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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 8.8 years (captivity)
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Benefits ( англиски )

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File snakes continue to be important food for Aboriginal communities in northern Australia. Aboriginal people, usually the elder women, still hunt for File snakes by wading into the water and feeling under submerged logs and overhanging banks. Once captured, the snakes are usually tossed onto the bank where they are easily collected due to their extremely slow movement on land. Pregnant females are very valuable to the Aboriginal people. The oviducts of reproductive females contain large, yolk-filled embryos in November, and these are considered a special treat to the Aboriginies. Most snakes are kept for a few days in large empty pots then tossed into a fire to cook (Shine, 1991).

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Holem, R. 2000. "Acrochordus arafurae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acrochordus_arafurae.html
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Acrochordus arafurae is non-venomous and reaches a maximum length of 2.5 meters, with 1.5 meters being the average length. They are sexually dimorophic with females generally the larger sex. File snakes are aquatic snakes with small, but very strongly keeled scales, which give them the texture of a file. The skin of file snakes is very loose and baggy. Colors vary slightly, but most are light brown or gray with dark brown or black reticulations extending from a broad vertebral band that gives a cross-banded, or a blotchy appearance on the dorsal surface of the body. File snakes are somewhat lighter underneath, and the dark reticulations usually extend onto the ventral surface of the body (Vincent, 1999).

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Holem, R. 2000. "Acrochordus arafurae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acrochordus_arafurae.html
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
8.8 years.

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Habitat ( англиски )

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File snakes are nocturnal as well as aquatic; and very seasonal when choosing their preferred habitat. In the dry season, snakes choose backwater lagoons and pools known locally as billabongs. Upon arrival of the wet season, File snakes migrate into flooded grasslands and mangroves (Shine, 1991). These unusually docile snakes can be found resting in aquatic vegetation or in tree roots by day, and hunting among banks or channels by night. File snakes can spend lengthy amounts of time underwater, and surface only to restock their oxygen supply. Radio telemetry studies have shown that File snakes are capable of moving considerable distances during the night, and average 140 meters a night during the wet season and 70 meters a night during the dry season (Vincent, 1999).

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal

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Distribution ( англиски )

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The File snake inhabits the coastal regions of northern Australia and also New Guinea (Hoser, 1989).

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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File snakes feed almost exclusively on fish. They move slowly at night, poking their heads in and out of holes in mangroves and riverbanks. Prey selection depends on the size of the snake, with larger specimens ingesting fish up to 1 kilogram in weight. These snakes have extremely low metabolic rates, due to their slow, but deliberate style of hunting, and consequently feed less (about once a month) than most snakes. File snakes possess small, solid teeth, and catch their prey using their mouth, body coils, and tail. It is thought that the small granular scales of File snakes contain sensory organs that are probably used in movement, orientation, and prey sensing (Shine, 1991).

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Holem, R. 2000. "Acrochordus arafurae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acrochordus_arafurae.html
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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No information is available.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Reproduction ( англиски )

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File snakes are viviparous and give birth to between 6 and 27 young, which usually average about 36 centimeters SVL. Sexual maturity is reached by males at about 85 centimeters SVL, and at about 115 centimeters SVL in females. File snakes do not reproduce each year. In fact, it's believed that females reproduce only every eight to ten years in the wild. High population density, low metabolic rates, and poor feeding efficiency are thought to be possible causes for such low repreductive rates. Males are also able to store sperm in their bodies for a number of years (Vincent, 1999).

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Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The three extant Acrochordus species (the only three species included in the family Acrochordidae) exhibit differences in their ecology, scalation, and anatomy. Acrochordus arafurae was not recognised as a species distinct from A. javanicus until the late 1970s. Acrochordus arafurae have a similar total length as A. javanicus, but are much less heavy-bodied, being nearly half as heavy at the same snout-vent length. Acrochordus arafurae occurs in exclusively freshwater habitats of northern Australia and southern New Guinea. Acrochordus javanicus are large and heavy-bodied (exceeding 10 kg and 2 m total length) and are found in freshwater (and sometimes brackish) habitats in southern Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan, where they are harvested on a large scale for the reptile skin trade.

