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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 15.9 years (captivity) Observations: Only 25% of individuals survive to live a second year. Compared to other species of the same genus, development appears to be faster in these animals (Ronald Nowak 1999). One captive specimen lived for 15.9 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Throughout its range, Trichosurus vulpecula is a major agricultural pest. It has caused severe damage to eucalyptus and pine forests, as well as destroying peoples' gardens. In addition, Trichosurus vulpecula is a known carrier of bovine tuberculosis which is highly contagious.

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior ( англиски )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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Although once hunted extensively for their fur in Australia, Trichosurus vulpecula is now protected. In Tasmania, this species is partially protected, but there is an annual hunting season. In addition, landowners in Tasmania can obtain Crop Protection Permits in order to help control the damage done by these agricultural pests. Trichosurus vulpecula has thrived extensively in New Zealand, where it was introduced. There are no restrictions on hunting this species in New Zealand, and even with the thousands of animals that are killed each year, the population does not seem to be declining.

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Tasmania exports fur and meat of Trichosurus vulpecula to China and Taiwan every year. In New Zealand a bustling fur industry exports hundreds of thousands of pelts each year.

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula typically eats leaves, shoots, and flowers. Researchers have noted its great ability to adapt to a number of dietary resources including a large number of highly toxic flowers and leaves. Throughout most of its range, it prefers to feed on Eucalyptus flowers, but will eat from a number of various trees and shrubs. In addition, it eats clovers, grasses, garden fruits and turnips.

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula has the widest distribution of any Australian mammal. It can be found throughout most of Australia and Tasmania. It also thrives in New Zealand, where it was introduced in 1840.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula usually resides in forested or woodland areas. These habitats vary greatly throughout its range. In Tasmania, Trichosurus vulpecula can be found throughout the rainforests and dry woodlands that cover over 60% of the area. In the Australian northwest, it prefers eucalyptus forests and mangroves. In southern Australia, they also reside in wooded areas, but are sometimes found living a semi-terrestrial life where they den in rock crevasses and termite mounds (Smith et al,(49)1984). In New Zealand, Trichosurus vulpecula can be found in most forested areas.

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
13.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
13.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
14.7 years.

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Body Length: 320-580 mm

Tail Length: 240-350 mm

Trichosurus vulpecula has large eyes and tall rounded ears. Its fur is short but dense, and its tail is typically long and is covered in long bushy fur. In some subspecies, the fur on the tail is the same length as on the rest of the body.

Throughout its range, there is considerable variation in the coat color of Trichosurus vulpecula. Color seems to vary according to habitat, and several subspecies have been identified.

Three of the subspecies are typically grey in color: T.v. vulpecula is found throughout southern Australia; T.v. arnhemensis is found in the northern tropical regions of Australia; and T.v. eburacensis is found in Cape York. T.v. johnsoni is found in eastern Queensland, and is typically red in color. The subspecies T.v. fuliginosus, which is found in Tasmania, has black coat coloration.

In all subspecies, the underside is lighter in color. A scent gland located on the chest is used to mark territories. The reddish secretions from this gland give the fur around it a brown or reddish appearance. Like most marsupials, the females have a small, forward opening pouch that is used in reproduction.

Range mass: 1200 to 4500 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average basal metabolic rate: 3.8 W.

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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There are typically two breeding seasons for Trichosurus vulpecula throughout the year. It is rare for a female to give birth twice in one year however. The highest number of births occur in the fall, with fewer occurring in the spring. Some populations of the subspecies T.v. arnhemensis are known to breed continuously throughout the year.

The females' estrous cycle lasts for about 25 days. The gestation period is around 18 days, and a single young emerges from the pouch in about 4 months. The young are typically weaned by about 6 months, and disperse anytime between 8 and 18 months. Females can reproduce by about 12 months of age, and males typically reach sexual maturity by age 2. They have an average life span of 7 years in the wild. (One Trichosurus vulpecula survived in captivity for over 14 years.)

The mortality rate for Trichosurus vulpecula is 75% in individuals around 1 year of age. That number drops considerably as the young mature and, in adult Trichosurus vulpecula, the mortality rate is only around 20%.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average birth mass: 0.279 g.

Average gestation period: 17 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
730 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
315 days.

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Meyer, G. 2000. "Trichosurus vulpecula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html
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Grace Meyer, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology ( англиски )

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The common brushtail possum is largely nocturnal and arboreal, and is an agile climber (2) (3) (4), although it may also travel along the ground (3) (6). The diet varies depending on the location, but typically includes leaves, flowers, shoots, fruits and seeds, as well as insects, birds' eggs and occasionally other small animals, such as young birds. The common brushtail possum is mainly solitary, maintaining spacing between individuals using a mixture of scent-marking, vocalisations and agonistic encounters. One of the most vocal groups of marsupials, brushtail possums communicate with a range of calls, including clicks, grunts, hisses, alarm chatters, guttural coughs, and screeching (2) (3) (4). Breeding may occur at any time of year, particularly in northern Australia, but usually peaks in spring (September to November) and autumn (March to May) in other areas. In some areas, females may give birth in both seasons. The female common brushtail possum usually gives birth to a single young, after a gestation period of 16 to 18 days (2) (3) (4). Measuring just 1.5 centimetres at birth, and weighing a mere 2 grams (5), the tiny newborn climbs, unaided, through the female's fur and into the pouch, where it attaches to one of two teats, remaining inside the pouch for a further four to five months. The young common brushtail possum is then left in the den or rides on the female's back until around seven to nine months old (2) (3). Females begin to breed at around a year old, and males by the end of the second year (2) (3) (4), with young females usually establishing a home range adjacent to that of the adult female, while young males disperse further afield (3) (7). Lifespan may be up to 13 years in the wild (2) (3) (4).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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The common brushtail possum is not currently considered threatened as it still has a wide distribution, large population, is present in many protected areas, and is able to adapt well to human settlements (1) (2). Conservation measures recommended for the more vulnerable populations include fox control, provision of nest boxes, and population monitoring (1) (6) (8) (9). In Tasmania, a management programme is in place for the species, which aims to maintain viable populations of the common brushtail possum across its range, while managing the species as an ecologically sustainable resource, and trying to reduce economic losses and damage to natural ecosystems (10).
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Description ( англиски )

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Brushtail possums are the most abundant, widely distributed and frequently encountered of all Australian marsupials (4) (5). As its name suggests, the common brushtail possum has a rather bushy tail, which is prehensile at the tip and has a naked patch on the underside, helping it to grip branches (2) (3) (4). The foreclaws are sharp and the hind foot bears an opposable, clawless first toe which gives a good grasp (3) (4). The second and third toes are fused, with a long, split claw, used in grooming (3). The fur of the common brushtail possum is thick and woolly (2) (5), and quite variable in colour, ranging from silvery-grey, to brown, black, red or cream, lighter on the underparts, and with a brown to black tail (2) (3) (4) (6). The ears are large and pointed, and there are dark patches on the muzzle (3). A number of subspecies are recognised, based on variations in colour and body size, with individuals in Tasmania generally being the largest, with dense, often black coats, and particularly bushy tails (2) (3) (4). The male common brushtail possum is generally larger than the female, and the male's coat usually blends to reddish across the shoulders. The female common brushtail possum has a well-developed, forward-opening pouch (2) (4) (6).
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Habitat ( англиски )

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This species occupies a wide range of habitats, including rainforest, woodland, dry eucalypt forest, pine plantations, semiarid areas and even urban gardens and parks (1) (2) (3) (4). Although generally found in forest habitats, it may also inhabit treeless areas (2) (5). The common brushtail possum shelters by day in a den, which may be located in a tree hollow, log, dense undergrowth, cave, animal burrow, or even in the roof-space of a house (2) (3) (5)
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Range ( англиски )

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The common brushtail possum is widespread throughout Australia, and is also found on Tasmania and a number of other offshore islands, including Barrow Island and Kangaroo Island. The species has also been introduced to New Zealand, where it is now widespread (1) (2) (4).
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Status ( англиски )

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats ( англиски )

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In some areas the common brushtail possum is considered a pest species, causing damage to pine plantations and to regenerating eucalypt forest, as well as to flowers, fruit trees and buildings. It may also carry diseases such as bovine tuberculosis. The species has long been harvested for its valuable fur, although commercial hunting is now restricted to Tasmania (1) (2) (4). There are also removal permits in place on Kangaroo Island, where the common brushtail possum is considered a pest species and a threat to other vulnerable wildlife (1). The species was introduced to New Zealand in the mid-1800s for its fur, where it has thrived despite attempts to control its numbers, and is thought to have potentially damaging effects on native vegetation (2) (4). Despite facing no major threats, the common brushtail possum has declined drastically in some areas, particularly in arid and semiarid areas of Australia (1) (4), and is now considered endangered in the Northern Territory (3) (8). The main causes of these declines are believed to be predation by dingoes, cats and foxes, as well as habitat fragmentation, the loss of suitable denning sites, and changed fire regimes in some areas (1) (6) (8) (9).
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Vertebrate Associates on Kangaroo Island, Australia ( англиски )

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The Common Brush-tailed Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a widespread folivore native to Australia, and specifically found on Kangaroo Island, among other locales in Australia. Perhaps the most notable mammal associate on the island is the Kangaroo Island endemicKangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus), the icon for whom the island was named upon European discovery in 1802. A smaller marsupial present on the island is the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii). An endemic dasyurid is the Critically Endangered Kangaroo Island Dunnart (Sminthopsis aitkeni), which is found only in the west of the island in Eucalyptus remota/E. cosmophylla open low mallee, E. baxteri low woodland or E. baxteri/E. remota low open woodland.

Monotremes are also represented on the island. There is also an introduced population of the Duck-billed Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the western part of the island in Flinders Chase National Park. The Short-beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is also found moderately widespread on Kangaroo Island.

Chiroptera species on Kangaroo Island include the Yellow-bellied Pouched Bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris), which species is rather widespread in Australia and also occurs in Papua New Guinea. Australia's largest molossid, the White-striped Free-tail Bat (Tadarida australis) is found on Kangaroo Island. Another bat found on the island is the Southern Forest Bat (Eptesicus regulus), a species endemic to southern Australia (including Tasmania).

Several anuran species are found on Kangaroo island: Brown Tree Frog (Litoria ewingii), Spotted Marsh Frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis), Painted Spadefoot Frog (Neobatrachus pictus), Brown Toadlet (Pseudophryne bibroni) and Brown Froglet (Crinia signifera).

The Heath Monitor (Varanus rosenbergi ) is a lizard that grows up to a metre in length, preying on smaller reptiles, juvenile birds and eggs; it is frequently observed on warmer days basking in the sunlight or scavenging on roadkill. The Black Tiger Snake (Notechis ater) is found on Kangaroo Island. Another reptile particularly associated with this locale is the Kangaroo Island Copperhead (Austrelaps labialis).

The Glossy Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) is found on the island, especially in the western part, where its preferred food, fruit of the Drooping Sheoak, is abundant. The Kangaroo Island Emu (Dromaius baudinianus) became extinct during the 1820s from over-hunting and habitat destruction due to burning.

Marine mammals that are observed on the island include the Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New Zealand Fur Seal (Arctocephalus forsteri), each species of which is native to Kangaroo Island, and abundant at Admiral's Arch as well as at Seal Bay.

Kangaroo Island is not so adversely impacted by alien species grazers as parts of the mainland. No rabbit species are present on the island, and introduced (but escaped) Domestic Goats (Capra hircus) and pigs (Sus scrofa) have generated only minor issues. However, a Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population introduced to the island in the 1920s has caused significant damage to certain woodland communities, especially to Manna Gum trees.

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C.Michael Hogan. 2013. Kangaroo Island. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ed. M.McGinley
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Pòssum comú ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El pòssum comú (Trichosurus vulpecula, del llatí per "cua peluda" i el llatí per "petita guineu") és un marsupial nocturn i semiarborícola de la família dels falangèrids.[1] És el pòssum més gran.

És principalment folívor, però també menja petits mamífers com ara rates. Viu a Austràlia i també a Nova Zelanda.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Pòssum comú Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (editors). Mammal Species of the World (en anglès). 3a ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, pàg. 50. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. (anglès)


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Pòssum comú: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El pòssum comú (Trichosurus vulpecula, del llatí per "cua peluda" i el llatí per "petita guineu") és un marsupial nocturn i semiarborícola de la família dels falangèrids. És el pòssum més gran.

És principalment folívor, però també menja petits mamífers com ara rates. Viu a Austràlia i també a Nova Zelanda.

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Kusu liščí ( чешки )

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Kusu liščí (Trichosurus vulpecula) je středně velký vačnatec, poznáme ho podle ocasu, který je chundelatý na rozdíl od blízce příbuzného vakoplcha drobného.

Výskyt

V celé východní Austrálii. Některé poddruhy ve střední Austrálii, jihozápadní Austrálii a na Tasmánii, vysazen byl na Novém Zélandu. V oblastech se stromovým podrostem.

Základní data

Délka kusu liščího je 35 až 55 cm. Jeho hmotnost je 1,5 až 4,5 kg.

Zajímavosti

Je asi nejběžnějším, ale zřejmě též nejrůzněji zbarveným vačnatcem Austrálie, zbarvení může být v různých odstínech hnědé, běžní jsou i černí jedinci. Vyskytuje se zejména v deštném lese, ale žije i na okrajích velkých měst jako Sydney nebo Melbourne. Jižní populace jsou odolné proti chladu. Jsou často loveni pro svou kvalitní kožešinu tzv. adelaidská činčila. Mají noční aktivitu. Je všežravcem, živí se hmyzem, ptačími vejci a mláďaty, listím, výhonky, plody všeho druhu a vybírá i popelnice. Každý rok rodí většinou jedno mládě, které se 4 až 5 měsíců zdržuje v matčině vaku a pak zůstává několik měsíců s matkou. Dožívají se 14-15 let.

Chov

Dnes je rozšířena a chová se jen v párech nebo menších skupinkách.

Chov v zoo

Patří k raritně chovaným druhům. V rámci Evropy je k vidění jen v necelé desítce zoo. V Česku je tento druh chován v Zoo Jihlava a Zoo Plzeň.[2] Do roku 2011[3] byl chován v Zoo Praha, kde byl vystavován v pavilonu Indonéská džungle.[4] Z českých zoo byl tento druh v minulosti zaznamenán rovněž v Zoo Hluboká, Zoo Chleby a Zoo Olomouc.[3]

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-11]
  2. Ročenka Unie českých a slovenských zoologických zahrad 2017
  3. a b www.Zootierliste.de. zootierliste.de [online]. [cit. 2019-03-20]. Dostupné online.
  4. ANDĚROVÁ, Romana. Noční život v pralese. Trojský koník. 2004, s. 14–17.

