There is little information on lifespan of Alouatta belzebul in the wild due to the long-term observations required. Some suggest primate longevity of captive individuals is similar to that of wild ones. Alouatta species generally have a lifespan of 15 to 20 years.
Due to their large body size and loud calls, A. belzebul are easy to hunt or capture for commercial export. Extensive genetic and medical research projects have used A. belzebul as test subjects to study gene flow, natural selection, genetic drift, mutations within species, population genetics, experimental drugs and cures for life long illnesses like AIDS and cancer.
In 1999 at the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Loretta Ann Cormier discussed her work on red-handed howler monkeys. She found that they are significant to the diet, religion, and social structure of indigenous peoples. Red-handed howler monkeys and 6 other species of primates found in Amazonian Brazil are primarily eaten during the wet season. The Guajá believe all monkeys are kin, and they always take in infants of mothers that were killed for food and treat them as their children. Some people feel there is a contradiction between family and food, but the religion of the Guajá people portrays this symbolic cannibalism as a religious way of life.
Positive Impacts: food ; research and education
Howler and spider monkeys (family Atelidae) are not generally considered agricultural pests. All non-human primates can spread pathogens to humans (and vice versa) due to close genetic relationships. The spread of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites among these groups may occur though airborne or fluid transmission, physical contact (scratches or bites), handling or ingestion of tissues, and arthropod vectors.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (causes disease in humans , carries human disease)
Red-handed howler monkeys are listed as vulnerable because of a 30% population decline in the past 36 years (3 generations). This is primarily due to hunting and habitat destruction from agriculture and logging. Because they are dietary generalists and opportunistic foragers, they can adapt more easily to habitat changes and are not as affected by the habitat destruction as are other species in the genus Alouatta. Habitat fragmentation and population isolation have less of an impact on A. belzebul because of their relatively small home range sizes. In an experimental study containing logged and unlogged plots, red-handed howler monkeys did not show significant changes in activity or diet. Many local Brazilian communities have taken steps to manage logging more effectively as well as create venues of ecotourism in order to maintain howler monkey habitats and populations in the Amazon.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Red-handed howler monkeys communicate primarily through a wide variety of vocalizations (roaring, barking and grunting), specific to the type of communication involved. “Extragroup” call functions are associated with mate attraction or defense and resource defense. Males may be assessing the strength of their opponents or displaying their own dominance and possession of females. “Intragroup” call functions are associated with group coordination and alerting one’s social group of danger. While these loud call functions are found to be widespread in most primates, these mechanisms are well-studied in the genus Alouatta. It is proposed that loud howling is much less costly (energetically) than engaging in physical interaction with potential competitors for resources or mates.
Only one genus of New World monkeys, Alouatta, has fully trichromatic vision, containing genes for red, green, and blue color vision. Red-handed howler monkeys have fully trichromatic vision and perceive the world with the full visible light spectrum. In an evolutionary sense this is advantageous for selection of the best leaves and ripest fruit. Interestingly, all New World monkeys also possess a fully functional vomeronasal organ (VNO) which is used in the perception of pheromones. The VNO was originally thought to be absent in organisms with full trichromatic vision because of its loss of necessity. It was thought that if organisms can detect all color gradients, then cues about the environment and reproductive status of conspecifics can also be detected without the use of pheromones. It currently seems that this may not be the case, and A. belzebul communicate and perceive the environment with both color vision and pheromone detection.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: choruses ; pheromones
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Alouatta species were previously classified in the family Cebidae. The geological age of this taxon is approximately 40 million years old.
Howler monkeys are important seed dispersers in tropical ecosystems. In comparison to other neotropical primates, Alouatta species commonly disperse particularly large seeds and seeds of plants restricted to canyons. The mechanism of Alouatta seed dispersal is through group defecation, where undigested or partially undigested seeds may become buried in the soil or secondarily dispersed by dung beetles. Seed dispersal by Alouatta is known to aid in forest regeneration after fragmentation or destruction by human activity.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; creates habitat
Red-handed howler monkeys are primarily folivorous, eating young leaves and sometimes tree bark or woody twigs, but rarely flowers or mature leaves. While they are typically dietary generalists (one study found them to feed on 67 plant species in 24 families over a 45-day period), they commonly eat plants from the family Leguminosae (pea, legume, or bean family) and Moraceae (mulberry or fig family). Red-handed howler monkeys also feed on fruit during rainy seasons, making them the most frugivorous howler monkeys.
