There is no obvious human benefit provided by these flies.
Stomoxys calcitrans economically affects humans in two ways: livestock reduction and disease. The accumulation of stable fly bites leads to a certain degree of anemia, weight loss in cattle, reduced milk production in dairy cattle. In this way, S. calcitrans costs the US millions of dollars. It also affects the cattle industry by destroying the hides of cattle due to the holes created by the piercing of the skin for feeding.
Studies have shown that as few as 20 flies per animal can reduce the rate of milk production. The effect on the hosts increases proportionally with an increase in the number of bites. This trend eventually reaches a plateau, due to the fact that the stable fly is only a daytime feeder.
For ox, horses, and sheep, S. calcitrans is a vector of Trypansoma cazalboui. This parasite causes the disease known as souma. For ox, it is a vector of T. pecaudia. For domestic animals and humans it is a vector of anthrax. This disease can cause a number of different symptoms, inculding lesions in the lungs and brain. It is also a vector for T. evansi (the agent of Surra), T. brucei, ERF, brucellosis, swine erysipelcs, equine swamp fever, African horse sickness, and fowl pox.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, causes disease in humans , carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease
Stomoxys calcitrans eggs take one to four days to develop. The length of this period is affected by temperature, humidity, and how long the egg was retained by the female. The larval stage lasts from 11 to 30 (and sometimes more) days, based upon habitat suitability and availability of food. After the third instar (growth stage) the maggot will pupate for 6 to 20 days. As with larval maturation, length of pupation is based upon food abundance and quality during larval growth.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
This species has large populations world-wide, and is in no danger of extinction.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
These flies have good eyesight and communicate visually.
Communication Channels: visual
Perception Channels: visual
This species was introduced to North America in the 1700's.
Stomoxys calcitrans is a daytime feeder. The adults of both sexes feed on blood. There is low host specificity; although they feed mainly on the blood of cattle and horses. Adults locate a host by sight, and feeding is usually completed in two to five minutes. After feeding the stable fly is sluggish, and remains motionless near the host. The stable fly will generally feed from many hosts before it is replete. Studies show that there is a rise in feeding during warm wether, whereas there is a decrease in feeding rates during rain. After hatching, the larvae begin feeding on local microbial flora and fauna.
Animal Foods: mammals; blood
Primary Diet: carnivore (Sanguivore )
Stomoxys calcitrans is a cosmopolitan insect, meaning that it can be found worldwide as long as suitable food and weather conditions can be met.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); palearctic ; oriental ; ethiopian ; neotropical ; australian
Other Geographic Terms: cosmopolitan
The habitat of the stable fly, as suggested by its common name, is almost anywhere that horses, cattle, and other agricultural animals can be found (especially inside barns and stables).
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural
Soon after mating males die. Females die soon after laying their eggs.
The stable fly closely resembles the common housefly (Musca domestica). Unlike the common housefly, Stomoxys calcitrans have a broader abdomen. Adult stable flies average 8 mm in length, have a gray body, and can be identified by four characteristic longitudinal stripes across the thorax as well as several dark spots on top of the abdomen. On the vertex and frons there are three ocelli and two large compound eyes. Sexual dimorphism occurs in this species, and there is more distance between the compound eyes in females. The proboscis of the stable fly is black, long, and thin, protruding from the front of the head. Its other mouthparts are modified, with the labellum having rows of teeth in order to pierce the skin of its host. The palps are one third of the length of the proboscis.
Larvae range in size from 5 to 12 mm long. Mature larvae are yellowish white maggots, and are a cylindrical shape that tapers anteriorly.. The pupae have a reddish-to-dark brown exterior and are 4 to 7 mm long. The posterior spiracles on the puparia are black with three S-shaped yellow slits, and are lightly sclerotized.
Average length: 8 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
There is little known predation of this species.
The stable fly breeds in a number of habitats commonly found in agricultural areas such as decaying straw, oats, rice, barley, wheat, silage, horse manure, lot manure (manure from pig farms), and cow manure.
