Pantherophis (lat. Pantherophis) - suilanıkimilər fəsiləsinə aid heyvan cinsi.
Die Amerikanischen Kletternattern (Pantherophis) (von gr. panthera = Leopard und ophis = Schlange) sind eine Gattung ungiftiger, nordamerikanischer Schlangen aus der Familie der Nattern (Colubridae).
Die Arten der Gattung Pantherophis zeichnen sich durch einen schlanken Körperbau mit nur leicht abgesetztem Kopf aus. Sie erreichen Körperlängen zwischen 100 cm und 250 cm. Viele Arten sind ausgesprochene Kulturfolger und folglich häufig in der Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen zu finden, darüber hinaus sind einige Arten sehr aktive Kletterer und können mitunter auch in Bäumen angetroffen werden, was der Gattung den deutschen Trivialnamen einbrachte. Alle Arten der Gattung vermehren sich ovipar und betreiben keine Brutpflege.
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Gattung erstreckt sich über weite Teile der USA und Mexikos. Die von den unterschiedlichen Arten bewohnten Lebensräume reichen von sommerfeuchten Laub- und Nadelwäldern über die Prärie bis hin zu felsigen Höhenlagen in über 2500 m Seehöhe.
Im Jahr 2002 wurde die bis dahin gültige Gattung der Kletternattern (Elaphe) nach eingehenden wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen[1] in mehrere Gattungen aufgespalten. Die bereits 1843 beschriebene Gattung Pantherophis wurde zu diesem Zweck wiedereingeführt. Diese Änderung ist weitgehend akzeptiert.[2]
2008 erfolgte erneut eine Änderung der Einteilungen durch Collins & Taggart. Dabei wurden die Erdnattern in die Gattung Scotophis und die Fuchsnattern in die neue Gattung Mintonius gestellt. Die Gattung Pantherophis würde nur noch aus den drei Kornnatter-Arten Pantherophis guttatus, Pantherophis emoryi und Pantherophis slowinksii bestehen.[3][4] Diese Änderung ist allerdings umstritten, da sie die Verwandtschaft mit den Erdnattern und den Fuchsnattern verschleiern würden. Pyron et al. übernehmen diese Einteilung nicht.[5] Dementsprechend werden die Arten der Erdnattern und Fuchsnattern weiterhin der Gattung Pantherophis zugeteilt:[6][2]
Gruppe der Kornnattern
Gruppe der Erdnattern
Gruppe der Fuchsnattern
Die nächstverwandte Gattung von Pantherophis ist Pituophis.[5]
Die Amerikanischen Kletternattern (Pantherophis) (von gr. panthera = Leopard und ophis = Schlange) sind eine Gattung ungiftiger, nordamerikanischer Schlangen aus der Familie der Nattern (Colubridae).
Pantherophis is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes endemic to central and eastern regions of North America. It consists of the North American ratsnakes, the foxsnakes, and the cornsnakes. The genus, which contains 10 recognized species, first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Miocene around 16.3 million years ago. They are a large terrestrial snake genus that lack subocular scales. Originally classified in the genus Elaphe, phylogenetic studies have found this taxon to be closely related to Pituophis. As with all snakes Pantherophis is an obligate faunivore with a diet that consists of small mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and even insects. While many species conservation status is categorized as "least concern", many local populations in some species have declined where some places have them listed as federally protected. The corn snake (P. guttatus) is a popular pet reptile, due to the availability of captive-bred animals, their low maintenance and calm disposition, and the variety of color morphs. There are other species of Pantherophis that are in the pet trade, though are not as popular as the corn snake.