(Sanders et al. 2010 and references therein)

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common names ( француски )

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French name - serpent-lime d'Arafura
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Continent: Asia Australia
Distribution: E Indonesia, New Guinea, N Australia (coastal areas of Northern Territory, Queensland)
Type locality: Lake Daviumbo, western Province.
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Bradavičník arafurský ( чешки )

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Bradavičník arafurský (Acrochordus arafurae) je živorodý had z poměrně malé čeledi bradavičníkovití. Jedná se o výlučně rybožravý druh. Obývá řeky, různé sladkovodní nádrže a vstupuje i do moře. Dorůstá délky až 2,5 metru, samice jsou o něco větší než samci.

Když číhá na ryby, zachytí se pod vodou tenkým ovíjivým ocasem vodních rostlin a kořenů. Výborně plave, ale na souši sotva leze. Samice rodí ve vodě jednou za 8–10 let až 32 mláďat. Žije v severní Austrálii a na Nové Guineji.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
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Bradavičník arafurský: Brief Summary ( чешки )

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Bradavičník arafurský (Acrochordus arafurae) je živorodý had z poměrně malé čeledi bradavičníkovití. Jedná se o výlučně rybožravý druh. Obývá řeky, různé sladkovodní nádrže a vstupuje i do moře. Dorůstá délky až 2,5 metru, samice jsou o něco větší než samci.

Když číhá na ryby, zachytí se pod vodou tenkým ovíjivým ocasem vodních rostlin a kořenů. Výborně plave, ale na souši sotva leze. Samice rodí ve vodě jednou za 8–10 let až 32 mláďat. Žije v severní Austrálii a na Nové Guineji.

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Arafura-Warzenschlange ( германски )

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Die Arafura-Warzenschlange (Acrochordus arafurae) ist eine aquatische Schlange aus der Familie der Warzenschlangen (Acrochordidae), die im tropischen Australien verbreitet ist. Bezeichnend für die Art ist ein ausgeprägter Geschlechtsdimorphismus und eine niedrige Stoffwechselrate.[1] Die Art ist im östlichen Indonesien, Papua-Neuguinea, sowie im nördlichen Australien (Queensland und Northern Territory) verbreitet. Sie gilt laut IUCN als nicht gefährdet (least concern).[2]

Merkmale

Es handelt sich um große, schwergebaute Schlangen, die eine Gesamtlänge von bis zu zwei Metern erreichen können. Wie für Warzenschlangen typisch ist die Haut faltig; die kleinen, konischen Schuppen führen zu einer körnigen Hautoberfläche. Bezeichnend ist der ausgeprägte Geschlechtsdimorphismus: Adulte Weibchen zeigen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge (von der Schnauzenspitze zur Kloake) von durchschnittlich 135 cm, adulte Männchen dagegen nur 105 cm. Des Weiteren zeigen Weibchen einen deutlich schwereren Körperbau, kürzere Schwänze und größere Köpfe als Männchen.[1]

Ernährung

Wie andere Warzenschlangen ernährt sich die Arafura-Warzenschlange ausschließlich von Fischen (piscivor). Die Nahrungsaufnahme findet wegen des erhöhten Nahrungsangebots vor allem in der Regenzeit statt.[3] Fische werden mit Hilfe der faltigen, körnigen Haut durch Würgen überwältigt.[4] Zwischen den Geschlechtern zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede. Männchen sind weniger selektive Fresser als Weibchen; so zeigen Magenproben typischerweise die Reste von verschiedenen kleineren Fischen. Magenproben ausgewachsener Weibchen hingegen zeigen lediglich ein einziges, aber großes Beutetier. Juvenile Weibchen zeigen die generalisiertere Ernährungsweise der Männchen.[3]

Lebensweise

Die Schlangen sind ausschließlich aquatisch und bewohnen Süßwasser. Während der Trockenzeiten halten sie sich in Billabongs auf, während der Regenzeit besiedeln sie das nun überschwemmte Grasland. Sie sind überwiegend nachtaktiv. Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern konnten während der Regenzeit in den bevorzugten Wassertiefen festgestellt werden; so werden Weibchen vorwiegend in Wassertiefen von über einem Meter gefangen, während Männchen vorwiegend Flachwasser unterhalb eines Meters bewohnen.[1]

