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Associations ( англиски )

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Lichen / parasite
apothecium of Abrothallus parmeliarum parasitises thallus of Parmelia

Lichen / associate
Loricula elegantula is associated with Parmelia
Other: major host/prey

Lichen / pathogen
colony of Refractohilum anamorph of Refractohilum achromaticum infects and damages thallus of Parmelia

Lichen / parasite
pycnidium of Vouauxiomyces coelomycetous anamorph of Vouauxiomyces santessonii parasitises thallus of Parmelia

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Parmelia ( чешки )

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Parmelia (terčovka) je rod lišejníků s lupenitou stélkou. Celkem známe asi 1000 druhů tohoto rodu, které se vyskytují po celém světě. V současné době byl rod Parmelia rozdělen na několik dílčích rodů, které mají charakteristické tvarování stélky.

Obecně mají lišejníky rodu Parmelia tmavou spodní korovou vrstvu, z níž vychází rhiziny, které poutají lišejník k podkladu. Svrchní kůra je šedé, žluté či hnědé barvy a nese často rozmnožovací orgány - a to buď generativní plodnice (apothecia), nebo vegetativní izidie a sorály. Mezi spodní a svrchní korovou vrstvou leží dřeň, která také obsahuje fotobionta - řasu.

Externí odkazy

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Parmelia: Brief Summary ( чешки )

добавил wikipedia CZ

Parmelia (terčovka) je rod lišejníků s lupenitou stélkou. Celkem známe asi 1000 druhů tohoto rodu, které se vyskytují po celém světě. V současné době byl rod Parmelia rozdělen na několik dílčích rodů, které mají charakteristické tvarování stélky.

Obecně mají lišejníky rodu Parmelia tmavou spodní korovou vrstvu, z níž vychází rhiziny, které poutají lišejník k podkladu. Svrchní kůra je šedé, žluté či hnědé barvy a nese často rozmnožovací orgány - a to buď generativní plodnice (apothecia), nebo vegetativní izidie a sorály. Mezi spodní a svrchní korovou vrstvou leží dřeň, která také obsahuje fotobionta - řasu.

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Parmelia ( германски )

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Parmelia ist die größte Gattung der Blattflechten mit zwischen 50 und 1322 Arten weltweit.

Beschreibung

Parmelia ist in sich uneinheitlich, und es wird versucht, sie in kleinere Gattungen aufzuteilen. Allgemein akzeptiert ist die Abtrennung der Gattungen Cetrelia, Hypogymnia, Menegazzia und Pseudevernia. Die genannten Gattungen sind aber schwer vom Laien zu unterscheiden. Verwechslungen mit weiteren Gattungen sind ebenfalls möglich. Die Schwierigkeit bei der Beschreibung der Gattung wird durch die Tatsache gekennzeichnet, dass in zumindest europäischen Bestimmungsschlüsseln (von z. B. Jahns) Parmelia übrig bleibt, nachdem alle anderen Blattflechten auf Grund besonderer Merkmale ausgesondert wurden. Im Allgemeinen hat Parmelia eine dunklere Unterseite mit Rhizinen, an denen die Flechte am Substrat befestigt ist. Die Oberseite kann grau, gelb oder braun sein, oft mit Verbreitungsorganen. Diese können sowohl Apothecien, Isidien oder auch Sorale sein. Zwischen Ober- und Unterseite befindet sich die Medulla, die den Algenpartner der Flechte beherbergt.

Vorkommen

Parmelia-Arten kommen weltweit vor, von der Arktis[1] bis zur Antarktis[2][3] aber mit Schwerpunkt im gemäßigten Klima.[4] 125 Arten sind vom Indischen Subkontinent beschrieben worden.[5]

Arten (Auswahl)

