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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 36.2 years (captivity) Observations: A hybrid between a brown and a black lemur lived 39 years (Ronald Nowak 1999). One captive female was still alive after 36.2 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Humans have found the black lemurs to be useful as a food resource and for their furs. They can also be trapped and sold to people as pets or used as attractions in zoos.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; body parts are source of valuable material; research and education

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Black lemurs are considered crop pests by farmers in some areas.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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All lemurs are considered endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and are protected under Appendix I of CITES. They are also listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. Evidence indicates that their numbers are declining. The main threats to black lemurs include habitat destruction, poaching for their meat or fur, and capture for the pet trade or zoos. They have also been killed in some areas as crop pests.

Lemurs breed fairly well in captivity and are popular in zoos worldwide. The St. Louis Zoological Park in the United States coordinates the Species Survival Plan (SSP) for black lemurs. Reintroduction of lemurs bred in captivity may be used one day to boost wild populations.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Associations ( англиски )

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As frugivores, these lemurs are likely to play some role in seed dispersal. However, because they eat nectar, they may also be important pollinators. To the extent that these lemurs are food for predators, they may have impact in local food webs.

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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During the rainy season, their diet seems to consist mainly of fruit. They have also been reported to eat mushrooms and millipedes on occasion during this season. Early in the dry season, a significant part of their diet comes from the nectar of flowers. Other things included in the dry season diet are seed pods, leaves, and flowers (Kappeler and Ganzhorn, 1993).

Animal Foods: terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; nectar; flowers

Other Foods: fungus

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Nectarivore )

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Behavior ( англиски )

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These animals use vocalizations, scent marks, body postures and facial expressions, as well as tactile communication.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Black lemurs are limited to the northwestern tip of Madagascar and the two adjacent islands of Nosy Komba and Nosy Be. In Madagascar, the two subspecies are separated by the Andranomalaza river, but clear separation only occurs in a relatively small area (Rabarivola and Meyers,1991). Eulemur macaco macaco can be found to the north of the river and Eulemur macaco flavifrons to the south of it (Rabarivola and Meyers, 1991).

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Black lemurs are tree dwellers. They can be found in four habitats: primary rain forest, secondary forest, timber plantations and food crop plantations.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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These animals are reported to live 20 to 25 years, presumably in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
20 to 25 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
39.0 years.

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Black lemurs are primitive primates that are about the size of a house cat. Adults can weigh about 2.4 kg (Duke Primate Center, 1998). Head and body lengths vary between 300 and 450 mm (Nowak, 1999). There are two subspecies of the black lemur: black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco) and blue-eyed lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons). These subspecies are similar in size, shape and behavior. Differences between the two subspecies include habitat, coat and eye color.

There is striking sexual dimorphism in color. Males in both subspecies are black. Female black lemurs have a dark coat which lightens to a deep rust on the sides. They are off-white on the stomachs. Female blue-eyed lemurs have a coat that is reddish-tan in color over the entire body. All black lemurs have brown eyes as opposed to blue-eyed lemurs which all have turquoise blue eyes (Duke University, 1998).

Range mass: 2 to 2.5 kg.

Average mass: 2.5 kg.

Range length: 300 to 450 mm.

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; female more colorful

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Associations ( англиски )

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Predators of these lemurs are not known. However, it seems likely that animals like fossas and raptors are possible predators.

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Без наслов ( англиски )

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Black lemurs may breed with blue-eyed lemurs and will produce brown-eyed offspring in every case (Duke University, 1998).

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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The mating system of these animals has not been well studied. In the wild, groups range in size from 4 to 15 individuals. Females are dominant to males, and there may be some exchange of adults between groups. In captivity, females have their choice of mates. From this information, it seems likely that breeding is polygynous.

Mating System: polygynous

Black lemurs breed seasonally in June and July. Birth occurs after a gestation period of 120 to 129 days. One offspring is usually born, however, twins are fairly common. The young are weaned at five to six months of age. Sexual maturity is reached by about 2 years of age.

Breeding interval: These animals can breed annually.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in June and July.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Range gestation period: 120 to 129 days.

Range weaning age: 5 to 6 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 74.67 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
548 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
548 days.

Infants can be found clinging to their mothers' bellies for the first 3 weeks and will shift only to nurse. At about 3 weeks of age, the young lemur will begin to ride on its mother's back and will soon after take its first tentative steps. Nursing continues until about 5 to 6 months of age. Mothers provide grooming, protection, and transportation for their young, as well as valuable socialization. The role of males in parental care is not clear, although there is some evidence that males can be infanticidal in captivity. They may, therefore, have some role in protecting their offspring in the wild.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning

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Lundrigan, B. and D. Davis 2000. "Eulemur macaco" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eulemur_macaco.html
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Barbara Lundrigan, Michigan State University
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Daniel Davis, Michigan State University
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Biology ( англиски )

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Black lemurs live in groups of between 2-15 individuals, with adult males and females in equal numbers, together with their dependant offspring (5). The activities and movements of the group are dictated by the dominant female, and group relationships are maintained by grunts, contact calls and grooming. Home ranges extend for five to six hectares and there is considerable overlap with the ranges of neighbouring groups (2). This species, like other lemurs, exhibits an activity pattern that is virtually unique amongst primates and rarely encountered amongst other arboreal mammals. They have activity bursts which may occur during the day and the night, though most activity occurs in the early morning and late afternoon (5). This activity pattern is called cathemeral, meaning 'all hours', contrasting with the usual distinction between nocturnal and diurnal (9). Foraging is concentrated in the middle and upper parts of the canopy, where this lemur feeds on fruit, flowers, leaves, fungi and occasionally invertebrates like millipedes. This primate plays an extremely important role is seed dispersal through the forests because it has such a high amount of fruit in its diet (6). In the dry season nectar becomes an important part of its diet as well (2). During the day it forages in the understory of the canopy where it is more protected from predatory birds such as hawks, and at night is able to feed in the upper levels (2). The breeding season is seasonal and births occur after a gestation period of 12 - 129 days. One offspring is usual, though twins are fairly common. The young cling to their mother's belly for three weeks and will only move to suckle. After three weeks the young are heavier and ride on the mother's back, and at 5 - 6 months of age they are fully weaned (5).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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The back lemur occurs in three protected areas in Madagascar but its range is limited and its distribution patchy (2). Sclater's lemurpopulations are even lower as this subspecies seems less adaptable to the disturbed forest (2). A national park has been proposed within this lemur's range, and it is hoped that this will allow this species to recover (2). However, the threats facing Madagascar's forests are so great it seems unlikely the black lemur will recover without intervention. Captive breeding projects in association with the Species Survival Plan are now being co-ordinated by the St. Louis Zoological Park in the United States. Fortunately lemurs breed well in captivity and it is hoped that reintroducing these lemurs may be successful and boost wild populations in the near future (7).
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Description ( англиски )

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There are two subspecies of the black lemur, the black lemur Eulemur macaco macaco and the Sclater's or blue eyed lemur E. m. flavifrons. These subspecies are similar in size, shape and behaviour, though they differ in their coat and eye colour and their habitat preferences (2). In both subspecies the sexes look quite different from each other. Male black lemurs have a dark brown to black pelage with black tufted ears and beady yellow-orange eyes, while females look so different they were thought for a long time to be a different species (4). Black lemur females are tawny on the back and head; their underparts are golden-brown to rich-chestnut brown, with paler fur on the limbs, and the tail is a darker chestnut brown (2). The females' ears are also dramatically tufted, but with long white hair which extends around the cheeks (3). Male Sclater's lemursnormally have a completely black pelage, which is shorter in length and has a softer appearance than that of the black lemur. The forehead has a distinct ridge of hair that forms a distinctive crest, and the ears are not tufted (2). As the alternative name of the Sclater's lemur, the blue-eyed black lemur, suggests, this subspecies has blue eyes, which is highly unusual in primates and very striking (2). Females of this subspecies have paler brown coloured underparts and dark grey hands and feet. Their crown is reddish-tan in colour and they have short white beards which may have reddish tinges (2).
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Habitat ( англиски )

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The habitats of these two subspecies differ. The black lemuroccurs in moist Sambirano forests, rainforests on offshore islands, and in modified habitats of timber, coffee and cashew nut plantations, while Sclater's lemur occurs in mixed moist forests, dry deciduous forests and plantations (2).
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Range ( англиски )

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Like all lemurs, these two subspecies are endemic to Madagascar, a large island off the coast off east Africa. They occur in the forests of the Sambirano region on the north-western tip of the island as well as on the islands of Nosy Be and Nosy Komba. These subspecies are separated by the Andranomalaza River, though clear separation occurs only in a small area. The black lemur occurs to the north of the river, and Sclater's lemur to the south (4).
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Status ( англиски )

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The black lemur is classified as Vulnerable (VU A1cd) on the IUCN Red List (1) and is listed on Appendix I on CITES (8). Two subspecies of the black lemur are recognised. The black lemur Eulemur macaco macaco is classified as Vulnerable (VU B1+2bc), and Sclater's lemur (or blue-eyed black lemur) E. m. flavifrons is classified as Critically Endangered (CR A1cd, B1+2bc) on the IUCN Red List (1) (3).
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Threats ( англиски )

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This species is threatened by habitat destruction, hunting for meat or fur, and by trapping for the pet trade (2).
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Distribution ( англиски )

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The majority of E. flavifrons populations reside on the Sahamalaza Peninsula and adjacent land (Schwitzer et al., 2012 and Volampeno et al., 2013), in the primary and secondary forests (Schwitzer et al., 2012) of northwestern Madagascar (Schwitzer et al. 2007b; Schwitzer et al. 2012; Volampeno et al., 2010). A typical primary forest contains tall, densely packed trees with high species diversity whereas a secondary forest is typically much less densely forested as a result of logging, with less diversity (Schwitzer et al., 2007b). A 2700 Km2 zone comprises most of the habitat of E. flavifrons. This zone includes the Radama National Park, a dry, deciduous forest within the Ankarafa Forest. Most individuals reside in the park (Schwitzer et al. 2012 and Volampeno et al., 2013). The species’ range is almost surrounded by waterways, including the Maevarano, Andranomalaza, and Sandrakota Rivers (Schwitzer et al., 2012). This distribution of E. flavifrons is the smallest among all Eulemur species (Volampeno et al., 2013).

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Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Eulemur macaco has two subspecies: Eulemur macaco macaco (E. macaco) and Eulemur macaco flavifrons (E. flavifrons) (Rabarivola et al., 1991). E. flavifrons is part of the Lemuridae family. The species has two common names: the blue-eyed black lemur and Sclater's lemur; but blue-eyed black lemur is more often used. The medium-sized, 2 Kg species (Schwitzer et al., 2007b) was first described in 1867, by Gray (Mittermieier et al., 2008) and shortly after it was described, it was lost for about 100 years. In 1985, the species was rediscovered (Volampeno et al., 2011a). This species of Eulemur is of interest because it is known to be one of the least-studied species in the genus (Volampeno et al., 2010). Endemic to the north-western part of Madagascar (Schwitzer et al. 2007b; Schwitzer et al. 2012; Volampeno et al., 2010), habitat destruction reduces the species’ success. Logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, forest fragmentation and erosion after deforestation are all forms of habitat destruction that affect the species. Hunting and trapping also reduce the species’ success (Schwitzer et al., 2012; Volampeno et al., 2010; Volampeno et al., 2013). These direct and indirect human effects have decreased the population size of the Eulemur flavifrons species, placing them on the list of critically endangered species (IUCN 2014).

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Habitat ( англиски )

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E. flavifrons lives in fragmented areas of primary and secondary forest. Primary forest contains more densely packed trees and less human disturbance, whereas secondary forest is less dense and has had more human disturbance, such as logging (Schwitzer et al., 2007b). The primary forest fragments have many benefits for E. flavifrons. The many trees that have been left undisturbed in the primary forests are often very tall, about 10-15 m. This allows E. flavifrons to spend a large portion of their day at high elevations in the trees, especially when they are sleeping and eating (Schwitzer et al., 2007b). Likewise, tall, old trees are often unaffected by storms and high winds on the island (Volampeno et al., 2013). Also, a higher diversity of trees in primary forests allows for more food diversity for feeding and more choices for sleeping trees (Schwitzer et al., 2007b). When species move within the primary forests, there are many options to choose from for food and shelter because there is so much variety (Volampeno et al., 2013).

Tree density also plays a large role in E. flavifrons habitat preferences (Seiler et al., 2013). When tree density is higher, there tend to be more individuals. This correlation may arise because trees provide refuge from predators as well as increased food availability (Seiler et al., 2013). A study by Schwitzer et al. (2012) showed that the secondary forest fragments have fewer individuals, supporting the idea that greater tree density in primary forests plays a large role in habitat selection by E. flavifrons (Schwitzer et al., 2010 and Schwitzer et al., 2012). As E. flavifrons prefers primary forests over secondary forests, they are vulnerable to the destruction of the primary forests (Schwitzer et al., 2007b, Seiler et al., 2013, & Volampeno et al., 2013).

E. flavifrons individuals tend to travel to areas where there is more food, which can be difficult in Madagascar because there are both dry and wet seasons (Randriatahina and Roeder, 2013). The wet season, which is the summer season, falls from December to March. The rainfall during this time is very unpredictable, and includes serious storms and monsoon winds. The rain contributes to a plentiful food supply during the wet season (Volampeno et al., 2011a). In contrast, the dry season contributes to a food shortage from the months of May to September, the winter season, which can be very windy (Volampeno et al., 2011).

E. flavifrons has the shortest distance between lemurs, meaning that they live in a small range of habitat compared to other species. One study of lemur populations surrounding Radama National Park, a dry deciduous foreset, found 29 different groups (about 8 individuals per group), and 228 individuals total, with 97.3 lemurs per Km2. The population was shown to be greater on the inside of the park compared to the outside of the park (Volampeno et al., 2010). This indicates that the lemurs tend to reside inside the national park, where they are safer from human interference.

The two subspecies of Eulemur macaco, E. flavifrons and E. macaco, may share a common habitat hybrid zone, as determined by an ecological niche model, based on climate and type of forest. Both of the species could potentially survive in this habitat hybrid zone. However, the actual habitat locations of the populations for both species do not overlap with each other at this time (Blair et al., 2013).

Наводи

  • Schwitzer, C., G. G. Randriatahina, and S. Volampeno. 2012. Sclater’s black lemur or blue-eyed black lemur, Eulemur flavifrons (Gray 1867). Madagascar.
  • Schwitzer, N., G. H. Randriatahina, W. Kaumanns, D. Hoffmeister, and C. Schwitzer. 2007b. Habitat utilization of blue-eyed black lemurs, Eulemur macaco flavifrons (Gray, 1867), in primary and altered forest fragments. Primate Conserv. 22(1): 79–87.
  • Volampeno, M. S. N., G. Randriatahina, and C. T. Downs. 2013. Structure and Composition of Ankarafa Forest, Sahamalaza-Iles Radama National Park, Madagascar: implications for the frugivorous endemic blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons). S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 43(2): 91–102.
  • Volampeno, M. S. N., J. C. Masters, and C. T. Downs. 2010. A population estimate of blue-eyed black lemurs in Ankarafa forest, Sahamalaza-Iles Radama National Park, Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 81: 305-314.
  • Volampeno, M. S. N., J. C. Masters, and C. T. Downs. 2011a. Home range size in the blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons): A comparison between dry and wet seasons. Mamm. Biol. 76(2): 157–164.
  • Blair, M. E., E. J. Sterling, M. Dusch, C. J. Raxworthy, and R. G. Pearson. 2013. Ecological divergence and speciation between lemur (Eulemur) sister species in Madagascar. J. Evolution. Biol. 26(8): 1790–1801.
  • Randriatahina, G. H., and J. J. Roeder. 2013. Group size, composition and stability in a wild population of blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons) at Ankarafa, Sahamalaza National Park. In J. Masters, M. Gamba, & F. Génin (Eds.), Leaping Ahead (pp. 127–136). Springer New York.
  • Schwitzer, N., D. Clough, H. Zahner, W. Kaumanns, P. Kappeler, and C. Schwitzer. 2010. Parasite prevalence in blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons) in differently degraded forest fragments. Endang. Species Res. 12: 215-225.
  • Seiler, M., M. Holderied, and C. Schwitzer. 2013. Effects of habitat degradation on sleeping site choice and use in Sahamalaza sportive lemurs. Int. J. Primatol. 34: 260-280.