Die Populationsdichte dieser Schlangen innerhalb der Billabongs variiert stark, kann bei hohem Nahrungsangebot aber 100 Schlangen pro Hektar erreichen.[4] Die Schlangen sind lebendgebärend; ein Wurf besteht durchschnittlich aus 17 Jungtieren.[4]

Stoffwechsel

Wie andere Warzenschlangen ist die Arafura-Warzenschlange ein Niedrig-Energie-Spezialist und zeigt als solcher einen bemerkenswert niedrigen Stoffwechsel. Diese Schlangen fressen relativ selten und zeigen die niedrigste Reproduktionsrate, die bei Schlangen nachgewiesen werden konnte: So waren in einer Untersuchung nur 7 % der ausgewachsenen Weibchen reproduktiv.[4]

Wie andere aquatische Schlangen nimmt die Arafura-Warzenschlange Sauerstoff sowohl über die Lungen als auch über die Haut auf. Die Hautatmung kann dabei bis zu 30 % des Sauerstoffbedarfs decken. Die maximale Tauchzeit ist temperaturabhängig, da erhöhte Temperaturen zu einem erhöhten Stoffwechsel und einem damit verbundenen höheren Sauerstoffbedarf führen. Bei 20 °C können die Tiere bis zu 77 Minuten unter Wasser verweilen, bei 32 °C hingegen nur 28 Minuten.[5]

Gründe für den Geschlechtsdimorphismus

Der Größendimorphismus kann vermutlich, wie bei den meisten Schlangen, durch sexuelle Selektion erklärt werden: Größere Weibchen können mehr Nachwuchs produzieren, eine große Körpergröße produziert somit mehr Nachkommen. Die proportionalen Unterschiede haben vermutlich andere Ursachen. Der beim Männchen längere Schwanz wird durch Notwendigkeit, den Hemipenis unterzubringen, erklärt. Dagegen können die größeren Köpfe der Weibchen eventuell als Anpassungen an die größeren Beutefische interpretiert werden: Wie bei allen Schlangen werden Beutetiere stets als ganzes verschlungen, die Größe des Kopfes limitiert also die maximale Größe der Beutetiere.[1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d R. Shine: Sexual differences in morphology and niche utilization in an aquatic snake, Acrochordus arafurae. In: Oecologia. Band 69, Nr. 2, 1986, S. 260–267 (springerlink.com [PDF]).
  2. Acrochordus arafurae in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN. (The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012.2), abgerufen am 28. Dezember 2012.
  3. a b Darryl Houston, Richard Shine: Sexual Dimorphism and Niche Divergence: Feeding Habits of the Arafura Filesnake. In: The Journal of Animal Ecology. Band 62, Nr. 4, September 1993, S. 737, doi:10.2307/5393, JSTOR:5393.
  4. a b c d Richard Shine: Ecology of a Low-Energy Specialist: Food Habits and Reproductive Biology of the Arafura Filesnake (Acrochordidae). In: Copeia. Band 1986, Nr. 2, 9. April 1986, S. 424, doi:10.2307/1445000, JSTOR:1445000.
  5. Kirstin Pratt: Metabolic rate, respiratory partitioning and the implications for dive duration in the bimodally respiring Arafura filesnake, Acrochordus arafurae. 1. Juni 2009 (espace.library.uq.edu.au).
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Arafura-Warzenschlange: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Die Arafura-Warzenschlange (Acrochordus arafurae) ist eine aquatische Schlange aus der Familie der Warzenschlangen (Acrochordidae), die im tropischen Australien verbreitet ist. Bezeichnend für die Art ist ein ausgeprägter Geschlechtsdimorphismus und eine niedrige Stoffwechselrate. Die Art ist im östlichen Indonesien, Papua-Neuguinea, sowie im nördlichen Australien (Queensland und Northern Territory) verbreitet. Sie gilt laut IUCN als nicht gefährdet (least concern).

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Acrochordus arafurae ( англиски )

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Common names: Arafura file snake, elephant trunk snake, or wrinkle file snake.

