Morphology
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Commonly called the gumboot "chiton," Cryptochiton stelleri is the world's largest chiton species, reaching a length of 14 inches.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
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- Almaz Kinder, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Habitat
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Among rocks, near low-tide level to water 60' (18 m) deep. May be found in shallow waters during spawning season in May.
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
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Distribution
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Alaska to Channel Islands, California to Japan
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); oceanic islands (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
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Trophic Strategy
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Feeds on various fleshy and coraline algae such as sea lettuce, also on bryzoans and diatoms.
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Benefits
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Some species of chitons are often found in Indian and West Indian foods, and they are used as bait.
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Conservation Status
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Без наслов
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There are over 600 species of chitons, and one of the most diverse groups is found on the Pacific Coast. To keep its surface clean of other organisms, a chiton secretes a mucus that swells on contact with water. This touh mantle completely covers the chiton's eight transverse shell plates, and prevents foreign organisms from attaching to the spines of the girdle.
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Reproduction
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Separate sexes; males deposit sperm into water and females lay eggs in strings, clusters or spiral arrangements. Eggs may be free-floating single cells or enclosed in jelly-like capsules or strings.
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Brief Summary
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The gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), also called the Great Pacific Chiton, is a mollusk of class Polyplacophora. Most recognizable by its physical appearance (which has earned it its nickname, the “wandering meatloaf”), C. stelleri is a fairly common sight in tide pools and shallows around the northern regions of the Pacific Rim. (1)
General Ecology
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The gumboot chiton lives in temperate to cold waters from the coasts of California and Japan up to Alaska and Kamchatka. (1) Much of its life is spent in tide pools, where it subsists on algae and seaweed during the nighttime. Its predators are few, although some predatory snails have been known to attempt to kill it (although few can cut farther than the outer mantle). It also has been known to have commensal relationships with some isopods and shrimp that take refuge in its gills. (1)
Reproduction
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The gumboot chiton, like all chitons, mates externally, with the male releasing sperm and the female releasing eggs into the water. When fertilized, eggs develop through a stage as a trophoblast before growing into a juvenile. (1) Most commonly, eggs develop while free-floating, although some species retain them in the mantle cavity and one gives birth to live young. (2)
Comprehensive Description
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The cryptochiton stelleri was named after Georg Wilhelm Steller, who was a Russian naturalist living in Alaska. (1)
Reproduction
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They spawn from March to May in California, and after hatching, larvae swim for about 20 hours before settling. (1)
Trophic Strategy
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Feeds mostly on red algae, but sometimes feed on brown or green algae.(2) Uses tongue-like radula to scrape algae from rocks (1) One predator is the snail Ocenebra lurida (2)
Habitat
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The stelleri hides among red algae/kelp forests for camouflage and food(1)
Morphology
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Has eight butterfly-shaped valves plates.(2) The valve plates often break, but the Chiton can repair them. (3) The plates are covered by a thick and leathery mantle. The dorsal surface is usually red/brown, while the underside is usually yellow or orange (2) The lighter fibrous parts around the edges are the Chiton’s gills. (4) Considered the most highly modified Chiton, and can weigh around 4.4 pounds(1) About 44% of their body weight is blood (2) The radular teeth are hardened by a magnetite cap. (2) The teeth have so much magnetite in them that they can be picked up by a magnet (3) During low tide, the Chiton can absorb oxygen from the atmosphere if necessary. (3) It can live for up to 25 years. (4)
Physiology
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C. stelleri translates from Latin to “Steller’s Hidden Chiton”, so named because the eight valves present in all and external in most chitons are covered by the animal’s fleshy mantle, which comes in shades of red, brown, and orange and is pebbled and tough. The chiton’s underside is largely composed of its muscular foot, flanked by its two gills on each side. The mouth and anus are at the anterior and posterior ends, respectively, although there is no head or tail to speak of. (1) (2) The nervous system is simple, with no real ganglion, although a pedal nerve cord runs the length of the creature below the foot. (2) Internally, the gumboot chiton is not unlike most other chitons. The gut extends the length of the creature, with a stomach towards the anterior end. Digestion is aided by enzymes injected into the stomach from a gland. (2) Oxygen is synthesized from the gills, then introduced into the blood via a pair of auricles (one for each gill). The blood is then pumped into the aorta (and the body) with a powerful ventricle. (1) Excretion of nitrogenous waste is accomplished through a pair of nephridia. The single gonad is large and occupies the top of the body, releasing into a pair of gonopores in front of those used by nephridia. (3)
Habitat
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Rocky substrate, especially in kelp beds.