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Behavior ( англиски )

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E. flavifrons is known to have a bi-modal activity pattern, where they are active during both the day and night, with most activity occurring at dusk and dawn (Schwitzer et al., 2012 & Schwitzer et al., 2007a). This activity pattern makes the species cathemeral, which means they distribute their activity over the 24-hour day (Schwitzer et al., 2007a). They are known to forage and feed for about 32% of their day (Goodchild and Schwitzer), which is necessary due to their previously discussed, low-energy diet (Goodchild and Schwitzer, 2008; Volampeno et al., 2011a). A study by Schwitzer et al. (2012) showed that the lemurs’ total daily activity was higher in the secondary forest fragments compared to the primary forest fragments (Schwitzer et al., 2012), which could be due to lower food availability and wider home ranges in the secondary forests. It is also known that during the windy winter season in Madagascar, E. flavifrons has decreased activity on the ground and increased residence in the high trees. In the dry, summer season, the lemurs have an increased activity overall, because they must migrate in search of food (Schwitzer et al., 2007a). Females are known to be dominant in E. flavifrons populations (Digby and Kahlenberg, 2002; Archie and Digby, 1999). When the sexes interact, Digby and Kahlenberg (2002) showed that 99% of the interactions led to the males being subordinate and submissive to the females. The females would use aggression in order to control the males’ actions. All of their seven test groups showed the same results. The females were also aggressive at more times of day than just feeding time, suggesting that they show dominance over all types of interactions (Digby and Kahlenberg, 2002). Juvenile dominance is also present in this species. A study collected data for male offspring that were born to a dominant female and a female offspring that were born to a subordinate female. The study looked at the interactions between the juveniles and other individuals in the population. They found that maternal rank determined whether the juvenile would be dominant in conflicts. Offspring born to the dominant female had a dominant adult to help them in altercations, which made them dominant over others. They reached this conclusion because the juvenile female born to the subordinate mother was more submissive to other individuals in the group compared to the juvenile males with dominant mothers (Archie and Digby, 1999). Behavior between groups is interesting for this species. Each group is composed of about 8 individuals, sometimes a few more or a few less (Randriatahina and Roeder, 2013 & Volampeno et al., 2010). These populations are very stable, with no more than 3 adult females and 2-5 males in one group at a time. Encounters between groups occur at feeding and resting sites, with each group remaining intact, without switching or wandering into another group. Females act antagonistically toward other groups, exerting their dominance (Randriatahina and Roeder, 2013). More research needs to be done in this area to determine if the females limit populations of lemurs from feeding and migrating. If some populations or individuals are not thriving because of females, then management of the populations could include food distribution to see that all individuals are able to eat. E. flavifrons was included in a study of cognitive ability and the similarity between 3 lemur species, old world monkeys, and humans. The study showed that there is conservation among the primate order of the approximate number system, which was used to indicate cognitive ability. The study mentioned that lemurs do not demonstrate deception, or advanced visual communication, or coalition within groups. However, lemurs are capable of transitive learning (understanding that if A>B and B>C, then A<C; Bryson and Leong, 2007), object displacement, and learning contingency (stimulus-based, associative behaviors similar to Pavlovian conditioning; Penn and Povinelli, 2007) when participating in a food-rewarding task (Jones et al., 2012). This study relates to their small group size and feeding habits, indicating that they understand the numerical availability of food (Randriatahina and Roeder, 2013 & Volampeno et al., 2010).

Наводи

  • Archie, E. A. and L. J. Digby. 1999. Juvenile dominance in Eulemur macaco flavifrons: The influence of sex and maternal rank. Folia Primatol. 70(5): 277–81.
  • Bryson, J. J. & J. C. S. Leong. 2007. Primate errors in transitive ‘inference’: a two-tier learning model. Anim Cogn. 10: 1–15
  • Digby, L. J. and S. M. Kahlenberg. 2002. Female dominance in blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons). Primates 43(3): 191–9.
  • Jones, S. M., J. Pearson, N. K. DeWind, D. Paulsen, A. -M. Tenekedjieva, and E. M. Brannon. 2014. Lemurs and macaques show similar numerical sensitivity. Anim. Cogn. 17(3): 503–515.
  • Penn, D. C. & D. J. Povinelli. 2007. Causal cognition in human and nonhuman animals: a comparative, critical review. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58: 97–118.
  • Schwitzer, N., Kaumanns, W., P. C. Seitz, and C. Schwitzer. 2007a. Cathemeral activity patterns of the blue-eyed black lemur Eulemur macaco flavifrons in intact and degraded forest fragments. Endang. Species Res. 3: 239-247.

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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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The life span for E. flavifrons is about 27 years (Volampeno et al., 2011b), and the oldest individual at this time is 21 years old (Volsampeno et al., 2011b).

Навод

Volampeno, M. S. N., J. C. Masters, and C. T. Downs. 2011b. Life history traits, maternal behavior, and infant development of blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons). Am. J. Primatol. 73: 474-484.

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Management ( англиски )

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As of June 2007, the species habitat was protected in some areas, including the Sahamalaza Peninsula and some surrounding forested areas in the north and the east. Being a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, the Sahamalaza Peninsula also gives extra protection to the lemurs. There is also a chain of European zoos that are trying to conserve lemur populations by improving and protecting the lemur habitat that is left. A field station in Sahamalaza is also maintained by the group of European zoos, and it is dedicated to current research on lemurs and conservation of the remaining populations (Schwitzer et al., 2012).

Often, parasite levels are used to define stress levels of populations. E. flavifrons was determined to have intestinal parasites in the primary forest fragments and a higher number in the secondary forest fragments. These parasites did not indicate adverse effects on the health of the species, but the higher intestinal parasites in the lemurs that occupied the older, secondary forests could indicate that the environment in the secondary forests is less appropriate for this species (Schwitzer et al., 2012). Forest fragments can be selected for protection based on lemur parasite load. Forest fragments with many parasites can also indicate which populations of the species are especially in need of management (Schwitzer et al., 2012).

As primary forests have been shown to have the highest occupancy of this species, they should be a priority for protection (Schweitzer et al., 2007b). The use of secondary forests as buffer zones and corridors between primary forests would create an ideal dispersal/migration environment for the lemurs. The protection of trees is also a good mechanism to save the lemurs so they will be able to find protection and food (Volampeno et al., 2013). If more research shows that particular primary or secondary fragments of land are more valuable than others, those areas of the habitat should be first priorities for protection and management.

In order to learn more about the species, there needs to be long-term studies in the secondary forests that Eulemur flavifrons occupies (Schwitzer et al., 2007b). If some individuals are kept in captivity, they can be used to appropriately contribute to reintroduction and reinforcement projects (Schwitzer et al., 2013). However, it has been determined that holding lemurs in captivity is not the best option for conservation because they become obese in captive environments, which threatens their health (Goodchild and Schwitzer, 2008). If individuals are to be held captive for research and observation, a proper diet is necessary in order to avoid obesity.

More research is necessary to determine the correct ways in which lemurs need to be managed and conserved. It would be ideal to create a buffer zone around their geographic range to decrease human destruction of their already-fragmented habitat.

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Migration ( англиски )

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E. flavifrons is forced to relocate in order to find food at different times of the year. For example, during the dry season, the food and water shortages causes individuals to travel between primary and secondary forests and between different primary forests in search of food (Volampeno et al., 2011a). During the wet season, however, food is very plentiful. The fruiting trees meet the needs of the lemurs and they will remain in or travel to primary forest fragments to have a more widespread selection of trees to sleep and eat in (Volampeno et al., 2011a).

E. flavifrons could benefit from more research in this area. If the migration of the species for food is causing them to be more vulnerable to threats, then there could be preventative measures taken in order to decrease the need for movement and/or create a way to move between areas safely.

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Molecular Biology ( англиски )

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The molecular difference between E. flavifrons and E. macaco is about 70 base-pairs. According to a genetic analysis, subpopulations of E. flavifrons have been shown to not have a significant difference in their DNA (Fausser et al., 2000). This means that the existing genetic diversity within E. flavifrons is minimal, so it needs to be conserved. This is especially true because E. flavifrons, as of 2000, was not included in many reserves like E. macaco was (Fausser et al., 2000).

Навод

Fausser, J. L., C. Rabarivola, B. Meier, T. Hahn, and Y. Rumpler. 2000. Genetic comparison between different populations of Eulemur macaco flavifrons in northwest Madagascar using RAPD markers. Am. J. Primatol. 51(4): 249–255.

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Morphology ( англиски )

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E. flavifrons is distinguishable from its close genetic relative, E. macaco by its beard, sideburns (Ravarivola et al., 1991), non-tufted ears, and grey-blue eyes (Mittermeier et al., 2008, Rabarivola et al., 1991, Volampeno et al., 2011a). There is also a missing flexion-fold in the palm of E. flavifrons when compared to E. macaco (Rabarivola et al., 1991). E. flavifrons females tend to have a white forehead and lighter fur color than E. macaco (Mittermeier et al., 2008). Females and males experience sexual dichromatism, similar to all but one species of lemur (Mittermeier et al., 2008 and Volampeno et al., 2011b). To have sexual dichromatism, females and males must differ in color. In E. flavifrons, females are reddish-orange whereas males are entirely black (Volampeno et al., 2011b), though they are both medium-sized (2 Kg; Schwitzer et al., 2007b).

E. flavifrons has a flexible visual system that functions in both dim and bright light, confirming that they have both rods and cones within the retina of the eye. More active lemurs have higher visual acuity (Veilleux and Kirk, 2009). E. macaco does not have acute color vision, as it is a prosimian, a primate. This feature is indicated by the way in which the species chooses its foods; bright-colored fruits are not more appealing than dull-colored fruits (Birkinshaw, 2001). These findings are likely applicable to E. flavifrons as it is a subspecies of E. macaco, and also a prosimian.

Наводи

  • Rabarivola, C., D. Meyers, and Y. Rumpler. 1991. Distribution and morphological characters of intermediate forms between the black lemur (Eulemur macaco macaco) and the Sclater’s lemur (E. m. flavifrons). Primates 32(2): 269–273.
  • Birkinshaw, C. 2001. Fruit characteristics of species dispersed by the black lemur (Eulemur macaco) in the Lokobe Forest, Madagascar. Biotropica 33(3): 478-486.
  • Mittermeier, R. A., J. U. Ganzhorn, W. R. Konstant, K. Glander, I. Tattersall, C. P. Groves., A. B. Rylands, A. Hapke, J. Ratsimbazafy, M. I. Mayor, E. E. Louis Jr., Y. Rumpler, C. Schwitzer, & R. M. Rasoloarison. 2008.
  • Lemur diversity in Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 29: 1607-1656.
  • Veilleux, C. C., and E. C. Kirk. 2009. Visual acuity in the cathemeral strepsirrhine Eulemur macaco flavifrons. Am. J. Primatol. 71(4): 343–352.
  • Volampeno, M. S. N., J. C. Masters, and C. T. Downs. 2011b. Life history traits, maternal behavior, and infant development of blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons). Am. J. Primatol. 73: 474-484.

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Population ( англиски )

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It is documented that this species of lemur has the smallest population remaining within the genus. There are about 450-2,300 individuals total, with 24 individuals per km2 as the mean density in 8 different forest fragments. In the Ankarafa forest, there are about 97 individuals per km2 (Schwitzer et al., 2012). The captive population contained 75 individuals as of 2013 (Schwitzer et al., 2013).

Наводи

  • Schwitzer, C., T. King, E. Robsomanitrandrasana, C. Chamberlan, and T. Rasolofoharivelo. 2013. Integrating ex situ and in situ conservation of lemurs. Lemurs of Madagascar: A Strategy for their Conservation 2013–2016. Bristol, UK: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, and Conservation International. 146-152.
  • Schwitzer, C., G. G. Randriatahina, and S. Volampeno. 2012. Sclater’s black lemur or blue-eyed black lemur, Eulemur flavifrons (Gray 1867). Madagascar.

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Reproduction ( англиски )

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E. flavifrons individuals mate and give birth during the dry season, in which there is decreased food availability. Mating and birth may prevent individuals from foraging and moving in order to find food. This is a problem because less food is available close to home during the dry season, and more traveling is needed to find food (Volampeno et al., 2011a; Volampeno et al., 2011b; Volampeno et al., 2013).

At three years of age, females mate and give birth for the first time (Volampeno et al., 2011b). Before mating season, males migrate toward females. After male migration, there is a male-biased sex ratio which may ensure that the females’ fitness will be higher (Randriatahina and Roeder, 2013). After mating occurs, females disperse throughout the habitat from August to September, which is within the birthing season. Gestation lasts approximately 120 days (Volampeno et al., 2011b), and births occur at the end of August to the end of October, during the dry season (Schwitzer et al., 2012 & Volampeno et al., 2011b). Presumably, in order to avoid predators and excessive attention from group members, females have their babies nocturnally.Many infants are killed by predation, mostly at the time of birth (Volampeno et al., 2011b).

A baby lemur is dependent on its mother until it is 4 weeks old. Afterwards, they can move objects and travel short distances. Mothers need food in order to feed the infants, especially because they are lactating. Birth in the dry season complicates the search for food, as it requires a lot more energy, so instead, the females will rest when they are caring for their baby, instead of traveling far for food, to save energy (Volampeno et al., 2011b). Babies start to explore their environment when they are about 7 weeks old, and are independent at 10 weeks old (Schwitzer et al., 2012; Volampeno et al., 2011b). Females care for their infants by feeding and grooming them until the baby is old enough to do so on its own (Archie and Digby 1999; Volampeno et al., 2011b).

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Threats ( англиски )

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The largest threats to the Eulemur flavifrons population are due to human activities. Humans cause forest destruction and fragmentation, which is usually owed to slash-and-burn agriculture and logging. Trapping and hunting are also a problem (Schwitzer et al., 2012). Currently, 80-90% of the forests that used to exist on Madagascar have been destroyed (Volampeno et al., 2010). A major cause of the destruction of these forests is erosion of the land after logging (Volampeno et al., 2010). There has been a decrease in forest cover from 12.5% to 2.8% in a 40-year time span inside the primary forests, where the lemurs tend to be found more frequently (Volampeno et al., 2013). This reduction in cover means that the lemurs will be more likely to be preyed upon because they are unable to find coverage during sleeping and eating. Since the primary forest fragments are considered the more favorable environment for the species due to the species richness of the fragments, including the presence of fruiting trees and trees for sleeping, human involvement and damage in this ecosystem will reduce the survival of lemur individuals (Schwitzer et al., 2007b).

Навод

Volampeno, M. S. N., G. Randriatahina, and C. T. Downs. 2013. Structure and Composition of Ankarafa Forest, Sahamalaza-Iles Radama National Park, Madagascar: implications for the frugivorous endemic blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons). S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 43(2): 91–102.

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Trophic Structure ( англиски )

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E. flavifrons has a diet that mostly consists of fruits, leaves, and flowers (Goodchild and Schwitzer, 2008; Schwitzer et al., 2007b; Volampeno et al., 2011a). In a one-year study, they ate approximately 72 species of plants in the wild. About half of their diet was fruits and the other half was leaves and flowers (Schwitzer, 2012). Volampeno et al. (2012) confirmed that during the wet season, fruit was a large part of the lemurs’ diets, with Magnifer indica as the most-consumed species, aiding in the dispersal of its seeds (Volampeno et al., 2012). Given that E. flavifrons mainly eats fruits and leaves, it seems to be able to survive on a low-energy diet, with a basal metabolic rate that is about 50% lower than most other placental mammals of the same size (Goodchild and Schwitzer, 2008; Volampeno et al., 2011a). E. flavifrons has also been shown to eat small amounts of insects, plant exudates, and fungi (Schwitzer, 2012).

During the day and night, E. flavifrons individuals have to protect themselves from potential predators such as hawks, buzzards, and tree boas. Coverage by trees is essential to protect the lemurs from being preyed upon (Seiler et al., 2013).

Наводи

  • IUCN. 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. . Downloaded on 17 November 2014.
  • Goodchild, S. and C. Schwitzer. 2008. The problem of obesity in captive lemurs. International Zoo News. 55(6): 353-357.

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Eulemur macaco ( бретонски )

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Eulemur macaco[1] a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad al Lemuridae.

Betek 2008 e kredas d'al loenoniourien e veze eus daou isspesad : Eulemur macaco flavifrons hag Eulemur macaco macaco. Da-heul labourioù ar skiantour stadunanat Mittermeier (1949-) hag e geneiled[2] e voent lakaet da wir spesadoù : Eulemur flavifrons evit an hini kentañ hag Eulemur macaco evit egile.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

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  • ██ Tiriad Eulemur macaco.
  • Brosezat eo e gwalarn Madagaskar.

    Liamm diavaez

    Notennoù ha daveennoù

    1. N'en deus al loen anv boutin ebet testeniekaet e brezhoneg evit poent.
    2. Embannet e-barzh an International Journal of Primatology e miz Kerzu 2008.
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    Eulemur macaco: Brief Summary ( бретонски )

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    Eulemur macaco a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad al Lemuridae.

    Betek 2008 e kredas d'al loenoniourien e veze eus daou isspesad : Eulemur macaco flavifrons hag Eulemur macaco macaco. Da-heul labourioù ar skiantour stadunanat Mittermeier (1949-) hag e geneiled e voent lakaet da wir spesadoù : Eulemur flavifrons evit an hini kentañ hag Eulemur macaco evit egile.

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    Lèmur negre ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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    El lèmur negre (Eulemur macaco) és una espècie de lèmur de la família dels lemúrids.[1] Viu a Madagascar, principalment al nord de l'illa, i té una relació simpàtrica amb diverses altres espècies.[2] Com la majoria de prosimis, els lèmurs negres utilitzen l'olfacte com a mitjà principal de comunicació, per la qual cosa utilitzen nombroses glàndules per alliberar substàncies odoríferes (per atreure altres lèmurs o marcar terreny).