Red-handed howler monkeys exhibit geophagy, or the ingestion of soil. This occurs when the consumption of mature leaves is unavoidable during dry seasons, and does not usually occur during fruit-eating, or wet, seasons. Soil is usually taken from arboreal termitaria, probably because it is more densely packed with nutrients such as calcium, sodium, and organic carbon than on the forest floor. It is still unknown whether this is to take up nutrients from the soil during less plentiful times, or whether the soil helps to digest the mature leaves that may contain potentially poisonous compounds like tannins.
Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; fruit; flowers
Other Foods: detritus
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore )
Alouatta belzebul, or red-handed howler monkeys, are found in Amazonian Brazil and surrounding regions, including the states in north-east Brazil (south Amapá, Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins, and Sergipe) and states in the Atlantic forest region (Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí, Alagoas, and Paraíba). Islands in the Amazon estuary (Marajó, Mexiana, and Caviana) are also home to A. belzebul. While the range of this species may extend into the lower Amazon as well, it is poorly understood and often confused with that of Alouatta discolor. The presence of Alouatta belzebul has been confirmed east of the Xingu and Iriri rivers and in the Rio Pracupy, Portal.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Red-handed howler monkeys are found in mixed forest habitats of the Brazilian Amazon, often from the canopy to the ground; the IUCN states that their habitats range from Marajó várzea forest, to lowland Amazon rainforests, and to portions of the northern Atlantic Forest. Alouatta species typically live in undisturbed or modified dry forests to rain forests, mangrove forests, wooded savannas, and gallery forests.
Range elevation: 0 to 2,500 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest
Wetlands: swamp
Other Habitat Features: riparian
Red-handed howler monkeys are one of the least studied species of all the howler monkeys. As their common name suggests, red-handed howler monkeys have reddish hands, though some may appear more yellow. Pelage varies from black to deep reddish or yellowish. Their fur is coarse and their face and distal portion of their prehensile tail are naked and black (true of all Alouatta species). Howler monkeys in general are the largest New World monkeys. In this species, tail length ranges from 58.5 to 91.5 cm. Red-handed howler monkeys are sexually dimorphic in size; male mass ranges from 6.5 to 8.0 kg, while female mass ranges from 4.85 to 6.2 kg. In length, males range from 56.5 to 63.0 cm and females from 40.0 to 65 cm; there is, however, some disagreement in the literature over these figures with another source listing a length range from 55.9 to 91.5 cm. Red-handed howlers have 36 teeth and the dental formula is I2/2 C1/1 P3/3 M3/3.
The most distinguishing feature of Alouatta species, including A. belzebul, is their deep jaws, enlarged larynx, and calcified hyoid apparatus. This highly specialized voice box produces the characteristic howls (more like grunts, barks, and roars) used for "extragroup" and "intragroup" communication.
All Alouatta species have a zygodactylous or schizodactylous grip, meaning their first two digits are opposable to the other three.
Range mass: 4.85 to 8.0 kg.
Average mass: 5.5 F, 7.3 M kg.
Range length: 40.0 to 91.5 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
While predation is rare in large primates, there are several known predators of howler monkeys that have been extensively studied. Aerial predators are the most common, including large raptors such as eagles and hawks. Harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) specialize on monkey prey. Alouatta species react to aerial predators by giving a warning “howl” to other members of their group and then descending from the trees and dispersing, remaining still and silent until the predator has passed.
Tayras also prey on red-handed howler monkeys, and their interaction has been well-studied. Tayras traveling on the ground elicit no reaction, but once they reach the lianas or canopy, alarm vocalizations can be heard. Tayras usually attack young or subadult individuals during the day. Red-handed howler monkeys may react with either aggression or avoidance, and most attacks are unsuccessful.