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Comprehensive Description
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Biology/Natural History: As with all chitons, this species can grip the rocks tightly. Its grip is not nearly as strong for its size as is that of many other species, however. With work one can usually dislodge it. Unlike some other chiton species, Cryptochiton stelleri has well-developed ctenidia in the pallial groove beside the foot. They often raise the edge of their mantle when in air, perhaps to facilitate respiration. The commensal polychaete worm Arctonoe vittata or A. pulchra can sometimes be found in their pallial groove, as can the pea crab Opisthopus transversus. O'clair and O'Clair report no commensals in this species in SE Alaska. Spawn from March to May in California., laying eggs in gelatinous, cinnamon-red spiral strings up to 1 m long. The egg strings do not stick and are quickly broken up by the waves. When females release their eggs, nearby males are stimulated to release sperm into the water. After hatching, larvae swim for about 20 h before settling. Adults do not move far and may live 20 years or more. Some individuals have algae growing on their mantle. Feeds mostly on various red algae, and also on some brown and green algae. Predators include the snail Ocenebra lurida, tidepool sculpins. Sea otters seem to ignore it, but river otters will eat it.. Indian tribes often ate it. 44% of body weight is blood. The radular teeth are hardened with a magnetite cap. Named after Georg Wilhelm Steller, an early Russian naturalist in Alaska.
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Comprehensive Description
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A very large chiton. All 8 plates are completely covered by the mantle. Up to 33 cm long. Mantle is thick and leathery. Dorsal surface is usually a brown or brick red, sometimes with lighter blotches; underside is orange or yellow. The butterfly-shaped valve plates are white or robin's egg blue, are occasionally washed up on the beach.
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Habitat
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Depth Range: low intertidal to 20 m
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Distribution
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Geographical Range: Aleutian Islands to San Nicolas Island, CA, Kamchatka, Kurile Islands, Japan
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Look Alikes
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How to Distinguish from Similar Species: No other chiton in this area has all 8 plates covered by the mantle, nor grows this large.
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Gumboot chiton
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The gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), also known as the giant western fiery chiton or giant Pacific chiton, is the largest of the chitons, growing to 36 cm (14 in) and capable of reaching a weight of more than 2 kg (4.4 lb). It is found along the shores of the northern Pacific Ocean from Central California to Alaska, across the Aleutian Islands to the Kamchatka Peninsula and south to Japan.[2][3] It inhabits the lower intertidal and subtidal zones of rocky coastlines. The gumboot chiton's appearance has led some tidepoolers to refer to it, fondly, as the "wandering meatloaf". The name "gumboot chiton" seems to derive from a resemblance to part of a rubber Wellington boot or "gum rubber" boot.[4]
Chitons are molluscs that have eight armored plates (called valves) running in a flexible line down their back. Unlike most chitons, the gumboot's valves are completely hidden by its leathery upper skin or girdle that usually is reddish-brown or brown, but occasionally is orange in color.