Einzelnachweise

  1. Skult H (1985) A New Subspecies of Parmelia omphalodes Ascomycetes Described from the Arctic. Annales Botanici Fennici 22, 201-6.
  2. D.C. Lindsay (1973) Notes on Antarctic lichens: IV. The genera Cetraria Hoffm., Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl., Menegazzia Massal, Parmelia Ach. and Platismatia Culb. et Culb. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 36, 105-114.
  3. J. Hooker (1847) The Botany of the Antarctic voyage. Vol. 1. Flora Antarctica. Part 2 Botany of Fuegia, the Falklands, Kerguelens land, etc. Reeve Bros., London.
  4. Bisby, Guy Richard; Ainsworth, G. C.; Kirk, P. M.; Aptroot, André: Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the fungi / by P. M. Kirk… [et al.]; with the assistance of A. Aptroot… [et al.]. CAB International, Oxon 2001, ISBN 0-85199-377-X, S. 378.
  5. Awasthi D.D. (1976) Lichen genus Parmelia in India. I. Subgenera Parmelia and Amphigymnia. Biological Memoirs (Lichenol. Ser.) 1: 155-229.
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Parmelia: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Parmelia ist die größte Gattung der Blattflechten mit zwischen 50 und 1322 Arten weltweit.

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Parmelia (fungus) ( англиски )

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Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens.[2]: 78  It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic[3] to the Antarctic continent[4] but concentrated in temperate regions.[5] There are about 40 species in Parmelia.[6] In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

It is a foliaceous lichen, resembling a leaf in shape. The ends of the leaf-like lobes are often squarish-tipped.[2]: 78  The upper surface is pale bluish-gray to light brown in direct sunlight, with a network web-like ridges and depressions.: 78  The lower surface is black and has rhizines anchoring it to the substrate.[2]: 78  In general, Parmelia have a dark lower side with rhizines ('rootlets') that attach the lichen to its substrate. The upper side may be several colours - grey, yellow, brown - and may have reproductive organs on it. These may be apothecia (ascospore-producing bodies), isidia or soralia (both vegetative structures). In between these two layers is the medulla, which contains the algal component of the lichen.

Taxonomy

Parmelia was circumscribed by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1803.[7] His idea of the genus, which included foliose species with lecanorine apothecia, was quite broad and included species that are now dispersed in many different genera and families, such as the Peltigeraceae (Lobaria), the Pannariaceae (Pannaria, Parmeliella), the Physciaceae (Physcia, Heterodermia, Physconia), the Teloschistaceae (Xanthoria), as well as the Parmeliaceae (Cetraria, Hypogymnia, and Parmeliopsis). Its broad circumscription meant that almost every lichen with a thalline apothecial rim was included by 19th-century authors.[8]

In an attempt to create more homogeneous groups of taxa, lichenologists created new segregate genera for species once in Parmelia. These included Menegazzia (1854), Parmotrema (1860), Anzia (1861), Parmeliopsis (1869), Hypogymnia (1896), Pseudevernia (1903), Pannoparmelia (1912), and Pseudoparmelia (1914).[8] In the 1970s and 1980s, electron microscopy was used to help divide several Parmelia species groups into different genera based on the structure of their cortex. These include Arctoparmelia,[9] Bulbothrix, Canoparmelia, Cetrariastrum, Concamerella, Everniastrum, Flavoparmelia, Hypotrachyna, Neofuscelia, Paraparmelia, Parmelina, Parmotrema, Pseudoparmelia, Relicina, Relicinopsis, Xanthomaculina, and Xanthoparmelia. Another group of species was segregated on the basis of the presence of pseudocyphellae: Punctelia, Flavopunctelia, and Melanelia. In Mason Hale's 1987 monograph on Parmelia, he commented: "The group has been further subdivided ... now leaving in Parmelia a small, apparently irreducible assemblage of species typified by P. saxatilis".[8] In 2016, however, sixteen mostly Australasian species were moved to the new genus Notoparmelia; these species had been shown by molecular phylogenetic analysis to form a monophyletic lineage in Parmelia.[10]

Fossil record

There are two foliose fossil taxa, Parmelia ambra and P. isidiiveteris, that have been placed provisionally in genus Parmelia due to their overall resemblance to members of this genus.[11] Later authors have suggested, however, that this generic placement is not appropriate for the current concept of Parmelia, and that because of the dearth of specimens available for analysis, it is impossible to know for certain which of the many foliose genera in the family Parmeliaceae is best suited for these fossils.[12][13]