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Kusu liščí: Brief Summary ( чешки )

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Kusu liščí (Trichosurus vulpecula) je středně velký vačnatec, poznáme ho podle ocasu, který je chundelatý na rozdíl od blízce příbuzného vakoplcha drobného.

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Fuchskusu ( германски )

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Der Fuchskusu (Trichosurus vulpecula) ist eine – vor allem auf Bäumen lebende – Beuteltierart, die in Australien weit verbreitet ist und vom Menschen auch in Neuseeland eingeführt wurde und dort Possum genannt wird.

Beschreibung

Der Fuchskusu ist circa 35 bis 55 cm groß und hat einen 25 bis 40 cm langen Schwanz. Das Männchen wiegt bis 4,5 kg, die Weibchen nur 1,5–3,5 kg. Aufgrund des großen Verbreitungsgebietes ist die Färbung variabel. Die meisten Exemplare sind grau und der körperferne Abschnitt des buschigen Schwanzes ist schwarz. Die Unterseite des letzten Schwanzdrittels ist haarlos und kann zum Greifen verwendet werden. Die Fuchskusus im Süden von Tasmanien und die in Neuseeland eingeführten Tiere haben ein längeres, dickeres Fell. Unter ihnen treten oft Exemplare mit sehr dunklem, fast schwarzem Fell auf. Von allen anderen Kusuarten kann der Fuchskusu leicht durch seine großen Ohren unterschieden werden.[1]

Unterarten und Verbreitung

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Das Verbreitungsgebiet in Australien
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Dunkler Fuchskusu aus Tasmanien

Es werden fünf Unterarten unterschieden.[1]

  • Trichosurus vulpecula vulpecula, die Nominatform, lebt im Osten und Süden Australiens vom mittleren Queensland bis Victoria und im Südosten von Südaustralien, auf den Inseln Magnetic Island, Prudhoe Island, Känguru-Insel und Thistle Island, und in verstreuten, kleinen Gebieten im trockenen Zentrum Australiens.
  • Trichosurus vulpecula arnhemensis kommt im Nordosten von Westaustralien, im Norden des Nordterritoriums, auf Bathurst Island und Melville Island vor.
  • Trichosurus vulpecula eburacensis, ist auf der Kap-York-Halbinsel im nördlichen Queensland endemisch.
  • Trichosurus vulpecula fuliginosus, lebt auf Tasmanien und den Inseln der Bass-Straße.
  • Trichosurus vulpecula hypoleucus, kommt isoliert im Südwesten von Westaustralien vor.

Ursprünglich gehörten auch größere Gebiete des trockenen Zentrums von Australien zum Lebensraum des Fuchskusus. Die taxonomische Stellung dieser heute ausgestorbenen Populationen ist bisher unbekannt. Die kleinwüchsige Unterart T. v. arnhemensis wurde in der Vergangenheit auch als eigenständige Art angesehen. Sowohl morphologische als auch molekularbiologische Untersuchungen sprechen jedoch dafür, die Tiere als Unterart des Fuchskusu zu klassifizieren. Der Queensland-Kusu (Trichosurus johnstonii) dagegen, der früher als Unterart des Fuchskusus galt, ist heute eine eigenständige Art. Er kommt sympatrisch mit dem Fuchskusu vor, und sowohl morphologische als auch molekularbiologische Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass es besser ist, die Form als eigenständige Art zu führen. Die heute auf Neuseeland lebenden Fuchskusus stammen von Exemplaren ab, die vom Menschen aus Tasmanien, Victoria und New South Wales eingeführt wurden.[1]

Lebensraum und Lebensweise

Der Fuchskusu kommt in einer Vielzahl von Habitaten vom Regenwald bis zu offenem Waldland vor, scheint dabei aber relativ trockene Eukalyptus- und andere Wälder zu bevorzugen. Es ist eine der wenigen Beuteltierarten, die auch an Stadträndern und in Parks und anderen Grünzonen von Städten gut gedeihen. Der Fuchskusu ist nachtaktiv. Tags schläft der Kusu in einem Nest in einer Baumhöhle, zwischen umgefallenen Baumstämmen oder Felsen, in einem ausgehöhlten Termitenbau oder an einem anderen geeigneten Ort wie Kaninchenbaue, Schuppen; auch nicht zuverlässig verschlossene Deckenräume in Gebäuden sind beliebt. Die Tiere wachen ca. 1 bis 2 Stunden vor Sonnenuntergang auf und verlassen ihr Nest etwa eine halbe Stunde nach Sonnenuntergang. Bei starkem Regen bleiben sie im Nest. Obwohl sie hauptsächlich Baumbewohner sind und in baumlosen Gegenden nicht vorkommen, trifft man sie regelmäßig auch am Boden an. Während einer Untersuchung im südöstlichen Queensland verbrachten die Tiere 91 % ihrer aktiven Zeit auf Bäumen und 9 % auf dem Erdboden. Die Hauptaktivitätszeit des Fuchskusu liegt zwischen 23 und 02:30 Uhr. Der Lebensraum eines Männchens umfasst durchschnittliche 5,4 ha, der eines Weibchens ist mit 2,4 ha deutlich kleiner. Entsprechend legen Männchen in einer Nacht auch eine größere Strecke (durchschnittlich 394 m) zurück als die Weibchen (durchschnittlich 261 m). In Australien leben 0,2 bis 4 Exemplare auf einer Fläche von einem Hektar, in Neuseeland wurden in Steineibenwäldern bis zu 25 Individuen auf einer Fläche von einem Hektar gezählt. Die Reviere der Tiere überlappen sich großflächig. Zur Kommunikation geben die Tiere zischende und hustende gutturale Laute von sich. Außerdem sondern sie Sekrete aus Drüsen am Kinn, auf der Brust und an der Kloake ab. In der Fortpflanzungszeit wird die akustische Kommunikation der Tiere deutlich stärker. Beutegreifer, die dem Fuchskusu nachstellen, sind Rautenpythons, Warane, Dingos, Rotfüchse und verwilderte Hauskatzen.,[1]

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T. vulpecula arnhemensis beim Verzehren eines Apfels

Ernährung

Der Fuchskusu frisst hauptsächlich Blätter, ergänzt seine Kost aber mit Früchten, Blüten, Knospen, wirbellosen Tieren und anderem. In der Nachbarschaft des Menschen erweisen sie sich als erfinderische Nahrungsbeschaffer mit einer Vorliebe für Obstbäume, Gemüsegärten und Raubzüge in Küchen. Der Anteil von Eukalyptusblättern in der Nahrung variiert von weniger als 10 % bis zu über 95 %, abhängig von der Verfügbarkeit anderer Pflanzenarten. Akazienblätter, verschiedene Gräser, Kräuter und Farnblätter werden ebenfalls verspeist. In Tasmanien sind Südbuchen, Phebalium und Pomaderris die Hauptnahrungsquellen der Tiere.[1]

Vermehrung

Die meisten Jungtiere werden im (Süd-)Herbst (März bis Mai) geboren, eine zweite, weniger bedeutende Fortpflanzungsperiode liegt im (Süd-)Frühling (September bis November). In tropischen und ariden Regionen können sich die Tiere jedoch das ganze Jahr über fortpflanzen, je nachdem wie das Nahrungsangebot ist. 90 % der Weibchen bekommen nach einer Tragzeit von 16 bis 18 Tagen ein einzelnes Jungtier. Die Jungtiere bleiben 4 bis 5 Monate im Beutel und werden danach bis zur Entwöhnung noch 1 bis 2 Monate vom Weibchen auf dem Rücken getragen. Weibchen werden mit einem Alter von 12 Monaten geschlechtsreif. Die meisten Fuchskusus sterben, bevor sie das elfte Lebensjahr erreichen. Das Maximalalter liegt bei 13 Jahren.[1]

Nutzung

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Ausbreitung des Fuchskusu in Neuseeland von 1870 bis 2000.

Kusufelle waren um 1900 unter der Bezeichnung „Australisch Opossum“ sehr beliebt. Australien exportierte beispielsweise 1906 4 Millionen Felle. Europäische Siedler führten zur Pelzgewinnung zwischen 1858 und 1920 mehr als 600 Kusus nach Neuseeland ein. Das sogenannte neuseeländische Opossumfell oder die Wolle der durch die Bejagungsmaßnahmen anfallenden Tiere werden, je nach Marktlage, weiterhin verwertet.

Kusus als Schädling

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Schalenreste von Powelliphanta traversi, gefressen von Trichosurus vulpecula
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Warnung vor ausgelegten Kaliumcyanid-Pelletködern

Heute gibt es in Neuseeland wegen des Fehlens von natürlichen Fressfeinden etwa 70 Millionen des dort „Possum“ genannten Tieres.[2][3] Die gebietsfremde Art ist ökologisch unerwünscht. Durch die Possums besonders gefährdet sind breitblättrige Bäume wie Rata: die Tiere führen zur Schädigung der Baumkronen und ergänzen ihre Nahrung möglicherweise mit Jungvögeln. Sie haben nur wenig Einfluss auf die Südbuche (Nothofagus), aber ihre Anwesenheit reduziert die Artenvielfalt des Südbuchen-Waldes, da sie viele der anderen hier vorkommenden Arten dezimieren.

Versuche, den Fuchskusu in Neuseeland auszurotten oder zumindest die Zahl zu reduzieren, wurden mit Fallen und Gift angestellt, zeigen aber nur langsam Erfolge. Privatpersonen wurden aufgerufen, den Kampf gegen den Schädling mit zu führen. So empfahl das Department of Conservation breite Metallbänder an Bäumen, um das Klettern zu verhindern. Strommasten sind allgemein mit diesen Bändern ausgestattet. Lebendfallen werden nur empfohlen, wenn man bereit ist, das Tier anschließend zu töten.[3]

Die verwendeten Gifte, meist Natriumfluoracetat, in Neuseeland „1080“ genannt,[4] oder Natriumcyanid sind selbst umweltschädlich. Um Schäden an Jungbäumen zu verhindern, will man die Individuenzahl an Kusus sehr gering halten, vielleicht auf 5 Prozent der ohne Eingriff vorhandenen Zahl. Feldversuche mit Cholecalciferol-haltigen Ködern als Alternative zu Natriumfluoracetat wurden erfolgreich durchgeführt.[5][6]

Der Fuchskusu wird in Neuseeland als große ökologische Bedrohung gesehen, und auch Umweltorganisationen fordern seine Ausrottung. Die Schäden summieren sich mit denen anderer eingeführter Arten wie Rothirsch und Hausziege sowie menschlicher Aktivität wie Land- und Forstwirtschaft und Bergbau. Daher sind Possums in der Liste der 100 gefährlichsten Neobiota der IUCN ISSG aufgeführt.

Literatur

  • P. E. Cowan et al.: Effects of possum browsing on northern rata, Orongorongo Valley. In: Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. No. 27. Wellington 1997, S. 173–179 (englisch).
  • K. J. Marsh, I. R. Wallis, W. J. Foley: The effect of inactivating tannins on the intake of Eucalyptus foliage by a specialist Eucalyptus folivore (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and a generalist herbivore (Trichosurus vulpecula). In: Australian Journal of Zoology. No. 51, 2003, S. 41–42 (englisch).
  • I. J. Payton et al.: Response of selected tree species to culling of introduced Australian brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula at Waipoua Forest, Northland, New Zealand. In: Biological Conservation. No. 81, 1997, S. 247–255 (englisch).
  • G. M. Rogers, J. R. Leathwick: Factors predisposing forests to canopy collapse in the southern Ruahine Range, New Zealand. In: Biological Conservation. No. 80, 1997, S. 325–338 (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f Kristofer Helgen & Stephen Jackson: Family Phalangeridae (Cuscuses, Brush-tailed Possums and Scaly-tailed Possum). In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5. Monotremes and Marsupials. Lynx Editions, 2015, ISBN 978-84-96553-99-6, S. 483
  2. The Possum. Kiwi Conservation Club, April 2001, archiviert vom Original am 24. Mai 2009; abgerufen am 8. September 2019 (englisch, Originalwebseite nicht mehr verfügbar).
  3. a b Possums. Department of Conservation, archiviert vom Original am 26. Dezember 2013; abgerufen am 8. September 2019 (englisch, Originalwebseite nicht mehr verfügbar).
  4. The use of 1080 for pest control. Department of Conservation, Juli 2004, archiviert vom Original am 6. Januar 2013; abgerufen am 8. September 2019 (englisch, Originalwebseite nicht mehr verfügbar).
  5. David Morgan, Bruce Warburton, Graham Nugent: Aerial Prefeeding Followed by Ground Based Toxic Baiting for More Efficient and Acceptable Poisoning of Invasive Small Mammalian Pests. In: PloS One. Band 10, Nr. 7, 2015, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134032, PMID 26218095, PMC 4517755 (freier Volltext).
  6. Neena Singla und Sumanpreet Kaur: Toxicity of cholecalciferol to lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis: Biochemical and histopathological changes. In: International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. Band 103, 1. September 2015, S. 125–133, doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.021.
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Fuchskusu: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Der Fuchskusu (Trichosurus vulpecula) ist eine – vor allem auf Bäumen lebende – Beuteltierart, die in Australien weit verbreitet ist und vom Menschen auch in Neuseeland eingeführt wurde und dort Possum genannt wird.

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Common brushtail possum ( англиски )

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The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, from the Greek for "furry tailed" and the Latin for "little fox", previously in the genus Phalangista[4]) is a nocturnal, semiarboreal marsupial of the family Phalangeridae, native to Australia and invasive in New Zealand, and the second-largest of the possums.

Like most possums, the common brushtail possum is nocturnal. It is mainly a folivore, but has been known to eat small mammals such as rats. In most Australian habitats, eucalyptus leaves are a significant part of the diet, but rarely the sole item eaten. Its tail is prehensile and naked on its lower underside. The four colour variations are silver-grey, brown, black, and gold.[5]

It is the Australian marsupial most often seen by city dwellers, as it is one of few that thrive in cities and a wide range of natural and human-modified environments. Around human habitations, common brushtails are inventive and determined foragers with a liking for fruit trees, vegetable gardens, and kitchen raids. Its once vast distribution alone has been greatly affect by drought, epizootic disease and intrusion of invasive mammals into its habitat.[6]

The common brushtail possum was introduced to New Zealand in the 1850s to establish a fur industry, but in the mild subtropical climate of New Zealand, and with few to no natural predators, it thrived to the extent that it became a major agricultural and conservation pest.