The female must be engorged for reproduction. The female never oviposits before the third feeding and, on average; four engorgements are necessary before eggs can be laid. The female has a greatly extended pseudovipositor with which she deposits eggs into decaying straw where there is moisture. Eggs are laid singly, or in bunches of 25 or 30. This activity usually lasts for about half an hour.
Key Reproductive Features: sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous
Eggs are laid in a habitat that will provide food suitable for larval growth and development. After eggs are laid, there is no further parental investment.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female)
Der Wadenstecher, Wadenbeißer bzw. die Gemeine Stechfliege oder Brennfliege (Stomoxys calcitrans, von griechisch στόμα stoma ‚Mund, Maul‘, ὀξύς oxys ‚scharf, spitz‘ und lateinisch calcitrare ‚hinten ausschlagen‘, siehe Schadwirkung) ist eine Fliege aus der Familie der Echten Fliegen (Muscidae). Sie ist weltweit verbreitet und sieht der Stubenfliege recht ähnlich, unterscheidet sich aber von dieser durch den mit bloßem Auge deutlich erkennbaren Stechrüssel, der waagerecht unter dem Kopf hinausragt (s. nebenstehendes Bild) sowie durch den abgerundeten Hinterleib.
Die Fliegen werden sechs bis sieben Millimeter lang. Im Gegensatz zur Stubenfliege besitzen sie einen nach vorne gerichteten, zugespitzten Stechrüssel (siehe Saugrüssel), der deutlich über den Kopf hinausragt. Sie sind hämatophag, saugen also Blut. Maxille und Mandibeln sind nicht vorhanden, die Stechfunktion übernehmen Labium und Labrum mit innenliegendem Hypopharynx. Die Wadenstecher sind Kapillarsauger.
Die überwiegend tagaktiven Imagines fliegen von Juni bis Oktober, vermehrt jedoch im Spätsommer und Herbst; die wärmeliebenden Stechfliegen halten sich dann sehr gerne in und an Schuppen, Ställen und Wohnräumen auf.
Nachdem sie im Verlaufe von etwa sieben Tagen drei- oder viermal Blut gesaugt haben, legen die Weibchen in der Regel 600 bis 800 Eier an Tierkot (zum Beispiel von Rindern, Pferden, Hühnern) und auf Misthaufen mit faulendem organischen Material in Gelegen von 60 bis 270 Stück ab. Dort entwickeln sich anschließend auch die Larven. Eine Überwinterung kann sowohl im Larven- wie auch im Puppenstadium erfolgen. Die Entwicklung ist stark temperaturabhängig und kann bei 19 °C in etwa 4 Wochen, bei 33 °C jedoch in 10 Tagen erfolgen.
Im Gegensatz zu den Bremsen (Tabaniden) oder den meisten Mücken stechen bei der Gemeinen Stechfliege beide Geschlechter und saugen Blut bei Menschen und Haustieren. Der Saugvorgang dauert in der Regel etwa 8 bis 9 Minuten.
Beim Nutzvieh kann das Blutsaugen zu einer Verringerung des Milchertrages und des Fleisch- und Fettansatzes führen, da die Tiere durch die stechenden Imagines in ständige Unruhe versetzt werden.
Der Wadenstecher ist ein Zwischenwirt für eine Reihe von Krankheitserregern, die durch den Stich übertragen werden können.
Auch eine Übertragung des zu den Lentiviren gehörenden EIA-Virus[1], von Bakterien und anderen Erregern auf mechanischem Wege ist festgestellt worden.[2] Der Saugrüssel der Gemeinen Stechfliege ist groß genug, all diese Erreger in für eine Infektion ausreichender Menge jeweils wie in einer Injektionskanüle innen und außen vorübergehend zu speichern. Wird eine Blutmahlzeit an einem infizierten Tier oder Menschen unterbrochen, können sie an ihren Mundwerkzeugen haftendes infektiöses Blut auf kurze Distanz innerhalb von etwa 30 Minuten auf ein benachbartes, noch nicht infiziertes Tier oder einen Menschen übertragen.