Description

Parmelia species have a foliose (leafy) thallus with a substrate attachment ranging from loose to tight. The lobes comprising the thallus are rounded, more or less straight, and may be contiguous or overlapping (imbricate). The texture of the upper thallus ranges from smooth to foveolate (covered with puts and depressions). The colour is typically green to whitish grey to greyish brown, and some species have a coating of pruina on the surface. Most species have pseudocyphellae (tiny pores that allow for gas exchange), and vegetative propagules such as isidia or soredia, or both. The lower surface of the thallus is black (or close to it), and has rhizines (either simple or branched) that function as holdfasts to attach it to its substrate. The cortex (botany) is paraplectenchymatous – a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions.[14]

The ascomata of Parmelia species are in the form of apothecia, which have a zeorine structure (an apothecium in which a proper exciple is enclosed in the thalline exciple) and are laminal (superficial on the surface) to somewhat stipitate. The exposed upper surface of the hymenium, the disc, is brown, rarely blackish. The asci are eight-spored, while the spores are colorless, ellipsoid, and measure 10–18 by 5–13 μm. The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia; these black spots are laminal and immersed in the thallus surface. They produce dumbbell-shaped conidia with dimensions of 5.5–8 μm. The photobiont partners of Parmelia are green algae from the genera Asterochloris or Trebouxia.[14]

Ecology

Parmelia lichens are food for the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the bagworm moth Taleporia tubulosa.[15]

Conservation

Two species of Parmelia have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature for the global IUCN Red List. Both Parmelia saxatilis and P. sulcata are considered species of least concern due to their widespread distribution, abundance, and stable populations.[16][17]

Distribution

Eleven Parmelia species were recorded for Europe in 2008.[18] Nine occur in the Nordic lichen flora, of which P. saxatilis and P. sulcata are most common and widespread.[14]