Acrochordus arafurae is an aquatic snake species found in northern Australia and New Guinea. No subspecies are currently recognized.[3]

This snake was first described by Samuel Booker McDowell in 1979[4][5]

Description

Adults grown to 8.25 ft (2.5 m) in length.[6] They have amazingly loose skin and are known to prey on large fish, such as eel-tailed catfish. Females are usually larger than males and they have been known to give birth to up to 17 young. The skin is used to make drums in New Guinea.

In Aboriginal language and culture

The indigenous peoples of northern Australia often hunt these snakes as they are quite common. As the snakes are near immobilized without the support of water the hunters merely throw each newly caught snake on the bank and continue hunting until they have enough.

In the Kunwinjku language of West Arnhem Land, the snakes are known as kedjebe (or bekka in Eastern dialects),[7] while in the Yolŋu language of East Arnhem Land they are called djaykuŋ,[8] among other names.

References

  1. ^ Sanders, K.; Guinea, M. & Cogger, H. (2010). "Acrochordus arafurae". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2010: e.T176764A7299709. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176764A7299709.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  2. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ "Acrochordus arafurae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
  4. ^ "Australian Faunal Directory: Acrochordus arafurae". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 2021-07-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ S. B. McDowell (26 February 1979). "A Catalogue of the Snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with Special Reference to Those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part III. Boinae and Acrochordoidea (Reptilia, Serpentes)". Journal of Herpetology. 13 (1): 1–92. doi:10.2307/1563761. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1563761. Wikidata Q56037668.
  6. ^ Burnie D, Wilson DE. 2001. Animal. Dorling Kindersley. 624 pp. ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.
  7. ^ Garde, Murray. "kedjebe". Bininj Kunwok Dictionary. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  8. ^ "djaykuŋ". Yolŋu Matha Dictionary. Charles Darwin University. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

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Acrochordus arafurae: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Common names: Arafura file snake, elephant trunk snake, or wrinkle file snake.

Acrochordus arafurae is an aquatic snake species found in northern Australia and New Guinea. No subspecies are currently recognized.

This snake was first described by Samuel Booker McDowell in 1979

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Acrochordus arafurae ( баскиски )

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(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Acrochordus arafurae: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Acrochordus arafurae Acrochordus generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Acrochordidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Acrochordus arafurae ( француски )

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Acrochordus arafurae est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Acrochordidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre le long des côtes[1] :

Description

Acrochordus arafurae est un serpent marin pouvant atteindre 2,5 m de longueur[2], les femelles étant généralement plus grandes que les mâles. Sa peau est étonnamment plissée.

Il se nourrit de poissons et peut s'attaquer à de grandes espèces, comme le poisson-chat tandanus.

Il est vivipare, la femelle donnant naissance à 17 jeunes au maximum. Par ailleurs, à l'instar de Ramphotyphlops braminus, cette espèce pourrait se reproduire par parthénogenèse[1].

Acrochordus arafurae et l'homme

Les peuples aborigènes du Nord de l'Australie les chassent souvent car ils sont très abondants. Comme les serpents sont à peu près incapables de se déplacer hors de l'eau, les chasseurs se contentent de les lancer sur le rivage après les avoir attrapés et continuent la chasse jusqu'à ce qu'ils en aient assez. En Nouvelle-Guinée, leur peau est utilisée pour faire des tambours.

Étymologie

Son nom d'espèce fait référence à la mer d'Arafura.

Publication originale

  • McDowell, 1979 : A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part 3. Boinae and Acrochordoidea (Reptilia, Serpentes). Journal of Herpetology, vol. 13, no 1, p. 105-111.

Notes et références

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Acrochordus arafurae: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Acrochordus arafurae est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Acrochordidae.

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Acrochordus arafurae ( италијански )

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L'acrocordo di Arafura (Acrochordus arafurae McDowell, 1979) è un serpente acquatico della famiglia degli Acrocordidi, che vive in Australia del nord e in Nuova Guinea. Raggiunge una lunghezza massima di 2,5 m e i 9 anni di longevità.