Description

Skeleton of common brushtail possum
Skull of a common brushtail possum

The common brushtail possum has large and pointed ears. Its bushy tail (hence its name) is adapted to grasping branches, prehensile at the end with a hairless ventral patch.[7][8] Its fore feet have sharp claws and the first toe of each hind foot is clawless, but has a strong grasp.[8] The possum grooms itself with the third and fourth toes which are fused together.[8] It has a thick and woolly pelage that varies in colour depending on the subspecies. Colour patterns tend to be silver-grey, brown, black, red, or cream. The ventral areas are typically lighter and the tail is usually brown or black.[7][8] The muzzle is marked with dark patches.

The common brushtail possum has a head and body length of 32–58 cm[7] with a tail length of 24–40 cm.[8] It weighs 1.2-4.5 kg.[8] Males are generally larger than females. In addition, the coat of the male tends to be reddish at the shoulders. As with most marsupials, the female brushtail possum has a forward-opening, well-developed pouch.[7] The chest of both sexes has a scent gland that emits a reddish secretion which stains that fur around it. It marks its territory with these secretions.[9]

Biology and ecology

Range and habitat

Brushtail possum in tree

The common brushtail possum is perhaps the most widespread marsupial of Australia. It is found throughout the eastern and northern parts of the continent, as well as some western regions,[10][6] Tasmania[11] and a number of offshore islands, such as Kangaroo Island[12] and Barrow Island.[13][14] Western Australia alone has several scattered population groups locally distinguished with given indigenous names: nunguin in Kimberley, walambari in Pilbara, wayurta in the desert areas, and bilda in Nullarbor Plain shared with South Australia among many others.[6]

It is also widespread in New Zealand since its introduction in 1850. The common brushtail possum can be found in a variety of habitats, such as forests, semi-arid areas and even cultivated or urban areas.[7][8] It is mostly a forest inhabiting species, however it is also found in treeless areas.[8] In New Zealand, possums favour broadleaf-podocarp near farmland pastures.[15] In southern beech forests and pine plantations, possums are less common.[15] Overall, brushtail possums are more densely populated in New Zealand than in their native Australia.[16] This may be because Australia has more fragmented eucalypt forests and more predators. In Australia, brushtail possums are threatened by humans, tiger quolls, dogs, foxes,[6] cats, goannas, carpet snakes, and powerful owls. In New Zealand, brushtail possums are threatened only by humans and cats.[16] The IUCN highlight the population trend in Australia as decreasing.

The northern subspecies of the common brushtail possum has declined substantially, with one study in Australia's Northern Territory finding a 22% reduction in the extent of occurrence of and a 50% reduction in the breadth of occupied environmental space.[17] Analysis of contemporary occurrence points suggested that the species is contracting towards areas of higher rainfall, lower fire frequency, and higher vegetation cover.[17]

Food and foraging

The common brushtail possum can adapt to numerous kinds of vegetation but it is largely omnivorous.[16] It prefers Eucalyptus leaves, but also eats flowers, shoots, fruits, and seeds.[16] It may also consume animal matter such as insects, birds' eggs and chicks, and other small vertebrates.[18] Brushtail possums may eat three or four different plant species during a foraging trip, unlike some other arboreal marsupials, such as the koala and the greater glider, which focus on single species. The brushtail possum's rounded molars cannot cut Eucalyptus leaves as finely as more specialised feeders. They are more adapted to crushing their food, which enables them to chew fruit or herbs more effectively. The brushtail possums' caecum lacks internal ridges and cannot separate coarse and fine particles as efficiently as some other arboreal marsupials.[16] The brushtail possum cannot rely on Eucalyptus alone to provide sufficient protein.[19] Its more generalised and mixed diet, however, does provide adequate nitrogen.[20]

Brushtail possums feeding

Behaviour

Brushtail possum (brown form)

The common brushtail possum is largely arboreal and nocturnal. It has a mostly solitary lifestyle, and individuals keep their distance with scent markings (urinating) and vocalisations. They usually make their dens in natural places such as tree hollows and caves, but also use spaces in the roofs of houses. While they sometimes share dens, brushtails normally sleep in separate dens. Individuals from New Zealand use many more den sites than those from Australia.[21] Brushtail possums compete with each other and other animals for den spaces, and this contributes to their mortality. This is likely another reason why brushtail possum population densities are smaller in Australia than in New Zealand.[16] Brushtail possums are usually not aggressive towards each other and usually just stare with erect ears.[16] They vocalise with clicks, grunts, hisses, alarm chatters, guttural coughs, and screeching.[7][8]

Reproduction and life history

Brushtail possum with young

The common brushtail possum can breed at any time of the year, but breeding tends to peak in spring, from September to November, and in autumn, from March to May, in some areas. Mating is promiscuous and random; some males can sire several young in a season, while over half sire none.[16] In one Queensland population, males apparently need a month of consorting with females before they can mate with them.[22] Females have a gestation period of 16–18 days, after which they give birth to single young.[7][8] A newborn brushtail possum is only 1.5 cm long and weighs only 2 g. As usual for marsupials, the newborn may climb, unaided, through the female's fur and into the pouch and attach to a teat. The young develops and remains inside the mother's pouch for another 4–5 months. A preliminary study inducing ovulation through exposure of hormones resulted in changes to the appearance of mammary glands in females suggesting that mammary glands provide immunological protection to neonates through milk secretions.[23] When older, the young is left in the den or rides on its mother's back until it is 7–9 months old.[7][8] Females reach sexual maturity when they are a year old, and males do so at the end of their second year.[7][8] Brushtail possums can live up to 13 years in the wild.[7][8]

Female young have a higher survival rate than their male counterparts due to establishing their home ranges closer to their mothers, while males travel farther in search of new nesting sites, encountering established territories from which they may be forcibly ejected. In New Zealand's Ōrongorongo population, female young have been found to continue to associate with their mothers after weaning, and some inherit the prime den sites.[24] A possible competition exists between mothers and daughters for dens, and daughters may be excluded from a den occupied by the mother.[25] In forests with shortages of den sites, females apparently produce more sons, which do not compete directly for den sites, while in forests with plentiful den sites, female young are greater in number.[25]

Brushtail possum exhibiting exudative dermatitis, a condition that often results from stress associated with overcrowding, particularly in young males attempting to assert territory

Relationship with humans

Abandoned joey handed to Fauna Rescue, Adelaide, South Australia
Abandoned joey with Fauna Rescue volunteer, Adelaide, South Australia

The common brushtail possum is considered a pest in some areas, as it is known to cause damage to pine plantations, regenerative forest, flowers, fruit trees, and buildings. Like other possums, it is rather tolerant of humans and can sometimes be hand fed, although it is not encouraged, as their claws are quite sharp and can cause infection or disease to humans if scratched. It is a traditional food source for some indigenous Australians.

Australia

Its fur has been considered valuable and has been harvested. Although once hunted extensively for its fur in Australia, the common brushtail possum is now protected in mainland states, but it has only been partially protected in Tasmania, where an annual hunting season is used. In addition, Tasmania gives crop-protection permits to landowners whose property has been damaged.[9]

While its populations are declining in some regions due to habitat loss, urban populations indicate an adaptation to the presence of humans.[26] In some mainland states, possum trapping is legal to catch when attempting to evict possums from human residences (e.g. roofs), but possums must be released after dusk within 24 hours of capture, no more than 50 m from the trapping site. In some states, e.g. Victoria, trapped possums may be taken to registered veterinarians for euthanasia.[27] In South Australia, they are fully protected and permits are required for trapping possums in human residences[28] or for keeping or rescuing sick or injured wild possums and other native animals.[29] In Queensland, they can only be trapped by licensed commercial relocators who must release possums within 25 metres of the point of capture to ensure that an animal is not released into another possum's home range (possums are less likely to survive if they are released into a new area where they do not have access to a den or must compete with a neighbouring possum for den space).[30]

New Zealand

Since its introduction from Australia by European settlers in the 1850s, the common brushtail possum has become a major threat to New Zealand native forests and birds. It is also a host for the highly contagious bovine tuberculosis.[9] (This is not an issue in Australia, where the disease has been eradicated.[31])

By the 1980s, the peak population had reached an estimated 60–70 million, but is now down to an estimated 30 million due to control measures. The New Zealand Department of Conservation controls possum numbers in many areas via the aerial dropping of 1080-laced bait.[32] Hunting is not restricted, but the population seems to be stable despite the annual killing of thousands of the animals.[9]

Hunting

Possums are a pest in New Zealand and Tasmania, where they are culled for their meat and fur. However, due to tuberculosis being prevalent in many possums across most of New Zealand, possums are generally only eaten in Northland, where the disease does not exist in possums. In Northland, possum meat has even been used in meat pies.[33]

In Tasmania, possum meat is served at some restaurants. On Bruny Island, possum meat is sold at Bruny Island Game Meats, which also sell it at farmer's markets, including in Hobart.[34]

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Morris, K.; Woinarski, J.; Friend, T.; Foulkes, J.; Kerle, A.; Ellis, M. (2016). "Trichosurus vulpecula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40585A21952080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40585A21952080.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ Linné, Carl von; Archer, J.; Gmelin, Johann Friedrich; Kerr, Robert (1792). The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnæus. containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young. Vol. 1. Printed for A. Strahan, and T. Cadell, London, and W. Creech, Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  4. ^ "Define Phalangista vulpina - Source: '*'". www.hydroponicsearch.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-12. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
  5. ^ "Brushtail Possum". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d I Abbott (2012). "Original distribution of Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in Western Australia, with particular reference to occurrence outside the southwest". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 95: 83–93.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nowak, R.M. (1991) Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cronin, L. (2008) Cronin’s Key Guide Australian Mammals. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
  9. ^ a b c d Meyer, Grace (2000). "Trichosurus vulpecula (silver-gray brushtail possum)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  10. ^ "Living with possums" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Land Management. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  11. ^ "Brushtail Possum". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (Tasmania). Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Living with Possums in South Australia" (PDF). Department for Environment and Heritage. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  13. ^ "A Guide to the Mammals of Barrow Island" (PDF). Chevron Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  14. ^ "Tagged Barrow Island possums perish on mainland". Perth Now. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  15. ^ a b Efford MG (2000) "Possum density, population structure, and dynamics". In: The Brushtail Possum. TL Montague. (ed) Chapter 5, pp. 47-66. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln New Zealand.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h H Tyndale-Biscoe. (2005) Life of Marsupials. pp. 250-58. CSIRO Publishing.
  17. ^ a b von Takach, Brenton; Scheele, Ben C.; Moore, Harry; Murphy, Brett P.; Banks, Sam C. (2020). "Patterns of niche contraction identify vital refuge areas for declining mammals". Diversity and Distributions. 26 (11): 1467–1482. doi:10.1111/ddi.13145. ISSN 1366-9516.
  18. ^ "Trichosurus vulpecula — Common Brush-tailed Possum". Encyclopedia of Life. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  19. ^ Wellard GA, Hume ID (1981) "Nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen requirement of the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr)." Australian Journal of Zoology 29:147-57.
  20. ^ Harris PM, Dellow DW, Broadhurst RB, (1985) "Protein and energy requirement and deposition in the growing brushtail possum and rex rabbit". Australian Journal of Zoology 33:425-36.
  21. ^ Green WQ (1984) "A review of ecological studies relevant to management of the common brushtail possum". In Possums and Gliders. AP Smith, ID Hume pp 483-99. New South Wales: Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited.
  22. ^ Winter JW (1976) The behaviour and social organisation of the brush-tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, Kerr) PhD Thesis, University of Queensland.
  23. ^ Old, Julie M.; Irving, M.; Deane, Elizabeth M. (2005-07-04). "BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Histology of the pouch epithelium and the mammary glands during chemically induced oestrus in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)". Journal of Anatomy. 207 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00424.x. ISSN 0021-8782.
  24. ^ Brockie R. (1992) A Living New Zealand Forest. Pp. 172. Dave Bateman Auckland.
  25. ^ a b Johnson CN, Clinchy M, Taylor AC, Krebs CJ, Jarman PJ, Payne A, Ritchie EG. (2001) "Adjustment of offspring sex ratios in relation to the availability of resources for philopatric offspring in the common brushtail possum". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268:2001-05.
  26. ^ Roetman, P.E.J. & Daniels, C.B. (2009): The Possum-Tail Tree: Understanding Possums through Citizen Science. Barbara Hardy Centre for Sustainable Urban Environments Archived 2012-07-09 at the Wayback Machine, University of South Australia. ISBN 978-0-646-52199-2
  27. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment> Living with Possums in Victoria - Questions and Answers Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 10 July 2012.
  28. ^ SA Department for Environment and Water> Plants and animals> Possums Archived 2012-06-26 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  29. ^ SADepartment for Environment and Water> Possum Permits Archived 2019-04-21 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  30. ^ "Brushtail possums". Department of Environment and Science, Queensland. 2021-10-18. Archived from the original on 2020-03-08. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
  31. ^ More, SJ; Radunz, B; Glanville, RJ (5 September 2015). "Lessons learned during the successful eradication of bovine tuberculosis from Australia". The Veterinary Record. 177 (9): 224–32. doi:10.1136/vr.103163. PMC 4602242. PMID 26338937.
  32. ^ Green, Wren. "The use of 1080 for pest control" (PDF). Animal Health Board and Department of Conservation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  33. ^ Harris, Sarah (25 Aug 2015). "Possum on menu in the Far North". Stuff.
  34. ^ "Having the locals for dinner: Putting possum on the menu - ABC (None) - Australian Broadcasting Corporation". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
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Common brushtail possum: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, from the Greek for "furry tailed" and the Latin for "little fox", previously in the genus Phalangista) is a nocturnal, semiarboreal marsupial of the family Phalangeridae, native to Australia and invasive in New Zealand, and the second-largest of the possums.

Like most possums, the common brushtail possum is nocturnal. It is mainly a folivore, but has been known to eat small mammals such as rats. In most Australian habitats, eucalyptus leaves are a significant part of the diet, but rarely the sole item eaten. Its tail is prehensile and naked on its lower underside. The four colour variations are silver-grey, brown, black, and gold.

It is the Australian marsupial most often seen by city dwellers, as it is one of few that thrive in cities and a wide range of natural and human-modified environments. Around human habitations, common brushtails are inventive and determined foragers with a liking for fruit trees, vegetable gardens, and kitchen raids. Its once vast distribution alone has been greatly affect by drought, epizootic disease and intrusion of invasive mammals into its habitat.

The common brushtail possum was introduced to New Zealand in the 1850s to establish a fur industry, but in the mild subtropical climate of New Zealand, and with few to no natural predators, it thrived to the extent that it became a major agricultural and conservation pest.

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Vulpoposumo ( есперанто )

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La Vulpoposumo nome vulpo posumoKutima penikvosta posumo (Trichosurus vulpecula, el la greka por "harecvosta" kaj latina por "vulpeto", iam en la genro Phalangista[1]) estas noktula, duon-arboloĝanta marsupiulo de la familio Falangeredoj, indiĝena de Aŭstralio, kaj la plej granda el la posumoj.