Species

Parmelia hygrophila
Parmelia omphalodes
Parmelia sulcata

References

  1. ^ "Synonymy: Parmelia Ach., Methodus, Sectio post. (Stockholmiæ): xxxiii, 153 (1803)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
  3. ^ Skult H (1985) A New Subspecies of Parmelia omphalodes Ascomycetes Described from the Arctic. Annales Botanici Fennici 22, 201-6.
  4. ^ D.C. Lindsay (1973) Notes on Antarctic lichens: IV. The genera Cetraria Hoffm., Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl., Menegazzia Massal, Parmelia Ach. and Platismatia Culb. et Culb. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 36, 105-114.
  5. ^ Bisby, Guy Richard; Ainsworth, G. C.; Kirk, P. M.; Aptroot, André (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the fungi / by P. M. Kirk... [et al.]; with the assistance of A. Aptroot... [et al.] Oxon: CAB International. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-85199-377-5.
  6. ^ Ossowska, Emilia; Guzow-Krzemińska, Beata; Kolanowska, Marta; Szczepańska, Katarzyna; Kukwa, Martin (2019). "Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts". MycoKeys. 61: 39–74. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175. PMC 6920222. PMID 31866741.
  7. ^ Acharius, E. (1803). Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius (in Latin). Stockholm: Impensis F.D.D. Ulrich. p. 153.
  8. ^ a b c Hale 1987, p. 1.
  9. ^ Hale, M.E. (1986). "Arctoparmelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Mycotaxon. 25 (1): 251–254.
  10. ^ Ferencova, Zuzana; Cubas, Paloma; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Molina, M. Carmen; Crespo, Ana (2014). "Notoparmelia, a new genus of Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) based on overlooked reproductive anatomical features, phylogeny and distribution pattern". The Lichenologist. 46 (1): 51–67. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000649. S2CID 14566747.
  11. ^ a b c Poinar, G. O.; Peterson, E. B.; Platt, J. L. (2000). "Fossil Parmelia in new world amber". The Lichenologist. 32 (3): 263–269. doi:10.1006/lich.1999.0258. S2CID 86227172.
  12. ^ Beimforde, Christina; Feldberg, Kathrin; Nylinder, Stephan; Rikkinen, Jouko; Tuovila, Hanna; Dörfelt, Heinrich; Gube, Matthias; Jackson, Daniel J.; Reitner, Joachim; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Schmidt, Alexander R. (2014). "Estimating the Phanerozoic history of the Ascomycota lineages: Combining fossil and molecular data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 78: 386–398. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.024. PMID 24792086.
  13. ^ Kaasalainen, Ulla; Heinrichs, Jochen; Krings, Michael; Myllys, Leena; Grabenhorst, Heinrich; Rikkinen, Jouko; Schmidt, Alexander R. (2015). Wilf, Peter (ed.). "Alectorioid morphologies in Paleogene lichens: new evidence and re-evaluation of the fossil Alectoria succini Mägdefrau". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0129526. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1029526K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129526. PMC 4460037. PMID 26053106.
  14. ^ a b c Thell, A.; Thor, G.; Ahti, T. (2011). "Parmelia". In Thell, Arne; Moberg, Roland (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 4. Svenska Botaniska Föreningen. pp. 83–89. ISBN 978-91-85221-24-0.
  15. ^ Yusuf, Mohd (2020). "A review on trends and opportuny in edible lichens". In Yusuf, Mohd (ed.). Lichen-Derived Products: Extraction and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-119-59171-9. OCLC 1182019542.
  16. ^ Yahr, R.; Allen, J.; Lymbery, C.; Batallas-Molina, R.; Bungartz, F.; Dal Forno, M.; Howe, N.; Lendemer, J.; McMullin, T.; Mertens, A.; Paquette, H.; Petix, M.; Reese Næsborg, R.; Roberts, F.; Sharrett, S.; Villella, J. (18 May 2021). "Parmelia saxatilis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  17. ^ Yahr, R.; Allen, J.; Lymbery, C.; Batallas-Molina, R.; Dal Forno, M.; Howe, N.; Lendemer, J.; McMullin, T.; Mertens, A.; Petix, M.; Reese Næsborg, R.; Roberts, F.; Sharrett, S.; Villella, J. (25 May 2021). "Bottle Brush Shield Lichen". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  18. ^ Hawksworth, David L.; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ahti, Teuvo; Crespo, Ana (2008). "A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions". The Lichenologist. 40 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007329. S2CID 84927575.
  19. ^ a b Nylander, W. (1890). Lichenes Japoniae. Accedunt Observationibus Lichenes Insulae Labuan (in Latin). p. 28.