Descrizione

Questa specie di serpente possiede una pelle incredibilmente flaccida, che sembra distaccarsi dal corpo con facilità. Le femmine, generalmente, sono più grandi dei maschi e danno alla luce fino a diciassette piccoli. Gli acrocordi di Arafura predano grandi pesci, come i pesci gatto.

Distribuzione e habitat

Australia del nord e Nuova Guinea.

È una specie acquatica, con una certa predilezione per i ripari rappresentati dalle radici di Pandanus aquaticus[2].

Tassonomia

L'acrocordo di Arafura non fu riconosciuta come specie a parte fino al 1979; fino ad allora era classificato come una sottospecie dell'acrocordo di Giava (Acrochordus javanicus).

Usi

Vengono cacciati dalle popolazioni indigene dell'Australia settentrionale, dove sono piuttosto comuni. In Nuova Guinea, invece, questi serpenti sono uccisi per ricavarne pelli da usare per i tamburi.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Acrochordus arafurae, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Description and literature review of the flora and vertebrate fauna of Magela Creek (PDF) (archiviato dall'url originale il 23 settembre 2010).

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Acrochordus arafurae: Brief Summary ( италијански )

добавил wikipedia IT

L'acrocordo di Arafura (Acrochordus arafurae McDowell, 1979) è un serpente acquatico della famiglia degli Acrocordidi, che vive in Australia del nord e in Nuova Guinea. Raggiunge una lunghezza massima di 2,5 m e i 9 anni di longevità.

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Arafuravorteslange ( норвешки )

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Arafuravorteslange (vitenskapelig navn Acrochordus arafurae) er en slange som lever i nordlige strøk i Australia og på Ny-Guinea. Den blir fra halvannen til to og en halv meter lang. Arafuravorteslangen lever i vannet.

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

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Arafuravorteslange: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

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Arafuravorteslange (vitenskapelig navn Acrochordus arafurae) er en slange som lever i nordlige strøk i Australia og på Ny-Guinea. Den blir fra halvannen til to og en halv meter lang. Arafuravorteslangen lever i vannet.

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Acrochordus arafurae ( виетнамски )

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Acrochordus arafurae là một loài rắn trong họ Acrochordidae. Loài này được Mcdowell mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1979.[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Sanders, K., Guinea, M. & Cogger, H. (2010). Acrochordus arafurae. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 5 năm 2014.
  2. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ Acrochordus arafurae. The Reptile Database. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


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Acrochordus arafurae: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Acrochordus arafurae là một loài rắn trong họ Acrochordidae. Loài này được Mcdowell mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1979.

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阿拉佛拉瘰鱗蛇 ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Acrochordus arafurae
McDowell,1979

阿拉佛拉瘰鱗蛇學名Acrochordus arafurae)是蛇亞目瘰鱗蛇科下的一個棲蛇種,主要分布於澳洲北部及新畿內亞一帶,目前未有任何亞種。[2]

特徵

阿拉佛拉瘰鱗蛇的鱗皮相當鬆弛,是其特色之一。牠們主要進食如鰻尾鯰一類的大型魚類。雌性的阿拉佛拉瘰鱗蛇體型較雄性為大,而且生產時平均能誕下17條幼蛇。澳洲北部的原居民經常捕獵牠們,由於阿拉佛拉瘰鱗蛇一旦脫離水源就幾乎喪失活動能力,所以當地土著都會把捕捉到的瘰鱗蛇隨意放置,再一直出外捕蛇及把獲蛇集中,而這期間牠們都不能自行逃生。在新畿內亞,阿拉佛拉瘰鱗蛇的蛇皮會用來製

備註

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW、Campbell JA、Touré T:《Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1》頁511,Herpetologists' League,1999年。ISBN 1-893777-00-6
  2. ^ Acrochordus arafurae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2007 [16 August, 2007] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)

外部連結

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阿拉佛拉瘰鱗蛇: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

阿拉佛拉瘰鱗蛇(學名:Acrochordus arafurae)是蛇亞目瘰鱗蛇科下的一個棲蛇種,主要分布於澳洲北部及新畿內亞一帶,目前未有任何亞種。

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Habitat ( англиски )

добавил World Register of Marine Species
in fresh water

Навод

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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