Kiel ĉe plej posumoj, la Vulpoposumo estas noktula. Ĝi estas ĉefe folimanĝanto, sed ĝi manĝas ankaŭ malgrandajn mamulojn kiaj ratoj. En plej aŭstraliaj habitatoj, folioj de eŭkaliptoj estas grava parto de la dieto sed rare la unika manĝero. La vosto estas kaptila kaj nuda sube. Estas kvar kolorvarioj: arĝento-griza, bruna, nigra kaj orkolora.[2]

Ĝi estas la marsupiulo de Aŭstralio plej ofte vidata de urbanoj, ĉar ĝi estas unu el malmultaj kiuj vagadas tra urboj, same kiel ĉe ampleksa gamo de naturaj kaj hom-modifitaj medioj. Ĉe homaj setlejoj, tiuj posumoj estas inventemaj kaj pretaj manĝi per likado el fruktarboj, vegetalaj ĝardenoj kaj eĉ el kuirejoj.

En Novzelando, kie ĝi estis enmetita en la 19a jarcento, ĝi estas grava agrikultura kaj porkonservada plago.

Notoj

  1. Define Phalangista vulpina - Source: '*'. www.hydroponicsearch.com. Alirita 2010-03-10.
  2. Brushtail Possum. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Alirita 19a Julio 2010.

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Vulpoposumo: Brief Summary ( есперанто )

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La Vulpoposumo nome vulpo posumo aŭ Kutima penikvosta posumo (Trichosurus vulpecula, el la greka por "harecvosta" kaj latina por "vulpeto", iam en la genro Phalangista) estas noktula, duon-arboloĝanta marsupiulo de la familio Falangeredoj, indiĝena de Aŭstralio, kaj la plej granda el la posumoj.

Kiel ĉe plej posumoj, la Vulpoposumo estas noktula. Ĝi estas ĉefe folimanĝanto, sed ĝi manĝas ankaŭ malgrandajn mamulojn kiaj ratoj. En plej aŭstraliaj habitatoj, folioj de eŭkaliptoj estas grava parto de la dieto sed rare la unika manĝero. La vosto estas kaptila kaj nuda sube. Estas kvar kolorvarioj: arĝento-griza, bruna, nigra kaj orkolora.

Ĝi estas la marsupiulo de Aŭstralio plej ofte vidata de urbanoj, ĉar ĝi estas unu el malmultaj kiuj vagadas tra urboj, same kiel ĉe ampleksa gamo de naturaj kaj hom-modifitaj medioj. Ĉe homaj setlejoj, tiuj posumoj estas inventemaj kaj pretaj manĝi per likado el fruktarboj, vegetalaj ĝardenoj kaj eĉ el kuirejoj.

En Novzelando, kie ĝi estis enmetita en la 19a jarcento, ĝi estas grava agrikultura kaj porkonservada plago.

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Trichosurus vulpecula ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El pósum de cola de cepillo o zarigüeya australiana (Trichosurus vulpecula)[1]​ es una especie de marsupial diprotodonto de la familia Phalangeridae. Está incluido en la lista 100 de las especies exóticas invasoras más dañinas del mundo[2]​ de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza

Características

Es de color rojo cobrizo a gris oscuro, con tonos moteados intermedios o incluso blancos. El cuerpo mide 35-58 cm, y la cola 25-40 cm. Es el más grande oposúm marsupial visto por los ciudadanos, ya que es uno de los pocos que abundan en las ciudades, en la naturaleza y espacios cambiados por el hombre. Pese a que se parece a la cola de un zorro, la característica cola prensil está pelada por abajo. Es un animal solitario y poco sociable de hábitos arborícolas nocturnos, alimentándose de noche de vegetales, aunque no desprecia otros alimentos tanto de origen animal como pollos de aves o la corteza de los árboles. Salta y trepa ágilmente, nidifica en los árboles, troncos huecos o agujeros en rocas o en el suelo. Es capaz de emitir silbidos y gruñidos y usa las garras delanteras para alimentarse y defenderse.

Distribución

Trichosurus vulpecula, escaso en Tasmania y Australia, donde llegó a estar en peligro de extinción, introducido en Nueva Zelanda para la industria del cuero, ha causado un daño considerable a los bosques autóctonos cambiando su composición y estructura por la defoliación y erradicación de sus plantas alimenticias preferidas.

 src=
Un ejemplar de posúm cola de escoba.

Referencias

  1. del griego para cola peluda y el latin para pequeño zorro, en inglés: Common Brushtail Possum.
  2. Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S., De Poorter M. (2000). 100 de las Especies Exóticas Invasoras más dañinas del mundo. Una selección del Global Invasive Species Database. Publicado por el Grupo Especialista de Especies Invasoras (GEEI), un grupo especialista de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies (CSE) de la Unión Mundial para la Naturaleza (UICN), 12pp. Primera edición, en inglés, sacada junto con el número 12 de la revista Aliens, Diciembre de 2000. Versión traducida y actualizada: Noviembre de 2004.

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Trichosurus vulpecula: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El pósum de cola de cepillo o zarigüeya australiana (Trichosurus vulpecula)​ es una especie de marsupial diprotodonto de la familia Phalangeridae. Está incluido en la lista 100 de las especies exóticas invasoras más dañinas del mundo​ de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza

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Trichosurus vulpecula ( баскиски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula Trichosurus generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Phalangerinae azpifamilia eta Phalangeridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Kerr (1792) 1 In Linnaeus 198. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Trichosurus vulpecula: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula Trichosurus generoko animalia da. Martsupialen barruko Diprotodontia ordeneko animalia da. Phalangerinae azpifamilia eta Phalangeridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Kettukusu ( фински )

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Kettukusu (Trichosurus vulpecula) kuuluu Australian alkuperäisten nisäkkäiden sopeutuvaisimpiin lajeihin. Aikanaan sitä metsästettiin paljon tiheän ja pehmeän turkkinsa vuoksi. Nykyisin tämä laajalle levinnyt pussieläin on yhtä kotonaan esikaupunkialueiden puutarhoissa kuin mantereen takamaillakin. Päivisin kettukusu lepää kerälle kiertyneenä turvapaikassaan, mutta ilmestyy esiin yöllä ruoanhakuretkilleen.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Kettukusu on tavallisesti harmaa ja sillä on musta häntä, jonka alapinta on paljas. Sen etujaloissa on viisi vahvakyntistä varvasta, joilla eläin pitelee ruokaansa.

Lajista on olemassa useita erilaisia värimuotoja, kuten hopeanharmaa ja kuparinpunainen[2].

Kettukusu on arvostettu turkiseläin, minkä johdosta sitä metsästetään paljon.[2]

Äänet

Kettukusulla on monenlaisia ääniä, kuten kirkaisuja, sihinää, murinaa, röhkinää ja eräänlaista lörpöttelyä.[2] Osa äänistä on niin voimakkaita, että ihminenkin kuulee ne 300 metrin etäisyydeltä.[2]

Levinneisyys

Kettukusun luontaiseen elinalueeseen kuuluvat manner-Australia, Tasmania sekä Kangaroo Island ja Barrow’n saari.

Kettukusuja istutettiin Uuteen-Seelantiin turkiseläimiksi 1900-luvun alussa.[2] Tuotu kanta on kasvanut huomattavan suureksi ja aiheuttanut vahinkoa alkuperäiselle kasvillisuudelle, mistä johtuen kettukusu on määritelty yhdeksi sadasta haitallisimmasta vieraslajista.[3] Kasvillisuustuhojen lisäksi Uudessa-Seelannissa on epäilty, että kettukusut levittäisivät nautatuberkuloosia.[2] Kusuja on yritetty hävittää muun muassa myrkyttämällä 1970-luvulta lähtien, mutta kannat ovat edelleen runsaslukuiset sekä Pohjois- että Eteläsaarella.[2]

Elinympäristö

Kettukusun elinympäristöä ovat trooppiset metsät, puistot, ruohomaat ja havumetsät.

Ravinto

Kettukusu syö pääasiassa versoja, lehtiä, kukkia, hedelmiä ja siemeniä. Myös hyönteisiä ja nuoria lintuja.

Lähteet

  1. Morris, K., Woinarski, J., Friend, T., Foulkes, J., Kerle, A. & Ellis, M.: Trichosurus vulpecula IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 3.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e f g Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Maailman eläimet: Nisäkkäät 2, s. 412–414. Helsinki: Tammi, 1987. ISBN 951-30-6531-6.
  3. 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species Issg.org. Global Invasive Species Database. Viitattu 29.3.2011. (englanniksi)
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Kettukusu: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Kettukusu (Trichosurus vulpecula) kuuluu Australian alkuperäisten nisäkkäiden sopeutuvaisimpiin lajeihin. Aikanaan sitä metsästettiin paljon tiheän ja pehmeän turkkinsa vuoksi. Nykyisin tämä laajalle levinnyt pussieläin on yhtä kotonaan esikaupunkialueiden puutarhoissa kuin mantereen takamaillakin. Päivisin kettukusu lepää kerälle kiertyneenä turvapaikassaan, mutta ilmestyy esiin yöllä ruoanhakuretkilleen.

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Trichosurus vulpecula ( француски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula, appelé Phalanger-renard[1] (ou Phalanger renard), Phalanger vulpin, Phalanger commun, Opossum d'Australie[2], Opossum à queue en brosse[3], Cousou ou localement « possum » (ne pas confondre avec les opossums d'Amérique), est une espèce de petits marsupiaux arboricoles australiens à queue préhensile qui se nourrit de feuillages et de fruits mais aussi d'insectes, d'œufs, d'oisillons et de porcelets. Introduit en Nouvelle-Zélande pour sa fourrure, il y est à présent considéré comme une espèce invasive car, sans prédateur sur cette île, il pille les nids, blesse les arbres et transmet la tuberculose bovine[4].

Description de l'espèce

Morphologie

D'une longueur du corps de 35 à 55 cm prolongé de 25 à 40 cm de queue, cet animal a un poids qui varie selon le sexe : environ 4 kg pour les mâles, et de 1,5 à 3,5 kg pour les femelles.

Reproduction

Régime alimentaire

Il se nourrit de feuilles, fleurs, fruits, insectes, œufs, oisillons, et cadavres.

Écologie et répartition

Australie (Queensland, Gold Coast, South Australia). Invasif en Nouvelle-Zélande.

 src=
Cartographie du rythme d'« invasion » (territoire occupé en noir) de la Nouvelle-Zélande par cette espèce introduite par l'Homme à partir de l'Australie

Il n'a pas de prédateurs en Nouvelle-Zélande à part l'homme qui le recherche pour sa fourrure.

Le Phalanger renard en Nouvelle-Zélande

 src=
Cadavre d’opossum probablement tué par une voiture (Ces cadavres sont susceptibles en Nouvelle-Zélande d'être source de diffusion du microbe responsable de la tuberculose bovine)

Appelé localement possum, l'espèce est considérée en Nouvelle-Zélande comme un animal très nuisible[5],[6].

Les possums sont des prédateurs redoutables pour la faune et la flore natives néo-zélandaises. Ils mangent les œufs des oiseaux et lorsqu'ils marquent leur territoire, ils blessent souvent à mort les jeunes arbres natifs à croissance très lente[réf. nécessaire].

Des peluches, « scratched possum », sont à vendre en Nouvelle-Zélande (depuis les années 1990), représentant un possum écrasé portant une trace de pneu[7] pour encourager la population à réduire leur population[8].

Notes et références

  1. (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0444518770), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé
  2. Phalanger vulpin dans le Dictionnaire Dandenault de la langue française.
  3. Meyer C., ed. sc., 2009, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales. consulter en ligne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
  4. (GISD 2007)
  5. (en) Containment (Occupier Control) Animal Pests - Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) par le Waikato Regional Council.
  6. (en)[PDF] Containment pest animals - Brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) par le Taranaki Regional Council.
  7. [1]
  8. [2]

Voir aussi

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Trichosurus vulpecula: Brief Summary ( француски )

добавил wikipedia FR

Trichosurus vulpecula, appelé Phalanger-renard (ou Phalanger renard), Phalanger vulpin, Phalanger commun, Opossum d'Australie, Opossum à queue en brosse, Cousou ou localement « possum » (ne pas confondre avec les opossums d'Amérique), est une espèce de petits marsupiaux arboricoles australiens à queue préhensile qui se nourrit de feuillages et de fruits mais aussi d'insectes, d'œufs, d'oisillons et de porcelets. Introduit en Nouvelle-Zélande pour sa fourrure, il y est à présent considéré comme une espèce invasive car, sans prédateur sur cette île, il pille les nids, blesse les arbres et transmet la tuberculose bovine.

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Burstahalapokarotta ( исландски )

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Burstahalapokarottan er smávaxin pokarotta sem má finna í Ástralíu og eyjum þar í kring, hún hefur einnig breiðst út á Nýja-Sjálandi. Hana er að finna nánast alls staðar í Ástralíu og hefur hún breitt sig út gríðarlega yfir síðustu áratugi. Hún getur orðið allt að 58 cm að lengd og hali hennar getur orðið allt að 40 sm. Hún vegur um 4 kg í fullri stærð.

Útlit

Burstahalapokarotturnar geta verið margs konar á litinn, brúnar, svartar, silfurgráar og gulllitaðar. Hún er lítil og það hentar henni fyrir klifur, karlkynið er aðeins stærra en kvenkynið. Hún klifrar mikið og er hún með klær á næstum öllum fingrum sínum nema einum á hvorri hendi, þar er hún ekki með klær og það hjálpar henni að ná betra gripi. Þær eru með góðan og þykkan feld sem mannkynið hefur notað fyrir klæðnað. Halinn er eins og nafnið gefur til kynna þakinn feldi nema endinn á halanum sem er ber. Hann gefur gott grip fyrir klifur.

Hegðun

Burstahalapokarotturnar ferðast einar og þær eru nánast alltaf einar. Þær gefa frá sér hljóð til að afmarka sitt svæði og þá kemur nánast engin önnur burstahalapokarotta inná það svæði. Þær leita sér að mat nánast allan daginn og taka sér góðan tíma í það. Þær makast nánast jafnt og þétt yfir allt árið en mesta fjölgunin í norðurhluta Ástralíu á sér stað í kringum september-nóvember. Annars staðar fjölga þær sér mest í mars til maí.

 src=
Common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), Natural History Museum, London, Mammals Gallery

Mataræði

Burstahalapokarotturnar borða eftir staðsetningu, það þýðir að þær borði nánast það sem er í boði á hverjum stað. Það helsta sem þær borða er lauf, blóm, ávexti og fræ, litlar pöddur, fuglsegg og stundum önnur lítil dýr eins og fuglaunga en það kemur ekki oft fyrir.