Der Wadenstecher, Wadenbeißer bzw. die Gemeine Stechfliege oder Brennfliege (Stomoxys calcitrans, von griechisch στόμα stoma ‚Mund, Maul‘, ὀξύς oxys ‚scharf, spitz‘ und lateinisch calcitrare ‚hinten ausschlagen‘, siehe Schadwirkung) ist eine Fliege aus der Familie der Echten Fliegen (Muscidae). Sie ist weltweit verbreitet und sieht der Stubenfliege recht ähnlich, unterscheidet sich aber von dieser durch den mit bloßem Auge deutlich erkennbaren Stechrüssel, der waagerecht unter dem Kopf hinausragt (s. nebenstehendes Bild) sowie durch den abgerundeten Hinterleib.
Stomoxys calcitrans is commonly called the stable fly, barn fly, biting house fly, dog fly, or power mower fly.[1] Unlike most members of the family Muscidae, Stomoxys calcitrans ('sharp mouth' + 'kicking') and others of its genus suck blood from mammals. Now found worldwide, the species is considered to be of Eurasian origin.[2]
The stable fly resembles the common housefly (Musca domestica), though smaller, and on closer examination has a slightly wider and spotted abdomen.[3] Adults are generally about 6–8 mm (1⁄4–5⁄16 inch) in length and a lighter color than the housefly. Unlike the housefly, where the mouth part is adapted for sponging, the stable fly mouth parts have biting structures.[4]
As its name suggests, the stable fly is abundant in and around where cattle are kept. Its maggots are often seen in the rotting manure near cattle and poultry.[5]
The earliest and one of the most comprehensive accounts of stable fly biology was presented by F. Bishop in 1913.[2] The adults of both sexes feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals during the daytime. For egg production, the female requires its abdomen to be engorged with blood. The female takes approximately 2–5 minutes to engorge, after which it becomes sluggish for a while. The eggs are laid among putrefying organic materials such as hay, manure, and wood. Males usually die after mating and the females after laying eggs. The life cycle has a duration of about two weeks at temperatures around 27 °C (81 °F). The duration is highly dependent on temperature and nutrient quality available for the larvae. Bishop (1913) noted that the larvae can endure for more than 30 days in less nutritious environs.[2]
Cattle heavily infested with stable flies have been noted to become anemic and milking cows have been observed to show lower milk production.[6] The stable fly bites humans at rest in the outdoors. In many parts of the world, the species is a carrier of trypanosomid parasites.[7] Some of the reported parasites and diseases for which the stable fly might be a vector include Trypanosoma evansi (the agent of Surra), Trypanosoma brucei, brucellosis, equine infectious anemia, African horse sickness (AHS), and fowlpox.[8][9] S. calcitrans is also reported to be a vector of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax.[9][10][11]
Stomoxys calcitrans is commonly called the stable fly, barn fly, biting house fly, dog fly, or power mower fly. Unlike most members of the family Muscidae, Stomoxys calcitrans ('sharp mouth' + 'kicking') and others of its genus suck blood from mammals. Now found worldwide, the species is considered to be of Eurasian origin.
La mosca de los establos o mosca picadora (Stomoxys calcitrans) es una mosca de distribución cosmopolita y de origen euroasiático que pertenece a la familia Muscidae.[1][2][3]
Stomoxys calcitrans se asemeja a la mosca doméstica común (Musca domestica), aunque de menor tamaño, y al observarse de cerca tiene un abdomen ligeramente más ancho y manchado.[4] Los adultos tienen cerca de 6-8 mm en longitud y un color más claro que la mosca doméstica. A diferencia de esta última, cuyas piezas bucales están adaptadas para actuar como una esponja, las partes bucales de la mosca de los establos tienen estructuras mordedoras.[5]
Como su nombre sugiere, la mosca de los establos es abundante en y alrededor de donde se guarda el ganado. Sus larvas se ven a menudo en el estiércol putrefacto cerca del ganado y de las aves de corral.[6]
La primera y una de las descripciones más completas sobre la biología de la mosca del establo fue presentada por F. Bishop en 1913.[1] Los adultos de ambos sexos se alimentan de la sangre de animales de sangre caliente durante el día. Para la producción de huevos, la hembra requiere que su abdomen se hinche con sangre. La hembra tarda aproximadamente 2-5 minutos en dilatarse, después de lo cual se vuelve lenta por un tiempo. Los huevos se ponen entre la materia orgánica en descomposición, como heno, estiércol y madera. Los machos suelen morir después del apareamiento y las hembras después de poner los huevos. El ciclo de vida se completa en aproximadamente dos semanas a temperaturas alrededor de los 27 °C. La duración depende en gran medida de la temperatura y la calidad de los nutrientes disponibles para las larvas. Bishop (1913) señaló que las larvas pueden vivir durante más de 30 días en entornos menos nutritivos.[1]
Se ha observado que el ganado muy infestado por moscas de los establos se vuelve anémico y las vacas lecheras muestran una menor producción de leche.[7] La mosca puede morder a seres humanos en descanso al aire libre. En muchas partes del mundo, esta especie es portadora de parásitos tripanosomátidos.[8] Algunos de los parásitos y enfermedades notificados de los cuales la mosca de los establos puede ser un vector son Trypanosoma evansi (el agente de Surra), Trypanosoma brucei, brucelosis, anemia infecciosa equina, la peste equina africana (AHS) y la viruela aviar. Stomoxys calcitrans también es un vector de Bacillus anthracis, el agente causal del ántrax.