There are records of Guajá Indians in Brazil that actively hunt and eat red-handed howler monkeys (the most of any other local primate), although they are not predicted to have a significant impact on A. belzebul populations. Additionally, some research has provided evidence of felids such as jaguars, attacking howler monkeys.
Known Predators:
A group of A. belzebul may be as large as 20 individuals; normal groups are 4 to 11. They are polygynous and year round breeders, though some species of Alouatta have two seasonal birth peaks (thus two breeding peaks). Red-handed howler monkeys males often howl, allowing them to asses their opponents, a cheap alternative to a physical fight or chase. Other functions of long-distance calls include mate attraction and mate defense.
Mating System: polygynous
Red-handed howler monkeys breed throughout the year and have one offspring at a time (rarely twins), with a gestation period of 187 days. Females are sexually mature at 4 years of age, with estrous cycles between 13 and 24 days, and a birth interval of 1 to 2 years. Other reproductive information specific to A. belzebul (birth weight, age at which weaning occurs, ages of sexual maturity in males and females) is not available. Alouatta palliata weigh 275 to 400 grams at birth and are weaned at 10 months. Males are sexually mature in 5 years but they do not reproduce until they have achieved a dominant role in the troop.
Breeding interval: Females give birth every 1 to 2 years.
Breeding season: Red-handed howler monkeys breed throughout the year.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average gestation period: 187 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
There is little available information on parental investment in Alouatta belzebul. In general, howler monkey males and females leave their parent's troop after they gain independence to form new troops and achieve a better position than in a previously established hierarchy. Infanticide has been observed in other Alouatta species when a dominant male takes over a new troop. Females invest heavily in young through gestation, lactation, and care of the young.
One study suggested as members of the troop ages, the females that give birth learn from others in the troop. They suggested that differences in parturition and the handling of neonates between two groups of red-handed howlers may reflect this learning.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning
L'aluata de mans vermelles[1] (Alouatta belzebul) és una espècie d'aluata endèmic del Brasil, on viu principalment a la regió de l'Aragay. Té el pelatge totalment negre, excepte les mans, que són vermelles (tal com ho indica el nom de l'espècie).
L'aluata de mans vermelles (Alouatta belzebul) és una espècie d'aluata endèmic del Brasil, on viu principalment a la regió de l'Aragay. Té el pelatge totalment negre, excepte les mans, que són vermelles (tal com ho indica el nom de l'espècie).
Der Rothandbrüllaffe (Alouatta belzebul) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Brüllaffen innerhalb der Klammerschwanzaffen (Atelidae). Er lebt im nordöstlichen Brasilien.
Wie alle Brüllaffen sind sie relativ große, stämmig gebaute Primaten. Die Gliedmaßen sind lang und kräftig, der Schwanz lang und als Greifschwanz ausgebildet – er hat am hinteren Ende der unteren Seite eine unbehaarte Stelle. Mit einem Gewicht von 6,5 bis 8,0 Kilogramm sind Männchen deutlich schwerer als Weibchen, die zwischen 4,8 und 6,2 Kilogramm erreichen. Die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge der Männchen liegt bei 58 bis 65 cm, dazu kommt ein 56 bis 70 cm langer Schwanz. Bei den Weibchen beträgt die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge 37 bis 50 cm und der Schwanz ist 45 bis 57 cm lang. Das Fell der Rothandbrüllaffen ist überwiegend schwarz gefärbt, die namensgebende rötlich-braune Färbung der Hände, Füße und der Schwanzspitze kommt nicht bei allen Tieren vor. In einige Gegenden können alle Tiere eines oder beider Geschlechter auch einfarbig schwarz oder rötlich sein. Das Skrotum der Männchen ist rostrot.[1]
Rothandbrüllaffen leben im nordöstlichen Brasilien. Sie bewohnen die Gebiete südlich des Amazonas vom Rio Xingu und Rio Iriri bis in den Bundesstaat Maranhão, die Insel Marajó in der Amazonasmündung und isoliert vom übrigen Verbreitungsgebiet die nordöstlichen Küstenwälder in den Bundesstaaten Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco und Alagoas. Sie sind Waldbewohner, die in Regen-, aber auch anderen Waldtypen vorkommen.[1]
Diese Tiere sind tagaktive Baumbewohner. Sie leben in Gruppen, die sich aus einem (manchmal zwei) Männchen, mehreren Weibchen und den dazugehörigen Jungtieren zusammensetzen. Insbesondere am Morgen ist das für die Gattung typische laute Gebrüll zu hören, das vor allem andere Gruppen auf den eigenen Aufenthaltsort hinweisen soll. Diese Tiere sind Pflanzenfresser, die sich von Blättern, Früchten und Blüten ernähren.