Líf burstahalapokarottunnar

Móðirin er með ungann í 16-18 daga í vömbinni og yfirleitt er aðeins einn ungi í hverju goti. Unginn er um það bil 1.5 sm og er um 2 g að þyngd þegar hann fæðist. Þegar unginn fæðist klifrar hann í gegnum feld móðurinnar og upp í lítinn poka og er þar í 4 til 5 mánuði. Eftir það klifrar unginn upp á bak móðurinnar og er þar þangað til að hann er orðinn 7-9 mánaða gamall. Síðan þegar kvendýrið er orðið eins árs gamalt þá byrjar það að makast. Karldýrið byrjar að makast þegar það fer að nálgast 2 ára aldurinn. Burstahalapokarotturnar lifa aðeins í að meðaltali 13 ár í náttúrunni.

Hættur

Burstahalapokarotturnar eru ekki taldar í hættu. Þessi tegund er svo útbreidd og hún staðsetur sig nánast eingöngu á þeim stöðum þar sem engin rándýr eru. En í norðurhluta Ástralíu er tegundin í dálítilli hættu, þar eru dingóar, refir og kettir sem elta þá uppi. Fjölgunin er samt sem áður miklu meiri þannig að tegundin deyr ekki út á næstu áratugum. Það er samt sem áður hætta í sambandi við plöntur og ávexti vegna fjölgun þeirra. Hún er svo gríðarlega mikil og þær eru í raun að eyðileggja plönturnar fyrir öðrum dýrum.

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Burstahalapokarotta: Brief Summary ( исландски )

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Burstahalapokarottan er smávaxin pokarotta sem má finna í Ástralíu og eyjum þar í kring, hún hefur einnig breiðst út á Nýja-Sjálandi. Hana er að finna nánast alls staðar í Ástralíu og hefur hún breitt sig út gríðarlega yfir síðustu áratugi. Hún getur orðið allt að 58 cm að lengd og hali hennar getur orðið allt að 40 sm. Hún vegur um 4 kg í fullri stærð.

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Trichosurus vulpecula ( италијански )

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Il tricosuro volpino (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr, 1792, dal greco «coda pelosa» e dal latino «piccola volpe»; classificato in passato nel genere Phalangista[2]) è un marsupiale notturno e semi-arboricolo della famiglia dei Falangeridi originario dell'Australia[3]. È il possum australiano di maggiori dimensioni.

Come la maggior parte dei Falangeridi, il tricosuro volpino è un animale notturno. È prevalentemente folivoro, ma si nutre anche di piccoli mammiferi, come i ratti. In gran parte dell'Australia le foglie di eucalipto costituiscono una parte significativa della sua dieta, ma si nutre solo di queste raramente. Ha una coda prensile e priva di pelo nella sua parte inferiore terminale. Presenta quattro variazioni cromatiche: grigio-argenteo, marrone, nero e color oro[4].

È il marsupiale australiano che viene avvistato più di frequente dagli abitanti delle città, dal momento che è uno dei pochi ad essersi stabiliti anche in aree urbane, oltre che in una vasta gamma di ambienti naturali e antropizzati. Nei pressi delle abitazioni umane i tricosuri divengono più opportunisti e intraprendenti: spogliano gli alberi da frutto e gli orti e, talvolta, compiono anche irruzioni nelle cucine.

In Nuova Zelanda, dove è stato introdotto nel XIX secolo, è divenuto una vera e propria calamità per i raccolti e le specie vegetali endemiche.

Esperti dello IUCN hanno inserito la specie nell'elenco delle 100 tra le specie esotiche invasive più dannose al mondo.

Descrizione

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Scheletro di tricosuro volpino.

Il tricosuro volpino ha orecchie grandi e appuntite. È dotato di una coda folta e prensile all'estremità, grazie alla quale è in grado di tenersi aggrappato ai rami, con una zona priva di pelo sul lato ventrale[5][6]. Le zampe anteriori sono munite di artigli robusti, mentre le prime dita delle zampe posteriori sono prive di unghie, ma sono opponibili[6]. Il tricosuro si pulisce il pelo lisciandoselo con il terzo e quarto dito, fusi insieme[6]. Ha un manto folto e lanoso che varia nella colorazione a seconda della sottospecie. Esso tende a essere grigio-argenteo, marrone, nero, rosso o color crema. Le regioni ventrali hanno generalmente una colorazione più chiara e la coda è solitamente marrone o nera[5][6]. Sul muso sono presenti delle macchie scure. Il tricosuro volpino ha una lunghezza testa-corpo di 32–58 cm[5] e una coda di 24–40 cm[6]. Pesa 1,2-4,5 kg[6]. I maschi sono generalmente più grandi delle femmine. Inoltre, il loro mantello tende ad assumere toni rossastri sulla regione scapolare. Come quasi tutti i marsupiali, le femmine possiedono un marsupio ben sviluppato, aperto sul davanti[5]. Sul petto è presente una ghiandola odorifera che secerne una secrezione rossastra che macchia il pelo circostante. Tale secrezione viene impiegata per marcare il territorio[7].

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Tricosuro volpino su un albero.

Il tricosuro volpino è forse il mammifero australiano più numeroso. È presente in tutte le regioni orientali e settentrionali del continente, nonché in alcune zone occidentali, in Tasmania e su alcune isole al largo, come l'isola dei Canguri e l'isola di Barrow[8][9][10]. È inoltre diffuso anche in gran parte della Nuova Zelanda, dove è stato introdotto nel 1840. Occupa una vasta gamma di habitat, come foreste, zone semiaride e perfino aree agricole o urbane[5][6]. Predilige le zone alberate, ma è presente anche in quelle dove gli alberi mancano del tutto[6]. In Nuova Zelanda i tricosuri prediligono le foreste miste di podocarpi e latifoglie nei pressi dei pascoli[11]. Nelle foreste di faggi australi e nelle piantagioni di pini sono molto meno comuni[11]. Tuttavia, la densità dei tricosuri in Nuova Zelanda è maggiore che nella nativa Australia[12], poiché in quest'ultimo Paese le foreste di eucalipto sono più frammentate e vi è un numero maggiore di predatori. In Australia, infatti, i tricosuri cadono vittima di esseri umani, quoll tigre, cani, volpi, gatti, varani, pitoni tappeto e di alcuni rapaci notturni, mentre in Nuova Zelanda la loro sopravvivenza è minacciata solo da esseri umani e gatti[12].

Biologia

Alimentazione

 src=
Dentatura di tricosuro volpino.

Il tricosuro volpino è in grado di adattarsi a numerosi tipi di vegetazione[12]. Predilige le foglie di Eucalyptus, ma si nutre anche di fiori, germogli, frutta e semi[12]. Talvolta consuma anche sostanze di origine animale, come insetti, uova di uccello e piccoli vertebrati. I tricosuri volpini possono consumare tre o quattro tipi diversi di piante nel corso di un unico giro di foraggiamento, diversamente da altri marsupiali arboricoli, come il koala e il petauro maggiore, che focalizzano la loro attenzione su un'unica specie. I molari arrotondati del tricosuro non riescono a sminuzzare le foglie di Eucalyptus tanto efficacemente come quelli di altri animali più specializzati: sono infatti più adatti a frantumare il cibo, capacità che permette loro di masticare frutta o erbe in modo più efficace. Il cieco dei tricosuri è privo di scanalature interne e non è in grado di separare efficacemente particelle grossolane e fini come quello di altri marsupiali arboricoli[12]. Per ricavare azoto sufficiente il tricosuro non può fare affidamento solo sulle piante di Eucalyptus[13]. La sua dieta variata, tuttavia, provvede il suo organismo dell'azoto necessario[14].

 src=
Tricosuri che mangiano.

Comportamento

 src=
Tricosuro volpino (forma bruna).

Il tricosuro volpino ha abitudini perlopiù arboricole e notturne. Conduce quasi sempre una vita solitaria, e i vari individui si mantengono a distanza tramite marcature odorose (urina) e vocalizzazioni. Generalmente costruiscono la loro tana in formazioni naturali quali cavità degli alberi e caverne, ma possono eleggere a propria dimora anche i sottotetti delle abitazioni. Sebbene talvolta più individui condividano un'unica tana, generalmente dormono in tane separate. Gli esemplari della Nuova Zelanda utilizzano un nuomero maggiore di tane di quelli che vivono in Australia[15]. I tricosuri competono tra loro e con altri animali per le tane, e durante questi scontri possono anche trovare la morte. Questo è probabilmente un altro dei motivi per il quale la densità di questi animali è più bassa in Australia che in Nuova Zelanda[12]. Comunque, i tricosuri quasi sempre non mostrano aggressività nei confronti dei loro simili e generalmente si limitano a rimanere immobili con le orecchie erette[12]. I tricosuri volpini emettono schiocchi, grugniti, sibili, richiami di allarme, suoni gutturali e strida[5][6].

Riproduzione

 src=
Tricosuro col piccolo.

Il tricosuro volpino può riprodursi in ogni periodo dell'anno, ma in alcune aree la maggior parte delle nascite avviene in primavera, da settembre a novembre, e in autunno, da marzo a maggio. Gli accoppiamenti sono promiscui e casuali; alcuni maschi possono accoppiarsi più volte nella stessa stagione mentre molti altri possono non accoppiarsi affatto[12]. In una popolazione del Queensland sembra che i maschi trascorrano un mese in compagnia delle femmine prima di accoppiarsi con loro[16]. Dopo un periodo di gestazione di 16-18 giorni le femmine danno alla luce un unico piccolo[5][6]. Alla nascita i neonati sono lunghi solo 1,5 cm e pesano appena 2 g. Essi, come quelli della maggior parte dei marsupiali, sono in grado di arrampicarsi senza alcun aiuto lungo il manto della femmina per raggiungere il marsupio e attaccarsi al capezzolo. Si sviluppano e rimangono dentro al marsupio per altri quattro o cinque mesi. Quando sono più cresciuti, vengono lasciati nella tana o trasportati in giro sul dorso dalla madre fino all'età di sette-nove mesi[5][6]. Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale all'età di un anno, mentre i maschi non sono in grado di accoppiarsi prima del termine del loro secondo anno[5][6]. Le giovani femmine presentano un tasso inferiore di mortalità rispetto ai giovani maschi, poiché si stabiliscono in territori vicini a quelli materni, mentre i secondi devono spostarsi parecchio prima di trovare un nuovo territorio in cui stabilirsi, attraversando territori già occupati dai quali vengono scacciati con la forza dai proprietari. Nella regione di Orongorongo le giovani femmine continuano a rimanere con la madre anche dopo essere state svezzate, e alcune tornano anche a riposare nelle tane natie[17]. In altre zone, comunque, madri e figlie competono tra loro per le tane, e queste ultime vengono in genere allontanate dalla tana della madre[18]. Nelle foreste dove i ripari scarseggiano, le femmine danno alla luce un numero maggiore di piccoli, che non competono direttamente tra loro per le tane, mentre nelle foreste ricche di ripari le giovani femmine sono più numerose[18]. I tricosuri volpini possono vivere, in natura, fino a 13 anni[5][6].

 src=
Tricosuro volpino colpito da dermatite essudativa, condizione spesso dovuta allo stress associato all'affollamento, in particolare nei giovani maschi che cercano di stabilirsi in un proprio territorio.

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute tre sottospecie:

Conservazione

 src=
Piccolo tricosuro abbandonato dalla madre accudito in un Centro di Recupero di Adelaide (Australia Meridionale).
 src=
Piccolo tricosuro con una volontaria del Centro di Recupero di Adelaide.

Il tricosuro volpino è considerato un animale nocivo in alcune aree, poiché causa danni alle piantagioni di pini, alle foreste in rigenerazione, ai fiori, agli alberi da frutto e agli edifici.

Australia

In passato la pelliccia di tricosuro era considerata di grande valore e per questo motivo ogni anno venivano abbattuti molti esemplari. Sebbene sia stato cacciato intensamente in tutta l'Australia, oggi il tricosuro volpino è protetto in tutti gli Stati continentali, mentre è protetto solo in parte in Tasmania, dove ne è permessa l'uccisione durante la stagione di caccia annuale. Inoltre, sempre in Tasmania, il Governo consente ai proprietari terrieri di abbattere gli esemplari che danneggiano le loro proprietà[7].

Mentre in alcune regioni il numero di esemplari è in diminuzione a causa della distruzione dell'habitat, le numerose popolazioni stabilitesi nelle città indicano che questa specie si adatta benissimo alla presenza dell'uomo[19]. Negli Stati continentali è consentita la cattura con trappole degli esemplari che si stabiliscono all'interno delle abitazioni (ad esempio nei tetti), ma i tricosuri catturati devono essere rilasciati dopo il tramonto entro 24 ore dalla cattura, a non più di 50 m dal luogo dove sono stati presi. In alcuni Stati, ad esempio nel Victoria, gli esemplari catturati possono essere portati dai veterinari per essere soppressi tramite eutanasia[20]. Nell'Australia Meridionale i tricosuri godono di protezione totale e i proprietari devono ottenere un apposito permesso per catturare gli esemplari penetrati nelle loro abitazioni[21] o per allevare o soccorrere tricosuri e altri animali selvatici malati o feriti[22].