La mosca de los establos o mosca picadora (Stomoxys calcitrans) es una mosca de distribución cosmopolita y de origen euroasiático que pertenece a la familia Muscidae.
Harilik pistekärbes (Stomoxys calcitrans) on kahetiivaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.
Putukat on ka Eestis.[1]
Harilik pistekärbes (Stomoxys calcitrans) on kahetiivaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.
Putukat on ka Eestis.
Pistokärpänen (Stomoxys calcitrans) on noin sentin mittainen kärpäslaji, joka imee verta eläimistä. Sillä on pitkä imukärsä, jolla se saattaa tikata kuumina kesäpäivinä ihmistäkin. Se munii toisten kärpästen tapaan pilaantuvaan jätteeseen.
Pistokärpänen (Stomoxys calcitrans) on noin sentin mittainen kärpäslaji, joka imee verta eläimistä. Sillä on pitkä imukärsä, jolla se saattaa tikata kuumina kesäpäivinä ihmistäkin. Se munii toisten kärpästen tapaan pilaantuvaan jätteeseen.
Stomoxys calcitrans
Stomoxys calcitrans communément appelée stomoxe, mouche piquante ou encore mouche charbonneuse ou phlegmoneuse des chevaux, est ainsi nommée parce qu'elle peut transmettre mécaniquement le charbon (maladie infectieuse redoutée des éleveurs).
C'est une espèce de mouche commune à la campagne, dans les étables, bergeries ou écuries où elle trouve en abondance les fumiers et crottins où elle pond ses œufs qui donneront des larves coprophages. Elle est plus connue maintenant sous le nom de mouche des étables (stable fly).
Cette espèce du genre Stomoxe (en français) ou Stomoxys (diptère de la famille des Muscidae) est l'une des rares mouches ressemblant à la mouche domestique, mais qui soit piqueuse et se nourrissant de sang au stade adulte (piqûre douloureuse pour les humains comme pour les animaux). Elle possède une trompe noire, brillante, un peu plus longue que la tête et très pointue, qu'elle pointe en permanence vers l'avant[1]. Contrairement aux autres insectes hématophages, les deux sexes piquent.
La femelle pond ses œufs dans le fumier ou les crottes. Les asticots, coprophages, se développent entre 10 et 80 jours selon la température.
Les mouches charbonneuses transmettent les virus de l’anémie infectieuse équine, de la fièvre porcine africaine, des fièvres du West Nile ou de la Vallée du Rift. Des rickettsies (Anaplasma, Coxiella), d’autres bactéries et des parasites (Trypanosoma spp., Besnoitia spp.) sont aussi transmis par les stomoxes. Enfin, les stomoxes sont des hôtes intermédiaires du nématode parasite Habronema microstoma[2]. Dans son livre, "Mes saints parents", Céline Martin rapporte que son père Louis Martin, pendant qu'il était à la pèche, avait été piqué par une mouche charbonneuse et développa un épithélioma.