  20. ^ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U.; et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa. 18 (1): 1–127. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1.
  21. ^ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Molina, M. Carmen; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Crespo, Ana (2005). "Parmelia barrenoae, a new lichen species related to Parmelia sulcata (Parmeliaceae) based on molecular and morphological data". The Lichenologist. 37 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1017/S0024282904014641. S2CID 17256616.
  22. ^ Brenner, M. (1886). "Bidrag till kännedom af Finska vikens övegetation. IV. Hoglands lafvar". Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). 13: 40.
  23. ^ Molina, Maria del Carmen; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Millanes, Ana M.; Sánchez, Edinson; Del-Prado, Ruth; Hawksworth, David L.; Crespo, Ana (2011). "Parmelia sulcata (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae), a sympatric monophyletic species complex". The Lichenologist. 43 (6): 585–601. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000521. S2CID 3948246.
  24. ^ Feuerer, T.; Thell, A. (2002). "Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer & Thell – a new macrolichen from Germany". Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg (in German). 30–32: 49–60.
  25. ^ Müller, J. (1887). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXVI". Flora (Regensburg) (in German). 70 (20): 316–322.
  26. ^ Goward, T.; Ahti, T. (1983). "Parmelia hygrophila, a new lichen species from the Pacific Northwest of North America". Annales Botanici Fennici. 20 (1): 9–13.
  27. ^ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Upreti, D.K.; Sinha, G.P.; Elix, John A. (2003). "New species and records in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from India". Mycotaxon. 88: 149–154.
  28. ^ a b Molina, M. Carmen; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Goward, Trevor; Millanes, Ana M.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Crespo, Ana (2016). "Neogene diversification in the temperate lichen-forming fungal genus Parmelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 15 (2): 166–181. doi:10.1080/14772000.2016.1226977. S2CID 88996791.
  29. ^ Øvstedal, D.O.; Lewis Smith, R.I. (2009). "Further additions to the lichen flora of Antarctica and South Georgia". Nova Hedwigia. 88 (1–2): 157–168. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0088-0157.
  30. ^ Molina, M. Carmen; Del-Prado, Ruth; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Sánchez-Mata, Daniel; Crespo, Ana (2011). "Another example of cryptic diversity in lichen-forming fungi: the new species Parmelia mayi (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae)". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 11 (5): 331–342. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0060-4. S2CID 6813916.
  31. ^ Hue, A.M. (1889). "Lichenes Yunnanenses a cl. Delavay praesertim annis 1886-1887, collectos, exponit A. M. Hue (1)". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in Latin). 36: 164.
  32. ^ Nylander, W. (1885). "Parmeliae exoticae novae". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 68: 605–615.
  33. ^ Hale 1987, p. 30.
  34. ^ Kurokawa, S. (1976). "A note on Parmelia omphalodes and its related species" (PDF). The Journal of Japanese Botany. 51 (12): 377–380.
  35. ^ Elix, John A.; Johnston, Jen (1988). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from the southern hemisphere". Mycotaxon. 31 (2): 491–510.
  36. ^ Crespo, Ana; Rico, Víctor J.; Garrido, Elisa; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Divakar, Pradeep K. (2020). "A revision of species of the Parmelia saxatilis complex in the Iberian Peninsula with the description of P. rojoi, a new potentially relict species". The Lichenologist. 52 (5): 365–376. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000341. S2CID 229038392.
  37. ^ Molina, María del Carmen; Crespo, Ana; Blanco, Oscar; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Hawksworth, David L. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships and species concepts in Parmelia s. str. (Parmeliaceae) inferred from nuclear ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences". The Lichenologist. 36 (1): 37–54. doi:10.1017/S0024282904013933. S2CID 17306781.
  38. ^ Hale 1987, p. 43.
  39. ^ Hale, M.E. (1971). "Parmelia squarrosa, a new species in section Parmelia". Phytologia. 22 (1): 29.
  40. ^ Mackay, J.T. (1836). Flora Hibernica. Vol. 2. Dublin: William Curry Junior & Company. p. 145.