Nuova Zelanda

In Nuova Zelanda, dove la specie è stata introdotta dall'uomo, non vi sono restrizioni alle catture, ma il numero di esemplari sembra essere stabile nonostante le migliaia di individui abbattuti ogni anno[7]. Inoltre, in Nuova Zelanda (ma non in Australia, dove la malattia è stata da tempo eradicata) i tricosuri possono trasmettere la tubercolosi bovina, altamente contagiosa[7]. Il Dipartimento per la Conservazione tiene sotto controllo il numero di esemplari in molte aree tramite il rilascio aereo di esche trattate con il letale 1080 (fluoroacetato di sodio)[23].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Lamoreux, J. & Hilton-Taylor, C. (Global Mammal Assessment Team) 2008, Trichosurus vulpecula, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Define Phalangista vulpina - Source: '*', su hydroponicsearch.com, www.hydroponicsearch.com. URL consultato il 10 marzo 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 12 luglio 2011).
  3. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Trichosurus vulpecula, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  4. ^ Brushtail Possum, su dpiw.tas.gov.au, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. URL consultato il 19 luglio 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nowak, R.M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cronin, L. (2008) Cronin's Key Guide Australian Mammals. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
  7. ^ a b c d Grace Meyer, Trichosurus vulpecula (silver-gray brushtail possum), su Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2000. URL consultato il 9 luglio 2011.
  8. ^ Living with Possums in South Australia (PDF), su holdfast.sa.gov.au, City of Holdfast Bay. URL consultato il 23 giugno 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 aprile 2012).
  9. ^ Brushtail possum, su Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia. URL consultato il 23 giugno 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 febbraio 2011).
  10. ^ Northern brush tailed possum, su abc.net.au, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. URL consultato il 23 giugno 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 19 gennaio 2011).
  11. ^ a b Efford MG (2000) "Possum density, population structure, and dynamics". In: The Brushtail Possum. TL Montague. (ed) Chapter 5, pp. 47-66. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln New Zealand.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h H Tyndale-Biscoe. (2005) Life of Marsupials. pp. 250-58. CSIRO Publishing.
  13. ^ Wellard GA, Hume ID (1981) "Nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen requirement of the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr)." Australian Journal of Zoology 29:147-57.
  14. ^ Harris PM, Dellow DW, Broadhurst RB, (1985) "Protein and energy requirement and deposition in the growing brushtail possum and rex rabbit". Australian Journal of Zoology 33:425-36.
  15. ^ Green WQ (1984) "A review of ecological studies relevant to management of the common brushtail possum". In Possums and Gliders. AP Smith, ID Hume pp 483-99. New South Wales: Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited.
  16. ^ Winter JW (1976) The behaviour and social organisation of the brush-tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, Kerr) PhD Thesis, University of Queensland.
  17. ^ Brockie R. (1992) A Living New Zealand Forest. Pp. 172. Dave Bateman Auckland.
  18. ^ a b Johnson CN, Clinchy M, Taylor AC, Krebs CJ, Jarman PJ, Payne A, Ritchie EG. (2001) "Adjustment of offspring sex ratios in relation to the availability of resources for philopatric offspring in the common brushtail possum". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268:2001-05.
  19. ^ Roetman, P.E.J. & Daniels, C.B. (2009): The Possum-Tail Tree: Understanding Possums through Citizen Science. Barbara Hardy Centre for Sustainable Urban Environments, University of South Australia. ISBN 978-0-646-52199-2
  20. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment> Living with Possums in Victoria - Questions and Answers Archiviato il 23 marzo 2012 in Internet Archive. Accessed 10 July 2012.
  21. ^ Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources> Plants and animals> Possums Accessed 10 July 2012.
  22. ^ Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources> Plants and animals> Permits and licences Accessed 10 July 2012.
  23. ^ Wren Green, The use of 1080 for pest control (PDF), su The use of 1080 for pest control, Animal Health Board and Department of Conservation. URL consultato il 20 marzo 2013.

Bibliografia

  • Marsh, K. J., Wallis, I. R., & Foley, W. J. (2003). The effect of inactivating tannins on the intake of Eucalyptus foliage by a specialist Eucalyptus folivore (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and a generalist herbivore (Trichosurus vulpecula). Australian Journal of Zoology, 51, 41-42.

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Trichosurus vulpecula: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Il tricosuro volpino (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr, 1792, dal greco «coda pelosa» e dal latino «piccola volpe»; classificato in passato nel genere Phalangista) è un marsupiale notturno e semi-arboricolo della famiglia dei Falangeridi originario dell'Australia. È il possum australiano di maggiori dimensioni.

Come la maggior parte dei Falangeridi, il tricosuro volpino è un animale notturno. È prevalentemente folivoro, ma si nutre anche di piccoli mammiferi, come i ratti. In gran parte dell'Australia le foglie di eucalipto costituiscono una parte significativa della sua dieta, ma si nutre solo di queste raramente. Ha una coda prensile e priva di pelo nella sua parte inferiore terminale. Presenta quattro variazioni cromatiche: grigio-argenteo, marrone, nero e color oro.

È il marsupiale australiano che viene avvistato più di frequente dagli abitanti delle città, dal momento che è uno dei pochi ad essersi stabiliti anche in aree urbane, oltre che in una vasta gamma di ambienti naturali e antropizzati. Nei pressi delle abitazioni umane i tricosuri divengono più opportunisti e intraprendenti: spogliano gli alberi da frutto e gli orti e, talvolta, compiono anche irruzioni nelle cucine.

In Nuova Zelanda, dove è stato introdotto nel XIX secolo, è divenuto una vera e propria calamità per i raccolti e le specie vegetali endemiche.

Esperti dello IUCN hanno inserito la specie nell'elenco delle 100 tra le specie esotiche invasive più dannose al mondo.

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Voskoesoe ( холандски; фламански )

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De voskoesoe (Trichosurus vulpecula) is een buideldier uit de familie van de koeskoezen (Phalangeridae), dat voorkomt in Australië en Tasmanië. Ook is de voskoesoe ingevoerd op Nieuw-Zeeland, waar dit dier zeer veel voorkomt en een zeer ernstige bedreiging voor veel inheemse planten en dieren is.

Uiterlijk

De voskoesoe heeft een lichaamslengte van 35 tot 58 cm[2] en een staartlengte van 24 tot 40 cm. Het gewicht varieert van 2.4 tot 2.9 kg. Vrouwelijke dieren zijn kleiner en lichter dan de mannelijke dieren. De voskoesoe heeft grote ovale oren en een staart die eindigt in een zwarte pluim. De vacht is koperbruin tot grijs van kleur en was vroeger populair in de bontindustrie.

Leefwijze

De voskoesoe is een behendige klimmer. Voedsel, dat bestaat uit bladeren en vruchten, wordt met de voorpoten vastgehouden tijdens het eten. De dag brengt de voskoesoe door in een holle boom, een grot of onder het dak van een gebouw. De voskoesoe leeft naast natuurlijk voedsel ook van afval en woont in menselijke nederzettingen. De voskoesoe paart een- of tweemaal per jaar. Meestal wordt na een draagtijd van 17 dagen één jong geworpen, dat nog ongeveer 5 maanden in de buidel verblijft.

De voskoesoe leeft in de eerste plaats van bladeren (waaronder eucalyptusbladeren), maar eet ook wel vruchten en kleine dieren.

Leefgebied

De voskoesoe is van oorsprong een bewoner van bosgebieden in grote delen van Australië. Tegenwoordig[wanneer?] is dit buideldier ook algemeen in en rondom menselijke nederzettingen. Zelfs in de parken van grote steden als Melbourne is de voskoesoe algemeen. De soort ontbreekt alleen in het uiterste noorden van het Kaap York-schiereiland in Queensland, het droge zuidwesten van Queensland, het droge noordwesten van Nieuw-Zuid-Wales, het noorden van Zuid-Australië, het zuiden van het Noordelijk Territorium (hoewel er geïsoleerde populaties leven in het uiterste zuiden) en het oosten van West-Australië. In de staten Victoria en Tasmanië komt de voskoesoe zo goed als overal voor.

Tegenwoordig[wanneer?] komt de voskoesoe ook in Nieuw-Zeeland voor. In 1840 werden bij Riverton de eerste voskoesoes uitgezet met als doel een bonthandel op te zetten. De aantallen namen toe en op verschillende andere locaties werd de soort uitgezet. Tegenwoordig[wanneer?] leeft de voskoesoe in vrijwel geheel Nieuw-Zeeland, de hogere bergstreken uitgezonderd, en op Stewarteiland en de Chathameilanden.

Ondersoorten

 src=
Twee voskoesoes

Er zijn drie ondersoorten:

De verwante soorten Trichosurus arnhemensis en Trichosurus johnstonii worden wel als ondersoorten gezien.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Voskoesoe op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Charlotte Uhlenbroek (2008) - Animal Life, Tirion Uitgevers BV, Baarn. ISBN 978-90-5210-774-5
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Voskoesoe: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

De voskoesoe (Trichosurus vulpecula) is een buideldier uit de familie van de koeskoezen (Phalangeridae), dat voorkomt in Australië en Tasmanië. Ook is de voskoesoe ingevoerd op Nieuw-Zeeland, waar dit dier zeer veel voorkomt en een zeer ernstige bedreiging voor veel inheemse planten en dieren is.

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Pungrev ( норвешки )

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Pungrev, revekusu eller berre kusu (Trichosurus vulpecula) er eit pungdyr i pungrevslekta, som høyrer til familien klatrepungdyr. På engelsk er han kjend som possum eller common brushtail possum.

Pungrev kan ha ei kroppslengd på 32–58 cm[1] og ein hale på 24–40 cm.[2] Dyra veg 1,2-4,5 kg.[2] Hannar er som regel større enn hoer.

Pelsen er tjukk og mjuk med ulike fargevariantar som kjem an på underart og kjønn. Fargane kan vera sølvgrå, brun, svart, raud eller kremfarga. Undersida er typisk lysar, medan halen som regel er brun eller svart.[1][2] Snuten har svarte flekkar. Hannar kan ha raudlege område ved skuldrene.

Øyrene er store og spisse. Halen er buskete og fleksibel; pungreven kan bruka han til å gripa greiner med.[1][2] Framføtene har skarpe klør. «Stortærne» på bakføtene har ikkje klør, men har stor gripeevne.[2] Tredje og fjerde tå har vokse saman, og blir brukt av dyret til å stella seg.[2]

Som dei fleste pungdyr har hoer ein velutvikla, framoveropnande pung til å ha avkommet i.[1] Begge kjønn har ein kjertel på brystet som gjev ut eit raudleg sekret og farger området rundt. Sekretet blir brukt til å markera territorium.[3]

Pungreven er nattaktiv. Han et hovudsakleg plantekost, sjølv om han også kan eta smådyr. Dyra kan leva i skogar, særleg med eukalyptustre, eller i ope landskap.

Pungrev stammar frå Australia og australske øyar, som Tasmania. Han er eit av dei vanlegaste pungdyra i Australia,[4] og blir ofte sett også i byar. Arten er også blitt innført på New Zealand, der han er blitt ein invasiv art som gjer stor skade på lokalt planteliv og jordbruk.

Dyret er blitt fanga av menneske på grunn av pelsen. Det blei introdusert til New Zealand både som pelsdyr og ei mogleg matkjelde, men utvikla seg etterkvart til eit stort skadedyr der. I Fastlands-Australia er pungrev no freda, medan det kan fellast i jaktsesongen på Tasmania, eller av jordbrukarar med fellingsløyve.[3] På New Zealand blir det drive storstilt jakt og giftontroll mot dyret, men populasjonen verker likevel vera stabil.

Kjelder

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Nowak, R.M. (1991) Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 Cronin, L. (2008) Cronin’s Key Guide Australian Mammals. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Meyer, Grace (2000). «Trichosurus vulpecula (silver-gray brushtail possum)». Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Henta 9 July 2011.
  4. «pungrever» i Store norske leksikon, snl.no.
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Pungrev: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

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Pungrev, revekusu eller berre kusu (Trichosurus vulpecula) er eit pungdyr i pungrevslekta, som høyrer til familien klatrepungdyr. På engelsk er han kjend som possum eller common brushtail possum.

Pungrev kan ha ei kroppslengd på 32–58 cm og ein hale på 24–40 cm. Dyra veg 1,2-4,5 kg. Hannar er som regel større enn hoer.

Pelsen er tjukk og mjuk med ulike fargevariantar som kjem an på underart og kjønn. Fargane kan vera sølvgrå, brun, svart, raud eller kremfarga. Undersida er typisk lysar, medan halen som regel er brun eller svart. Snuten har svarte flekkar. Hannar kan ha raudlege område ved skuldrene.

Øyrene er store og spisse. Halen er buskete og fleksibel; pungreven kan bruka han til å gripa greiner med. Framføtene har skarpe klør. «Stortærne» på bakføtene har ikkje klør, men har stor gripeevne. Tredje og fjerde tå har vokse saman, og blir brukt av dyret til å stella seg.

Som dei fleste pungdyr har hoer ein velutvikla, framoveropnande pung til å ha avkommet i. Begge kjønn har ein kjertel på brystet som gjev ut eit raudleg sekret og farger området rundt. Sekretet blir brukt til å markera territorium.

Pungreven er nattaktiv. Han et hovudsakleg plantekost, sjølv om han også kan eta smådyr. Dyra kan leva i skogar, særleg med eukalyptustre, eller i ope landskap.

Pungrev stammar frå Australia og australske øyar, som Tasmania. Han er eit av dei vanlegaste pungdyra i Australia, og blir ofte sett også i byar. Arten er også blitt innført på New Zealand, der han er blitt ein invasiv art som gjer stor skade på lokalt planteliv og jordbruk.

Dyret er blitt fanga av menneske på grunn av pelsen. Det blei introdusert til New Zealand både som pelsdyr og ei mogleg matkjelde, men utvikla seg etterkvart til eit stort skadedyr der. I Fastlands-Australia er pungrev no freda, medan det kan fellast i jaktsesongen på Tasmania, eller av jordbrukarar med fellingsløyve. På New Zealand blir det drive storstilt jakt og giftontroll mot dyret, men populasjonen verker likevel vera stabil.

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Kitanka lisia ( полски )

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Kitanka lisia[3], dawniej: pałanka kuzu, kuzu, lis workowaty (Trichosurus vulpecula) – gatunek torbacza z rodziny pałankowatych (Phalangeridae). Zamieszkuje Australię i Tasmanię. Introdukowany z powodzeniem w Nowej Zelandii.

Gatunek inwazyjny[4].

Cechy gatunku : niewielki, roślinożerny ssak o długim chwytnym ogonie pozbawionym sierści od strony, którą przylega do gałęzi; taka budowa ogona zwiększa znacznie jego przyczepność.

Długość ciała bez ogona

32–59 cm.

Długość ogona

24–35 cm.

Masa ciała

1,3–5 kilogramów.

Sierść

Jedwabista, puszysta, gęsta, szara lub brązowa.

Rozród

Rozmnaża się cały rok; torba otwiera się do przodu, wewnątrz znajdują się 2 sutki; ciąża trwa 17 dni, po czym rodzą się młode, które przebywają w torbie do 5 miesiąca życia.

Pożywienie

Gatunek roślinożerny, nie gardzi jednak owadami.

Biotop

Lasy eukaliptusowe, parki i ogrody.

Status

Gatunek liczny, inwazyjny.

Przypisy

  1. Trichosurus vulpecula, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Trichosurus vulpecula. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. GISD, www.issg.org [dostęp 2017-11-24] .
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Kitanka lisia: Brief Summary ( полски )

добавил wikipedia POL

Kitanka lisia, dawniej: pałanka kuzu, kuzu, lis workowaty (Trichosurus vulpecula) – gatunek torbacza z rodziny pałankowatych (Phalangeridae). Zamieszkuje Australię i Tasmanię. Introdukowany z powodzeniem w Nowej Zelandii.

Gatunek inwazyjny.