Chitons have long arrays of fine teeth that are partially made of magnetite, making its teeth hard enough to scrape algae off rocks.[5] The styli enclosing their teeth contain the mineral santabarbaraite,[6] making the gumboot the first organism known to use this material that was discovered during 2000 in Italy.[7]
Taxonomy
The Latin name Cryptochiton stelleri means Steller's hidden chiton. "Steller" is in honor of the eighteenth-century German zoologist Georg Wilhelm Steller, who first described many species of the northern Pacific seashore. "Hidden" or "concealed" refers to the fact that the eight shelly plates characteristic of chitons are not visible, atypically being totally internal in this genus of chiton.[8] Many taxonomic names for chitons are based on the appearance of their plates or valves, so it is most likely that the "hidden" portion of the name refers to the valves being completely obscured by the gumboot's girdle.[9]
Life
The underside of a live
Cryptochiton stelleri, showing the foot, in the center, surrounded by the gills and mantle, the mouth is visible above and to the left of the foot
The gumboot chiton's underside is orange or yellow and consists mostly of a large foot similar to that of other molluscs such as snails or slugs, with gills found in grooves running along the outer edge of the foot.[3] The gumboot chiton is found clinging to rocks, moving slowly in search of its primary diet of algae that is scraped off rocks with its rasp-like retractable radula, which are covered with rows of magnetite-tipped teeth. It also eats other marine vegetation such as sea lettuce and giant kelp. A nocturnal creature, the gumboot generally feeds at night and often remains in a hiding place during the day—although on foggy days it may be found exposed in tide pools or on rocks.[10]
The gumboot may live for more than 40 years. Several other animal species have been observed living within the gumboot's gills; the relationship is thought to be commensal: neither harmful nor helpful to the chiton. One researcher found that more than a quarter of gumboots hosted an Arctonoe vittata, a pale yellow scale worm that can grow up to 10 cm (3.9 in) length.[2] Sometimes Opisthopus transversus, a small crab, may be found within the gills of the gumboot.[2]
The gumboot chiton's bony armoring plates, called "butterfly shells" due to their shape, sometimes are found washed up on beaches, as may whole chitons. The gumboot keeps a weaker grip on the rocks that make up its home than most chitons do and therefore, it is not unusual for them to be knocked loose by heavy waves.
Predators
It has few natural predators, the most common being the lurid rocksnail, Paciocinebrina lurida—although the small snail's efforts to consume the chiton generally are limited to the outer mantle only. Sometimes it is reported that the lurid rocksnail is the gumboot chiton's only predator,[11] but others list such animals as the sea star Pisaster ochraceus,[12] some octopus species,[12] and the sea otter as predators upon the gumboot.[13]
Human use as food
Its flesh is edible and has been used as food by Native Americans, as well as by Russian settlers in Southeast Alaska.[10] However, it generally is not considered palatable, having a texture described as extremely tough and rubbery.
The writers of Between Pacific Tides detailed their culinary assessment of the gumboot: "After one experiment the writers decided to reserve the animals for times of famine; one tough, paper-thin steak was all that could be obtained from a large cryptochiton, and it radiated such a penetrating fishy odor that it was discarded before it reached the frying pan."[10]
References
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Gumboot chiton: Brief Summary
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The gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), also known as the giant western fiery chiton or giant Pacific chiton, is the largest of the chitons, growing to 36 cm (14 in) and capable of reaching a weight of more than 2 kg (4.4 lb). It is found along the shores of the northern Pacific Ocean from Central California to Alaska, across the Aleutian Islands to the Kamchatka Peninsula and south to Japan. It inhabits the lower intertidal and subtidal zones of rocky coastlines. The gumboot chiton's appearance has led some tidepoolers to refer to it, fondly, as the "wandering meatloaf". The name "gumboot chiton" seems to derive from a resemblance to part of a rubber Wellington boot or "gum rubber" boot.
Chitons are molluscs that have eight armored plates (called valves) running in a flexible line down their back. Unlike most chitons, the gumboot's valves are completely hidden by its leathery upper skin or girdle that usually is reddish-brown or brown, but occasionally is orange in color.
Chitons have long arrays of fine teeth that are partially made of magnetite, making its teeth hard enough to scrape algae off rocks. The styli enclosing their teeth contain the mineral santabarbaraite, making the gumboot the first organism known to use this material that was discovered during 2000 in Italy.