En élevage, on lutte généralement contre la mouche charbonneuse par des insecticides. Des répulsifs moins toxiques, comme des huiles essentielles, sont à l'étude[3] .
Elle peut vivre en "syntopie" avec une autre mouche morphologiquement très proche (Stomoxys niger) également vectrice d'hémoparasites aux animaux d'élevage. Pour les distinguer, on peut mesurer la longueur du palpe maxillaire qui est plus long chez S. niger, pour les deux sexes[4].
Stomoxys calcitrans
Stomoxys calcitrans communément appelée stomoxe, mouche piquante ou encore mouche charbonneuse ou phlegmoneuse des chevaux, est ainsi nommée parce qu'elle peut transmettre mécaniquement le charbon (maladie infectieuse redoutée des éleveurs).
Pakosna pecavka (stajska muha; Stomoxys calcitrans), Vrsta muhe iz porodice Muscidae raširene gotovo po cijelojn Zemlji, a najviše ih ima tamo gdje je rašireno stočarstvo, zadržava po stajama, pa je nazivaju i stajska muha.
I mužjaci i ženke hrane se krvlju topklokrvnih sisavaca. Slična je kućnoj muhi (Musca domestica), ali je manja od nje. Adulti narastu od 6-8 milimetara, a i svjetlije je boje od kućne muhe.
Sive je boje i lako prepoznatljiva po četiri longitudinalne pruge na toraksu. Rilo joj je crne boje, dugačko i tanko.
Larve dosežu veličinu 5 – 12 mm., cilindričnog su oblika i žućkaste boje. Muha S. calcitrans prenosnik je zaraznih bolesti i može uzrokovati ugibanje stoke.[1]
Pakosna pecavka (stajska muha; Stomoxys calcitrans), Vrsta muhe iz porodice Muscidae raširene gotovo po cijelojn Zemlji, a najviše ih ima tamo gdje je rašireno stočarstvo, zadržava po stajama, pa je nazivaju i stajska muha.
I mužjaci i ženke hrane se krvlju topklokrvnih sisavaca. Slična je kućnoj muhi (Musca domestica), ali je manja od nje. Adulti narastu od 6-8 milimetara, a i svjetlije je boje od kućne muhe.
Sive je boje i lako prepoznatljiva po četiri longitudinalne pruge na toraksu. Rilo joj je crne boje, dugačko i tanko.
Larve dosežu veličinu 5 – 12 mm., cilindričnog su oblika i žućkaste boje. Muha S. calcitrans prenosnik je zaraznih bolesti i može uzrokovati ugibanje stoke.
La Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus, 1758, nota anche come mosca canina, è un insetto dell'ordine dei Ditteri (Brachycera: Muscidae) noto per la sua ematofagia.
Piuttosto simile alla mosca domestica (Musca domestica), differisce da questa per le dimensioni leggermente superiori e per l'apparato boccale pungente-succhiante. È caratterizzata da una spiccata aggressività e voracità, tanto che spesso rimane attaccata agli animali anche per alcuni minuti soprattutto se è posizionata in un punto particolarmente carnoso, come petto o fasce muscolari. Punge generalmente gli animali domestici, ma occasionalmente può attaccare anche l’uomo.
Rudeninė piktmusė (lot. Stomoxys calcitrans) – tikrųjų musių (Muscidae) šeimai priklausanti vabzdžių rūšis.
Plačiai paplitusi, panaši į kambarinę musę. Pilka, su tamsiomis juostomis ant krūtinės ir dėmėmis ant pilvelio. Straubliukas tiesus, su dantukais. Jais perduria odą ir minta žinduolių krauju. Gali pernešti juodligę, sepsį.
Aktyvi vasaros gale, rudenį, skausmingai kanda prieš lietų[1].
Rudeninė piktmusė (lot. Stomoxys calcitrans) – tikrųjų musių (Muscidae) šeimai priklausanti vabzdžių rūšis.
Plačiai paplitusi, panaši į kambarinę musę. Pilka, su tamsiomis juostomis ant krūtinės ir dėmėmis ant pilvelio. Straubliukas tiesus, su dantukais. Jais perduria odą ir minta žinduolių krauju. Gali pernešti juodligę, sepsį.