    Referències

     src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Lèmur negre Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
    1. Sussman, Robert W. Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. Needham Heights (MA): Pearson Custom Pub., 1999, p. 154–173. ISBN 0-536-02256-9.
    2. Rabarivola, C., D. Meyers, Y. Rumpler. Distribution and Morphological Characters of Intermediate Forms Between the Black Lemur (Eulemur macaco macaco) and the Sclater's Lemur (E. m. flavifrons) (en anglès). Primates, 1991, p. 269-273.


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    Lèmur negre: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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    El lèmur negre (Eulemur macaco) és una espècie de lèmur de la família dels lemúrids. Viu a Madagascar, principalment al nord de l'illa, i té una relació simpàtrica amb diverses altres espècies. Com la majoria de prosimis, els lèmurs negres utilitzen l'olfacte com a mitjà principal de comunicació, per la qual cosa utilitzen nombroses glàndules per alliberar substàncies odoríferes (per atreure altres lèmurs o marcar terreny).

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    Lemur tmavý ( чешки )

    добавил wikipedia CZ
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    Samice lemura tmavého subsp. černého
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    Samice lemura tmavého subsp. Sclaterova

    Lemur tmavý (Eulemur macaco) je druh rodu Eulemur z čeledi lemurovitých denních patřící mezi poloopice.

    Rozšíření

    Vyskytuje se pouze v severozápadním cípu ostrova Madagaskaru a na přilehlých ostrovech Nosy Komba a Nosy Be. Žije v primárním deštném pralese i v hustém sekundárním lese.[3]

    Popis

    Jeho jméno pochází z vybarvení samce, který je celý tmavý, černý. Samice je tmavě hnědá až rezavá s bílými boky, tlapky a obličej s výrazně žlutýma očima má černé. Rozdíl ve vzhledu je tak nápadný, že je lze na prvý pohled považovat za dva různé druhy. Je vzhledově nejvíce sexuálně dimorfní z lemurů. Obě pohlaví mají na krku límce s delší srstí. Oči má v přední části hlavy a je považován za lemura s nejlepším stereoskopickým viděním. Tlamu má protáhlou jakoby v liščí čenich.

    Je dlouhý od 30 do 45 cm a váží 2 až 2,5 kg. Ocas mívá dlouhý až 55 cm. Zadní nohy má delší než přední, má výrazně zakřivený dráp druhého prstu na zadních nohách. Je to všežravec s převahou vegetariánské stravy. Krmí se ovocem, semeny, květy, listy, vysává z kvetoucích rostlin nektar, žere houby a nepohrdne bezobratlými nebo drobnými savci a vejci. Podniká výpravy i na pole domorodců v blízkosti lesa. Je poměrně přizpůsobivý k životním podmínkám i stravě.[3][4]

    Třebaže je aktivní hlavně ve dne, je čilý i po několik hodin v noci kdy využívá toho, že některé rostliny kvetou za tmy a vysává z nich sladké šťávy.[5]

    Chování

    Obývají převážně koruny stromů, kde výborně šplhají a skáčou, po stromech se pohybují často v horizontální poloze. V případě potřeby po zemi běhají po čtyřech. Jsou to lemuři s převážně denní aktivitou. Mají svá teritoria, která si značkují pachy i hlasitým voláním. Uvnitř skupiny komunikují vokálně, mimikou obličeje i celého těla, mají dobře vyvinutý čich.

    Řadíme je k polygamním živočichům, ve volné přírodě žijí v tlupách o velikosti 4 až 15 jedinců, kterou vede dominantní samice. Někdy dochází k výměně dospělých zvířat mezi jednotlivými skupinami.[3]

    Rozmnožování

    Období říje bývá na podzim, estrální cyklus trvá asi 33 dnů, po průměrně 125 dnech březosti se na jaře rodí většinou jen jedno, výjimečně dvě mláďata. Novorozenec váží asi 75 gramů. Po celou dobu kojení je samice nosí zavěšeno na břichu napříč, mladá samička je celá tmavě hnědá a sameček černý. Později je krátkodobě odkládá, ale zdržuje se nablízku. Stará se o mláďata 6 měsíců, poskytuje péči, ochranu a dopravu, stejně jako cennou socializaci mláděte. Pohlavní dospělost u samce i samice nastává asi ve dvou létech. V zajetí se dožívají maximálně 20 až 25 let, v přírodě pravděpodobně méně.

    Přímých nepřátel v přírodě nemá, snad jen fosa je pro ně nebezpečná.[3][6][7]

    Taxonomie

    Lemur tmavý se dělí na dva poddruhy:

    Jedná se o poddruh rozšířený mnohem více a na větším území, jeho život je lépe prozkoumán. Je v podstatě popsán výše.

    Je to poddruh velice vzácný, odhaduje se, že se vyskytuje v počtu 450 až 3540 jedinců. Žije v severozápadním Madagaskaru v oblasti Sambirano, byla pro něj nedávno založena speciální chráněná rezervace. Je o něco menší, váží průměrně jen 2 kg a hlavně jako jediný primát, mimo lidí, má modré oči. Samice má základní barvu srsti v odstínech oranžové. Chová se málo zoologických zahradách, v Evropě jen okolo 30 ks. Zoologická zahrada Ostrava dokázala unikátní věc, odchovala jako prvá v České republice jeho mládě (za poslední 3 roky se v Evropě narodila jen dvě).[2][8]

    V roce 2008 byly poddruhy lemur tmavého uznány jako samostatné druhy, což nepovažuji za rozumné, vzhledem ke mezidruhovému křížení, kdy vzniklý hybrid má hnědé oči. Zde lze pozorovat, že lemur Sclaterův je nositelem recesivního genu (respektive u nějž se gen pro sledovaný znak vyskytuje pouze v recesivních alelách) a lemur černý je nositelem dominantního genu. Citace [6].

    Ohrožení

    Podle Červeného seznamu IUCN je lemur tmavý subsp. černý považován za zranitelný druh a lemur tmavý subsp. Sclaterův za ohrožený druh.[9]. Podle [2] je lemur tmavý subsp. Sclaterův kriticky ohrožený druh.

    Lemur tmavý je v některých oblastech loven pro maso a zabíjen jako škůdce domorodých polí a plantáží. Navíc bývá i loven pro nelegální obchodování. Je to lemur který se dokáže přizpůsobit změněným přírodním podmínkám, chová se v několika zoologických zahradách s cílem zvýšit v budoucnu početní stavy přírodní populace.[9][10]

    Lemur tmavý v českých zoo

    Zoo Ostrava, ZOO Plzeň, Zoo Jihlava, Zoopark Zájezd

    Odkazy

    Reference

    1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
    2. a b c www.biolib.cz
    3. a b c d animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
    4. www.foxymonk.com
    5. www.zoopraha.cz
    6. a b www.afrikaonline.cz
    7. www.savci.upol.cz
    8. www.zoo-ostrava.cz
    9. a b www.iucnredlist.org
    10. www.bagheera.com

    Externí odkazy

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    Lemur tmavý: Brief Summary ( чешки )

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     src= Samice lemura tmavého subsp. černého  src= Samice lemura tmavého subsp. Sclaterova

    Lemur tmavý (Eulemur macaco) je druh rodu Eulemur z čeledi lemurovitých denních patřící mezi poloopice.

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    Sort lemur ( дански )

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    Den sorte lemur (Eulemur macaco) er en halvabe i familien af ægte lemurer. Den findes på den nordlige del af øen Madagaskar. Kropslængden er 30-45 cm med en busket hale på 40-60 cm. Hannen har sort pels, mens hunnen er rødbrun til grå i farven. De har begge en pelskrave omkring hovedet. Den sorte lemur lever i trækronerne i tropisk stedsegrøn skov i grupper på 5-15 medlemmer, der ledes af en gammel, erfaren hun. Til forskel fra de fleste andre lemurarter er den sorte lemur også aktiv om natten.[2]

    Noter

    1. ^ Andriaholinirina, N., et al. 2014. Eulemur macaco. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014
    2. ^ Bengt Holst (2003), Politikens bog om pattedyr, side 103. Politikens Forlag. ISBN 87-567-6830-3.

    Eksterne henvisninger

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    Sort lemur: Brief Summary ( дански )

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    Den sorte lemur (Eulemur macaco) er en halvabe i familien af ægte lemurer. Den findes på den nordlige del af øen Madagaskar. Kropslængden er 30-45 cm med en busket hale på 40-60 cm. Hannen har sort pels, mens hunnen er rødbrun til grå i farven. De har begge en pelskrave omkring hovedet. Den sorte lemur lever i trækronerne i tropisk stedsegrøn skov i grupper på 5-15 medlemmer, der ledes af en gammel, erfaren hun. Til forskel fra de fleste andre lemurarter er den sorte lemur også aktiv om natten.

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    Mohrenmaki ( германски )

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    Weibchen

    Der Mohrenmaki (Eulemur macaco) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gewöhnlichen Makis (Lemuridae) innerhalb der Lemuren (Lemuriformes). Der Blauaugenmaki, der früher als seine Unterart galt, ist seit 2008 eine eigenständige Art.[1]

    Merkmale

    Mohrenmakis zählen zu den kleineren Vertretern der Gewöhnlichen Makis. Sie erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 39 bis 45 Zentimetern, der Schwanz ist mit 51 bis 65 Zentimetern deutlich länger als der Rumpf. Ihr Gewicht beträgt 1,8 bis 2 Kilogramm. Die Geschlechter weisen einen deutlichen Geschlechtsdichromatismus auf, sind also sehr unterschiedlich gefärbt. Die Männchen sind durchgehend schwarz gefärbt, im direkten Sonnenlicht kann ihr Fell aber rotbraun bis dunkelbraun schimmern. An den Ohren haben sie auffällige Haarbüschel. Die Weibchen sind am Rücken braun bis schwarzbraun gefärbt, die Gliedmaßen sind bräunlich und der Bauch hellbraun bis weißgrau. Der Kopf und die Schnauze sind dunkelgrau, die langen Haarbüschel an den Ohren sind bei den Weibchen weiß gefärbt. Beide Geschlechter haben einen sehr langen, buschigen Schwanz. Die Augen dieser Tiere sind gelb-orange gefärbt, was sie von den nahe verwandten Blauaugenmakis unterscheidet.

    Verbreitung und Lebensraum

    Mohrenmakis kommen nur in der Sambirano-Region im nordwestlichen Madagaskar vor sowie auf einigen vorgelagerten Inseln wie Nosy Be und Nosy Komba. Ihr Lebensraum sind vorwiegend feuchte Wälder, sie sind aber relativ anpassungsfähig und können auch in Sekundärwäldern leben.

    Lebensweise

    Diese Primaten sind kathemeral, das heißt, sie haben keinen festen Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus. Am Tag sind sie vorwiegend am frühen Morgen und am späten Nachmittag aktiv, ihr Aktivitätsgrad in der Nacht hängt von der Jahreszeit und dem Mondstand ab. In der Regenzeit sind sie in der Nacht aktiver als in der Trockenzeit, und bei relativ vollem oder vollem Mond steigert sich ihr Aktivitätsgrad ebenfalls. Sie sind Baumbewohner, die sich in der mittleren und oberen Region der Bäume aufhalten.

    Sie leben in Gruppen aus 2 bis 15 (meist 7 bis 10) Tieren, die Gruppen setzen sich aus annähernd gleich vielen Männchen und Weibchen und dem gemeinsamen Nachwuchs zusammen. Gruppen werden von einem dominanten Weibchen angeführt und bewohnen ein Revier von 5 bis 6 Hektar Größe, das sich großflächig mit dem anderer Gruppen überlappen kann.

    Nahrung

    Mohrenmakis nehmen vorwiegend reife Früchte zu sich, daneben fressen sie auch Blüten, Blätter, Pilze und gelegentlich Kleintiere wie Insekten und Tausendfüßer. Die Ernährung variiert nach Jahreszeit, in der Trockenzeit spielt Nektar eine wichtige Rolle.

    Fortpflanzung

    Die Paarung erfolgt im April oder Mai, und nach einer rund 125-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen zwischen spätem August und frühem Oktober meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Die Jungtiere klammern sich zunächst an den Bauch der Mutter, später reiten sie auf ihrem Rücken. Mit fünf bis sechs Monaten werden sie entwöhnt und mit rund 2 Jahren geschlechtsreif.

    Gefährdung

    Die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums durch Brandrodungen stellt die Hauptbedrohung des Mohrenmakis dar, hinzu kommt die Bejagung, entweder wegen ihres Fleisches oder weil sie als Schädlinge betrachtet werden, da sie manchmal die Früchte in Plantagen fressen. Das Verbreitungsgebiet dieser Art umfasst weniger als 10.000 km² und ist stark zersplittert, die IUCN listet die Art als „gefährdet“ (vulnerable).

    In Deutschland wird die Art in Berlin, Eberswalde und Augsburg gepflegt[2]

    Literatur

    1. R. Mittermeier, J. Ganzhorn, W. Konstant, K. Glander, I. Tattersall, C. Groves, A. Rylands, A. Hapke, J. Ratsimbazafy, M. Mayor, E. Louis jr., Y. Rumpler, C. Schwitzer und R. Rasoloarison: Lemur Diversity in Madagascar. In: International Journal of Primatology 29 (2008), S. 1607–1656.
    2. [1] ZTL 16.6

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    Mohrenmaki: Brief Summary ( германски )

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    Der Mohrenmaki (Eulemur macaco) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gewöhnlichen Makis (Lemuridae) innerhalb der Lemuren (Lemuriformes). Der Blauaugenmaki, der früher als seine Unterart galt, ist seit 2008 eine eigenständige Art.

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    Μαύρος λεμούριος ( грчки, современ (1453-) )

    добавил wikipedia emerging languages

    Ο μαύρος λεμούριος (Eulemur macaco, Ευλεμούριος ο μακάκος) είναι είδος λεμούριου της οικογένειας των λεμουρίδων (Lemuridae). Όπως όλοι οι λεμούριοι, είναι ενδημικός στη Μαδαγασκάρη. Αρχικά πιστεύονταν ότι το είδος είχε δύο υποείδη,[3] το Eulemur macaco macaco και το Eulemur macaco flavifrons, όμως και τα δύο επανακατατάχθηκαν ως είδη από των Μιτερμάιερ και τους συνεργάτες τους το 2008, όντας πλέον ο Eulemur macaco - Ευλεμούριος ο μακάκος (μαύρος λεμούριος) και ο Eulemur flavifrons (λεμούριος του Σκλάτερ) αντίστοιχα.[3]

    Ο λεμούριος του Σκλάτερ (E. flavifrons) έχει μπλέ μάτια, το μοναδικό πρωτεύον εκτός των ανθρώπων με αυτό το χαρακτηριστικό,[4] ενώ ο μαύρος λεμούριος έχει καφέ ή πορτοκαλί μάτια.[4][5]

    Και τα δύο είδη ζουν στη νοτιοδυτική Μαδαγασκάρη. Ο μαύρος λεμούριος εμφανίζεται στα υγρά δάση της περιοχής Σαμπιράνο της Μαδαγασκάρης καθώς και στα γύρω νησιά.[4] Ο λεμούριος του Σκλάτερ περιορίζεται στη χερσόνησο Σαχαλαμάζα και τα διπλανά δάση.[4] Υπάρχουν αναφορές για υβριδισμό των δύο ειδών εκεί όπου υπερκαλύπτονται οι οικότοποί τους στο Ειδικό Καταφύγιο Μανονγκαρίβο.[6]

    Περιγραφή

    Ο μαύρος λεμούριος έχει μήκος 90 με 110 cm, από τα οποία 51-65 cm είναι το μήκος της ουράς.[4] Η μάζα σώματός τους τυπικά κυμαίνεται από 1,8 έως 2,0 kg.[4]

    Ο μαύρος λεμούριος εμφανίζει σεξουαλικό διμορφισμό ως προς το χρώμα του. Τα αρσενικά έχουν μαύρη ή σκούρα σοκολατί γούνα, ενώ τα θηλυκά πιο ανοιχτή καφέ, εν γένει μέτρια καφέ, καστανή ή ακόμα και πορτοκαλί-καφέ γούνα.[4] Τα αρσενικά έχουν μεγάλες μαύρες τούφες στα αυτιά ενώ τα θηλυκά μεγάλες άσπρες.

    Άλλα είδη του γένους Ευλεμούριος που εμφανίζονται στο εύρος του μαύρου λεμούριου (εκτός από τον λεμούριο του Σκλάτερ) είναι ο κοινός καφέ λεμούριος, E. fulvus, του οποίου το εύρος αλληλεπικαλύπτεται με του μαύρου λεμούριου στις νότιες και ανατολικές παρυφές του εύρους του,[4] και ο λεμούριος με κόκκινη κοιλιά, E. rubriventer, με τον οποίο εμφανίζονται μαζί στο Tsaratanana Massif.[6] Οι E. fulvus και E. rubriventer έχουν διαφορετικό χρωματισμό και δεν επιδεικνύουν τον ακραίο σεξουαλικό διμορφισμό του E. macaco, κάνοντας απίθανη τη σύγχυση του μαύρου λεμούριου με τα άλλα είδη.[4][6]

    Δίαιτα

    Ο μαύρος λεμούριος τρώει κατά κύριο λόγο φρούτα,[7] τα οποία αποτελούν το 78% περίπου της δίαιτάς του.[8] Άλλες τροφές περιλαμβάνουν λουλούδια, φύλλα, μανιτάρια, κάποια ασπόνδυλα και, ειδικότερα την ξηρή περίοδο, νέκταρ.[4]

    Συμπεριφορά

     src=
    Αρσενικός και θηλυκός μαύρος λεμούριος.