Der Rothandbrüllaffe wurde im Jahr 1766 durch den schwedischen Naturforscher Carl von Linné unter der Bezeichnung Simia belzebul erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Der Amazonische Schwarze Brüllaffe (A. nigerrima) und der Spix-Brüllaffe (A. discolor) deren Verbreitungsgebiete sich westlich an das des Rothandbrüllaffen anschließen, galten lange Zeit als Unterarten des Rothandbrüllaffen, werden heute aber als eigenständige Arten geführt.[1] Der Maranhão-Brüllaffe, der in einer breiten Lücke im Verbreitungsgebiet des Rothandbrüllaffen vorkommt, galt ebenfalls lange Zeit als Unterart des Rothandbrüllaffen, wurde aber 2006 in den Artrang erhoben.[2] In einer im Oktober 2015 veröffentlichten Studie wird dies wieder in Frage gestellt. Ein Vergleich des Cytochrom-b-Genoms beider Formen zeigte das der Maranhão-Brüllaffe tief innerhalb der Alouatta belzebul-Klade steht.[3]
Hauptbedrohung dieser Tiere ist die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraumes, insbesondere in den nordostbrasilianischen Küstenwäldern. Darüber hinaus werden sie wegen ihres Fleisches bejagt. Die IUCN listet die Art als gefährdet (vulnerable).[4]
Der Rothandbrüllaffe (Alouatta belzebul) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Brüllaffen innerhalb der Klammerschwanzaffen (Atelidae). Er lebt im nordöstlichen Brasilien.
The red-handed howler (Alouatta belzebul) is a vulnerable species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to Brazil, found in the southeastern Amazon and disjunctly in the Atlantic Forest between Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe.[2]
Considerable taxonomic confusion has surrounded this species. Until 2001, most authorities included the Amazon black howler as a subspecies (or simply a taxonomically insignificant variation) of the red-handed howler,[3] though its distinction had already been pointed out much earlier.[4] The red-handed howler remained variable in ecology, colour and pattern of the fur, shape of the cranium, and shape of the hyoid bone (of great importance in the voice of the howler monkeys; a likely isolating mechanism between the species),[5] but a geographical pattern was not clear, resulting in it being treated as a monotypic species.[3] In 2006, a major review of the Brazilian members of the genus Alouatta was able to match some of the variations to geography (though further study was recommended), resulting in the recognition of the Spix's red-handed howler and Maranhão red-handed howler as species separate from the red-handed howler.[5] Even with these as separate species, the colour and pattern of the fur of the red-handed howler remains variable. Most adults are black with reddish-brown hands, feet and distal part of their tails, but some are entirely black (resembling the Amazon black howler), reddish (resembling the red howlers) or somewhere in between.[5]
It lives in the biomes of Amazonian and Atlantic forests which consist of dense forest separated by drier areas. These animals can live up to 20 years,[6] and do not mature until later in their lives. They have a long gestation period, and generally reproduce more slowly than similar-sized mammals of other species.[7] From the births that have been recorded, red-handed howlers have quick, quiet births during the day when they are normally active. Once born, if the mother is experienced, she will carry her young ventrally for three weeks and then switch to dorsally once the offspring is slightly more developed.[8]
When not foraging, red-handed howlers rest in the canopy of mature trees 20 m (66 ft) from the forest floor.[8] They also live in social groups of seven to 12 members, with one or two mature males, females, juveniles, and infants.[9]
Threats to this species are numerous. First, they are a large-bodied mammal hunted for food. Females with young are especially good targets for hunting because the babies can be sold as pets and the mothers can be used for their meat. Slower reproduction of these mammals also prevents them from replenishing the population in response to this pressure. The red-handed howler monkey has one of the smallest ranges of their genus, which makes them even more susceptible to threats. Second, the Trans-Amazonia and the Belém–Brasília Highways intersect their habitats, which causes collisions with automobiles. Third, the threat from agriculture is increasing. Increasing population pressures