Aktyvi vasaros gale, rudenį, skausmingai kanda prieš lietų.
Stomoxys calcitrans adolah langau dari famili Muscidae. Langau iko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Lambrecht (1980: 369) mampakiroan bahwa famili Muscidae barasal dari maso Perm, walaupun alun ditamuan fosil nan labiah tuo dari maso Eosen.
Stomoxys calcitrans adolah langau dari famili Muscidae. Langau iko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Stomoxys calcitrans biasanya dipanggil lalat kandang (bahasa Inggeris:'stable fly', barn fly, biting house fly, dog fly, atau power mower fly).[1] Agak luar biasa untuk ahli famili Muscidae yang menghisap darah mamalia. (Jangan dikelirukan dengan pikat (horse fly).)
Stomoxys calcitrans biasanya dipanggil lalat kandang (bahasa Inggeris:'stable fly', barn fly, biting house fly, dog fly, atau power mower fly). Agak luar biasa untuk ahli famili Muscidae yang menghisap darah mamalia. (Jangan dikelirukan dengan pikat (horse fly).)
De stalvlieg (Stomoxys calcitrans) is een vlieg uit de familie van de echte vliegen (Muscidae).
Het uiterlijk van deze vlieg is sterk gelijkend met de huisvlieg, maar deze soort heeft duidelijk naar voren stekende palpen. Deze palpen gebruikt de stalvlieg om te steken en bloed te zuigen. De stalvlieg steekt vooral vee, maar soms ook mensen en dan met name in de benen. De spanwijdte is 6 tot 8 millimeter.
In tegenstelling tot de huisvlieg, die meest met de kop naar beneden zit, rust hij vooral met de kop naar boven.
De soort kent een vrijwel wereldwijde verspreiding en is in Nederland en België algemeen. De stalvlieg is te vinden van april tot oktober.
De stalvlieg (Stomoxys calcitrans) is een vlieg uit de familie van de echte vliegen (Muscidae).
Stikkflue tilhører møkkfluene (Muscidae) som er en artsrik familie av fluer. Den voksne stikkfluen suger blod fra pattedyr. Det er sjelden stikkfluen plager mennesker, men for husdyrene kan den være en alvorlig plage.
Det er flere ytre kjennetegn som skiller familiegruppen møkkfluer fra andre nærstående fluer. For en generell beskrivelse se hovedsiden om møkkfluer.
Kroppen er 6-7 millimeter lang. Den har en kort, fremoverrettet sugesnabel og ligner litt på tsetsefluene. Utseendet er ganske lik stor husflue, men stikkflue skiller seg fra stor husflue på sugesnabelen som stikker frem foan hodet. Husfluene har sugende munndeler.
Larvene er av den vanlig fluetype (maggot). De er radikalt forskjellige fra de voksne, både i levevis og i kroppsbygning. De er mer eller mindre kjegleformede med hodet i den spisse enden. De har ingen form for bein men på grensen mellom hvert ledd sitter en liten forhøyning som bærer korte pigger som hjelper dem å feste seg til underlaget.
Stikkflue er en blodsugende flue og er ganske vanlig i Norge. Den er først og fremst er å finne i fjøs og staller. Begge kjønn suger blod fra husdyr, en sjelden gang også fra mennesker. Stikket klør ikke, slik som myggstikk, og det er vanligvis ikke noen særlig hevelse. I Norge flyr den fra mai til oktober. Midt på sommeren kan den påtreffes ute, men den lever for det meste i fjøs og staller.
Stikkfluene kan spre noen sykdommer på husdyr, den kan også være bærer av (spre) parasitter.
Larvene lever i ku- og hestemøkk (saprofager), og bidrar til nedbrytingen og dermed til stoffkretsløpet.
Stikkflue tilhører gruppen av insekter med fullstendig forvandling (holometabole insekter), som gjennomgår en metamorfose i løpet av utviklingen. Mellom larvestadiet og det voksne stadiet er et puppestadie, en hvileperiode, der fluens indre og ytre organer endres. Helt mot slutten av puppestadiet blåser fluen opp en «ballong», bak spalteåpning kalt frontalsuturen. Dette er nødvendig eller i alle fall til god hjelp, for å komme seg ut av puppehylsteret. Utviklingstiden eller generasjonstiden er avhengig av temeraturen.