    Ο μαύρος λεμούριος ζει και σε πρωτεύοντα και σε δευτερεύοντα δάση (αναγεννημένα δάση μετά από καταστροφή).[7] Είναι δραστήριος και την ημέρα και την νύχτα.[4] Αναζητά τροφή και στην άνω και στη μέση φυτοστοιβάδα, ειδικά την νύχτα, ενώ την ημέρα και στη βάση.[4] Σε υποβαθμισμένους οικότοπους αναζητά τροφή και στο έδαφος ενώ μπορεί να φάει ακόμα και χώμα.[4]

    Ο μαύρος λεμούριος ζει σε ομάδες 2 έως 15 μελών, οι οποίες έχουν περίπου τον ίδιο αριθμό θηλυκών και αρσενικών.[4] Το μέσο μέγεθος των ομάδων είναι περίπου 10 άτομα,[9] Τα θηλυκά είναι κυρίαρχα και οι αψιμαχίες εντός της ομάδας είναι σπάνιες.[7]

    Οι ομάδες έχουν περιοχές έκτασης 3,5 έως 7 εκταρίων,[9] ενώ αλληλεπικαλύπτονται αρκετά με άλλων ομάδων, και η πυκνότητα του πληθυσμού μπορεί να φτάσει τα 200 άτομα ανά τετραγωνικό χιλιόμετρο.[7]

    Αναπαραγωγή

    Η αναπαραγωγή γίνεται συνήθως τον Απρίλιο και τον Μάιο.[4] Κατά την περίοδο αναπαραγωγής ο ανταγωνισμός μεταξύ των αρσενικών αυξάνεται, ενώ τα αρσενικά κάποιες φορές περιφέρονται μεταξύ διάφορων ομάδων.[7] Μετά από εγκυμοσύνη περίπου 125 ημερών γεννιέται συνήθως ένα μικρό, στα τέλη Αυγούστου έως τις αρχές Οκτωβρίου.[4] Τα θηλυκά τυπικά γεννούν για πρώτη φορά σε ηλικία 2 ετών.[7]

    Παραπομπές

    1. Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds, επιμ. Mammal Species of the World (3η έκδοση). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. σελ. 115. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.CS1 maint: Πολλαπλές ονομασίες: editors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
    2. Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Sussman, R., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Eulemur macaco. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Ανακτήθηκε 1 January 2009.
    3. 3,0 3,1 Mittermeier, R. A. et al. (2008). «Lemur Diversity in Madagascar». International Journal of Primatology 29: 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
    4. 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 4,14 4,15 Nick Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar. σελίδες 166–170. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
    5. Noel Rowe (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. σελίδες 41–42. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
    6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 Russell Mittermeier; και άλλοι. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (Second έκδοση). σελίδες 288–293. ISBN 1-881173-88-7.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
    7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 Robert W. Sussman (1999). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. σελίδες 186–187. ISBN 0-536-02256-9.
    8. Rakotosamimanana, Berthe (1999). New Directions in Lemur Studies. Springer. ISBN 0306461870. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (βοήθεια)
    9. 9,0 9,1 Lisa Gould and Michelle Sauther (2007). «Lemuriformes». Στο: Christina J. Campbell, Agustin Fuentes, Katherine C. MacKinnon, Melissa Panger and Simon K. Bearder. Primates in Perspective. σελ. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.CS1 maint: Πολλαπλές ονομασίες: editors list (link)
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    Μαύρος λεμούριος: Brief Summary ( грчки, современ (1453-) )

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    Ο μαύρος λεμούριος (Eulemur macaco, Ευλεμούριος ο μακάκος) είναι είδος λεμούριου της οικογένειας των λεμουρίδων (Lemuridae). Όπως όλοι οι λεμούριοι, είναι ενδημικός στη Μαδαγασκάρη. Αρχικά πιστεύονταν ότι το είδος είχε δύο υποείδη, το Eulemur macaco macaco και το Eulemur macaco flavifrons, όμως και τα δύο επανακατατάχθηκαν ως είδη από των Μιτερμάιερ και τους συνεργάτες τους το 2008, όντας πλέον ο Eulemur macaco - Ευλεμούριος ο μακάκος (μαύρος λεμούριος) και ο Eulemur flavifrons (λεμούριος του Σκλάτερ) αντίστοιχα.

    Ο λεμούριος του Σκλάτερ (E. flavifrons) έχει μπλέ μάτια, το μοναδικό πρωτεύον εκτός των ανθρώπων με αυτό το χαρακτηριστικό, ενώ ο μαύρος λεμούριος έχει καφέ ή πορτοκαλί μάτια.

    Και τα δύο είδη ζουν στη νοτιοδυτική Μαδαγασκάρη. Ο μαύρος λεμούριος εμφανίζεται στα υγρά δάση της περιοχής Σαμπιράνο της Μαδαγασκάρης καθώς και στα γύρω νησιά. Ο λεμούριος του Σκλάτερ περιορίζεται στη χερσόνησο Σαχαλαμάζα και τα διπλανά δάση. Υπάρχουν αναφορές για υβριδισμό των δύο ειδών εκεί όπου υπερκαλύπτονται οι οικότοποί τους στο Ειδικό Καταφύγιο Μανονγκαρίβο.

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    Black lemur ( англиски )

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    The black lemur (Eulemur macaco) is a species of lemur from the family Lemuridae. Like all lemurs, it is endemic to Madagascar. Originally, the species was thought to have two subspecies,[4] Eulemur macaco macaco and Eulemur macaco flavifrons, both of which were elevated to species status by Mittermeier et al. in 2008 to Eulemur macaco and Eulemur flavifrons respectively.[4] The most startling difference between the two species is the eye colour; Eulemur flavifrons, the blue-eyed black lemur, has blue eyes, while Eulemur macaco, the black lemur, has brown or orange eyes, and also has ear tufts.[5][6]

    Both species live in northwest Madagascar. The black lemur occurs in moist forests in the Sambirano region of Madagascar and on nearby islands.[5] The blue-eyed black lemur is restricted to the Sahamalaza Peninsula and adjacent forests.[5] There are reports of the two species hybridizing where their ranges overlap in Manongarivo Special Reserve.[7]

    Physical description

    Skeleton

    The black lemur is between 90 and 110 centimeters in length, of which 51–65 centimeters are tail.[5] Weight typically ranges between 1.8 and 2.0 kilograms.[5] The black lemur displays sexual dimorphism in coloration. Males have black or dark chocolate fur, while females' fur is of a lighter brown color, generally medium brown, chestnut brown or even orange-brown.[5] Males have large black ear tufts, while females have large white ear tufts.

    The only other Eulemur species that occurs within the range of the black lemur is the common brown lemur, which overlaps with the black lemur at the extreme southern and eastern edge of its range,[5] and the red-bellied lemur, on the Tsaratanana Massif.[7] The common brown lemur and the red-bellied lemur have different coloration and do not show the extreme sexual dimorphism of the black lemur, making confusion between the black lemur and the other species unlikely.[5][7]

    Diet

    Male, brown-eyed, Black lemur eating, at Nosy Komba

    The black lemur primarily eats fruit,[8] which makes up an estimated 78% of its diet.[9] The ripeness of this fruit is vital to the lemur's diet.[9] Other foods eaten include flowers, leaves, fungi, some invertebrates and, especially during the dry season, nectar.[5]

    Behavior

    The black lemur lives in both primary and secondary forest.[8] It is active both during the day and at night.[5] It forages in both the upper and middle canopy, especially at night, and during the day it also forages in the understory.[5] In degraded habitats, it also forages on the ground and may even eat soil.[5]

    The black lemur lives in groups of 2 to 15 members, including approximately equal numbers of males and females.[5] Average group size is about 10 members,[10] although the average may be smaller for E. m. flavifrons.[5] Females are dominant over males, although intragroup fighting is rare.[8]

    Groups have home ranges of about 3.5 to 7 hectares.[10] Ranges overlap considerably, and population density can reach 200 individuals per square kilometer.[8]

    Black lemurs also have a habit of picking up and biting at toxic millipedes. The toxins are usually not fatal to the lemurs and they try to stimulate the millipede to release its toxins in self-defence. Once this is achieved the black lemur will rub the millipede around its body to get the toxins on its fur. It is believed that they do this to help repel insects with the millipedes poison, though the toxins also appear to have pleasurable psychoactive effects on the lemurs.[11][12]

    Reproduction

    Mating usually takes place in April and May.[5] During mating season, antagonism between males increases, and males sometimes roam between groups.[8] After a gestation of about 125 days, a single infant is usually born between late August and early October.[5] Females typically give birth for the first time at two years of age.[8]

    Gallery

    References

    1. ^ a b Andriantsimanarilafy, R.R.; Borgerson, C.; Clarke, T.; Colquhoun, I.C.; Cotton, A.; Donati, G.; Eppley, T.M.; Heriniaina, R.; Irwin, M.; Johnson, S.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Patel, E.; Ralainasolo, F.B.; Randrianasolo, H.; Randriatahina, G.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Ravaloharimanitra, M.; Razafindramanana, J.; Schwitzer, C.; Stone, E.; Volampeno, S.; Wright, P. (2020). "Eulemur macaco". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T8212A182235113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T8212A182235113.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
    2. ^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    3. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    4. ^ a b Mittermeier, R. A.; et al. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. S2CID 17614597.
    5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Nick Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar. pp. 166–170. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
    6. ^ Noel Rowe (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
    7. ^ a b c Russell Mittermeier; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (Second ed.). pp. 288–293. ISBN 1-881173-88-7.
    8. ^ a b c d e f Robert W. Sussman (1999). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. pp. 186–187. ISBN 0-536-02256-9.
    9. ^ a b Rakotosamimanana, Berthe; Hanta Rasamimanana (1999). New Directions in Lemur Studies. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46187-0.
    10. ^ a b Lisa Gould & Michelle Sauther (2007). "Lemuriformes". In Christina J. Campbell; Agustin Fuentes; Katherine C. MacKinnon; Melissa Panger & Simon K. Bearder (eds.). Primates in Perspective. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.
    11. ^ Downer, John (25 April 2002). "Peculiar Potions: Narcotic insecticide". Weird Nature. Series 1. Episode 4. John Downer Productions. BBC Four. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
    12. ^ Banerji, Urvija (29 January 2016). "Lemurs Get High on Their Millipede Supply". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 22 March 2023.

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    Black lemur: Brief Summary ( англиски )

    добавил wikipedia EN

    The black lemur (Eulemur macaco) is a species of lemur from the family Lemuridae. Like all lemurs, it is endemic to Madagascar. Originally, the species was thought to have two subspecies, Eulemur macaco macaco and Eulemur macaco flavifrons, both of which were elevated to species status by Mittermeier et al. in 2008 to Eulemur macaco and Eulemur flavifrons respectively. The most startling difference between the two species is the eye colour; Eulemur flavifrons, the blue-eyed black lemur, has blue eyes, while Eulemur macaco, the black lemur, has brown or orange eyes, and also has ear tufts.

    Both species live in northwest Madagascar. The black lemur occurs in moist forests in the Sambirano region of Madagascar and on nearby islands. The blue-eyed black lemur is restricted to the Sahamalaza Peninsula and adjacent forests. There are reports of the two species hybridizing where their ranges overlap in Manongarivo Special Reserve.

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    Eulemur macaco ( шпански; кастиљски )

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    El lémur negro (Eulemur macaco) es una especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lemuridae endémico de las selvas del norte de Madagascar.

    Originalmente, se creía que Eulemur macaco constaba de dos subespecies,[2]Eulemur macaco macaco y Eulemur macaco flavifrons, ambas elevadas al estatus de especie por Mittermeier et al. en 2008 a Eulemur macaco y Eulemur flavifrons respectivamente.[2]

    E. flavifrons tiene los ojos azules, el único primate junto a los humanos que posee esta característica,[3]​ mientras que E. macaco los tiene marrones o de color naranja, y con una mata de pelo en las orejas.[3][4]

    Ambas especies viven en el noroeste de Madagascar. E. macaco vive en la selva húmeda de la región Sambirano de Madagascar y en las islas cercanas.[3]​ El hábitat de E. flavifrons se restringe a la península de Sahamalaza y a sus selvas adyacentes.[3]​ Hay indicios de hibridación cuando sus hábitats intersecaron en la reserva especial de Manongarivo.[5]

    Referencias

    1. Andriaholinirina, N. et al. (2014). «Eulemur macaco». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 28 de agosto de 2016.
    2. a b Mittermeier, R. A. et al. (2008). «Lemur Diversity in Madagascar». International Journal of Primatology 29: 1607-1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
    3. a b c d Nick Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar. pp. 166–170. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
    4. Noel Rowe (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
    5. Russell Mittermeier et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (Second edición). pp. 288-293. ISBN 1-881173-88-7.

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    Eulemur macaco: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

    добавил wikipedia ES

    El lémur negro (Eulemur macaco) es una especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lemuridae endémico de las selvas del norte de Madagascar.

    Originalmente, se creía que Eulemur macaco constaba de dos subespecies,​ Eulemur macaco macaco y Eulemur macaco flavifrons, ambas elevadas al estatus de especie por Mittermeier et al. en 2008 a Eulemur macaco y Eulemur flavifrons respectivamente.​

    E. flavifrons tiene los ojos azules, el único primate junto a los humanos que posee esta característica,​ mientras que E. macaco los tiene marrones o de color naranja, y con una mata de pelo en las orejas.​​

    Ambas especies viven en el noroeste de Madagascar. E. macaco vive en la selva húmeda de la región Sambirano de Madagascar y en las islas cercanas.​ El hábitat de E. flavifrons se restringe a la península de Sahamalaza y a sus selvas adyacentes.​ Hay indicios de hibridación cuando sus hábitats intersecaron en la reserva especial de Manongarivo.​

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    Eulemur macaco ( баскиски )

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    Eulemur macaco Eulemur primate lemuriformeetako espezie bat da. Lemur guztiak bezala Madagaskarren baino ez da bizi. Hasieran bi azpiespezie zirela uste zen baina 2008an Mittermeierrek Eulemur macaco eta Eulemur flavifrons bi espezie ezberdinetan banatu zituen. Bi espezie hauek Madagaskarreko ipar-mendebaldean bizi dira. Sambirano eskualdeko baso hezeetan bizi da, eta inguruko uharteetan.

    90 eta 110 zentimetro arteko tamaina dute, horietatik 50-65 zentimetro isatsarenak dira. 1,8 eta 2,0 kilogramo arteko pisua dute.

    Erreferentziak

    Ikus, gainera


    Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
    (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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    Eulemur macaco: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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    Eulemur macaco Eulemur primate lemuriformeetako espezie bat da. Lemur guztiak bezala Madagaskarren baino ez da bizi. Hasieran bi azpiespezie zirela uste zen baina 2008an Mittermeierrek Eulemur macaco eta Eulemur flavifrons bi espezie ezberdinetan banatu zituen. Bi espezie hauek Madagaskarreko ipar-mendebaldean bizi dira. Sambirano eskualdeko baso hezeetan bizi da, eta inguruko uharteetan.

    90 eta 110 zentimetro arteko tamaina dute, horietatik 50-65 zentimetro isatsarenak dira. 1,8 eta 2,0 kilogramo arteko pisua dute.

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    Mustamaki ( фински )

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    Mustamaki eli neekerimaki[3] (Eulemur macaco) on makeihin kuuluva puoliapinalaji. Se elää ryhminä Madagaskarin metsissä.

    Koko ja ulkonäkö

     src=
    Eulemur macaco flavifrons

    Mustamakien ruumiinpituus on 38–45 senttiä, hännän 51–64 senttiä ja painoa on 2–2,8 kiloa. Sukupuolet eroavat väritykseltään huomattavasti toisistaan, Koiras täysin musta, vain joskus vatsapuolelta hieman ruskehtava. Naaraan turkki on sitä vastoin tummahkon kullan- tai punaruskea Tummempiturkkisten yksilöiden raajat ovat hieman ruumista vaaleammat ja päinvastoin. Naaraalla pitkän, tuuhean ja yleensä tummakärkisen hännän väritys vaihtelee vaaleanharmaasta punertavanruskeaan. Korvien seutua koristavat pitkät korvatupsut, naaraalle ne ovat vaaleat, uroksella mustat. Kummallakin sukupuolella on sukuelinten alueella hajuaineita erittäviä rauhasia, joita uroksilla on myös peräaukon ympäristössä[4].