have forced farmers to clear more land for farming and these clear-cut methods are too much of a disturbance for the red-handed howler. Some small disturbances are tolerated by species that focus more on leaves, but since A. belzebul is mostly frugivorous, it is harder for them to adapt to change. Logging is yet another concern, because it not only disrupts the habitat too much, but it also allows better access to their habitats for hunters by use of the access roads. Fourth, habitat fragmentation accompanies all of these disturbances. If the forest does eventually regenerate, there will still be no way for new howlers to come back into the area and it also prohibits gene flow and the amount of genetic variation will decrease.[7] Lastly, predation can have a large effect on the population. Since the populations are usually in groups in small areas, they are easy prey for animals such tayras. One study found tayras had found their way onto an island and took out a large portion of the population by hunting together and preying on the family groups in the area.[9]
A variety of options can be put into place to help the red-handed howler monkey recover. First, landowners can be encouraged to make sanctuaries or protect vital habitats. Since this species relies so heavily on fruit, certain habitats with a variety of fruit-producing tree stands should be focused on for protection. Second, if slash-and-burn methods are needed, farmers could use smaller portions of forest and rotate often to allow for forest regeneration and repopulation by howlers. Corridors could also be maintained between properties, crop areas, and developed areas. Success has also been documented on the use of ladder bridges across roads to allow red-handed howlers to cross roads safely. Third, translocation is could be used to repopulate suitable habitat the animals may not be able to reach because of fragmentation. Translocation could also be a useful tool in allowing gene flow between populations that would generally not mix.[7] Lastly, the genetics of the populations should be monitored to make sure adequate genetic variability is present to sustain the populations. Some of these studies are already being done using microsatellite loci to determine diversity.[10][11]
The red-handed howler (Alouatta belzebul) is a vulnerable species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to Brazil, found in the southeastern Amazon and disjunctly in the Atlantic Forest between Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe.
Alouatta belzebul, comúnmente llamado mono aullador de manos rojas es una especie del género Alouatta. Habita en el norte de América del Sur.[2]
Este mono es nativo de la selva amazónica, en América del Sur. Presenta una distribución disyunta, pues cuenta con otra población en el norte de la Mata Atlántica. del nordeste del Brasil.
Habita en especial en selvas primarias.
Se le ve en parejas y grupos. Normalmente paren una sola cría.
Estos monos aulladores comen hojas jóvenes, capullos, flores, frutas, semillas, tallos, vástagos y ramas. Las hojas son la principal fuente de proteínas y las frutas de energía y proteínas.
Alouatta belzebul, comúnmente llamado mono aullador de manos rojas es una especie del género Alouatta. Habita en el norte de América del Sur.
Alouatta belzebul Alouatta generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Alouattinae azpifamilia eta Atelidae familian sailkatuta dago
Alouatta belzebul
Le Hurleur aux mains rousses ou ouarabi (Alouatta belzebul) est une espèce de singe hurleur endémique du Brésil où l'on le rencontre principalement dans la région de l'Aragay. Son pelage est entièrement noir, excepté aux niveaux de ses mains, rousses, d'où son nom.
Cette espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1766 par Carl von Linné sous le nom Simia belzebul. Buffon l'appelle Ouarine.
Alouatta belzebul est endémique du Brésil.
Alouatta belzebul
Le Hurleur aux mains rousses ou ouarabi (Alouatta belzebul) est une espèce de singe hurleur endémique du Brésil où l'on le rencontre principalement dans la région de l'Aragay. Son pelage est entièrement noir, excepté aux niveaux de ses mains, rousses, d'où son nom.
Crvenoruki urlikavac (lat. Alouatta belzebul) je vrsta primata iz porodice hvataša. Endem je Brazila, gdje se može naći na jugoistoku Amazonske prašume, te u Atlantskoj šumi između država Rio Grande de Norte i Sergipe.