Member species in the genus Pantherophis are large terrestrial snakes, built for constriction. Pantherophis is characterized by having a divided cloacal plate. The dorsal scales are arranged in more than 30 rows around the body, and at least some of these are keeled, albeit faintly. All species lack subocular scales.[4] Each of the ten or so species can be further distinguished based on subtle characteristics, such as color markings, scale nuances, and geographic range.[4]
The taxonomy of Pantherophis has been a complicated area of research. The genus was named by the Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger in 1843, with the type species being Pantherophis guttatus. Shortly after, the genus was then considered to be a junior synonym of the otherwise Old World genus Elaphe. However the morphology of the hemipenes, the dentition, and the squamatization found the New World species to be closer to the genus Pituophis (gopher snakes, pine snakes, and bullsnakes). Subsequent molecular studies have found support of the sister grouping between Pituophis and the North American Elaphe species, which resulted in the resurrection of the genus Pantherophis.[5] These two genera, along with several other North American endemic taxa like Lampropeltis belong to the tribe Lampropeltini.[6]
There are currently four subgenera of Pantherophis, of which three are extant and one is extinct: Scotophis Baird & Girard, 1853, for the ratsnakes; †Palaeoelaphe Gilmore, 1938, for a Miocene fossil species;[2] Mintonius Collins & Taggart, 2008, for the foxsnakes; and Pantherophis for the cornsnake complex. There are a few studies that suggested the possibility that Pantherophis is paraphyletic in respect to Pituophis.[7] To maintain taxonomic stability, some of the aforementioned subgenera are reevaluated into proper genera. This, however, has not been supported by larger scale molecular trees concerning the relationships of various snake taxa.[6][8][9]
The interspecies relationships of Pantherophis usually has the subgenera Pantherophis and Mintonius being sister taxa, with Scotophis at the root of the genus. Below is the widely supported phylogenetic tree of the species in the genus.[6][8][9]
Pantherophis Scotophis Mintonius PantherophisBelow is the list of valid species with their geographic distributions.[3][10]
Nota bene: In this list, a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Pantherophis.
The fossil record of Pantherophis is the Middle Miocene to Upper Pleistocene.[2] In addition to fossil remains of some of the extant species, there are fragmentary Pantherophis remains throughout the second half of the Cenozoic in North America. Only three fossil species have been described from more complete remains. The Early Pliocene P. buisi which might be a basal species in the Scotophis subgenus,[1] and P. kansensis which is the sole species in the subgenus of Palaeoelaphe, the trunk vertebrae similar to Mintonius subgenus.[1] P. nebraskensis was another valid species, but it is considered to be a junior synonym of P. kansensis.[2]
Pantherophis is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes endemic to central and eastern regions of North America. It consists of the North American ratsnakes, the foxsnakes, and the cornsnakes. The genus, which contains 10 recognized species, first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Miocene around 16.3 million years ago. They are a large terrestrial snake genus that lack subocular scales. Originally classified in the genus Elaphe, phylogenetic studies have found this taxon to be closely related to Pituophis. As with all snakes Pantherophis is an obligate faunivore with a diet that consists of small mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and even insects. While many species conservation status is categorized as "least concern", many local populations in some species have declined where some places have them listed as federally protected. The corn snake (P. guttatus) is a popular pet reptile, due to the availability of captive-bred animals, their low maintenance and calm disposition, and the variety of color morphs. There are other species of Pantherophis that are in the pet trade, though are not as popular as the corn snake.
Pantherophis es un género de serpientes de la familia Colubridae. Sus especies se distribuyen por Norteamérica, excepto su extremo norte.
Se reconocen las siguientes:[1]
Datos: Q134803
Multimedia:
Especies: Pantherophis
Pantherophis es un género de serpientes de la familia Colubridae. Sus especies se distribuyen por Norteamérica, excepto su extremo norte.
Perekonda Pantherophis klassifitseeritakse roomajate andmebaasis järgmised maoliigid[1]:
Neid madusid võib kohata Mehhikos, Ameerika Ühendriikides ja Kanada lõunaosas.
Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Pantherophis seisuga 07.09.2014.
Pantherophis Colubridae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Mexikotik Kanadaraino hedatzen dira eta Pantherophis guttatus espeziea Antilletan bizi da.
Pantherophis Colubridae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Mexikotik Kanadaraino hedatzen dira eta Pantherophis guttatus espeziea Antilletan bizi da.
Pantherophis est un genre de serpents de la famille des Colubridae[1].
Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent au Mexique, aux États-Unis et dans le sud du Canada[1]. Pantherophis guttatus a été introduit aux Antilles.
Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (13 mars 2012)[2] :
Les espèces de ce genre étaient pour la plupart classées auparavant dans le genre Elaphe, Pantherophis a été relevé de sa synonymie à la suite des analyses génétiques de Utiger & al., 2002[3].
Pantherophis est un genre de serpents de la famille des Colubridae.
Pantherophis Fitzinger, 1843 è un genere di serpenti della famiglia dei Colubridi.[1]
Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:[1]
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Pantherophis – rodzaj węża z podrodziny Colubrinae w rodzinie z rodziny połozowatych (Colubridae).
Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w Ameryce Północnej[5].
Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[5]:
Pantherophis – rodzaj węża z podrodziny Colubrinae w rodzinie z rodziny połozowatych (Colubridae).
Pantherophis é uma cobra pertencente ao gênero de cobras de origem norte-americana, não venenosas, pertencentes à numerosa família Colubridae. São reproduzidas em cativeiro há vários anos, para fins comerciais, pois são excelentes animais de estimação, estando já bem adaptadas ao cativeiro. São geralmente chamadas de cobras-do-milharal.
Existem várias espécies dentro do género Pantherophis (anteriormente incluída no género Elaphe), sendo as mais conhecidas a espécies Pantherophis guttatus, Pantherophis obsoletus e a recentemente descrita como sendo uma espécie (e não uma subespécie de P. guttatus) Pantherophis slowinskii, embora esta classificação não seja universalmente aceite.
A espécie Pantherophis guttatus tem várias subespécies, como P. g. guttatus, P.g. emoryi e P.g. rosacea.
Largamente reproduzida como animal de estimação nos Estados Unidos, Brasil, Europa e outros paises asiaticos como o Japão. Existem hoje dezenas de variações de cores, porém as pigmentações são 5, o que muda dentre as variações de cores são as combinações de genes ativando ou desativando esse ou aquele pigmento ou simplesmente mudando sua intensidade como é o caso do hipomelanismo.
Os albinismo nas especies ocorrem quando uma cor é bloqueada, no caso de um amelanico a melanina esta ausente, para que isso ocorra o animal deve ser homozigoto amel, caso fosse hetero apresentaria a coloração selvagem.
Existem vários tipos de albinismo dentre as variações, não somente um amelanico é albino, existem também os Black albinos em outras palavras os Aneristicos.
Existem também as duplo homozigotos ( duplo albinos) como Snow ( amelanisco + Aneristico )por exemplo e outras.
Há muitas variações e combinações de pigmentos inclusive Co-dominancia O padrão selvagem é normalmente composto por manchas vermelhas e arredondadas na zona dorsal, que contrastam normalmente com um fundo acinzentado ou alaranjado, tendo o ventre um padrão xadrez, preto e branco.
No geral chegam a 70cm podendo ultrapassar essa marca dependendo da genetica do animal
A sua longevidade média varia entre os 12 e os 18 anos, havendo registo de um espécime que atingiu os 21 anos e 9 meses.
São, como a maior parte das cobras, animais activos nas horas crepusculares e nocturnas, embora na Primavera possam estar activas durante o dia. As fêmeas produzem cerca de 20 ovos de cada vez, os quais, ao eclodirem, darão origem a cobras com cerca de 20 centímetros. Não são venenosas, embora na natureza, quando ameaçadas, possam morder, apesar da sua natureza pacífica.
Pantherophis é uma cobra pertencente ao gênero de cobras de origem norte-americana, não venenosas, pertencentes à numerosa família Colubridae. São reproduzidas em cativeiro há vários anos, para fins comerciais, pois são excelentes animais de estimação, estando já bem adaptadas ao cativeiro. São geralmente chamadas de cobras-do-milharal.
Pantherophis, po slovensky užovka alebo štíhlovka, je rod z čeľade užovkovité.
Rod bol vytvorený pomerne nedávno vyčlenením niektorých druhov z rodu Elaphe (pozri tam).
Pantherophis, po slovensky užovka alebo štíhlovka, je rod z čeľade užovkovité.
옥수수뱀속(Pantherophis 판테로피스[*])은 북미와 중미에 서식하는 무독성 뱀들의 속이다. 뱀과 뱀아과에 속한다. 독은 없는 반면 모두 크게 자라 설치류를 졸라 죽이기에 사람에게 이롭다. 모식종은 옥수수뱀이다.
옥수수뱀속은 1843년 모식종 옥수수뱀과 함께 기재된 오래된 속이다. 하지만 옥수수뱀 외에 현재 옥수수뱀속으로 분류되는 대형 뱀들은 원래 구대륙구렁이들(한국구렁이, 일본구렁이 등)과 함께 뱀속에 속해 있었다. 2002년에야 이 신대륙구렁이들이 구대륙구렁이들과 분류학적으로 상이하다는 학설이 제기되었고,[1] 2009년 계통학 연구로 확증되면서 현재와 같이 재분류되었다.[2]