    Alalajeja tunnetaan kaksi: E. m. macaco ja E. m. flavifrons[1]. Alalajit eroavat esimerkiksi siinä, että E. m. flavifrons-alalajin yksilöiltä puuttuvat korvatupsut[4] ja niiden silmät ovat siniset.

    Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

    Mustamakin levinneisyys rajoittuu Madagaskarin saaren luoteisosiin ja sen edustalla sijaitseviin Nosy Bén ja Nosy Komban saariin.[5]

    Mustamakien alkuperäistä elinympäristöä ovat trooppiset sademetsät, mutta ne ovat sopeutuneet elämään myös muokatuissa metsissä, jopa puuplantaaseilla ja viljelyksillä[5].

    Elintavat

    Mustamakit viettävät aikansa pääosin puissa ja ovat aktiivia lähinnä päiväsaikaan, mieluiten aamulla ja illalla, mutta myös yöllä. Ne elävät 4–25 yksilön ryhminä, joissa on suunnilleen yhtä paljon uroksia ja naaraita. Naaraat ovat arvoasteikossa ylempiarvoisempia kuin koiraat[4]. laumaa johtaa yksi hallitseva naaras. Lauma merkitsee reviirinsä rajat hajumerkein. Ne käyttävät viestinnässä myös monipuolisia äännähdyksiä erilaisiin tilanteisiin ja sukivat toisiaan luodakseen suhteita. Elinpiirin koko on noin 5–6 hehtaaria ja tämä on osin päällekkäin naapuriryhmien reviirien kanssa[6]. Mustamakit voivat elää 20–25-vuotiaiksi[5].

    Ravinto

     src=
    Mustamakiemo poikasensa kanssa Nosy Ben saarella sijaitsevalla Lokoben luonnonsuojelualueella

    Sadekaudella mustamakit käyttävät ravintonaan pääasiassa kasviravintoa. Sadekaudella pääasiassa hedelmiä. Ne syövät tuohon aikaan myös sieniä ja käyttävät tuhatjalkaisia turkkinsa puhdistukseen ja huumausaineeksi. Kuivankauden alussa suuri osa ravinnosta koostuu kukkien medestä ja itse kukista. Muuta kuivan kauden ravintoa ovat lehdet ja siementen palot. Joillain alueilla lajia pidetään myös viljelijöiden satoa verottavana tuholaisena.[5]

    Lisääntyminen

    Mustamakien parittelu tapahtuu huhti–kesäkuussa ja naaras kantaa poikasta 120–136 vuorokautta. Poikasia syntyy yleensä yksi[7]. Poikanen on syntyessään harmahtavan musta ja vähäkarvainen. Se painaa keskimäärin 75 grammaa. Muu ryhmä auttaa poikasen hoidossa. Sitä imetetään 5-6 kuukautta[8][5]. Sukukypsäksi se tulee kaksivuotiaana[5]. Mustamakit voivat elää vankeudessa 20–27-vuotiaaksi[8].

    Uhat ja suojelu

    Mustamakien asuttamia metsiä on viime vuosikymmeninä hakattu tehokkaasti asutuksen ja viljelmien tieltä. Se on kuitenkin osittain sopeutunut elämään ihmisen muokkaamassa ympäristössä[7]. Metsien tuho on silti lajin suurin uhka. Taantumiseen on vaikuttanut myös metsästys lihan, turkin ja viljelyksille aiheuttamien vahinkojen vuoksi, kaupallinen pyynti lemmikeiksi tai eläintarhan asukkaaksi. Se onkin yleinen eläintarhoissa ja lisääntyy niissä kohtuullisen hyvin. Se voi mahdollistaa eläinten istutukset luontoon[5]. Mustamaki luokitellaan nykyään lajina vaarantuneeksi. Molemmat kuuluvat CITES-sopimuksen liitteeseen I. Mustamakeja elää myös suojelualueilla ja lisäksi laji on rauhoitettu[7].

    Lähteet

    1. a b Andriaholinirina, N., Baden, A., Blanco, M., Chikhi, L., Cooke, A., Davies, N., Dolch, R., Donati, G., Ganzhorn, J., Golden, C., Groeneveld, L.F., Hapke, A., Irwin, M., Johnson, S., Kappeler, P., King, T., Lewis, R., Louis, E.E., Markolf, M., Mass, V., Mittermeier, R.A., Nichols, R., Patel, E., Rabarivola, C.J., Raharivololona, B., Rajaobelina, S., Rakotoarisoa, G., Rakotomanga, B., Rakotonanahary, J., Rakotondrainibe, H., Rakotondratsimba, G., Rakotondratsimba, M., Rakotonirina, L., Ralainasolo, F.B., Ralison, J., Ramahaleo, T., Ranaivoarisoa, J.F., Randrianahaleo, S.I., Randrianambinina, B., Randrianarimanana, L., Randrianasolo, H., Randriatahina, G., Rasamimananana, H., Rasolofoharivelo, T., Rasoloharijaona, S., Ratelolahy, F., Ratsimbazafy, J., Ratsimbazafy, N., Razafindraibe, H., Razafindramanana, J., Rowe, N., Salmona, J., Seiler, M., Volampeno, S., Wright, P., Youssouf, J., Zaonarivelo, J. & Zaramody, A.: Eulemur macaco IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 8.7.2014. (englanniksi)
    2. Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World - Eulemur macaco 2005. Bucknell University. Viitattu 21.4. 2011.
    3. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet (vahvistamaton ehdotus nisäkkäiden nimiksi) luomus.fi. 2008. Viitattu 15.12.2010.
    4. a b c Koivisto, I., & Sarvala, M.: ”Makit”, Maailman uhanalaiset eläimet - Osa 1: Nisäkkäät, s. 180. Weilin + Göös, 1991. ISBN 951-35-4686-1.
    5. a b c d e f g Barbara Lundrigan ja Daniel Davis: ADW Eulemur macaco Information 2000. University of Michigan. Viitattu 9. 3. 2008.
    6. ARKive: Eulemur macaco More Information - ARKive 2005. ARKive. Viitattu 9. 3. 2008.
    7. a b c Koivisto, I., & Sarvala, M.: ”Makit”, Maailman uhanalaiset eläimet - Osa 1: Nisäkkäät, s. 182. Weilin + Göös, 1991. ISBN 951-35-4686-1.
    8. a b Honolulu Zoo: Black lemur - Honolulu Zoo 4. 2. 2008. Honolulu Zoo. Viitattu 9. 3. 2008.
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    Mustamaki: Brief Summary ( фински )

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    Mustamaki eli neekerimaki (Eulemur macaco) on makeihin kuuluva puoliapinalaji. Se elää ryhminä Madagaskarin metsissä.

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    Lémur noir ( француски )

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    Eulemur macaco

    Le Lémur noir ou Lémur macaco est une espèce de primate lémuriforme de la famille des Lemuridae. Sa parenté taxinomique avec le Lémur aux yeux turquoise est sujet à controverses, ce dernier ayant été préalablement considéré comme une sous-espèce (Eulemur macaco flavifrons), alors que certains auteurs l'ont récemment élevé au rang d'espèce séparée (Eulemur flavifrons). Les deux taxons, qui partagent un dichromatisme sexuel particulièrement marqué - le pelage du mâle est intégralement noir, alors que celui de la femelle est roux - , se distinguent surtout par la couleur de leur yeux, qui sont brun-orangé chez le lémur macaco et bleus chez son cousin.

    Le Lémur noir évolue dans les forêts tropicales subhumides de la région du Sambirano, au Nord-Ouest de Madagascar, île dont il est endémique.

    Morphologie

    Le Lémur noir a une taille moyenne de 90 à 100 cm (41 cm en moyenne pour le corps et 55 cm pour la queue), pour une masse corporelle d’environ 2,4 kg. Il présente un dichromatisme sexuel marqué : les mâles étant entièrement noirs et les femelles brun roux, avec le ventre blanc. Les oreilles sont recouvertes de longues touffes de poils, noires chez les mâles et blanches chez les femelles. Des glandes de marquage sont présentes au niveau du scrotum chez les mâles et de la vulve chez les femelles. Les mâles présentent également une zone glandulaire périanale dépourvue de poils, contrairement aux femelles.

    Répartition, habitat et régime alimentaire

     src=
    Lémur noir et son petit sur l'île de Nosy Be (réserve de Lokobe)

    Le Lémur noir se rencontre uniquement au Nord-Ouest de Madagascar dans la région du Sambirano et dans les îles Nosy Be, Nosy Komba et Nosy Tanikely. C’est généralement la seule espèce du genre Eulemur dans ce domaine, cependant certaines zones de sympatrie avec le Lémur fauve ont été mentionnées. Le Lémur noir occupe la forêt primaire, la forêt secondaire dégradée et des plantations de caféiers, d’anacardiers ou de cacaoyers. Son habitat est hétérogène et complexe sur le plan botanique. Le Lémur noir consomme des fruits, des feuilles, des fleurs, du nectar, occasionnellement des insectes, et ce de façon variable en fonction de la saison. Pendant la saison humide les fruits prédominent dans le régime alimentaire, tandis que pendant la saison sèche les lémurs consomment certaines fleurs et feuilles qu’ils délaissent pendant d’autres parties de l’année.

    Rythme d’activité

    Le Lémur noir présente une activité cathémérale : des périodes significatives d’activité ont lieu à la fois pendant les phases claires et obscures du cycle journalier.

    Biologie de la reproduction

    Chez le Lémur noir, comme chez les autres lémuriens, la reproduction est saisonnière. La saison des accouplements s’étend d'avril à juin à Madagascar et de novembre à janvier en captivité dans l’hémisphère nord. La maturité sexuelle est atteinte vers l’âge d’un an et demi, mais les jeunes ne se reproduisent généralement qu’à partir de la seconde saison de reproduction suivant leur naissance c’est-à-dire vers deux ans et demi. Le cycle œstral des femelles dure 33 jours, avec un œstrus de 3 jours pendant lequel la période de réceptivité est extrêmement courte : de quelques heures à 2 jours. Les femelles peuvent donner naissance à un ou deux jeunes après un temps de gestation moyen de 128 jours. La gestation a donc lieu pendant la saison sèche et les naissances au début de la saison humide.

    Système social

    Lémur noir au Lemurs' Park d'Antananarivo

    Le Lémur noir vit en groupes multimâles multifemelles, de taille restreinte de l’ordre d’une dizaine d’individus en moyenne. L’organisation sociale de cette espèce se caractérise par une dominance des femelles : dans un contexte agonistique, toutes les femelles de Lémur noir peuvent supplanter tous les mâles de leur groupe. Cette caractéristique est partagée par un certain nombre de prosimiens malgaches dont le plus connu est le Maki catta.

    Communication

    Chez Eulemur macaco macaco les signaux de communication visuelle se résument essentiellement à des postures, des mouvements (de la queue en particulier) et de rares mimiques faciales. En revanche, ces animaux passent une grande partie de leur temps à échanger des signaux chimiques et sonores.

    Eulemur macaco macaco male
    Mâle lémur noir adulte

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    Lémur noir: Brief Summary ( француски )

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    Eulemur macaco

    Le Lémur noir ou Lémur macaco est une espèce de primate lémuriforme de la famille des Lemuridae. Sa parenté taxinomique avec le Lémur aux yeux turquoise est sujet à controverses, ce dernier ayant été préalablement considéré comme une sous-espèce (Eulemur macaco flavifrons), alors que certains auteurs l'ont récemment élevé au rang d'espèce séparée (Eulemur flavifrons). Les deux taxons, qui partagent un dichromatisme sexuel particulièrement marqué - le pelage du mâle est intégralement noir, alors que celui de la femelle est roux - , se distinguent surtout par la couleur de leur yeux, qui sont brun-orangé chez le lémur macaco et bleus chez son cousin.

    Le Lémur noir évolue dans les forêts tropicales subhumides de la région du Sambirano, au Nord-Ouest de Madagascar, île dont il est endémique.

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    Eulemur macaco ( италијански )

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    Il lemure macaco o lemure nero, Eulemur macaco (Linnaeus, 1766), conosciuto anche come maki macaco o maki nero, è una specie di lemure appartenente alla famiglia Lemuridae. Come tutti i lemuri, è endemica al Madagascar. Originariamente, si pensava che la specie avesse due sottospecie,[4] Eulemur macaco macaco e Eulemur macaco flavifrons, entrambi in seguito elevati allo status di specie da Mittermeier et al. nel 2008 rispettivamente a Eulemur macaco e Eulemur flavifrons.[4] La differenza più evidente tra le due specie è il colore degli occhi; Eulemur flavifrons, il lemure nero dagli occhi azzurri, presenta occhi azzurri, mentre Eulemur macaco, il lemure macaco, ha occhi marroni o arancioni, e presenta dei ciuffi di pelo sulle intorno alla faccia.[5][6]

    Entrambe le specie vivono nel nord-ovest del Madagascar. Il lemure macaco si trova nelle foreste umide della regione di Sambirano, in Madagascar e nelle isole vicine.[5] Il lemure nero dagli occhi azzurri è limitato alla penisola di Sahamalaza e alle foreste adiacenti.[5] È stato osservato come nelle aree in cui l'areale delle due specie si sovrappongono, le due specie possono ibridarsi, come nella Riserva Speciale di Manongarivo.[7]

    Distribuzione e habitat

    Questi animali sono diffusi nella regione nord-occidentale del Madagascar e sulle prospicienti isole di Nosy Be e Nosy Komba: sull'isola principale, il fiume Andranomalaza separa l'areale di E. macaco, a nord, da quello di Euemur flavifrons, a sud.

    Vive principalmente nella foresta pluviale, sia primaria (ossia ancora intatta) che secondaria (foresta ricresciuta a seguito di un taglio); con l'antropizzazione crescente del suo areale, la specie si è adattata a vivere anche nelle piantagioni e nei giardini pubblici.

    Descrizione

     src=
    Dimorfismo sessuale: femmina (in alto) e maschio (in basso)

    Dimensioni

    Si tratta di animali della taglia di un gatto domestico: il corpo è lungo 50–54 cm e la coda ne misura altrettanti, per un peso che raggiunge i 2,5 kg.

    Aspetto

    È presente un dimorfismo sessuale assai accentuato, sotto forma di dicromatismo: i maschi hanno il pelo nero, talvolta picchettato di rossiccio sugli arti e sul tronco, mentre le femmine hanno un manto bruno-rossiccio con sfumature color porpora sul dorso, mentre la zona ventrale del corpo è biancastra. Ambo i sessi possiedono una "barba" a collana, che nel maschio è nera, mentre nella femmina è bianco crema.

    Biologia

    Comportamento

     src=
    Femmina con cucciolo

    Si tratta di animali sociali, che vivono in gruppi che vanno da 7-15 individui, solitamente imparentati fra loro: i maschi sono solitamente in numero maggiore rispetto alle femmine, che dal canto loro hanno posizione di dominanza, che si manifesta ad esempio nella scelta dei giacigli migliori per riposare o nell'ordine in cui gli animali raggiungono una fonte di cibo. I membri del gruppo comunicano fra loro tramite segnali odorosi e sonori e (seppur limitate) espressioni facciali: molto importante per allacciare o rinforzare relazioni sociali è l'attività di grooming, ossia l'attività di pulizia reciproca, per espletare la quale questi animali hanno sviluppato una conformazione particolare degli incisivi inferiori ed un'apposita unghia sulle zampe posteriori.

    Sono animali principalmente arboricoli, che si muovono fra i rami più alti saltando e correndo. In caso di pericolo improvviso dal quale non può mettersi in salvo fuggendo, il maki macaco si finge morto e si lascia cadere dal ramo su cui si trova, salvo poi afferrarsi ad altri rami più in basso e sparire nel sottobosco.

     src=
    Maschio che si alimenta di frutta

    Alimentazione

    Durante la stagione delle piogge, questi animali hanno un regime alimentare prevalentemente frugivoro, anche se sono stati avvistati esemplari nutrirsi di funghi ed occasionalmente millepiedi. Durante la stagione secca, invece, la dieta include principalmente nettare, foglie e semi.

    Riproduzione

    La riproduzione di questi lemuri è un meccanismo ancora non approfonditamente studiato: negli zoo, infatti, si tende ad ospitare un'unica coppia di questi animali, mentre in natura, vivendo essi in gruppo, le femmine scelgono il proprio partner a piacimento. Ne consegue che (similmente alle specie di cappuccino) coppie assortite a caso si riprodurranno solo eccezionalmente in cattività.

    La stagione degli amori va da giugno a luglio: la gestazione dura circa 4 mesi, in modo che i cuccioli (solitamente uno, ma non è infrequente imbattersi in femmine con due gemelli) nascano fra ottobre e dicembre, ossia nella primavera australe, quando c'è maggior disponibilità di cibo.

    I cuccioli nascono di colore scuro e solo verso i sei mesi d'età raggiungono il colore specifico per il sesso: nelle prime tre settimane di vita si tengono saldamente attaccati al ventre materno, mentre in seguito si spostano sul dorso e ben presto cominciano i primi tentativi di seguire la madre autonomamente. La femmina si occupa delle attività di grooming, della difesa e della socializzazione dei propri piccoli: non è chiaro invece il ruolo del maschio nelle cure parentali, sebbene in cattività sono stati registrati vari episodi di infanticidio. Lo svezzamento viene completato attorno ai sei mesi d'età: a due anni i giovani sono maturi sessualmente, ma in genere passa almeno un anno prima che comincino ad accoppiarsi.