Pretežno je crne boje, sa crvenkasto-smeđim mrljama na rukama, nogama i na vrhu repa. Kao i svi urlikavci, relativno je velika, zdepasto građena životinja. Mužjaci imaju 6,5 do 8 kilograma, dok su ženke lakše sa svojih 4,9-6,2 kilograma.
Dnevna je i arborealna životinja. Živi u društvenim skupinama sastavljenih od 7 do 12 ženki. Hrani se lišćem, zrelim i nezrelim plodovima, drvenastim dijelovima biljaka, a ponekad i gljivama
Crvenoruki urlikavac (lat. Alouatta belzebul) je vrsta primata iz porodice hvataša. Endem je Brazila, gdje se može naći na jugoistoku Amazonske prašume, te u Atlantskoj šumi između država Rio Grande de Norte i Sergipe.
L'aluatta dalle mani rosse (Alouatta belzebul Linnaeus, 1766) è un primate platirrino della famiglia degli Atelidi.[2]
Il pelo è solitamente nero, più rado sulla testa e sulla faccia, che è nuda ma dotata di una folta barba, più abbondante nei maschi: solo nella sottospecie discolor le mani sono effettivamente di colore rossiccio, come indicato dal nome comune: anche la punta della coda può essere rossiccia.
Possiede una coda prensile leggermente più lunga del corpo, la cui punta presenta la parte inferiore glabra ed assai sensibile: essa viene utilizzata a mo' di quinto arto nei movimenti fra gli alberi.
Vive in gruppi di 7-15 individui, che passano la maggior parte del tempo in stato d'inattività. Ogni gruppo si compone di un maschio dominante, varie femmine ed eventualmente anche altri maschi in posizione subordinata: il rapporto maschi femmine dev'essere sempre in favore dei primi. All'interno di un gruppo raramente si trovano esemplari adulti imparentati, poiché i giovani, appena raggiunta l'età adulta, tendono a lasciare il gruppo natio per andare in cerca di nuovi gruppi di cui entrare a far parte.
Si tratta di animali prevalentemente folivori, che non disdegnano tuttavia di integrare la propria dieta con frutta e fiori.
Con tre sottospecie (Alouatta belzebul belzebul, Alouatta belzebul discolor ed Alouatta belzebul ululata) vive in Brasile settentrionale ed orientale, dove colonizza le aree di foresta pluviale amazzonica e semidecidua.
Anche l'aluatta dal mantello (Alouatta palliata) e l'aluatta amazzonica (Alouatta nigerrima) venivano un tempo considerate sottospecie di A. belzebul (Alouatta belzebul palliata e Alouatta belzebul nigerrima).
L'aluatta dalle mani rosse (Alouatta belzebul Linnaeus, 1766) è un primate platirrino della famiglia degli Atelidi.
De roodhandbrulaap (Alouatta belzebul) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de grijpstaartapen (Atelidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Linnaeus in 1766.
De soort komt voor in Brazilië.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe roodhandbrulaap (Alouatta belzebul) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de grijpstaartapen (Atelidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Linnaeus in 1766.
Alouatta belzebul é uma espécie de bugio ou guariba, um macaco do Novo Mundo da família Atelidae e gênero Alouatta, conhecido popularmente por guariba-de-mãos-ruivas, guariba-de-mãos-vermelhas, guariba-preta ou bugio-de-mãos-ruivas. É endêmico do Brasil, e possui distribuição geográfica disjunta, ocorrendo duas populações separadas: uma na Amazônia e outra na Mata Atlântica do litoral do Nordeste Brasileiro.
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil, ocorrendo tanto na Floresta Amazônica quanto na Mata Atlântica nordestina.[3] Ocorre nos estados do Pará, Mato Grosso, Amapá e Maranhão (distribuição "amazônica") e no Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco e Alagoas.[3] É uma espécie restrita às formações florestadas e seus limites de distribuição são definidos com o fim de florestas e início de formações abertas, como o cerrado.[3] Habita desde vegetação de transição com alta frequência de babaçu, até a floresta estacional semidecidual e floresta ombrófila.[4][5][6][7]
São primatas de grande porte, com até 1 metro comprimento cabeça-cauda, e peso entre 6,5-8,0 kg nos machos e 4,8-6,2 kg nas fêmeas. Sua pelagem é curta e áspera, com “barba” bem desenvolvida; possui pelagem preta ou marrom-escuro com mãos, pés e porção final da cauda avermelhados: outras variações de pelagem que definiam subespécies distintas agora são consideradas espécies diferentes (Alouatta belzebul discolor e A. belzebul ululata).[3] Sua cauda é preênsil, e apresentam locomoção lenta, quadrupedal, raramente saltando.
