée comme une variété de Salix nigra : S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley ; cela étend l'aire de distribution à l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord. Cependant, les deux taxons sont le plus souvent traités comme des espèces différentes[5].

Taxonomie

Synonymie

Parmi d'autres :

  • Salix ambigua Pursh

Terminologie

Ne pas confondre le saule noir avec l'espèce eurasiatique appelée en français saule noircissant (Salix myrsinifolia) qui est un arbuste.

Références

  1. a et b Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934.
  2. Tree Species of the World's Boreal Forests: Salix nigra.
  3. Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Salix nigra
  4. New Brunswick tree and shrub species of concern: Salix nigra.
  5. USDA Plants Profile: Salix gooddingii.

Voir aussi

Lien interne

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Saule noir: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Salix nigra

Le saule noir (Salix nigra) est un arbre de la famille des Salicacées vivant en Amérique du Nord.

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Salix nigra ( португалски )

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 src=
Exemplar da espécie

Salix nigra é uma espécie de salgueiro nativas para o leste da América do Norte, de Nova Brunswick e Ontário do sul para o oeste para Minnesota, e do sul para o norte da Flórida e Texas.[1] É uma árvore caducifólia de tamanho médio, com tamanho entre 10 a 30 metros de altura com um tronco de 50 a 80 centímetros de diâmetro. O súber é de marrom escuro a negro, tornando-se fissurado em árvores velhas que frequentemente bifurcam-se na base.[2] Os ramos são escassos, variando em cor do verde ao marrom, amarelo e púrpureo. O maior exemplar da espécie está localizada em Marlboro Township, New Jersey e tem aproximadamente 152 anos de idade e 23 metros de altura.[3] As raízes são bastante amargas, tendo sido usadas no passado como uma substituto da quinina. Os Ojibwa usavam utilizavam ramos e galhos jovens para fazer cestas e outras partes eram utilizadas para tratar indigestões. O súder da árvore também pode ser utilizado para fazer um chá amargo com composto químico similar a aspirina.[carece de fontes?]

Referências

  1. Germplasm Resources Information Network: Salix nigra Arquivado em 5 de junho de 2011, no Wayback Machine.
  2. Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934
  3. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/NJ/200003335.html
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Salix nigra: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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 src= Exemplar da espécie

Salix nigra é uma espécie de salgueiro nativas para o leste da América do Norte, de Nova Brunswick e Ontário do sul para o oeste para Minnesota, e do sul para o norte da Flórida e Texas. É uma árvore caducifólia de tamanho médio, com tamanho entre 10 a 30 metros de altura com um tronco de 50 a 80 centímetros de diâmetro. O súber é de marrom escuro a negro, tornando-se fissurado em árvores velhas que frequentemente bifurcam-se na base. Os ramos são escassos, variando em cor do verde ao marrom, amarelo e púrpureo. O maior exemplar da espécie está localizada em Marlboro Township, New Jersey e tem aproximadamente 152 anos de idade e 23 metros de altura. As raízes são bastante amargas, tendo sido usadas no passado como uma substituto da quinina. Os Ojibwa usavam utilizavam ramos e galhos jovens para fazer cestas e outras partes eram utilizadas para tratar indigestões. O súder da árvore também pode ser utilizado para fazer um chá amargo com composto químico similar a aspirina.[carece de fontes?]

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Črna vrba ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Črna vrba (znanstveno ime Salix nigra) je listopadno drevo iz družine vrbovk.

Opis

Črna vrba zraste do 12 metrov visoko, gosta krošnja pa je sestavljena iz tankih vej, ki se zlahka odlomijo. Deblo drevesa ima luskasto lubje svetle barve. Listi so suličasti in imajo narezan rob. Na obeh straneh so svetlo zelene barve. Cvetovi so enospolni in združeni v socvetja, imenovana mačice. Moške mačice so dolge od 2 do 5 cm in imajo 3 do 5 prašnikov. Ženske mačice so še manjše in imajo pestič z brazdo. Za razliko od drugih vrbovk se drevo ne oprašuje samo z vetrom, temveč jih oprašujejo tudi žuželke. Iz oprašenih cvetov se razvijejo semena, ki imajo na koncu dolge dlačice.

Habitat in razširjenost

Črna vrba je samonikla v Severni Ameriki, uspeva pa povsod v zmernem pasu. Najraje ima dobro namočeno zamljo, zato se po večini zadržuje ob vodi. Voda poskrbi tudi za vegetativno razmnoževanje, saj se odpadle vejice zlahka ukoreninijo. Poleg takega razmnoževanja se črna vrba razmnožuje tudi s semeni.

Reference in viri

  1. "Salix nigra". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Pridobljeno dne 2007-07-22.
  • Lanzara, Paola; Pizetti, Mariella: Drevesa; MK 1984

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Črna vrba: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Črna vrba (znanstveno ime Salix nigra) je listopadno drevo iz družine vrbovk.

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Salix nigra ( шведски )

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Salix nigra Marsh. är en buske eller ett träd, som grenar sig tätt intill marken.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[1]

Beskrivning [2] [3]

Grenar sig tätt intill marken. Bark svartaktigt brun. Fullvuxna exemplar kan få en stamdiameter på 50 … 80 cm. Kvistarna är gulbruna; de nedersta bryts lätt av. Nedfallna grenar slår lätt rot.