Cechy gatunku : niewielki, roślinożerny ssak o długim chwytnym ogonie pozbawionym sierści od strony, którą przylega do gałęzi; taka budowa ogona zwiększa znacznie jego przyczepność.

Długość ciała bez ogona

32–59 cm.

Długość ogona

24–35 cm.

Masa ciała

1,3–5 kilogramów.

Sierść

Jedwabista, puszysta, gęsta, szara lub brązowa.

Rozród

Rozmnaża się cały rok; torba otwiera się do przodu, wewnątrz znajdują się 2 sutki; ciąża trwa 17 dni, po czym rodzą się młode, które przebywają w torbie do 5 miesiąca życia.

Pożywienie

Gatunek roślinożerny, nie gardzi jednak owadami.

Biotop

Lasy eukaliptusowe, parki i ogrody.

Status

Gatunek liczny, inwazyjny.

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Trichosurus vulpecula ( португалски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula, o Cusu-de-orelhas-grandes, Cusu comum ou Cusu-zorro, é uma espécie de marsupial, de tamanho médio. Possui hábitos arborícolas e a sua cauda é preênsil.

Tem um comprimento de 35 a 55 cm e uma cauda de 25 a 40 cm. Os machos chegam a pesar 4 kg. As fêmeas têm um peso menor, entre 1,5 a 3,5 kg.

Atingem a maturidade sexual com um ano de idade.

A gestação dura 17 dias, a que se junta mais cinco meses dentro do marsúpio.

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Kusu líščí ( словачки )

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 src=
Kusu líščí
 src=
Trichosurus vulpecula

Kusu liščí (Trichosurus vulpecula) je stredne veľký vačkovec, poznáme ho podľa chvostu, ktorý je chlpatý na rozdiel od blízkeho príbuzného vakoplcha drobného.

Výskyt

V celej východnej Austrálii. Niektoré poddruhy v strednej Austrálii, juhozápadnej Austrálii a na Tasmánií, vypustený bol na Novom Zélande. V oblastiach so stromovým porastom.

Základné dáta

Dĺžka kusu líščieho je 35 až 55 cm. Jeho hmotnosť je 1,5 až 4,5 kg.

Zaujímavosti

Je asi najbežnejším, ale zrejme tiež najrôznejším sfarbením vačkovcom Austrálie, sfarbenie môže byť v rôznych odtieňoch hnedé, bežný sú aj čierny jedinci. Vyskytuje sa hlavne v dašťovom lese, ale žije i na okrajoch veľkých miest ako Sydney alebo Melbourne. Južné populácie sú odolné proti chladu. Majú nočnú aktivitu. Je všežravcom, živí sa hmyzom, vtačími vajcami a mláďatami, lístím, výhonky, plody všetkého druhu a vyberá i popolnice. Každý rok rodí väčšinou jedno mláďa, ktoré sa 4 až 5 mesiacov zdržuje v matkinom vaku a potom zostáva niekoľko mesiacov s matkou. Dožívajú sa 14 – 15 rokov.

Iné projekty

Zdroj

  • Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku na českej Wikipédii (číslo revízie nebolo určené).
  • BURNIE, David; KOVÁČ, Vladimír, a kol. Zviera: Obrazová encyklopédia živočíšnej ríše. Bratislava : Ikar, 2002. ISBN 80-551-0375-5.
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Kusu líščí: Brief Summary ( словачки )

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 src= Kusu líščí  src= Trichosurus vulpecula

Kusu liščí (Trichosurus vulpecula) je stredne veľký vačkovec, poznáme ho podľa chvostu, ktorý je chlpatý na rozdiel od blízkeho príbuzného vakoplcha drobného.

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Pungräv ( шведски )

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Pungräv (Trichosurus vulpecula) är ett pungdjur från Australien. Det är ett nattaktivt djur som kan påträffas både i trädbevuxna förorter och i öppna skogar.

Utbredning

Djuret har flera från varandra skilda utbredningsområden i Australien som är mer eller mindre stora. Den största populationen finns i östra och sydöstra delen av kontinenten. Även populationerna i norra delen och vid sydvästra spetsen är ganska stora. Glest fördelade populationer i kontinentens centrum är däremot rätt små. Pungräven hittas även på Tasmanien och på några mindre öar i regionen.[1] Pungräven tillhör ett fåtal pungdjur som klarar sig bra i landskap som förändras av människor. Liksom tvättbjörnar i Nordamerika betraktas de ibland som plåga.[2] Arten blev införd på Nya Zeeland och räknas där som skadedjur som dödar många individer av den inhemska fågelfaunan, till exempel kivier som saknar flygförmåga.[3] Pungräven kan även bära på farliga sjukdomar som tuberkulos för nötkreatur Mycobacterium bovis.[2]

Utseende

Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) varierar mellan 32 och 58 cm och svanslängden mellan 24 och 40 cm. Vikten hos honor är 1,5 till 3,5 kg och hos hanar 2,0 till 4,5 kg.[4] Pungräven har en ullig päls som kan variera mycket i färgen. Ovansidan kan vara silvergrå, brun, rödaktig eller svart. Buken är allmänt ljusare och svansen har en brun till svart färg. Svansen är bra täckt med hår med undantag av spetsens undersida som är naken. Den används som gripverktyg.[4]

Ekologi

Pungräven är nattaktiv och ensamlevande men reviren överlappas och vid bra tillgång till föda förekommer många individer i samma region. Territoriet markeras med vätska från körtlarna som ligger vid buken och vid djurets anus.[2] Individerna sover på dagen i självbyggda bon eller i andra gömställen som kaninbon, skjul eller på vinden av större byggnader. Pungräven vistas vanligen i träd men förekommer även på marken när träd saknas. Den äter blad, blommor, frukter, insekter, fågelägg och fågelungar. Under natten hörs ofta hannens höga läte när den försvarar sitt revir. Dessutom har de flera andra ljud för kommunikationen.[4]

Fortplantning

Honor kan para sig hela året men i vissa regioner sker fortplantningen bara under våren eller hösten, alltså mellan september och november respektive mellan mars och maj på södra halvklotet.[4] Dräktighetstiden är bara 16 till 18 dagar. Honan får bara en unge i taget. Fostret är vid födelsen bara 15 mm lång och väger endast 2 gram. I den väl utvecklade pungen (marsupium) som har öppningen framåt finns två spenar. Tiden som ungen lever i pungen är 4–5 månader. Sedan stannar ungen några veckor i boet eller följer med på moderns rygg. Honor blir könsmogna efter ett år och hanar efter två år. Vilda pungrävar kan bli 13 år gamla.[4]

Pungräven och människan

 src=
Varning för gift mot pungrävar på Nya Zeeland.

Djurets päls var omkring 1900 mycket omtyckt, till exempel exporterade Australien 1906 fyra miljoner pälsar. För pälsens skull infördes arten mellan 1858 och 1920 till Nya Zeeland. Där fanns inga naturliga fiender, och populationen uppskattas idag till 70 miljoner individer.[5][6] Numera pågår projekt för beståndets kontroll eller decimering, vanligen med hjälp av fällor eller gift (bland annat natriumfluoracetat[7]). Populationens minskning går inte lika fort som påtänkt.

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Morris, K., Woinarski, J., Friend, T., Foulkes, J., Kerle, A. & Ellis, M. (2008). Trichosurus vulpecula. Från: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Läst 23 november 2009.
  2. ^ [a b c] G. Meyer (27 april 2000). Trichosurus vulpecula (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Trichosurus_vulpecula.html. Läst 17 september 2013.
  3. ^ Bland annat Större fläckig kivi enligt IUCN:s rödlista, läst 2013-09-17.
  4. ^ [a b c d e] R. Edwards (27 april 2009). ”Common brushtail possum”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 19 juli 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719074935/http://www.arkive.org/common-brushtail-possum/trichosurus-vulpecula/. Läst 17 september 2013.
  5. ^ ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 24 maj 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090524061639/http://www.kcc.org.nz/pests/possum.asp. Läst 24 november 2009. Possum Fact Sheet på webbsidan av Kiwi Conservation Club
  6. ^ http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/animal-pests-a-z/possums/ Arkiverad 26 december 2013 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. New Zealand Department of Conservation om pungräven
  7. ^ http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/MultiPageDocumentTOC.aspx?id=39912 New Zealand Department of Conservation om giftet

Tryckta källor

  • Cowan, P. E., et al. (1997). Effects of possum browsing on northern rata, Orongorongo Valley, Wellington, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 27, 173–179.
  • Marsh, K. J., Wallis, I. R., & Foley, W. J. (2003). The effect of inactivating tannins on the intake of Eucalyptus foliage by a specialist Eucalyptus folivore (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and a generalist herbivore (Trichosurus vulpecula). Australian Journal of Zoology, 51, 41–42.
  • Payton, I. J., et al. (1997). Response of selected tree species to culling of introduced Australian brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula at Waipoua Forest, Northland, New Zealand. Biological Conservation, 81, 247–255.
  • Rogers, G. M., & Leathwick, J. R. (1997). Factors predisposing forests to canopy collapse in the southern Ruahine Range, New Zealand. Biological Conservation, 80, 325–338


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Pungräv: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Pungräv (Trichosurus vulpecula) är ett pungdjur från Australien. Det är ett nattaktivt djur som kan påträffas både i trädbevuxna förorter och i öppna skogar.

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Кузу лисячий ( украински )

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Опис

Довжина тулуба: 32—58 см, довжина хвоста: 24—40 см, вага: 1,2—4,5 кг. Кроулі у 1973 році знайшов, що середня вага дорослих самців у Новій Зеландії 2.46 кг, самиць — 2.33 кг. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм - самці значно більші за самиць. У Trichosurus vulpecula гостра мордочка, довгі вуха, чудове хутро сірого кольору, іноді коричневого, трапляються альбіноси. Хвіст довгий та пухнастий. Диплоїдне число хромосом, 2n=20

Спосіб життя

Trichosurus vulpecula мешкає на деревах, активний вночі. Вдень відпочиває у дуплах або у своєрідних гніздах. Також влаштовує лігва. Харчується листям, ягодами, фруктами.

Шлюбний сезон не має чітких меж, триває цілий рік. У Новій Зеландії, однак, за даними Кроулі (1973) є чітко виражений сезон розмноження з квітня по липень. Дітонародження відбувається у вересні-листопаді й у березні-травні. Вагітність триває 16-18 днів. Народжується 1 дитинча, яке живе з матір'ю до 9 місяців. В цілому, тривалість життя: до 13 років.

Вороги

Основними хижаками, які полюють на Trichosurus vulpecula є хижі птахи та варани. Раніше люди в значних обсягах знищували цих тваринок за їх цінне хутро. Воно експортувалося з Австралії під назвою "австралійський посум" або "аделаїдська шиншила". Тільки у 1906 році на хутряних ринках Нью-Йорка та Лондона було продано 4 млн шкурок Trichosurus vulpecula. Сьогодні цей вид знаходиться під охороною.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає на значній території східної Австралії, в деяких районах західної Австралії, зокрема біля Перта, на півночі материка, о.Тасманія. У XIX ст. Trichosurus vulpecula був акліматизований у Новій Зеландії. Також цей вид введений в Нову Зеландію.

Джерела

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Trichosurus vulpecula ( виетнамски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Phalangeridae, bộ Hai răng cửa. Loài này được Kerr mô tả năm 1792.[2] Loài này là một loài thú có túi ăn đêm, sinh sống vừa trên cây vừa dưới đất, là loài bản địa Úc và là loài lớn thứ hai trong số các loài Phalangeriformes. Chúng chủ yếu ăn lá cây, nhưng đã được biết là ăn động vật có vú nhỏ như chuột. Trong hầu hết các môi trường sống ở Úc, lá bạch đàn là một phần quan trọng trong chế độ ăn nhưng hiếm khi là món duy nhất ăn được. Đuôi là có thể được chúng sử dụng để quấn vào cây và trọc lông ở mặt dưới của nó. Có bốn biến thể màu: xám bạc, nâu, đen và vàng.

Đây là loài thú có túi thường thấy nhất đối với cư dân thành phố, vì đây là một trong số ít loài phát triển mạnh ở các thành phố cũng như một loạt các môi trường tự nhiên và biến đổi con người. Xung quanh nơi sinh sống con người, loài thú này thường hiện diện và lục lọi cây ăn quả, vườn rau và đột kích nhà bếp. Loài này đã được du nhập đến New Zealand vào những năm 1850 để thành lập ngành công nghiệp lông thú, nhưng ở vùng khí hậu cận nhiệt đới ôn hòa của New Zealand, và với rất ít động vật săn mồi tự nhiên, chúng đã phát triển đến mức nó trở thành một loài gây hại bảo tồn và nông nghiệp.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Morris, K., Woinarski, J., Friend, T., Foulkes, J., Kerle, A. & Ellis, M. (2008). Trichosurus vulpecula. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 12 năm 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Trichosurus vulpecula”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

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Trichosurus vulpecula: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Trichosurus vulpecula là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Phalangeridae, bộ Hai răng cửa. Loài này được Kerr mô tả năm 1792. Loài này là một loài thú có túi ăn đêm, sinh sống vừa trên cây vừa dưới đất, là loài bản địa Úc và là loài lớn thứ hai trong số các loài Phalangeriformes. Chúng chủ yếu ăn lá cây, nhưng đã được biết là ăn động vật có vú nhỏ như chuột. Trong hầu hết các môi trường sống ở Úc, lá bạch đàn là một phần quan trọng trong chế độ ăn nhưng hiếm khi là món duy nhất ăn được. Đuôi là có thể được chúng sử dụng để quấn vào cây và trọc lông ở mặt dưới của nó. Có bốn biến thể màu: xám bạc, nâu, đen và vàng.

Đây là loài thú có túi thường thấy nhất đối với cư dân thành phố, vì đây là một trong số ít loài phát triển mạnh ở các thành phố cũng như một loạt các môi trường tự nhiên và biến đổi con người. Xung quanh nơi sinh sống con người, loài thú này thường hiện diện và lục lọi cây ăn quả, vườn rau và đột kích nhà bếp. Loài này đã được du nhập đến New Zealand vào những năm 1850 để thành lập ngành công nghiệp lông thú, nhưng ở vùng khí hậu cận nhiệt đới ôn hòa của New Zealand, và với rất ít động vật săn mồi tự nhiên, chúng đã phát triển đến mức nó trở thành một loài gây hại bảo tồn và nông nghiệp.