Stikkflue tilhører møkkfluene (Muscidae) som er en artsrik familie av fluer. Den voksne stikkfluen suger blod fra pattedyr. Det er sjelden stikkfluen plager mennesker, men for husdyrene kan den være en alvorlig plage.
A mosca-de-estábulo (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)), também chamada mosca-dos-estábulos, mosca-do-bagaço, mosca-do-gado, beruanha, bironha, meruanha, muruanha[1], bernanha, beronha, biruanha, buruanha, murianha e murinhanha, é uma mosca da família dos muscídeos, de distribuição cosmopolita e de notável semelhança com a mosca-doméstica, embora dela se diferencie pela tromba alongada do aparelho bucal, uma vez que a utiliza para sugar o sangue de animais, especialmente de cavalos, causando-lhes feridas nas orelhas e transmitindo doenças. Uma das referências mais antigas dessa mosca se encontra na Apologia de Sócrates, de Platão (30e).
"Beruanha", "bironha", "meruanha", "muruanha", "bernanha", "beronha", "biruanha", "buruanha", "murianha" e "muriranha" provêm da junção dos termos tupis mbe'ru (mosca) e ãi (aguçada[2], com dente[3]).
A Embrapa Gado de Corte dispõe de uma nota técnica e de um documento com recomendações para casos de surto da mosca-dos-estábulos.
A mosca-dos-estabulos(Stomoxys calcitrans) é, atualmente, responsável por causar prejuízos de grande impacto econômico nas cadeias produtivas da pecuária bovina e sucroalcooleira em alguns estados do Brasil, dentre eles Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro , Minas Gerais , Sergipe e Bahia.
A mosca-de-estábulo (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)), também chamada mosca-dos-estábulos, mosca-do-bagaço, mosca-do-gado, beruanha, bironha, meruanha, muruanha, bernanha, beronha, biruanha, buruanha, murianha e murinhanha, é uma mosca da família dos muscídeos, de distribuição cosmopolita e de notável semelhança com a mosca-doméstica, embora dela se diferencie pela tromba alongada do aparelho bucal, uma vez que a utiliza para sugar o sangue de animais, especialmente de cavalos, causando-lhes feridas nas orelhas e transmitindo doenças. Uma das referências mais antigas dessa mosca se encontra na Apologia de Sócrates, de Platão (30e).
Stickfluga, även kallad stallfluga eller vanlig stickfluga, (Stomoxys calcitrans)[1] är en tvåvingeart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné 1758. Stickflugan ingår i släktet Stomoxys och familjen egentliga flugor.[1][2][3] Arten är reproducerande i Sverige.[3] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[1] Arten är kosmopolitisk och lever i Sverige främst i ladugårdar där den suger blod från husdjur och även människor. Dess bett är smärtsamt och kan, om de ihärdiga flugorna är talrika, stressa djuren.[4]
Stickfluga, även kallad stallfluga eller vanlig stickfluga, (Stomoxys calcitrans) är en tvåvingeart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné 1758. Stickflugan ingår i släktet Stomoxys och familjen egentliga flugor. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Arten är kosmopolitisk och lever i Sverige främst i ladugårdar där den suger blod från husdjur och även människor. Dess bett är smärtsamt och kan, om de ihärdiga flugorna är talrika, stressa djuren.
Ruồi chuồng trại (Danh pháp khoa học: Stomoxys calcitrans) là một loài ruồi trong họ Muscidae.
Ruồi chuồng trại có thể dễ dàng phân biệt với các loài ruồi nhà khác bởi cái vòi dài, nhọn duỗi thẳng trước đầu. Cả con đực và con cái dùng vòi này để chích da của vật chủ và hút máu. Vết chích này gây đau và khi số lượng ruồi này xuất hiện nhiều bên ngoài thì chúng có thể tước mất những hoạt động của con người. Ruồi này đẻ trứng ở những nơi như rơm, cỏ khô mục, cỏ, rong biển lên men.