Sua dieta é predominantemente folívolo-frugívora (flores, folhas e frutos verdes ou maduros), o que o torna animal pouco ativo, passando mais de 70% do seu tempo em descanso. Ingestão de outros compostos tem sido registrada, como insetos, sementes, casca de árvores, raízes, musgo e terra de cupinzeiro.
Vivem em grupos sociais liderados por um macho adulto; o tamanho do grupo varia com a espécie de Alouatta e o ambiente onde vivem; no A. belzebul são encontrados grupos de 2 a 14 indivíduos. Os machos do gênero vocalizam para determinar a localização do grupo e defender seu território.
A gestação da espécie dura mais de 150 dias, onde nasce um único filhote. As crias são carregadas no ventre pela mãe nas primeiras 3 semanas de vida e após ficam aguarrados no dorso da mesma; as fêmeas cuidam dos filhotes até o desmame com 15 meses de vida. A espécie atinge a maturidade sexual com 36 a 40 meses de vida.
A espécie é considerada como "Vulnerável" pela IUCN pois suas populações diminuíram significativamente nos últimos 30 anos, sendo que as populações do Nordeste encontram-se em estado crítico (menos de 200 indíviduos).[2] Nesta última região, ainda é encontrado em algumas unidades de conservação: ocorre na Reserva Biológica Guaribas, na Paraíba; na Estação Ecológica Murici, em Alagoas; e em unidades de conservação particulares em Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte e Alagoas.[4]
Alouatta belzebul é uma espécie de bugio ou guariba, um macaco do Novo Mundo da família Atelidae e gênero Alouatta, conhecido popularmente por guariba-de-mãos-ruivas, guariba-de-mãos-vermelhas, guariba-preta ou bugio-de-mãos-ruivas. É endêmico do Brasil, e possui distribuição geográfica disjunta, ocorrendo duas populações separadas: uma na Amazônia e outra na Mata Atlântica do litoral do Nordeste Brasileiro.
Alouatta belzebul[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné 1766. Alouatta belzebul ingår i släktet vrålapor och familjen Atelidae.[5][6] Inga underarter finns listade.[5]
Hannar når en kroppsvikt av 6,5 till 8,0 kg och är större än honor som väger 4,8 till 6,2 kg. Svansen saknar hår vid undersidan av slutet och används som gripverktyg.[1]
Hanar och honor når vanligen en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 40 till 65 cm. Enligt äldre beskrivningar finns individer som är upp till 91 cm långa. Därtill kommer en 58 till 91 cm lång svans. Pälsen har oftast en svart färg och vissa individer är mera röd- eller gulaktig. Kännetecknande för arten är röda händer.[7]
Denna vrålapa förekommer i nordöstra Brasilien i två från varandra skilda populationer. Den första vid Amazonflodens mynning och den andra vid Brasiliens östligaste spets. Habitatet utgörs av tropiska regnskogar och andra skogar.[1]
Individerna bildar flockar som vanligen har 4 eller 5 medlemmar men ibland finns upp till 14 djur i gruppen. Flockens revir är 5 till 45 hektar stort och de visar sitt anspråk genom att vråla tillsammans. Födan utgörs främst av unga blad men de kan även äta fastare löv. I viss mån ingår även blommor, frön, mossa, kvistar och några termiter i födan.[1]
Alouatta belzebul är aktiv på dagen.[7]
Honor kan para sig hela året och de är cirka 187 dagar dräktiga. Sedan föds vanligen ett ungdjur eller sällan tvillingar. Honor blir könsmogna efter fyra år och hanar ett år senare. Det är bara flockens dominanta hanar som får para sig. För arten observerades inte att nya alfahanar dödade andra hanars ungar men hos andra vrålapor förekommer detta beteende. Med människans vård kan Alouatta belzebul leva 15 till 20 år.[7]
Denna vrålapa har bara ett fåtal naturliga fiender. Ibland faller en individ offer för en jaguar, en tayra eller en harpyja.[7]
Alouatta belzebul jagas i mindre skala av människor. Den hotas även av skogsavverkningar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Alouatta belzebul.