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Cryptochiton stelleri
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Cryptochiton stelleri: Brief Summary
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Cryptochiton stelleri est le plus grand chiton, pouvant atteindre 36 cm de longueur pour un poids de 2 kg. Il est trouvé près des côtes du Pacifique nord, de la Californie vers le nord jusqu'à l'Alaska, des Iles Aléoutiennes à la Kamtchatka puis vers le sud jusqu'au Japon .
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Reuzenkeverslak
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De reuzenkeverslak (Cryptochiton stelleri) is een keverslak uit de familie der Acanthochitonidae.
Het is de grootste keverslak op aarde en kan tot 35 centimeter groot worden. De schelpplaten zijn geheel ingekapseld. De platen hebben geen tegmentum en zijn wit. De zoom is leerachtig en bedekt met in groepjes geplaatste stekeltjes. De zoom is grijsbruin. De soort komt voor in de Aleoetische regio (noordelijk deel van de Grote Oceaan) en in de Japanse regio.
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Reuzenkeverslak: Brief Summary
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De reuzenkeverslak (Cryptochiton stelleri) is een keverslak uit de familie der Acanthochitonidae.
Het is de grootste keverslak op aarde en kan tot 35 centimeter groot worden. De schelpplaten zijn geheel ingekapseld. De platen hebben geen tegmentum en zijn wit. De zoom is leerachtig en bedekt met in groepjes geplaatste stekeltjes. De zoom is grijsbruin. De soort komt voor in de Aleoetische regio (noordelijk deel van de Grote Oceaan) en in de Japanse regio.
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Cryptochiton stelleri
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Cryptochiton stelleri là loài lớn nhất lớp Polyplacophora, đạt đến chiều dài 36 cm (14 in) và nặng hơn 2 kg (4,4 lb). Nó được tìm thấy dọc theo các bờ biển miền bắc Thái Bình Dương từ Trung California đến Alaska, qua quần đảo Aleut đến bán đảo Kamchatka và về phía nam đến Nhật Bản.[2][3] Nó sinh sống ở vùng gian triều và cận triều tại những bãi biển gồ ghề sỏi đá.
Như các loài cùng lớp, đây là một loài động vật thân mềm có tám miếng vỏ giáp nằm dọc theo phần lưng. Nhưng không như nhiều loài khác, vỏ của C. stelleri hoàn toàn bị che khuất dưới lớp da, mà thường có màu nâu đỏ, nâu, hay đôi khi cả cam.
Tên gọi
Danh pháp khoa học Cryptochiton stelleri có nghĩa ốc song kinh được che giấu của Steller. "Steller" là nhà động vật học người Đức thế kỷ 18 Georg Wilhelm Steller, người đã mô tả nhiều động vật miền duyên hải bắc Thái Bình Dương. "Được che giấu" xuất phát từ việc tám mảnh vỏ được "giấu" dưới da.[4] Nhiều danh pháp khoa học cho các loài ốc song kinh xuất phát từ bề ngoài hoặc đặc điểm của vỏ.[5]
Mô tả và vòng đời
![src=]()
Mặt dưới của một con
Cryptochiton stelleri còn sống.