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Лисий кузу ( руски )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Сумчатые
Подотряд: Phalangeriformes
Надсемейство: Phalangeroidea
Семейство: Кускусовые
Род: Кузу
Вид: Лисий кузу
Международное научное название

Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792)

Подвиды
  • T. v. vulpecula
  • T. v. arnhemensis
  • T. v. eburacensis
  • T. v. johnsoni
  • T. v. fuliginosus
Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 552696NCBI 9337EOL 323856FW 231483

Ли́сий кузу́[1][2], или щёткохвост[2], или лисовидный поссум[2], или обыкновенный кузу-лиса[2] (Trichosurus vulpecula) — млекопитающее семейства кускусовых.

Описание

Длина тела составляет от 32 до 58 см, длина хвоста — от 24 до 40 см, вес — от 1,2 до 4,5 кг. Выражен половой диморфизм, самцы значительно крупнее самок. У кузу острая мордочка, длинные уши, мех серого цвета, иногда коричневого, встречаются альбиносы. Хвост длинный и пушистый. Диплоидное число хромосом 2n = 20.

Распространение

Живёт на значительной территории восточной Австралии, в некоторых районах западной Австралии, в частности вблизи Перта, на севере материка и на острове Тасмания. В XIX веке лисий кузу был акклиматизирован, а затем ввезён в Новую Зеландию.

Образ жизни

Лисий кузу живёт на деревьях, активен ночью. Днём отдыхает в дуплах или в своеобразных гнёздах. Также устраивает логова. Питается листьями, ягодами, фруктами.

Брачный сезон не имеет чётких границ, длится круглый год. В Новой Зеландии, однако, по данным Кроули (1973) чётко выраженный сезон размножения с апреля по июль. Деторождение происходит в сентябре—ноябре и в марте—мае. Беременность длится 16—18 дней. Рождается 1 детёныш, который живёт с матерью до 9 месяцев. В целом, продолжительность жизни составляет до 13 лет.

Враги

Основными хищниками, которые охотятся на лисьего кузу, являются хищные птицы и вараны. Раньше люди в значительных объёмах уничтожали этих животных из-за их ценного меха. Он экспортировался из Австралии под названием «австралийский опоссум» или «аделаидская шиншилла». Только в 1906 году на меховых рынках Нью-Йорка и Лондона было продано 4 млн шкурок лисьего кузу. Сегодня этот вид находится под охраной.

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 435. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 19. — 10 000 экз.
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Лисий кузу: Brief Summary ( руски )

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Ли́сий кузу́, или щёткохвост, или лисовидный поссум, или обыкновенный кузу-лиса (Trichosurus vulpecula) — млекопитающее семейства кускусовых.

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刷尾负鼠 ( кинески )

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二名法 Trichosurus vulpecula
(Kerr, 1792)

帚尾袋貂Trichosurus vulpecula),又名走地蝠袋鼠狐袋鼬,是體型最大的袋貂。其學名的意思是「毛尾的小狐」,因為牠們的外觀像。牠們的尾巴有盤捲能力,下身底部則沒有毛。在城市中很易看見牠們的蹤跡,是小數生活在澳洲大自然及人工環境的動物之一。

帚尾袋貂是夜間活動的。牠們主要是吃葉子的,但亦會吃細小的哺乳動物,如家鼠。在很多澳洲的棲息地中,桉樹會佔牠們食物的大部份,但卻並非主要部份。這可能是因在桉樹葉中含有單寧酸或其他保護性的化學物質[3]人類生活的環境中,牠們是著名的搶掠者,專向果樹、蔬菜園及廚房埋手。

行為

 src=
帚尾袋貂是晚間出沒的。

在日間,帚尾袋貂會在樹上的巢或其他方便的地方(如天花的空間)睡覺。雖然牠們主要是在樹上生活的,但亦會有很多時間在地上出沒。牠們是可以站立的。

雄性帚尾袋貂會發出非常大的嘶叫來保護領土。牠們亦會有其他的發聲,主要都是喀嚓聲。大部份帚尾袋貂都相對寂靜。牠們一般都是獨自生活,或以細小群族聚居。帚尾袋貂是有高度的區域性,對外來的動物或負鼠本身都帶有攻擊性。

飼養

在很多地區都是禁止飼養帚尾袋貂的。若是人工養大的刷尾負鼠,會很馴服,但仍會本能性的到處搜尋。人工哺育帚尾袋貂需要在斷奶後,以樹葉及花朵、或果實及蔬菜來取代母乳。一般的錯誤是主要以果實及蔬菜來餵飼,這會阻礙食道內微生物的發育,嚴重會造成死亡

帚尾袋貂是非常聰明的動物,智力可與相比,故可以教授飼養的帚尾袋貂一些花式,如「坐下」等一般動作。教授時須留意要給予確實的指示,並經常給予獎勵。

生態的影響

 src=
帚尾袋貂的近鏡。

歐洲移民曾在新西蘭發展毛皮工業而引入帚尾袋貂,現時牠們的數量約有7000萬頭。引入帚尾袋貂造成了生態的破壞,因為當地的植物都是在沒有帚尾袋貂的情況下進行演化。帚尾袋貂選擇性地吃當地的蔬菜[4],特別對闊葉樹(如鐵心木屬)造成破壞。[5]從而引發與鳥類對食物的競爭、森林的組成及冠層的瓦解。[6]牠們對假山毛櫸屬沒有很大的影響,但牠們吃了很多自然生長的品種,從而減少了假山毛櫸屬的多樣性。帚尾袋貂是機會主義者,會掠食鳥類的蛋。[7] 國際自然保護聯盟物種存續委員會的入侵物種專家小組(ISSG)列為世界百大外來入侵種

帚尾袋貂被認為是牛結核病的帶菌者,對牛乳業、牛肉業及鹿肉業造成危害。[8]但是其傳播途徑卻未曾清楚。

捕捉及毒殺帚尾袋貂能成功的減少其數量。一般的獵人為控制害蟲或狩獵毛皮都會使用氰化物來殺死帚尾袋貂,而新西蘭政府則使用代號1080的氟醋酸鈉來處理較大的面積。[9]研究發現原住的鳥類只有少量的減少,而原住的無脊椎動物哺乳動物則會在牠們的數量回升後而被比下去。另一個好處是一些其他入侵物種的副獵獲。個別亦有報告指寵物受到1080的毒害,成因可能是吃了被毒殺的帚尾袋貂屍體。

為避免對幼樹造成破壞,帚尾袋貂的數量須保持在非常低的水平,約為5%。帚尾袋貂在新西蘭被認為是主要的生態危害,一些生態組織更建議將之滅絕。但是牠們所造成的影響是很複雜的,尤其加上紅鹿山羊的引入,另外人類活動如農業、砍伐森林及礦業等。

狩捕帚尾袋貂一直持續,牠們的毛皮亦被作為買賣。不過這些因毛皮而被獵殺的刷尾負鼠數量比因中毒而死亡只屬小數。環境學者質疑這個行業是否為減少或滅絕帚尾袋貂。一些新西蘭公司將牠們的毛皮出口至台灣香港馬來西亞

參考

  1. ^ Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal species of the world 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 16 November 2005: 50. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  2. ^ Trichosurus vulpecula. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 1996.
  3. ^ Marsh, K. J., Wallis, I. R., & Foley, W. J. The effect of inactivating tannins on the intake of Eucalyptus foliage by a specialist Eucalyptus folivore (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and a generalist herbivore (Trichosurus vulpecula). Australian Journal of Zoology. 2003, 51: 41–42.
  4. ^ Payton, I. J.; 等. Response of selected tree species to culling of introduced Australian brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula at Waipoua Forest, Northland, New Zealand. Biological Conservation. 1997, 81: 247–255. 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (link)
  5. ^ Cowan, P. E.; 等. Effects of possum browsing on northern rata, Orongorongo valley, Wellington, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1997, 27: 173–179. 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (link)
  6. ^ Rogers, G. M., & Leathwick, J. R. Factors predisposing forests to canopy collapse in the southern Ruahine Range, New Zealand. Biological Conservation. 1997, 80: 325–338.
  7. ^ Department of Conservation. The use of 1080 for pest control - Possum impacts on native animals. 2004 [2008-04-11].
  8. ^ Department of Conservation. The use of 1080 for pest control - Possums as reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis. 2004 [2008-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-16).
  9. ^ Department of Conservation. The use of 1080 for pest control - Success stories. 2004 [2008-04-11].

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:刷尾负鼠
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刷尾负鼠: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

帚尾袋貂(Trichosurus vulpecula),又名走地蝠袋鼠或狐袋鼬,是體型最大的袋貂。其學名的意思是「毛尾的小狐」,因為牠們的外觀像。牠們的尾巴有盤捲能力,下身底部則沒有毛。在城市中很易看見牠們的蹤跡,是小數生活在澳洲大自然及人工環境的動物之一。

帚尾袋貂是夜間活動的。牠們主要是吃葉子的,但亦會吃細小的哺乳動物,如家鼠。在很多澳洲的棲息地中,桉樹會佔牠們食物的大部份,但卻並非主要部份。這可能是因在桉樹葉中含有單寧酸或其他保護性的化學物質。在人類生活的環境中,牠們是著名的搶掠者,專向果樹、蔬菜園及廚房埋手。

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フクロギツネ ( јапонски )

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フクロギツネ Possum Cradle Mountain.jpg
フクロギツネ Trichosurus vulpecula
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia 亜綱 : 獣亜綱 Theria : 双前歯目 Diprotodontia : クスクス科 Phalangeridae : フクロギツネ属 Trichosurus : フクロギツネ T. Vulpecula 学名 Trichosurus vulpecula
(Kerr, 1792) 和名 フクロギツネ 英名 Common brushtail possum
Silver-gray brushtail possum
 src=
フクロギツネと育児嚢

フクロギツネ(袋狐、Trichosurus vulpecula、英名Common Brushtail Possum)は、哺乳綱双前歯目クスクス科フクロギツネ属に分類される有袋類。

分布[編集]

オーストラリア(内陸部、大陸西部の乾燥地帯を除く)。ニュージーランドには移入された[1]

形態[編集]

 src=
赤色型のフクロギツネ

体長35-55cm。尾長25-40cm。体重はオスが1.3-4.5kg、メスが1.2-3.5kg。全身は灰色の体毛で覆われ、腹面は乳白色オスの胸には臭腺があり、赤褐色の斑となる。赤色型、黒色型の3タイプがあり、北の個体群ほど赤みのある灰色の個体が多くなり、南の個体群ほど黒みが強くなる[2]の体毛は黒く、尾の腹面には毛が生えていない。そのため物に巻きつけることに適していて、樹上での移動に役立っている。鼻はピンク色[3]

後肢の第2指および第3指(人差し指および中指)は癒合しているが、この癒合した指は2本の爪がある。また後肢の親指の爪は目立たない[3]

生態[編集]

市街地から森林まで幅広く生息し、樹幹の移動や地上に餌を見つけた場合は地上に降りるが、ほぼ樹上性。夜行性で、特定の巣は作らず、昼間は樹洞などで休む。オスは肛門腺や胸にある臭腺などでマーキング縄張りを作る。天敵ディンゴオオトカゲネコキツネ等である。

食性は雑食で、木の果物昆虫類やその等を食べる。

繁殖形態は胎生妊娠期間は16-18日、1回に1-2頭(通常1頭)の幼体を出産する[1][3]。繁殖期は北部では一年中であり、南部では春および秋であるが、栄養状態にも左右される[3]育児は他の有袋類同様育児嚢で行う。幼体は4-5ヶ月で袋から出て、その後2ヶ月程は親の背中に背負われて育つ。オスは約2年で、メスは約1年で性成熟し、寿命は平均で6-7年、最長でも11年程度[3]

分類[編集]

クイーンズランド州北部アサートン高原などに生息する Coppery Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus johnstonii)が同種の亜種Trichosurus vulpecula johnstoniiとされることがある[1][2]。同様に北部準州の個体群(T. v. arnhemensis)もTrichosurus arnhemensisとされることがある[1]

Status[編集]

LEAST CONCERN (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))

Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
  • T. v. hypoleucus
LOWER RISK - Near Threatened (IUCN Red List Ver. 2.3 (1994))
Status iucn2.3 NT.svg

人間との関係[編集]

アボリジニ食用毛皮用とするため捕獲し、ヨーロッパ系住民も毛皮を取るために狩猟の対象としていた。アボリジニは狩猟の際、オオトカゲが木に登るとフクロギツネが恐れてを出す習性を利用し、オオトカゲが木にを立てるような音を出すために幹を引っ掻き、木の洞にフクロギツネがいるかどうか調べた。

を恐れず、餌をねだって近づいてくることがある。民家の屋根裏などに巣を作って糞尿で汚し、果物を食害するため害獣扱いされることもあるが、原産地オーストラリアでは保護動物となっているので、当局の許可なく自由に捕獲することはできない。

しかし、毛皮を取る目的でヨーロッパ人が積極的に放獣したニュージーランドでは天敵がいないため増殖し、在来種に影響を与えたり、ウシ結核を伝播させたりするため、駆除の対象となっている[4]。有袋類としては唯一世界の侵略的外来種ワースト100リストに選出されており、日本でも特定外来生物に指定されている。

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ a b c d Trichosurus vulpecula,IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. ^ a b Damon Ramsey, Rainforest of Tropical Australia, Ecosystem Guides, ISBN 9780975747049, p.407
  3. ^ a b c d e Cath Jones & Steve Parish, Field Guide to Australian Mammals, Steve Panish Publishing,2004, pp. 76-99
  4. ^ Montague, Thomas L. (ed) 2000. The Brushtail Possum: Biology, impact and management of an introduced marsupial. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. 292 p. ISBN 0-478-09336-5
  • 『原色ワイド図鑑3 動物』、学習研究社、1984年、11項
  • 『小学館の図鑑NEO 動物』、小学館、2002年、27項

関連項目[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、フクロギツネに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにフクロギツネに関する情報があります。
  • Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme Specialist Group 1996. Trichosurus vulpecula. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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フクロギツネ: Brief Summary ( јапонски )

добавил wikipedia 日本語
 src= フクロギツネと育児嚢

フクロギツネ(袋狐、Trichosurus vulpecula、英名Common Brushtail Possum)は、哺乳綱双前歯目クスクス科フクロギツネ属に分類される有袋類。

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주머니여우 ( корејски )

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주머니여우(Trichosurus vulpecula)는 쿠스쿠스과에 속하는 유대류의 일종이다. 야행성 동물이며, 준-수상성 동물이다. 오스트레일리아의 토착종으로 주머니쥐 중에서 두번째로 크다. 대부분의 주머니쥐처럼 주머니여우도 야행성 동물이다. 풀을 주로 먹는 초식 동물이지만, 쥐와 같은 작은 포유류도 먹는 것으로 알려져 있다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). 〈Order Diprotodontia〉 [캥거루목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 50쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Trichosurus vulpecula. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2015.3판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2015년 9월 26일에 확인함.
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