    Speranza di vita

    In cattività, i maki macaco vivono facilmente oltre i 30 anni: il record di longevità di questa specie è di 36 anni e mezzo. Si pensa perciò che in natura la speranza di vita di questi animali sia di circa 25 anni.

    Conservazione

    La Lista rossa IUCN classifica questa specie come in Pericolo.[1]

    Nella cultura di massa

    In tutto il suo areale, il maki macaco è considerato portatore di cattive nuove ed è in generale un tabù ucciderne uno: sull'isola di Nosy Komba è considerato un messaggero dell'oltretomba ed ucciderne uno vuol dire attirare l'ira delle anime dei defunti sul villaggio dell'uccisore.

    Note

    1. ^ a b c (EN) Andriantsimanarilafy, R.R., Borgerson, C., Clarke, T., Colquhoun, I.C., Cotton, A., Donati, G., Eppley, T.M., Heriniaina, R., Irwin, M., Johnson, S., Mittermeier, R.A., Patel, E., Ralainasolo, F.B., Randrianasolo, H., Randriatahina, G., Ratsimbazafy, J., Ravaloharimanitra, M., Razafindramanana, J., Reuter, K.E., Schwitzer, C., Stone, E., Volampeno, S. & Wright, P., Eulemur macaco, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. accesso richiede url (aiuto)
    2. ^ Checklist of CITES Species, su CITES, UNEP-WCMC. URL consultato il 18 Marzo 2015.
    3. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Eulemur macaco, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
    4. ^ a b Mittermeier, R. A., Lemur Diversity in Madagascar (PDF), in International Journal of Primatology, vol. 29, n. 6, 2008, pp. 1607–1656, DOI:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
    5. ^ a b c Nick Garbutt, Mammals of Madagascar, 2007, pp. 166–170, ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
    6. ^ Noel Rowe, The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates, 1996, pp. 41–42, ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
    7. ^ Russell Mittermeier, Lemurs of Madagascar, Second, 2006, pp. 288–293, ISBN 1-881173-88-7.

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    Eulemur macaco: Brief Summary ( италијански )

    добавил wikipedia IT

    Il lemure macaco o lemure nero, Eulemur macaco (Linnaeus, 1766), conosciuto anche come maki macaco o maki nero, è una specie di lemure appartenente alla famiglia Lemuridae. Come tutti i lemuri, è endemica al Madagascar. Originariamente, si pensava che la specie avesse due sottospecie, Eulemur macaco macaco e Eulemur macaco flavifrons, entrambi in seguito elevati allo status di specie da Mittermeier et al. nel 2008 rispettivamente a Eulemur macaco e Eulemur flavifrons. La differenza più evidente tra le due specie è il colore degli occhi; Eulemur flavifrons, il lemure nero dagli occhi azzurri, presenta occhi azzurri, mentre Eulemur macaco, il lemure macaco, ha occhi marroni o arancioni, e presenta dei ciuffi di pelo sulle intorno alla faccia.

    Entrambe le specie vivono nel nord-ovest del Madagascar. Il lemure macaco si trova nelle foreste umide della regione di Sambirano, in Madagascar e nelle isole vicine. Il lemure nero dagli occhi azzurri è limitato alla penisola di Sahamalaza e alle foreste adiacenti. È stato osservato come nelle aree in cui l'areale delle due specie si sovrappongono, le due specie possono ibridarsi, come nella Riserva Speciale di Manongarivo.

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    Juodasis lemūras ( литвански )

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    Binomas Eulemur macaco

    Juodasis lemūras (lot. Eulemur macaco, angl. Black Lemur, vok. Akumba, Mohren-Maki) – lemūrinių (Lemuridae) šeimos primatas. Kūno ilgis 41, uodegos – 55 cm. Svoris apie 2,5 kg. Minta vaisiais, taip pat nektaru, lapais, žiedais. Paplitęs šiaurinėje Madagaskaro dalyje. Žinomi du porūšiai.

     src=
    Juodojo lemūro galva: viršuje patelės, apačioje – patino

    Vikiteka

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    Juodasis lemūras: Brief Summary ( литвански )

    добавил wikipedia LT

    Juodasis lemūras (lot. Eulemur macaco, angl. Black Lemur, vok. Akumba, Mohren-Maki) – lemūrinių (Lemuridae) šeimos primatas. Kūno ilgis 41, uodegos – 55 cm. Svoris apie 2,5 kg. Minta vaisiais, taip pat nektaru, lapais, žiedais. Paplitęs šiaurinėje Madagaskaro dalyje. Žinomi du porūšiai.

     src= Juodojo lemūro galva: viršuje patelės, apačioje – patino

    Vikiteka

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    Moormaki ( холандски; фламански )

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    De moormaki of zwarte maki (Eulemur macaco) is een echte maki uit de familie der maki's (Lemuridae). Deze halfapen zijn endemische dieren op het eiland Madagaskar.

     src=
    Mannetje moormaki

    Beschrijving

    Bij de moormaki is er een duidelijk verschil tussen het mannetje en het vrouwtje (seksueel dimorfisme). Het mannetje heeft een zwarte vacht, waarin bij een bepaalde belichting een roodbruine glans te zien is. Aan de oren zitten opvallende plukken haar. Het vrouwtje heeft een bruine vacht op de rug en is van onder lichter bruin tot bijna grijswit. De plukken haar bij de oren zijn bij het vrouwtje wit van kleur. Beide seksen hebben een opvallend lange en harige staart. De ogen zijn oranje-geel en daarmee verschilt hij van de blauwoogmaki. Een volwassen moormaki heeft een kop-romplengte van 39 tot 45 cm, een staartlengte van 51 tot 65 cm en een lichaamsgewicht van 1,8 tot 2,0 kg.

    Leefgebied

    De moormaki leeft in het noordwesten van Madagaskar (zie verspreidingskaartje) en de nabijgelegen eilanden Nosy Be, Nosy Komba en Nosy Tanikely. De moormaki komt voor in een aantal landschapstypen zoals primair regenbos, maar hij kan zich ook aanpassen aan uitgekapt (seondair) bos, gebieden die bestaan uit een mozaïek van landbouwgronden en secondair bos en in productiebos op een hoogte van nul tot 1600 m boven de zeespiegel.

    De moormaki leeft in familiegroepjes, bestaande uit 2 tot 15 individuen.

    Bedreigingen

    De moormaki is kwetsbaar door de vernietiging van zijn leefgebied door zwerflandbouw (slash-and-burn). Ook wordt er op gejaagd voor het vlees en bestaat er een kleinschalige maar onuitroeibare (illegale) handel in levende moormaki's als huisdier, vooral op het eiland Nosy Be. De moormaki staat daarom als kwetsbaar op de internationale rode lijst.[1]

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    Moormaki: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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    De moormaki of zwarte maki (Eulemur macaco) is een echte maki uit de familie der maki's (Lemuridae). Deze halfapen zijn endemische dieren op het eiland Madagaskar.

     src= Mannetje moormaki
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    Lemuria czarna ( полски )

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    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

    Lemuria czarna[3], lemur mokok, akumba (Eulemur macaco) – gatunek ssaka naczelnego z rodziny lemurowatych (Lemuridae).

    Zasięg występowania

    Endemiczny gatunek północno-zachodniego Madagaskaru i pobliskich wysp Nosy Komba i Nosy Be.

    Charakterystyka

    Długość ciała bez ogona ok. 40 cm, długość ogona do 55 cm. Silnie zaznaczony dymorfizm płciowy spowodował, że przez wiele lat samce i samice uważane były za przedstawicieli różnych gatunków. Futro samców jest zwykle czarne, a samic rude z białym brzuchem. Akumba prowadzi zarówno dzienny jak i nocny tryb życia[4]. Całe życie spędzają na drzewach, po których bardzo sprawnie się poruszają. Zjadają pokarm roślinny (owoce, kwiaty i nektar) oraz zwierzęcy. Ciąża trwa 120-129 dni. Samica rodzi jedno, rzadziej dwa młode. Lemur mokok żyje 20-25 lat.

    Ochrona

    Gatunek ten, jak wszystkie Lemuridae spp., jest objęty konwencją CITES (załącznik I)[5].

    Przypisy

    1. Eulemur macaco, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
    2. Andriaholinirina, N., Baden, A., Blanco, M., Chikhi, L., Cooke, A., Davies, N., Dolch, R., Donati, G., Ganzhorn, J., Golden, C., Groeneveld, L.F., Hapke, A., Irwin, M., Johnson, S., Kappeler, P., King, T., Lewis, R., Louis, E.E., Markolf, M., Mass, V., Mittermeier, R.A., Nichols, R., Patel, E., Rabarivola, C.J., Raharivololona, B., Rajaobelina, S., Rakotoarisoa, G., Rakotomanga, B., Rakotonanahary, J., Rakotondrainibe, H., Rakotondratsimba, G., Rakotondratsimba, M., Rakotonirina, L., Ralainasolo, F.B., Ralison, J., Ramahaleo, T., Ranaivoarisoa, J.F., Randrianahaleo, S.I., Randrianambinina, B., Randrianarimanana, L., Randrianasolo, H., Randriatahina, G., Rasamimananana, H., Rasolofoharivelo, T., Rasoloharijaona, S., Ratelolahy, F., Ratsimbazafy, J., Ratsimbazafy, N., Razafindraibe, H., Razafindramanana, J., Rowe, N., Salmona, J., Seiler, M., Volampeno, S., Wright, P., Youssouf, J., Zaonarivelo, J. & Zaramody, A. 2014, Eulemur macaco [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 [online], wersja 2015-4 [dostęp 2016-06-06] (ang.).
    3. W. Cichocki, A. Ważna, J. Cichocki, E. Rajska-Jurgiel, A. Jasiński, W. Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 30. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9. (pol.)
    4. N. Schwitzer, W. Kaumanns, P. C. Seitz, C. Schwitzer. Cathemeral activity patterns of the blue-eyed black lemur Eulemur macaco flavifrons in intact and degraded forest fragments. „Endangered Species Research”. 3, s. 239-247, 2007. DOI: 10.3354/esr00045.
    5. CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Appendices I, II and III (ang.). 2008. [dostęp 27 grudnia 2008]. Załączniki I, II i III w formacie pdf (pl)

    Bibliografia

    1. Lundrigan, B. & D. Davis.: Eulemur macaco (ang.). (On-line), Animal Diversity Web, 2000. [dostęp 11 maja 2008].
    2. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Eulemur macaco. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 11 maja 2008]
    3. Mały słownik zoologiczny: ssaki. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1978.ISBN 83-214-0134-1
    4. Zwierzęta : encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
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    Lemuria czarna: Brief Summary ( полски )

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    Lemuria czarna, lemur mokok, akumba (Eulemur macaco) – gatunek ssaka naczelnego z rodziny lemurowatych (Lemuridae).

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    Lêmure-negro ( португалски )

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    Eulemur macaco é uma espécie de lêmure (lémure) pertencente à família Lemuridae.[2] É conhecido como Lêmure-negro ou lémure-negro.[3]

    Eles vivem na ilha de Madagascar principalmente no norte, e tem relações simpátricas com algumas outras espécies.[4]

    O termo lêmure vem dos lemuresda mitologia romana[5][6] que eram almas dos mortos e faziam ruídos semelhantes aos dos lêmures atuais. O nome específico, macaco, deriva do fato de este ser um primata prossímio.[5]

    Como a maioria dos prossímios, os lêmures-negros usam o olfato como um método primário de comunicação, por isso usam muitas glândulas para soltar substâncias odoríferas que atrairão ou mostrarão para outros lêmures que esse local tem dono.

    Esse lêmures são de socialização até considerável, vivendo em grupos de até 15 indivíduos.[7] Quem domina são as fêmeas, que é comum nos lêmures porém não é comum entre os primatas. Por ser dessa forma sociável, eles estão espalhados por boa parte dos zoológicos no mundo.

    São considerados Vulneráveis pela IUCN, por apresentar uma extensão em início de declínio junto com a população, mas esse fator não traz muita preocupação, pois estes lêmures estão se adaptando bem a vida em cativeiro.

    História e evolução

    Os primatas parecidos com os atuais lêmures (lemuroides, lemuriformes), surgiram no início do Eoceno e viveram até o final do Mioceno (23,7 – 5,3 Ma).

    Os prossímios são uma antiga subordem de primatas caracterizada por focinhos e caudas longas, além de, nas espécies mais primitivas, por uma tendência à disposição lateral dos olhos muito similar a dos atuais lêmures, que anteriormente dominaram as florestas do norte da América, da Ásia e da Europa durante o Eoceno (57,8 - 36,6 Ma).

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    A fêmea do lêmure-negro de fato não tem cor negra

    Seu domínio, sendo comuns e bem espalhados, em um relativamente homogêneo conjunto de espécies deu-se no início da era Cenozoica, mas sua decadência foi veloz, terminando há aproximadamente 30 milhões de anos, no Oligoceno (36,6 – 23,7 Ma), quando novas espécies evoiluíram, gerando a atual diversidade de primatas, o aparecimento do que chamamos de macacos verdadeiros. A bifurcação da ordem dos Prossímios nas suas duas sub-ordens, Prossímios e Antropoides, é estimada como tendo ocorrido há aproximadamente 40 milhões de anos. O fóssil mais antigo conhecido é o Eosimias, do Eoceno da China. Neste processo de bifurcação, surge a característica fundamental que irá distinguir os antropoides dos outros primatas, que é o desenvolvimento do crânio (permitindo e associado a um maior volume cerebral) em detrimento da face.

    Suas atuais formas preservaram-se em Madagascar, na região tropical da Ásia e nas Filipinas e proximidades. Em Madagascar, tal preservação deu-se pela sua separação do continente africano no início do Cenozoico (aproximadamente 68 Ma) e pelo pouco desenvolvimento de mamíferos predadores, permitindo sua conservação e inclusive a diversificação em outras formas, ou seja, em espécies de diferentes hábitos, adaptações e tamanhos (incluindo formas gigantes, como o Megaladapis, ou "lêmur gigante").

    Características gerais

    Os lêmures-negros vivem em grupos de dois até quinze indivíduos,[7] com adultos machos e fêmeas em igual número, juntamente com seus filhos. Os lêmures-negros machos têm uma pelagem de castanho-escuro a preto com tufos negros e olhos amarelo alaranjado, enquanto isso as fêmeas são muito diferentes: as lêmures-negras são douradas nas costas e na cabeça, têm cor marrom e tons dourados nas pernas, com pele pálida nos braços, e a cauda um castanho escuro.[8]

    Taxonomia

    O lêmure-negro (Eulemur macaco) é uma espécie de lêmure da família Lemuridae.[9] Originalmente, a espécie foi dividida em duas subespécies, Eulemur macaco macaco e Eulemur macaco flavifrons.[5][6][10]

    O eulemur macaco flavifrons é o único primata além dos humanos que tem olhos azuis, enquanto que E. macaco tem marrom ou laranja, e tufos na orelha.

    Ambas as espécies vivem no noroeste de Madagascar. E. macaco ocorre em florestas úmidas da região Sambirana de Madagáscar e nas ilhas próximas. E. flavifrons é restrita à Península Sahamalaza e florestas adjacentes. Há relatos de hibridização[3][11] das duas espécies na Reserva Especial de Manongarivo.

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    Um lêmure-negro macho

    A atual separação dos gêneros dos lemurídeos está desse modo:

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    É notável a diferença entre um macho e uma fêmea de lêmures-negros

    Descrição física

    O lêmure-negro está entre 90 e 110 centímetros de comprimento, dos quais 51-65 centímetros são de cauda. Seu peso geralmente varia entre 1,8 e 2,0 kg. Esse lêmure exibe dimorfismo sexual na coloração.[12] Os machos têm pêlo chocolate preto ou escuro, enquanto as peles das fêmeas é de uma leve coloração marrom, geralmente castanho médio, castanho claro ou até marrom-alaranjado. Machos de E. m. macaco tem grandes tufos e uma orelha preta, enquanto as fêmeas de E. m. macaco tem grandes tufos e orelha branca.
    A única outra espécie de Eulemur que ocorre em intervalo intra-taxon dos lêmures-pretos é o lêmure-marrom, Eulemur fulvus, que coincide com E. macaco na borda extrema sul e leste de Madagascar, e os lêmures-da-barriga-vermelha, E. rubriventer, no Maciço Tsaratanana. E. fulvus e E. rubriventer têm uma coloração diferente e não mostram um dimorfismo sexual extremo como o do E. macaco, fazendo confusão entre o lêmure-negro e outras espécies de pelagem preta.[6][11]

    Ecologia

    O país com a maior diversidade[8] de fauna e flora em todo o planeta, é Madagascar,[4] abrigando milhares de espécimes de pássaros, répteis e anfíbios, muitos deles existentes apenas em seu território (como o lêmure), fundamentais para a vida das florestas. São os lêmures que distribuem as frutas existentes pelas selvas do país, através das sementes que não são digeridas por eles, e saem em suas fezes, renovando o ciclo da maioria das árvores do local.[13] A região onde esses lêmures ficam tem uma varição anual de −8 °C a 48 °C.