Cited literature

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Parmelia (fungus): Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens.: 78  It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

It is a foliaceous lichen, resembling a leaf in shape. The ends of the leaf-like lobes are often squarish-tipped.: 78  The upper surface is pale bluish-gray to light brown in direct sunlight, with a network web-like ridges and depressions.: 78  The lower surface is black and has rhizines anchoring it to the substrate.: 78  In general, Parmelia have a dark lower side with rhizines ('rootlets') that attach the lichen to its substrate. The upper side may be several colours - grey, yellow, brown - and may have reproductive organs on it. These may be apothecia (ascospore-producing bodies), isidia or soralia (both vegetative structures). In between these two layers is the medulla, which contains the algal component of the lichen.

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Lapiksamblik ( естонски )

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Lapiksamblik (Parmelia) on samblike perekond lapiksamblikuliste sugukonnast.

Lapiksamblikud on tavalisimad samblikud puutüvedel ja okstel.

Eesti liigid

Välislingid

Fotosid Parmelia liikidest

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Lapiksamblik: Brief Summary ( естонски )

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Lapiksamblik (Parmelia) on samblike perekond lapiksamblikuliste sugukonnast.

Lapiksamblikud on tavalisimad samblikud puutüvedel ja okstel.

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Isokarpeet ( фински )

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Isokarpeet (Parmelia) on karpeiden heimoon kuuluva suku. Liuskat voivat olla litteitä tai lehden muotoisia. Kasvustot voivat olla myös joko koveria tai kuperia. Väriltään lajit ovat ruskean tai harmaan sävyisiä. Alapuolella on paljon juurtumahapsia. Liuskojen yläpuolella on ruskeita kotelomaljoja ja sekovarren sisäpuolella on kuromapulloja. Isokarpeet kasvavat joko kasvien tai kivien päällä. Sukuun kuuluvia lajeja ovat kouruisokarve (P. fraudans), luotoisokarve (P. omphalodes subsp. discordans), limi-isokarve (P. omphalodes subsp. omphalodes), liuskaisokarve (P. omphalodes subsp. pinnatifida), Kallioisokarve (P. saxatilis) ja raidanisokarve (P. sulcata).[1]

Lähteet

  1. Soili Stenroos, Teuvo Ahti, Katileena Lohtander, Leena Myllys: ”Isokarpeet”, Suomen jäkäläopas, s. 301. Helsinki: Luonnontieteellisen Keskusmuseon Kasvimuseo, 2011. ISBN 978-952-10-6804-1.
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Isokarpeet: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Isokarpeet (Parmelia) on karpeiden heimoon kuuluva suku. Liuskat voivat olla litteitä tai lehden muotoisia. Kasvustot voivat olla myös joko koveria tai kuperia. Väriltään lajit ovat ruskean tai harmaan sävyisiä. Alapuolella on paljon juurtumahapsia. Liuskojen yläpuolella on ruskeita kotelomaljoja ja sekovarren sisäpuolella on kuromapulloja. Isokarpeet kasvavat joko kasvien tai kivien päällä. Sukuun kuuluvia lajeja ovat kouruisokarve (P. fraudans), luotoisokarve (P. omphalodes subsp. discordans), limi-isokarve (P. omphalodes subsp. omphalodes), liuskaisokarve (P. omphalodes subsp. pinnatifida), Kallioisokarve (P. saxatilis) ja raidanisokarve (P. sulcata).

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Parmelia ( француски )

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Parmelia (du grec parma, « petit bouclier rond ») est un genre de champignons lichénisés (lichens) de la famille des Parmeliaceae.

Liste des espèces

Espèces européennes :

  • Parmelia barrenoae Divakar, M. C. Molina & A. Crespo
  • Parmelia discordans Nyl.
  • Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer & A. Thell
  • Parmelia fraudans (Nyl.) Nyl.
  • Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach.
  • Parmelia pinnatifida Kurok.
  • Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.
  • Parmelia serrana A. Crespo, M.C. Molina & D. Hawksw.
  • Parmelia submontana Nádv. ex Hale
  • Parmelia sulcata Taylor

Références taxonomiques

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Parmelia: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Parmelia (du grec parma, « petit bouclier rond ») est un genre de champignons lichénisés (lichens) de la famille des Parmeliaceae.

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Litunarskófir ( исландски )

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Litunarskófir (fræðiheiti: Parmelia) er ættkvísl fléttna af litskófarætt. Þrjár tegundir litunarskófa finnast á Íslandi,[1] hraufuskóf, litunarskóf og snepaskóf.[2] Íslensku litunarskófirnar eiga það allar sameiginlegt að innihalda efnin atranórin, salazinsýru og consalazinsýru.[2]

Nytjar

Litunarskófir er hægt að nota til litunar. Þær gefa frá sér dökkbrúnan, rauðbrúnan eða gulbrúnan lit eftir því hvernig þær eru meðhöndlaðar við litunina.[3]

Tilvísanir

  1. Hörður Kristinsson & Starri Heiðmarsson (2009). Skrá yfir fléttur á Íslandi. Sótt af vefsvæði Flóru Íslands.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Hörður Kristinsson (2016). Íslenskar fléttur. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag. ISBN 978-9979-66-347-8
  3. Heiða Lára Eggertsdóttir (2016). Finnum fléttur. (BS greinagerð). Landbúnaðarháskóli Íslands, Umhverfisdeild.
 src= Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.
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Litunarskófir: Brief Summary ( исландски )

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Litunarskófir (fræðiheiti: Parmelia) er ættkvísl fléttna af litskófarætt. Þrjár tegundir litunarskófa finnast á Íslandi, hraufuskóf, litunarskóf og snepaskóf. Íslensku litunarskófirnar eiga það allar sameiginlegt að innihalda efnin atranórin, salazinsýru og consalazinsýru.