Ruồi chuồng trại thường thấy ở xung quanh chuồng trại, nhà cửa và dọc theo bờ biển và gần cũi chó. ở hai nơi sau chúng thường được gọi là ruồi bãi biển hoặc ruồi chó. Từ 1 đến 3 ngày thì trứng nở thành giòi hay ấu trùng có màu hơi vàng trắng. Những ấu trùng trải qua 3 lần lột xác và trở thành nhộng ở lần lột xác cuối cùng, ở điều kiện thời tiết ấm, giai đoạn thành nhộng kéo dài từ 6 đến 20 ngày.Trung bình, con trưởng thành sống khoảng 20 ngày.
Ruồi chuồng trại (Danh pháp khoa học: Stomoxys calcitrans) là một loài ruồi trong họ Muscidae.
Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758)
СинонимыОсе́нняя жига́лка[1][2] (лат. Stomoxys calcitrans) — вид мух семейства настоящие мухи отряда Двукрылые. Является механическим переносчиком стафилококков, а также возбудителей сибирской язвы, сепсиса, туляремии и других заболеваний. Относится к синантропным видам.
По биологии и морфологии близка к комнатной мухе. Длина 5,5—7 мм. Имеет серую окраску с тёмными полосами на груди и пятнами на брюшке. Хоботок сильно вытянут и на конце несёт пластинки с хитиновыми «зубами». Трением хоботка о кожу муха соскабливает эпидермис и, питаясь кровью, одновременно впускает ядовитую слюну, вызывая сильное раздражение.
Stomoxys calcitrans — поселковый вид, тесно связанный с населёнными пунктами, в которых есть домашние животные. Основной источник питания — крупный рогатый скот и лошади. Осенняя жигалка — облигатный гематофаг; самки и самцы питаются кровью, нападая преимущественно на животных, но иногда могут залетать в жилые помещения и нападать на людей.
Распространена повсеместно (кроме крайнего севера). Численность возрастает к концу лета — началу осени.
Плодовитость 300—400 яиц, откладываемых кучками по 20—25 в навоз, реже на перегнивающие растительные остатки, иногда в раны животных и человека, где и развиваются личинки. Установлены случаи размножения осенней жигалки в местах скопления животных и птиц в дикой природе. В качестве примера можно указать колонию пеликанов в дельте Волги[3].
Осе́нняя жига́лка (лат. Stomoxys calcitrans) — вид мух семейства настоящие мухи отряда Двукрылые. Является механическим переносчиком стафилококков, а также возбудителей сибирской язвы, сепсиса, туляремии и других заболеваний. Относится к синантропным видам.
螫蠅(Stomoxys calcitrans),一般稱為厩螫蝇。雙翅目(Diptera)蠅科(Muscidae),有時放在另立的螫蠅科(Stomyxyidae)。是一種凶狠的吸血蠅,從哺乳動物吸收血液。
Conops calcitrans
Linnaeus, 1758
Musca occidentis
Walker, 1853
Stomoxis dira
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Stomoxis inimica
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Stomoxys cybira
Walker, 1849
Stomoxys parasita
Fabricius, 1781
サシバエ(刺蠅)(学名:Stomoxys calcitrans)はイエバエ科に分類されるハエの一種。イエバエ科のハエで吸血性のものは稀であるが、サシバエの属するサシバエ族 Stomoxyini の成虫は全て哺乳類から吸血して生活し、吸血性のカやアブなどが雌のみ吸血するのと異なり、雄も雌も血液を食物としている。幼虫は主として獣糞から発生する。サシバエはこの族のハエの中でも非常に分布が広く、コスモポリタンとなっている。
竹やぶや森林地帯、馬小屋、牛舎
サシバエ(刺蠅)(学名:Stomoxys calcitrans)はイエバエ科に分類されるハエの一種。イエバエ科のハエで吸血性のものは稀であるが、サシバエの属するサシバエ族 Stomoxyini の成虫は全て哺乳類から吸血して生活し、吸血性のカやアブなどが雌のみ吸血するのと異なり、雄も雌も血液を食物としている。幼虫は主として獣糞から発生する。サシバエはこの族のハエの中でも非常に分布が広く、コスモポリタンとなっている。