Bladen, som sitter ett och ett på kvisten med en kort stjälk, är smala, tillspetsade i bägge ändar, 5 cm långa och 2,5 cm breda. De är mörkgröna på ovansidan; ljusgröna på undersidan. Följande färgprover utgör medelvärden av uppmätta färger i taxoboxens illustration.

Undersida Ovansida

Blommar i aprilmaj. Blommorna bildar ax (hängen) i änden på årsskotten. 3 … 5 ståndare, någon gång fler än 5. Pistillen fjällig.

Frukten är en 5 mm stor kapsel. När den fullmogen spricker faller ett stort antal mycket små hårbevuxna frön ut. Håren underlättar spridning till ett större område.

Stiplerna lutar åt sidan och rör sig i vinden.

Bladen gulnar, innan de fälls på hösten. Samtidigt faller många av årsskotten av, vilket begränsar höjdtillväxten. Höjden överstiger sällan 4 m, men kan i enstaka fall bli tio gånger mer.

Vinterknopparna är ca 3 mm tvärs över.

Oftast blir livslängden inte mer ca 15 år, men enstaka fall mer än 150 år gamla är kända.

Kromosomtalet är 2n = 38.

Barken innehåller salicylsyra (som fått sitt namn med inspiration från Salix).

Habitat

Våtmarker, längs långsamflytande vattendrag.

Upp till 1 400 m ö h.

Biotop

Svagt sur till svagt basisk mark. Soliga lägen. Både värmeälskande och köldtålig.

Sand, grus.

Etymologi

Salix är romarnas samlingsnamn på flera videarter.

Nigra är latin och betyder svart, vilket torde syfta på barkens mörka färg.

Användning

Nordamerikas ursprungsfolk har använt Salix nigra till flätning avkorgar. Från barken har de utvunnit salicylsyran, som kan användas febernedsättande och mot huvudvärk.

Plantering av Salix negra kan användas för att binda lös mark.

Bilder


Källor

  1. ^ Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (27 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16757743. Läst 26 maj 2014.
  2. ^ BHL Black Willow
  3. ^ Tidskrift från Ohio, USA

Externa länkar

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Salix nigra: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Salix nigra Marsh. är en buske eller ett träd, som grenar sig tätt intill marken.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Ива чёрная ( руски )

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Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Семейство: Ивовые
Род: Ива
Вид: Ива чёрная
Международное научное название

Salix nigra Marshall

Ареал

изображение

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 22484NCBI 75714EOL 585446GRIN t:102718IPNI 778291-1TPL kew-5002754

И́ва чёрная[2] (лат. Salix nigra) — вид цветковых растений из рода Ива (Salix) семейства Ивовые (Salicaceae).

Синонимы

В синонимику растения входят следующие названия:[3]

Распространение и экология

В природе ареал вида охватывает юго-восточные районы Канады и восточную половину США[4].

Хорошо размножается черенками.

 src=
Мужские серёжки

Ботаническое описание

Дерево высотой до 10—12 м и диаметром ствола до 30 см.

Листья ланцетные, длиной 5—8 см, шириной 0,3—1,8 см, длинно-заострённые и на верхнем конце обычно искривлённые и у основания закруглённые или клинообразные, острозубчатые, сверху светло-зелёные, гладкие и блестящие, снизу тёмно-зелёные, на коротких черешках. Прилистники полусердцевидные, рано опадающие.

Тычинки в числе трёх—пяти, на длинных свободных нитях. Завязь яйцевидно-овальная, голая; столбик короткий; рыльца короткие с расходящимися лопастями.

Цветёт в мае, одновременно с распусканием листьев.

Значение и применение

Древесина высокого качества; широко используется для разных поделок.

Как быстрорастущее и декоративное растение может быть рекомендована для разведения во всей лесной зоне.

Таксономия

Вид Ива чёрная входит в род Ива (Salix) семейства Ивовые (Salicaceae) порядка Мальпигиецветные (Malpighiales).


ещё 36 семейств (согласно Системе APG II) ещё более 500 видов порядок Мальпигиецветные род Ива отдел Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные семейство Ивовые вид
Ива чёрная
ещё 44 порядка цветковых растений
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё около 57 родов

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Русское название таксона — согласно следующему изданию:
    Шрётер А. И., Панасюк В. А. Словарь названий растений = Dictionary of Plant Names / Межд. союз биол. наук, Нац. к-т биологов России, Всерос. ин-т лек. и ароматич. растений Рос. сельскохоз. академии; Под ред. проф. В. А. Быкова. — Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books, 1999. — С. 671. — 1033 с. — ISBN 3-87429-398-X.
  3. По данным сайта ITIS (см. карточку растения).
  4. По данным сайта GRIN (см. карточку растения).
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Ива чёрная: Brief Summary ( руски )

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И́ва чёрная (лат. Salix nigra) — вид цветковых растений из рода Ива (Salix) семейства Ивовые (Salicaceae).

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