    Alimentação

    O lêmure-negro come principalmente frutas,[14] que representa 78% de sua dieta.[15] Eles são herbívoros, assim como folívoros e nectarívoros.[16]
    Durante a estação das chuvas, sua alimentação parece consistir principalmente de frutas. Eles também comem cogumelos e diplópodes que são artrópodes que inclui os embuás, piolho-de-cobra e gongolôs (no sul de Moçambique, congolote).

    Logo no início da estação seca, uma parte significativa de sua dieta vem a partir do néctar das flores. Outras coisas incluídos na dieta seca são vagens de sementes, folhas e flores.

    Relações com outras espécies

    No habitat deste lêmure-negro, há alguns locais que outras espécies de lêmures podem viver no mesmo território, como exemplo mais comum é o E. fulvus e o E. rubriventer. O Lemur catta,[17] às vezes também pode ser encontrado na área dos lêmures-negros.[18]

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    A subespécie do E.macaco, o lêmure dos olhos azuis

    O lêmure-de-barriga-vermelha[9] pode ser encontrado em todos os níveis de forrageamento da floresta, incluindo a parte terrestre, ou seja, no solo, e foi registrado que se alimenta de mais de 70 diferentes espécies vegetais ao longo de um ano, incluindo a goiaba chinesa introduzida há tempos no seu habitat[12] (Psidium cattleyanum). Alimenta-se principalmente dos frutos, mas também se alimentam de flores e folhas, dependendo da época.[16] Invertebrados como centopéias também compõem uma pequena parte da sua dieta. É por essa razão principal que os E. rubriventer alojam-se em grande parte perto das localidades dos E. macaco, sendo espécies com relações simpátricas.

    O lêmure-marrom come os mesmos alimentos que o lêmure-negro e o lêmure-de-barriga-vermelha: Frutas, folhas maduras, flores, casca, seiva, solo, insetos, centopeias e miriápodes. Esta espécie tem uma distribuição disjunta, nomeadamente, encontrada no norte de Madagascar no rio Betsiboka, em planaltos florestais dispersos, e na parte norte do rio Mangoro.

    Biólogos e cientistas, então viram que esses três lêmures possuem o mesmo hábito, mesma dieta, e o local onde eles encontram tais suprimentos para viver é o local onde há coexistência desses três. Por isso se diz que essas três espécies tem relações intra-específicas.

    Comportamento e habitat

    O lêmure-negro mora tanto nas florestas primárias e secundárias. É ativo tanto durante o dia quanto durante a noite. Eles vivem em ambos os dossel superior e médio, especialmente à noite, e durante o dia vive no inferior, chamado de sub-bosque. Em habitats degradados, habita o chão e pode até mesmo comer terra (geofagia). O lêmure-negro vive em grupos,[7] com número aproximadamente igual de machos e fêmeas, e o tamanho médio do grupo é de cerca de 10 membros, embora a média pode ser menor para a subespécie E. m. flavifrons.[3] As fêmeas são dominantes sobre os machos, apesar de lutas intergrupo serem raras.

    Os territórios do grupo tem cerca de 3,5 a 7 hectares. A densidade populacional pode chegar a 200 animais por quilômetro quadrado.

    Reprodução

    O acasalamento ocorre geralmente em abril e maio. Durante a época de acasalamento, o antagonismo entre os membros do sexo masculino aumenta, e acaba gerando uma discordância entre os grupos. Após uma gestação de aproximadamente 125 dias, um único filhote[6] é geralmente nascido entre o final de agosto e início de outubro e isso ocorre com fêmeas normalmente de dois anos de idade.
    O sistema de acasalamento desses animais ainda está sobre estudo. No estado selvagem, os grupos variam em tamanho de dois a quinze indivíduos.[7] As fêmeas são dominantes para os machos, e pode haver alguma troca de adultos entre os grupos. Em cativeiro, as fêmeas têm a sua escolha de companheiros. A partir desta informação, parece provável que a reprodução é poligâmica.
    Lêmures-negros procriam sazonalmente em junho e julho. O nascimento ocorre após um período de gestação de 120 a 129 dias. Os filhotes pode ser gêmeos, que serão criados pela fêmea. Os jovens são desmamados aos cinco ou seis meses de idade. A maturidade sexual é atingida por cerca de dois anos de idade.
    Esses animais são vivíparos pois a reprodução é feita por animais dioicos, a fecundação é interna, e o embrião é alimentado por material nutritivo advindo da mãe, que é a placenta.[6]

    Bebês podem ser encontrados agarrados a barrigas de suas mães durante as primeiras três semanas. A cerca de três semanas de idade, os lêmures jovens começam a andar em volta de sua mãe logo depois de aprenderem seus primeiros passos. A mãe continua a cuidar e vigiar seus filhos até os 5 ou 6 meses de idade. A mães proporcionam higiene, proteção[6] e transporte para os seus jovens, bem como a socialização destes. O papel dos machos no cuidado parental não é claro, embora haja algumas evidências de que os machos podem ser infanticidas em cativeiro, ou seja, matar seus próprios filhotes ou os filhotes dos outros lêmures não-parentes. Eles em estado selvagem podem fazer o papel de proteção da família e da sua prole.

    Outra característica importante é que os lêmures-negros são poligâmicos, ou seja, as fêmeas podem ter vários parceiros ao mesmo tempo, e outra importância é que em alguns cativeiros, foi descrito que a fêmea escolhe seus parceiros, o que raramente ocorre no meio natural.

    Socialização

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    O lêmure esfregando o pulso para marcar o território

    Assim como todas subespécies do E. macaco, os lêmures-negros-de-olhos-azuis, não foram estudados extensivamente no estado selvagem. Seu comportamento foi estudado principalmente em cativeiro.[18] Eles são relatados a viver em grupos sociais, entre 7 e 10 indivíduos, embora grupos de tamanhos entre 2 e 15[7] foram observados. A proporção sexual do grupo é muitas vezes tendenciosa em favor dos homens. As fêmeas são dominantes para os machos, o que lhes dá acesso preferencial ao alimento e à escolha de quem se acasalar. Este predomínio do sexo feminino é bastante típico de prossímios.

    Inúmeras tentativas de introdução[2] de lêmures-de-olhos-azuis em grupos de várias espécies de lêmures na floresta terminaram em fracasso, devido à natureza relativamente agressiva deste lêmure. Na verdade, existem vários casos de lêmures-negro que cometem infanticídio contra outras espécies de lêmures em área de cativeiro. Tal comportamento não é demonstrado por qualquer espécie de lêmure nestes outros habitats.

    Como a maioria dos prossímios, os lêmures-negros usam o olfato como um método primário de comunicação.[2][18] O método mais comum é a marcação de ambos os sexos, que é feito por meio de esfregar a região anogenital, rica em pele glandular, sobre um substrato adequado. Nos machos existem duas técnicas de marcação de cheiro não vistas no sexo feminino. A primeira é a palma da mão que onde o macho esfrega a palma da mão e punho vigorosamente frente e para trás em uma superfície por alguns segundos ou mesmo alguns minutos.

    Outra marcação única para o sexo masculino é feita por esses lêmures quando esfregam a cabeça, onde de cabeça baixa eles em seguida friccionam com um ou dois golpes de cabeça deixando o local com o odor.[19]

    Conservação

    Os lêmures-negros existem em três áreas protegidas em Madagascar, mas seu alcance é limitado e sua distribuição é desigual. As populações de suas subespécies são ainda menores, por serem menos adaptáveis a floresta fragmentada.[20] Um parque nacional foi proposto dentro do alcance deste lêmure, e espera-se que isto permitirá que esta espécie se recupere.[20] No entanto, as ameaças que enfrentam as florestas de Madagascar são tão grandes que parece pouco provável que o lêmure-negro irá se recuperar sem intervenção de mais grupos. Projetos de criação em cativeiro, em planos de sobrevivência da espécie, estão a ser coordenados pelo Parque Zoológico de Saint Louis, nos Estados Unidos. Felizmente esses primatas cruzam bem em cativeiro e espera-se que reintroduzir-los no ambiente pode ser bem sucedido e reforçará as populações selvagens num futuro próximo. Atualmente as corporações existentes para proteger os lêmures em geral são a Lemur Conservation Foundation em Myakka City, Flórida e o Madagascar Fauna Group.

    Segundo a IUCN o Eulemur macaco é listado como Vulnerável como a espécie tem uma extensão bem menor que 20.000 km²,[1] está seriamente fragmentado, e não há perda continuada de extensão, área e qualidade do habitat, bem como não há muita perda do número de indivíduos maduros, devido aos níveis de exploração.

    Esta espécie está listada no apêndice I da CITES. A subespécie E. m. macaco ocorre em duas reservas de natureza restrita: Lokobe e Tsaratanana e na Reserva Especial de Manongarivo . É protegida também na ilha de Nosy Komba, onde a população local os considera sagrados, além de servirem como uma importante atração turística. Há uma população cativa relativamente grande no mundo inteiro, e muitos lêmures desta espécie estão distribuídos por diversos zoológicos.

    A conservação dos E. m. flavifrons está presente no recém-criado Parque Nacional de Sahamalaza, que faz parte da rede de área protegida malgaxe gerido através da "Associação Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires protégées" (francês), a ANCAP. Esta área já foi declarada pela UNESCO Reserva da Biosfera. Existe uma pequena população em cativeiro em todo o mundo de E. m. flavifrons, por isso essa subespécie é considerada CR, criticamente ameaçada.

    A densidade média foi calculada em 24 indivíduos/ km ² na parte oriental. Densidades entre 25 e 35 indivíduos/ km ² parecem típicas e estima-se que a população da Península Sahamalaza tenha entre 2.780 e 6.950 indivíduos.

    Os primatas, artes e literatura

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    Uma obra de Pieter Bruegel retratando macacos acorrentados

    Primatas, como os lêmures são muito usados em pinturas, principalmente as da Idade Média, quando ocorreu a descoberta do novas terras e com elas uma nova fauna e flora exuberante, explorada em quadros pelos artistas do mundo inteiro da época. Dentre estes, existe Pieter Bruegel, que não necessariamente foi um pintor de animais, mas em uma de sua obras retratou primatas acorrentados.

    Outro exemplo pode ser citado no livro de Haeckel, Kunstformen der Natur que inclui 100 ilustrações de organismos muito variados, desde os radiolários e diatomáceas microscópicos a morcegos, orquídeas, e fósseis como as amonites, incluindo os primatas.

    Lêmures e a mídia

    Os filmes de animação e desenhos animados, usam muitos representantes dos primatas como modo de produzir personagens cada vez mais exóticos. No Madagascar (filme) um grupo de animais advindos do zoológico conhecem uma grande tribo de lêmures comandada pelo rei Julien em Madagascar. Em pouco tempo, os quatro decidem ficar e descobrir a natureza.

    É interessante ressaltar que Madagascar (filme) mostra uma grande quantidade de lêmures pois o país com maior variedade e quantidade desses tipos de lêmures é lá. O lêmure de destaque é o lémur-de-cauda-anelada, que dança a notória canção "I Like to Move It".

    Outros lêmures também aparecem no filme Fierce Creatures,[21] de 1997, estrelado por John Cleese (conhecido por sua afeição por lêmures). John Cleese também apresentou outro documentário, da BBC, chamado In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese.

    Referências

    1. a b Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Sussman, R., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). E. macaco (em inglês). IUCN 2008. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2008 . Página visitada em 1 de Janeiro de 2009.
    2. a b c Sussman, Robert W. (1999). Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Pub. p. 154–173. ISBN 0-536-02256-9
    3. a b c d W., Konstant, R., M.E. Nicoll and Langrand, O (1992). Lemurs of Madagascar: An Action Plan for their Conservation. Switzerland: IUCN
    4. a b Rabarivola, C., D. Meyers, Y. Rumpler (1991). Distribution and Morphological Characters of Intermediate Forms Between the Black Lemur (Eulemur macaco macaco) and the Sclater's Lemur (E. m. flavifrons) (em inglês). [S.l.]: Primates. pp. 269–273 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    5. a b c D., Macdonald (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    6. a b c d e f Nick Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 166–170. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4
    7. a b c d e Lisa Gould and Michelle Sauther (2007). «Lemuriformes». In: Christina J. Campbell, Agustin Fuentes, Katherine C. MacKinnon, Melissa Panger and Simon K. Bearder. Primates in Perspective. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
    8. a b «Animal diversity» (em inglês). Janeiro de 2004
    9. a b Mittermeier, R. A.; et al. (2008). «Lemur Diversity in Madagascar». International Journal of Primatology. 29: 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y
    10. Noel Rowe (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7
    11. a b Russell Mittermeier; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar Second Edition ed. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 288–293. ISBN 1-881173-88-7
    12. a b R., Nowak (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World 6 ed. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press
    13. Anderson Cooper. «CNN Anderson Cooper»
    14. Robert W. Sussman (1999). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 186–187. ISBN 0-536-02256-9
    15. Rakotosamimanana, Berthe; Hanta Rasamimanana (1999). New Directions in Lemur Studies. [S.l.]: Springer. ISBN 0306461870 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
    16. a b «"Blue eyed lemur"». Duke Primae Center. Consultado em 8 de agosto de 2005. Arquivado do original em 19 de novembro de 2005
    17. Santos, Laurie R.; Mahajan, Neha, and Barens, Jennifer L. (2005). «How Prosimian Primates Represent Tools: Experiments With Two Lemur Species (Eulemur fulvus and Lemur catta)» (PDF Reprint). Journal of Comparative Psychology. 119 (4): 394–403. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.119.4.394 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
    18. a b c Kappeler, P., J. Ganzhorn (1993). Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis (em inglês). New York: Plenum Press !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    19. Henson Robinson (1997). «"BLACK LEMUR (Eulemur macaco)"»
    20. a b N., Garbutt. Mammals of Madagascar. [S.l.: s.n.]
    21. John Cleese (host) (1998). In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese (DVD). Tigress Productions Ltd for BBC. Consultado em 7 de dezembro de 2008

    Referências bibliográficas

    • Nowak, R.M. (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
    • Macdonald, D. (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • Garbutt, N. (1999) Mammals of Madagascar. Pica Press, East Sussex

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    Lêmure-negro: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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    Eulemur macaco é uma espécie de lêmure (lémure) pertencente à família Lemuridae. É conhecido como Lêmure-negro ou lémure-negro.

    Eles vivem na ilha de Madagascar principalmente no norte, e tem relações simpátricas com algumas outras espécies.

    O termo lêmure vem dos lemuresda mitologia romana que eram almas dos mortos e faziam ruídos semelhantes aos dos lêmures atuais. O nome específico, macaco, deriva do fato de este ser um primata prossímio.

    Como a maioria dos prossímios, os lêmures-negros usam o olfato como um método primário de comunicação, por isso usam muitas glândulas para soltar substâncias odoríferas que atrairão ou mostrarão para outros lêmures que esse local tem dono.

    Esse lêmures são de socialização até considerável, vivendo em grupos de até 15 indivíduos. Quem domina são as fêmeas, que é comum nos lêmures porém não é comum entre os primatas. Por ser dessa forma sociável, eles estão espalhados por boa parte dos zoológicos no mundo.

    São considerados Vulneráveis pela IUCN, por apresentar uma extensão em início de declínio junto com a população, mas esse fator não traz muita preocupação, pois estes lêmures estão se adaptando bem a vida em cativeiro.

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    Mormaki ( шведски )

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    Mormaki (Eulemur macaco) är en art i djurfamiljen lemurer som tillhör ordningen primater.

    Kännetecken

    Djuret är en av de mindre arterna i släktet makier. Kroppslängden ligger mellan 39 och 45 centimeter och därtill kommer svansen som med 51 till 65 centimeter är tydlig längre. Vikten ligger mellan 1,8 och 2,4 kilogram.[2] Hannen är mer eller mindre rent svart, ibland med en rödbrun skiftning på kroppens sidor och på extremiteterna. Honan är i allmänhet ljusare eller mörkare rostbrun (på ryggens mitt ibland skiftande i purpurrödbrunt, med kinderna, svansen och fötterna vanligtvis vitaktiga, endast undantagsvis rostbruna. Ögonens färg är gul-orange som skiljer mormaki från blåögd maki (Eulemur flavifrons). Den senare räknades fram till 2008 som underart till mormaki[3].

    Utbredning och habitat

    Arten är endemisk i en mindre region i nordvästra Madagaskar samt på några öar framför kustlinjen. De vistas främst i regnskogar men de kan anpassa sig till torrare skogsområden och odlade regioner.[2]

    Levnadssätt

    Dessa primater är inte specialiserade på särskilda dagtider. På dagen är de ofta aktiva tidig på morgonen samt sent på eftermiddagen. Aktiviteten på natten är beroende på årstid och månfas. Under regntiden är de oftare aktiva på natten och rörligheten ökar även vid fullmåne. Mormaki vistas vanligen i trädens mellersta eller övre delar.