Wikispecies har information om Alouatta belzebul.
Alouatta belzebul är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné 1766. Alouatta belzebul ingår i släktet vrålapor och familjen Atelidae. Inga underarter finns listade.
Alouatta belzebul là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Atelidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1766.[2]
Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Alouatta belzebul là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Atelidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1766.
Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766)
Ареал
Краснорукий ревун[1] (лат. Alouatta belzebul) — примат из семейства паукообразных обезьян. Эндемик Бразилии, встречается на юго-востоке Амазонии и в прибрежных лесах между Риу-Гранди-ду-Норти и Сержипи.[2]
Классификация вида достаточно сложна. До 2001 года большинство экспертов включало амазонского ревуна в качестве подвида в состав этого вида,[3] хотя о различиях между ними было указано в ранних описаниях ревунов.[4] Краснорукие ревуны являются видом, имеющим различные расцветки шерсти, форму черепа и подъязычной кости,[5] однако без чётких географических границ между разновидностями, поэтому этот вид считался монотипным.[3] В 2006 году состав рода ревуны был пересмотрен, удалось скоррелировать морфологические и географические вариации красноруких ревунов, и из состава этого вида были выделены два новых вида: Alouatta discolor и Alouatta ululata.[5]
Это одни из самых плохо изученных ревунов. Как и предполагает их видовое имя, у этих приматов руки красноватого цвета, хотя у некоторых особей цвет рук желтоватый. Цвет шерсти варьирует от чёрного до красного или тёмно-жёлтого. Шерсть грубая, лицо и кончик хвоста голые, как и у всех ревунов. Краснорукие ревуны — крупнейшие из всех обезьян Нового Света. Самцы весят от 6,5 до 8 кг, самки от 4,85 до 6,2 кг. В длину самцы составляют от 56,5 до 63 см, самки от 40 до 65 см. Хвост длиной от 58,5 до 91,5 см. Имеют 36 зубов, зубная формула 2.1.3.32.1.3.3. Как и остальные ревуны, имеют уникальный голосовой аппарат, позволяющий им издавать громкие ревущие звуки.[6]
Населяют амазонские и атлантические прибрежные леса. Проводят большую часть времени в кронах высоких деревьев на высоте около 20 метров над поверхностью земли.[7] Образуют группы до 12 особей, состоящие из одного или двух половозрелых самцов, нескольких самок и их потомства.[8]
Продолжительность жизни составляет до 20 лет,[9] имеют длительный период беременности, в целом скорость воспроизводства медленнее, чем у млекопитающих подобного размера.[10] Роды проходят относительно быстро и легко. Первые три недели после рождения детёныш цепляется за брюхо матери, затем мать носит его на спине.[7]
Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду охранный статус «Уязвимый» (англ. Vulnerable). Существует ряд угроз популяции. Во-первых, на этих животных охотятся ради мяса. Во-вторых, детёнышей вылавливают браконьеры и продают их в качестве домашних питомцев. В третьих, популяция страдает от разрушения среды обитания. В четвёртых, дорожное строительство в местах обитания красноруких ревунов приводит к фрагментации ареала.[10][8][11][12]
Краснорукий ревун (лат. Alouatta belzebul) — примат из семейства паукообразных обезьян. Эндемик Бразилии, встречается на юго-востоке Амазонии и в прибрежных лесах между Риу-Гранди-ду-Норти и Сержипи.
붉은손고함원숭이 (Alouatta belzebul)는 신세계원숭이에 속하는 고함원숭이의 일종이다. 현재, 멸종위기에 처해 있다. 브라질이 원산지다. 이 원숭이는 보통 완전한 검은 색이지만, 일부 암컷들의 발과 꼬리 끝은 붉은 색다.
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