Mặt dưới C. stelleri có màu vàng hoặc cam và bao gồm một chân lớn tương tự các động vật thân mềm khác như ốc sên, với mang nằm trên một rãnh cạnh rìa ngoài của chân.[3] Chúng thường bám trên đá, di chuyển chậm chạp để tìm thức ăn là tảo, thứ mà chúng cạo ra từ đá nhờ một "radula" có thể co rụt, được bao phủ những hàng răng bịt magnetit. Chúng còn ăn rau diếp biển và tảo bẹ khổng lồ. Là một loài sống về đêm, C. stelleri thường chỉ kiếm ăn trong đêm và tìm chỗ lẫn trốn vào ban ngày – dù vào những ngày nhiều sương chúng hay xuất hiện trong các vũng thủy triều hay bò trên đá.[6]
Loài này có thể sống đến 40 năm. Chúng có ít kẻ thù tự nhiều, phổ biến nhất nhất là Ocenebra lurida – dù kẻ thù này cũng chỉ có thể ăn phần da ngoài. Có thể xem O. lurida là thiên dịch duy nhất của C. stelleri,[7] dù sao biển Pisaster ochraceus,[8] vài loài bạch tuộc,[8] và rái cả biển, cũng là các kẻ thù tiềm năng.[9]
Người ta đã quan sát thấy nhiều động vật nhỏ sống trong mang của C. stelleri; mối quan hệ này được xem là mang tính hội sinh: không có lợi cũng không có hại. Một nhà nghiên cứu nhân thấy rằng một phần bốn số cá thể C. stelleri mang trên mình Arctonoe vittata, một loài giun đốt vàng nhạt đạt chiều dài đến 10 cm (3,9 in).[2] Opisthopus transversus, một loài cua nhỏ, đôi khi cũng xuất hiện trong mang.[2]
Quan hệ với con người
Thịt C. stelleri ăn được. Các thổ dân châu Mỹ, và người Nga tại đông nam Alaska dùng nó như một người thức ăn.[6] Tuy vậy, chúng thường bị xem là không ngon, với kết cấu thịt quá dai.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
Tài liệu
- Fields, Carmen (1999). Alaska's Seashore Creatures: a guide to selected marine invertebrates. Alaska Northwest Books. ISBN 0-88240-516-0.
- Lichen, Patricia (2001). Brittle Stars & Mudbugs: an Uncommon Field Guide to Northwest Shorelines & Wetlands. Illustrated by Linda M. Feltner. Seattle, WA: Sasquatch Books. ISBN 9781570612206.
- Perrin, William; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2002). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-551340-1.
- Ricketts, Edward; Calvin, Jack; Hedgepeth, Joel (1992). Between Pacific Tides (ấn bản 5). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2068-1.
Liên kết ngoài
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Cryptochiton stelleri: Brief Summary
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добавил wikipedia VI
Cryptochiton stelleri là loài lớn nhất lớp Polyplacophora, đạt đến chiều dài 36 cm (14 in) và nặng hơn 2 kg (4,4 lb). Nó được tìm thấy dọc theo các bờ biển miền bắc Thái Bình Dương từ Trung California đến Alaska, qua quần đảo Aleut đến bán đảo Kamchatka và về phía nam đến Nhật Bản. Nó sinh sống ở vùng gian triều và cận triều tại những bãi biển gồ ghề sỏi đá.
Như các loài cùng lớp, đây là một loài động vật thân mềm có tám miếng vỏ giáp nằm dọc theo phần lưng. Nhưng không như nhiều loài khác, vỏ của C. stelleri hoàn toàn bị che khuất dưới lớp da, mà thường có màu nâu đỏ, nâu, hay đôi khi cả cam.
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고무장화군부
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добавил wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
말군부(영어: gumboot chiton)는 군부들 중 가장 큰 종으로서, 최대 체장 36 센티미터, 체중 2 킬로그램 이상까지 자란다. 캘리포니아 중부에서 알래스카, 알류산 열도를 거쳐 캄차카반도에서 일본에 이르기까지 북태평양 연안에 서식한다.[1][2] 선호하는 서식지는 바위투성이의 조간대 또는 근해대다.
군부들은 배면에 신체를 방호하는 여덟 개의 단단한 껍데기, "밸브"가 드러나 있다. 하지만 말군부는 다른 군부들과 달리, "거들"이라는 가죽질 표피로 이 밸브들이 완전히 덮여서 밖에서는 보이지 않는다. 말군부의 거들 색깔은 보통 적갈색이며, 이따금 주황색 개체가 있다.
말군부의 이빨은 부분적으로 자철석으로 되어 있어서 날카롭다. 이것으로 바위에 들러붙은 조류를 긁어내 먹는다.[3]
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