    Mormakier bildar flockar av 2 till 15 (oftast 7 till 10) individer.[2] Gruppen består av ungefär lika många hannar och honor samt deras ungar. Varje flock följer efter en dominant hona och har ett revir av 5 till 6 hekar. Reviren av flera grupper kan överlappas.

    Föda

    Mormaki äter främst frukter men den har även blommor, blad, svampar och några smådjur som insekter som föda. Sammansättningen varierar mellan årstiderna, under den torra tiden är nektar av större betydelse.[2]

    Fortplantning

    Efter parningen i juni eller juli föder honan efter cirka 125 dagars dräktighet vanligen ett enda ungdjur.[2] Ungarna klamrar sig i början fast vid moderns buk och flyttar senare till hennes rygg. Efter 5 till 6 månader slutar honan att ge di och efter 2 år blir ungarna könsmogna.

    Mormakier i fångenskap blev upp till 25 år gamla.[2]

    Hot

    Arten hotas främst på grund av levnadsområdets förstöring. Dessutom jagas de för köttets skull och de betraktas även som skadedjur när de stjäl frukter från odlade regioner. Utbredningsområdet är mindre än 10 000 km² stort och är inte sammanhängande. IUCN listar arten som sårbar (vulnerable).[1]

    Referenser

    Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 28 januari 2010.
    • Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A Complete Guide. Yale University Press, New Haven & London 2007, ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4
    • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie, Springer-Verlag 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6

    Noter

    1. ^ [a b] Eulemur macaco Arkiverad 15 januari 2009 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. på IUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Andrainarivo, C. et. al. 2008, besökt 6 maj 2009.
    2. ^ [a b c d e f] Eulemur macaco på Animal Diversity Web (engelska), besökt 3 maj 2010
    3. ^ R. Mittermeier, J. Ganzhorn, W. Konstant, K. Glander, I. Tattersall, C. Groves, A. Rylands, A. Hapke, J. Ratsimbazafy, M. Mayor, E. Louis jr., Y. Rumpler, C. Schwitzer und R. Rasoloarison: Lemur Diversity in Madagascar. In: International Journal of Primatology 29 (2008), s. 1607–1656.

    Externa länkar

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    Mormaki: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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    Mormaki (Eulemur macaco) är en art i djurfamiljen lemurer som tillhör ordningen primater.

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    Vượn cáo đen ( виетнамски )

    добавил wikipedia VI

    Eulemur macaco là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Lemuridae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1766. Nó là loài đặc hữu của Madagascar. Ban đầu người ta cho rằng loài này có hai phân loài,[2] Eulemur macaco macacoEulemur macaco flavifrons, cả hai đã được nâng thành loài đầy đủ bởi Mittermeier et al. năm 2008 thành Eulemur macaco vàd Eulemur flavifrons.[2] Đặc điểm khác nhau rõ nhất giữa hai loài là màu mắt; Eulemur flavifrons, vượn cáo đen mắt lục có mắt màu lục và Eulemur macaco, vượn cáo đen có mắt màu nâu hoặc màu cam.[3][4] Cả hai loài sinh sống ở tây bắc Madagascar. Vượn cáo đen hiện diện ở rừng ẩm ở vùng Sambirano của Madagascar và các đảo gần đó.[3] Vượn cáo đen mắt lục hạn chế ở bán đảo Sahamalaza và các rừng phụ cận.[3] Có các báo cáo con lai giữa hai loài nơi phạm vi phân bố của chúng chồng lấn ở khu bảo tồn đặc biệt Manongarivo.[5] Loài vượn cáo đen này dài 90–110 cm, trong đó có chiều dài đuôi 51–65 cm.[3] Trọng lượng thường dao động trong khoảng 1,8 – 2 kg.[3] Con đực và con cái khác nhau về màu sắc. Con đực có màu lông màu sô cô la tối hoặc đen còn con cái có bộ lông màu nau nhạt hơn, thường là màu nâu vừa, màu nâu hạt dẻ hoặc thậm chí màu nâu cam.[3] Con đực có những túm tai lớn màu đen, trong khi con cái có những túm tai lớn màu trắng.

    Chỉ có loài Eulemur hiện diện trong phạm vi của vượn cáo đen là vượn cáo nâu thông thường có phạm vi phân bố chồng lấn với loài vượn cáo đen ở rìa cực nam và phía đông phạm vi phân bố của nó,[3] Chế độ ăn chủ yếu là trái cây,[6] chiếm 78% khẩu phần.[7] Các thức ăn khác gồm hoa, lá, nấm và một số động vật không xương sống, đặc biệt là vào mùa khô chúng ăn mật hoa.[3]

    Hình ảnh

    Chú thích

    1. ^ Andriaholinirina, N., Baden, A., Blanco, M., Chikhi, L., Cooke, A., Davies, N., Dolch, R., Donati, G., Ganzhorn, J., Golden, C., Groeneveld, L.F., Hapke, A., Irwin, M., Johnson, S., Kappeler, P., King, T., Lewis, R., Louis, E.E., Markolf, M., Mass, V., Mittermeier, R.A., Nichols, R., Patel, E., Rabarivola, C.J., Raharivololona, B., Rajaobelina, S., Rakotoarisoa, G., Rakotomanga, B., Rakotonanahary, J., Rakotondrainibe, H., Rakotondratsimba, G., Rakotondratsimba, M., Rakotonirina, L., Ralainasolo, F.B., Ralison, J., Ramahaleo, T., Ranaivoarisoa, J.F., Randrianahaleo, S.I., Randrianambinina, B., Randrianarimanana, L., Randrianasolo, H., Randriatahina, G., Rasamimananana, H., Rasolofoharivelo, T., Rasoloharijaona, S., Ratelolahy, F., Ratsimbazafy, J., Ratsimbazafy, N., Razafindraibe, H., Razafindramanana, J., Rowe, N., Salmona, J., Seiler, M., Volampeno, S., Wright, P., Youssouf, J., Zaonarivelo, J. & Zaramody, A. (2014). Eulemur macaco. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2014.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 6 năm 2014.
    2. ^ a ă Mittermeier, R. A. và đồng nghiệp (2008). “Lemur Diversity in Madagascar”. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. Bảo trì CS1: Định rõ "và đồng nghiệp" (link) Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ không hợp lệ: tên “Mittermeier2008” được định rõ nhiều lần, mỗi lần có nội dung khác
    3. ^ a ă â b c d đ e Nick Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar. tr. 166–170. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
    4. ^ Noel Rowe (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. tr. 41–42. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
    5. ^ Russell Mittermeier và đồng nghiệp (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar . tr. 288–293. ISBN 1-881173-88-7. Bảo trì CS1: Định rõ "và đồng nghiệp" (link)
    6. ^ Robert W. Sussman (1999). Primate Ecology and Social Structure Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. tr. 186–187. ISBN 0-536-02256-9.
    7. ^ Rakotosamimanana, Berthe; Hanta Rasamimanana (1999). New Directions in Lemur Studies. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46187-0. Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)

    Tham khảo


    Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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    Vượn cáo đen: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

    добавил wikipedia VI

    Eulemur macaco là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Lemuridae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1766. Nó là loài đặc hữu của Madagascar. Ban đầu người ta cho rằng loài này có hai phân loài, Eulemur macaco macaco và Eulemur macaco flavifrons, cả hai đã được nâng thành loài đầy đủ bởi Mittermeier et al. năm 2008 thành Eulemur macaco vàd Eulemur flavifrons. Đặc điểm khác nhau rõ nhất giữa hai loài là màu mắt; Eulemur flavifrons, vượn cáo đen mắt lục có mắt màu lục và Eulemur macaco, vượn cáo đen có mắt màu nâu hoặc màu cam. Cả hai loài sinh sống ở tây bắc Madagascar. Vượn cáo đen hiện diện ở rừng ẩm ở vùng Sambirano của Madagascar và các đảo gần đó. Vượn cáo đen mắt lục hạn chế ở bán đảo Sahamalaza và các rừng phụ cận. Có các báo cáo con lai giữa hai loài nơi phạm vi phân bố của chúng chồng lấn ở khu bảo tồn đặc biệt Manongarivo. Loài vượn cáo đen này dài 90–110 cm, trong đó có chiều dài đuôi 51–65 cm. Trọng lượng thường dao động trong khoảng 1,8 – 2 kg. Con đực và con cái khác nhau về màu sắc. Con đực có màu lông màu sô cô la tối hoặc đen còn con cái có bộ lông màu nau nhạt hơn, thường là màu nâu vừa, màu nâu hạt dẻ hoặc thậm chí màu nâu cam. Con đực có những túm tai lớn màu đen, trong khi con cái có những túm tai lớn màu trắng.

    Chỉ có loài Eulemur hiện diện trong phạm vi của vượn cáo đen là vượn cáo nâu thông thường có phạm vi phân bố chồng lấn với loài vượn cáo đen ở rìa cực nam và phía đông phạm vi phân bố của nó, Chế độ ăn chủ yếu là trái cây, chiếm 78% khẩu phần. Các thức ăn khác gồm hoa, lá, nấm và một số động vật không xương sống, đặc biệt là vào mùa khô chúng ăn mật hoa.

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    Чёрный лемур ( руски )

    добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
    Царство: Животные
    Подцарство: Эуметазои
    Без ранга: Вторичноротые
    Подтип: Позвоночные
    Инфратип: Челюстноротые
    Надкласс: Четвероногие
    Подкласс: Звери
    Инфракласс: Плацентарные
    Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
    Грандотряд: Euarchonta
    Миротряд: Приматообразные
    Отряд: Приматы
    Инфраотряд: Лемурообразные
    Надсемейство: Lemuroidea
    Семейство: Лемуровые
    Вид: Чёрный лемур
    Международное научное название

    Eulemur macaco
    (Linnaeus, 1766)

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    Систематика
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    ITIS 572866NCBI 30602EOL 326527FW 232779

    Чёрный лемур[1][2] (лат. Eulemur macaco) — млекопитающее из семейства лемуровых.

    Описание

    Чёрный лемур длиной от 39 до 45 см, хвост значительно длиннее, его длина — от 51 до 65 см. Вес составляет от 1,8 до 2 кг. У животных выражен половой диморфизм, самец и самка окрашены по-разному. Самцы окрашены в однотонный чёрный цвет, однако, при солнечном свете их шерсть может иметь отлив от красно-коричневого до тёмно-коричневого цвета. В ушах у них заметны пучки волос. Окрас самок на спине от коричневого до чёрно-коричневого цвета, конечности коричневатые, а брюхо от светло-коричневого до бледно-серого окраса. Голова и морда тёмно-серые, длинные пучки волос в ушах у самок белого цвета. У обоих полов очень длинный, пушистый хвост. Глаза этих животных жёлто-оранжевые, что отличает их от близкородственного вида Eulemur flavifrons.

    Распространение

    Чёрный лемур обитает только в регионе Sambirano на северо-западе Мадагаскара, а также на нескольких расположенных вблизи островах, таких как Нуси-Бе и Нуси-Комба. Их местообитание — это влажные леса, однако, они могут жить также и во вторичных лесах.

    Образ жизни

    Эти приматы катемеральны, это значит что у них нет заданного расписания сна и принятия пищи. Днём, преимущественно ранним утром и под вечер, они активны, их степень активности ночью зависит от сезона и фазы Луны. В сезон дождей они активнее ночью чем в период засухи, а при относительно полной или полной Луне степень их активности также увеличивается. Это древесные животные, которые держатся в средней и верхней кроне деревьев.

    Они живут в группах от 2 до 15 (чаще от 7 до 10) животных, группы состоят их приблизительно равного количества самцов и самок и их общего потомства. Группой управляет доминантная самка. Площадь участка, который может перекрываться с территорией другой группы, составляет от 5 до 6 га.

    Питание

    Чёрный лемур питается преимущественно спелыми плодами, наряду с этим он питается также цветками, листьями, грибами и иногда мелкими животными, такими как насекомые и многоножки. Питание меняется в зависимости от сезона, в засушливый период важную роль играет нектар.

    Размножение

    Спаривание происходит в апреле или мае. По окончании 125-дневного периода беременности самка рожает в период с конца августа до начала октября чаще одного детёныша. Сначала детёныш цепляется за брюхо матери, позже он ездит верхом на её спине. В возрасте от 5 до 6 месяцев он отлучаются от матери. В возрасте примерно 2-х лет он становится половозрелым.

    Примечания

    1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 456. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
    2. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 83. — 10 000 экз.
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    Чёрный лемур: Brief Summary ( руски )

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    Чёрный лемур (лат. Eulemur macaco) — млекопитающее из семейства лемуровых.

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    クロキツネザル ( јапонски )

    добавил wikipedia 日本語
    クロキツネザル クロキツネザル
    クロキツネザル(オス)
    Eulemur macaco macaco
    保全状況評価 VULNERABLE
    (IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
    Status iucn3.1 VU.svgワシントン条約附属書I 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : サル目 Primates : キツネザル科 Lemuridae 亜科 : キツネザル亜科 Lemurinae : Eulemur : クロキツネザル E. macaco 学名 Eulemur macaco (Linnaeus, 1766) 和名 クロキツネザル 英名 Black lemur Eulemur macaco range map.svg
    生息域

    クロキツネザル(黒狐猿、Eulemur macaco)は、キツネザル科に分類されるサル

    分布[編集]

    マダガスカル北西部固有種

    形態[編集]

    体長38-45cm。尾長51-65cm。体重2-2.9kg。

    オスは全身が黒い体毛で被われる。メスは全身が褐色の体毛で被われる。

    • E. m. flavifrons スクレータークロキツネザル

    耳介内の体毛が房状に伸長しない。

    • E. m. macaco クロキツネザル

    耳介内の体毛が房状に伸長する。オスは房状の体毛が黒く、メスは房状の体毛が白い。

    分類[編集]

    • Eulemur macaco flavifrons (Gray, 1867) スクレータークロキツネザル
    • Eulemur macaco macaco (Linnaeus, 1766) クロキツネザル

    生態[編集]

    熱帯雨林に生息する。樹上棲。複数の同性個体が含まれる7-10頭からなる群れを形成して生活する。昼夜を問わず活動するが、乾季には薄明薄暮性、乾季終期には夜行性傾向が強くなる。

    食性は雑食で、植物の葉、花、果実昆虫などを食べる。

    繁殖形態は胎生。妊娠期間は約127日。9-11月に1回に1頭の幼獣を産む。

    人間との関係[編集]

    生息地では食用とされる事もある。

    開発や放牧による生息地の破壊、食用の狩猟などにより生息数は減少している。

    亜種スクレータークロキツネザル E. m. flavifrons

    ENDANGERED (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))

    Status iucn3.1 EN.svg

    亜種クロキツネザル E. m. macaco

    VULNERABLE (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))

    Status iucn3.1 VU.svg

    画像[編集]

    •  src=

      メス
      E. m. macaco

    •  src=

      亜種スクレータークロキツネザル
      E. m. flavifrons

    関連項目[編集]

     src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、クロキツネザルに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにクロキツネザルに関する情報があります。

    参考文献[編集]

    • 今泉吉典監修 D.W.マクドナルド編 『動物大百科3 霊長類』、平凡社1986年、30頁。
    • 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ8 太平洋、インド洋』、講談社2001年、39、153頁。

    外部リンク[編集]

    • CITES homepage
    • IUCN Red List - Home Page -
      • Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. 2008. Eulemur macaco. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1.
        • Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. 2008. Eulemur macaco flavifrons. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1.
        • Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R.A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J.C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. 2008. Eulemur macaco macaco. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1.


    執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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    クロキツネザル: Brief Summary ( јапонски )

    добавил wikipedia 日本語

    クロキツネザル(黒狐猿、Eulemur macaco)は、キツネザル科に分類されるサル

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    검은여우원숭이 ( корејски )

    добавил wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    검은여우원숭이(Eulemur macaco)는 여우원숭이과에 속하는 여우원숭이의 일종이다. 다른 여우원숭이들처럼 마다가스카르 섬이 원 서식지이다. 처음에 이 종은 2종의 아종, Eulemur macaco macacoEulemur macaco flavifrons가 있는 것으로 간주되었으나[3] 2008년 미터마이어(Mittermeier) 등에 의하여, Eulemur macacoEulemur flavifrons로 각기 종으로 승격되었다.[3]

    각주

    1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 115쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    2. “Eulemur macaco”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 1일에 확인함.
    3. Mittermeier, R. A.; 외. (2008). “Lemur Diversity in Madagascar”. 《International Journal of Primatology》 29: 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
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    검은여우원숭이: Brief Summary ( корејски )

    добавил wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    검은여우원숭이(Eulemur macaco)는 여우원숭이과에 속하는 여우원숭이의 일종이다. 다른 여우원숭이들처럼 마다가스카르 섬이 원 서식지이다. 처음에 이 종은 2종의 아종, Eulemur macaco macaco와 Eulemur macaco flavifrons가 있는 것으로 간주되었으나 2008년 미터마이어(Mittermeier) 등에 의하여, Eulemur macaco와 Eulemur flavifrons로 각기 종으로 승격되었다.

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