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Parmelia ( холандски; фламански )

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Parmelia is een geslacht van korstmossen dat behoort tot de orde Lecanorales van de ascomyceten. De toppen van de bladachtige lobben, het thallus, zijn vaak min of meer vierkant. De bovenkant van het thallus is als het in het directe zonlicht staat blauwgrijs tot lichtbruin. Op het thallus zitten netvormige ribbels en richels. De onderkant is zwart en heeft rhizinen, hyfenbundels, voor verankering.[1] Het geslacht Parmelia is nu verder opgedeeld in een aantal nieuwe geslachten op grond van de vorm van het thallus, waaronder de geslachten Cetrelia, Hypogymnia, Menegazzia en Pseudevernia. De soorten komen vooral voor in de gematigde gebieden.[2]

Parmelia sulcata vormt voor de verspreiding spleetsoralen.

Parmelia-korstmossen zijn voedsel voor de rupsen van sommige Lepidoptera-soorten, zoals de sigaarzakdrager (Taleporia tubulosa) en Setema cereola.

Parmelia-soorten produceren usninezuur. Men neemt aan dat het de korstmossen tegen ultraviolette straling beschermt en door zijn intens bittere smaak korstmossen beschermt tegen begrazing.

Soorten

Enkele soorten zijn:

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
  2. Bisby, Guy Richard, Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the fungi / by P. M. Kirk... [et al.]; with the assistance of A. Aptroot... [et al.], CAB International, Oxon, 2001, p. 378. ISBN 0-85199-377-X.
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Parmelia van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Parmelia: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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Parmelia is een geslacht van korstmossen dat behoort tot de orde Lecanorales van de ascomyceten. De toppen van de bladachtige lobben, het thallus, zijn vaak min of meer vierkant. De bovenkant van het thallus is als het in het directe zonlicht staat blauwgrijs tot lichtbruin. Op het thallus zitten netvormige ribbels en richels. De onderkant is zwart en heeft rhizinen, hyfenbundels, voor verankering. Het geslacht Parmelia is nu verder opgedeeld in een aantal nieuwe geslachten op grond van de vorm van het thallus, waaronder de geslachten Cetrelia, Hypogymnia, Menegazzia en Pseudevernia. De soorten komen vooral voor in de gematigde gebieden.

Parmelia sulcata vormt voor de verspreiding spleetsoralen.

Parmelia-korstmossen zijn voedsel voor de rupsen van sommige Lepidoptera-soorten, zoals de sigaarzakdrager (Taleporia tubulosa) en Setema cereola.

Parmelia-soorten produceren usninezuur. Men neemt aan dat het de korstmossen tegen ultraviolette straling beschermt en door zijn intens bittere smaak korstmossen beschermt tegen begrazing.

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Parmelia ( полски )

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 src= Ten artykuł dotyczy grzyba. Zobacz też: rodzaj roślin o tej samej nazwie. Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Tarczownica (Parmelia Ach.) – rodzaj grzybów z rodziny tarczownicowatych (Parmeliaceae)[1]. Należy do porostów. W Polsce występuje 5 gatunków[2].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota, Fungi[1].

Synonimy: Aspidelia Stirt., Lichen L.[3].

Nazwa polska według W. Fałtynowicza[2].

Charakterystyka

Grzyby naskalne bądź nadrzewne, obecnie na wyginięciu, gdyż niekorzystnie na nich wpływa zanieczyszczone powietrze atmosferyczne.

Niektóre gatunki

Nazwy naukowe) na podstawie Index Fungorum. Obejmuje on tylko gatunki zweryfikowane o potwierdzonym statusie. Oprócz wyżej wymienionych na liście Index Fungorum znajdują się gatunki niezweryfikowane[1]. Nazwy polskie według checklist[2].

Przypisy

  1. a b c Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2014-04-25].
  2. a b c The Lichenes, Lichenicolous and allied Fungi of Poland.Krytyczna lista porostów i grzybów naporostowych Polski. Kraków: Instytut Botaniki im. W. Szafera PAN, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-06-7.
  3. Species Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2014-04-25].
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Parmelia: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Tarczownica (Parmelia Ach.) – rodzaj grzybów z rodziny tarczownicowatych (Parmeliaceae). Należy do porostów. W Polsce występuje 5 gatunków.

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Sköldlavar ( шведски )

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Uppslagsordet ”Parmelia” leder hit. För andra betydelser, se Parmelia, Western Australia.

Sköldlavar (Parmelia)[1] är ett släkte av lavar som beskrevs av Erik Acharius. Parmelia ingår i familjen Parmeliaceae, ordningen Lecanorales, klassen Lecanoromycetes, divisionen sporsäcksvampar och riket svampar.[1][2]

Sköldlavar kännetecknas av bladlik bål, ofta med grå eller gråvit ovansida och mörkare undersida med rhiziner som fäster laven vid underlaget. Släktet innefattar i äldre verk angående lavarnas systematik ett mycket stort antal arter, men vidare studier har lett till att flera mindre släkten skiljts ur, baserat bland annat på morfologiska skillnader i bålen och annorlunda kemi. Detta är en av orsakerna till att flera lavar vars svenska namn innefattar benämningen "sköldlav" inte hör till släktet Parmelia.

Utbredning

Sköldlavar förekommer världen över, men är vanligast i tempererade klimat.

Användning

Inom släktet finns exempelvis arter som är användbara för växtfärgning.

Arter

Släktet Parmelia indelas i[1][2]:

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/parmelia/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  2. ^ [a b] Dyntaxa Parmelia
  • Moberg, Roland & Holmåsen, Ingemar. Lavar - en fälthandbok, Interpublishing AB, 1982. ISBN 91-86448-25-0

Externa länkar

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Sköldlavar: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Uppslagsordet ”Parmelia” leder hit. För andra betydelser, se Parmelia, Western Australia.

Sköldlavar (Parmelia) är ett släkte av lavar som beskrevs av Erik Acharius. Parmelia ingår i familjen Parmeliaceae, ordningen Lecanorales, klassen Lecanoromycetes, divisionen sporsäcksvampar och riket svampar.

Sköldlavar kännetecknas av bladlik bål, ofta med grå eller gråvit ovansida och mörkare undersida med rhiziner som fäster laven vid underlaget. Släktet innefattar i äldre verk angående lavarnas systematik ett mycket stort antal arter, men vidare studier har lett till att flera mindre släkten skiljts ur, baserat bland annat på morfologiska skillnader i bålen och annorlunda kemi. Detta är en av orsakerna till att flera lavar vars svenska namn innefattar benämningen "sköldlav" inte hör till släktet Parmelia.

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Пармелия ( руски )

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Царство: Грибы
Подцарство: Высшие грибы
Отдел: Аскомицеты
Подотдел: Pezizomycotina
Порядок: Леканоровые
Семейство: Пармелиевые
Род: Пармелия
Международное научное название

Parmelia Ach., 1803

Типовой вид
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach., 1803
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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 14009NCBI 87260EOL 16320MB 3730

Парме́лия (лат. Parmelia) — род лишайников семейства Пармелиевые (Parmeliaceae).

Биологическое описание

Слоевище листоватое, довольно плотно прикреплённое к субстрату, с широкими и узкими плоскими, иногда приподнятыми, сверху матовыми или блестящими, гладкими или морщинистыми, различно окрашенными лопастями. Нижняя поверхность с ризинами, блестящая или матовая, гладкая или морщинистая.

Апотеции располагаются на верхней поверхности таллома.

Споры бесцветные, удлинённой, эллиптической или широкоэллиптической формы. Аски восьмиспоровые. Конидии прямые, веретеновидной или цилиндрической формы.

Синонимы

Виды

Литература

Ссылки

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Пармелия: Brief Summary ( руски )

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Парме́лия (лат. Parmelia) — род лишайников семейства Пармелиевые (Parmeliaceae).

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