Iris dichotoma (also known as Vesper iris) is a species in the genus Iris and is also in the subgenus of Iris. It was once formerly known as Pardanthopsis dichotoma as it was placed in a genus of its own before DNA testing resulted in it returning to the genus Iris. It is native to the forests and grasslands of Siberia, China, Mongolia and Korea. It has long greyish green leaves, long branched stems carrying many flowers in summer or late summer. In shades of violet, mauve to purple, lavender, pale blue, white or pink. They appear in the late afternoon at the time of Vespers (a service of evening prayer).
Iris dichotoma grows from a small fibrous rhizome,[2][3] that is stout and very short.[4] Underneath the rhizome, it has thick and swollen roots.[3]
It has numerous leaves,[2] that are typical iris-looking leaves,[5] that are similar in form to a bearded iris,[6] except fan shaped.[2][7] They are also similar to a Vanda orchid's leaves.[6] They grow from the base of rhizome (i.e. basal) and are sword-shaped,[4][6][8] greyish green and slightly curved.[4] The leaves have no midvein and can grow between 15–35 cm (6–14 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (1–1 in) wide.[4]
It has dichotomously,[4] or multi-branched stems,[9][10][11] which can grow up to between 90–120 cm (35–47 in) tall.[6][10][12] The tall stems keep the flowers much higher than the foliage of the leaves,[2] and they have 4 or 5 leafy spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are green, lanceolate (spear-like) shaped and 1.5–2.3 cm (1–1 in) long.[4]
It blooms in the US between May and midsummer.[13] Elsewhere, it begins to bloom in summer,[14] or late summer,[6] between July and early August.[4][2][8]
It unusually blooms in the late afternoon,[2][8][13] at approx. 3 o'clock,[7] or 4 o’clock.[10][15] This occurs at the time of hearing ‘’Vespers’’, hence its common name, of ‘Vespers Iris’.[2][8] They fully open out in just a couple of minutes,[13] but only last one day,[9][11][16] as they twist into tight little spirals after dark and then drop from the stem.[4] Withered flowers are never normally seen on the stems.[7]
Each stem can hold between 3–6 flowers.[4][11] This means, a well established plant can have nearly hundreds of flowers,[9][6][7] the display of flowers can last for up to 3 – 4 weeks.[13][7] The flowers are fragrant.[10] As the flowers (and nectar) are extremely attractive to hummingbirds and honeybees, cross-pollination can take place and then later seeds can be formed.[10]
Unfortunately, the flowers are small,[14][11] at about 1 in (25 mm) long.[10][5][9]
They come in various shades from violet,[5][13][8] mauve to purple,[16] purple,[2] lavender,[12] pale blue,[2][8][14] white,[5] (rarely[9]), cream,[4] or pink.[9]
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[17]
The outer petals are broadly oblanceolate shaped (much longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip), 3–3.5 cm (1–1 in) long and about 1 cm wide.[4][2] The ‘claw’ (section closest to the centre) is striped,[16] or reticulated (marked with a grid),[2] with yellowish brown and the limb (the end part) has darker spots on a central, pale patch.[4][2][7] The patch can have a whitish colour tinged with green and the spots can be lilac-mauve,[11] brown-purple,[8] or red-purple.[10] The tips of the falls are free from any spots or markings.[11] The plain inner petals are narrowly obovate shaped (teardrop-like), 2.5 cm (1 in) long and 6–8 mm wide, with a retuse apex (rounded end with a depression).[4]
It has very distinct arms on the flower style,[6][2] which are 2.5 cm (1 in) long, with purplish brown markings.[4]
Its perianth tube is extremely short,[4] or missing.[16] It has stamens that are 1.6–1.8 cm (1–1 in) long and a green ovary that is 1 cm long.[4]
After it has flowered, the plant will produce a seed capsule and seeds,[10] between August and September.[4]
The seed capsule is cylindric in shape, yellowish-green and 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long and 1–1.2 cm (0–0 in) wide.[4] Inside, it has elongated,[6] or elliptic shaped,[4] and dark brown,[4] or brown coloured seeds,[6] that have small wings.[4] As compared to Iris domestica and related hybrids which have large round black seeds.[6]
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[17] It has a chromosome count of 2n=32.[2][4] It was counted three times;
The rhizome of Iris dichotoma Pall., contains isoflavonoids as the main bioactive compound.[18]
The chloroplast of I. dichotoma phylogeography (geography and genetics) in Asia has been studied.[19]
Iris dichotoma is pronounced as EYE-ris dy-KAW-toh-muh.[12][6]
It is written as 野鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as ye yuan wei.[4]
It has common name of 'Vesper Iris' due to the unusual function of the plant, that the blooms open up at around 4:00 pm each day, just in time for Vespers.[6][10][14] It is also thought to be commonly known as 'Autumn iris' and 'Blue curls' in the UK.[20] Although Trichostema dichotomum is normally commonly called 'Blue curls'.[21]
‘The Latin specific epithet dichotoma means divided into two equal portions, equal-branched or split into two,[22][23] or forked.[24]
Iris dichotoma was first published and described by Peter Simon Pallas in 'Reise Russ. Reich.' (Reise durch Verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs.) Vol.3 on page 712 in 1776.[25][1][26]
Then in 1972, using morphological studies botanist Lee Wayne Lenz re-classified the species as a separate species and renamed it Pardanthopsis dichotoma which he then published in Aliso Vol.7 on page 403.[14][27][28] Its lack of perianth tube was the feature that originally separated it from other iris species.[16]
Then in 1998, Goldblatt in (Klaus Kubitzki (ed.)) 'The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants' Vol.3 on page 326, also noted that it was a monospecific genus between Iris and Belamcamda.[4]
Then in 2001, based on DNA analysis,[29] Pardanthopsis was then merged back into the genus Iris, and the name Iris dichotoma Pall. was used again.[14][2][6] Occasionally the former name, Pardanthopsis dichotoma is still used.[13][6]
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 25 October 2005, as Iris dichotoma,[25] and it was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2017.[20]
I. dichotoma is native to temperate regions of Asia.[25][13]
It is found in Siberia,[6][3][14] near Lake Baikal,[2] and the Dahuria region,[26] as well as near the Russian Federation city of Chita,[25] and also in the Russian Federation state of Amur.[25]
It is also found in Mongolia,[6][3][2] Korea,[25][14][4] and in China.[6][3][14] Within the Chinese states of Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi and Yunnan.[25][4]
"Iris dichotoma" grows in quercus (Oak) forests, sandy grasslands, dry sunny areas,[4] which have moist fertile soils.[6] It can be found at an altitude of 200–2,300 m (660–7,550 ft) above sea level.[4]
Iris dichotoma is difficult to cultivate and they are not recommended for amateurs,[2] thought more as a collector's plant.[6] They are often treated as a biennial by many gardeners as it can be quite short lived,[10][5][14] especially the hybrids.[6]
It is hardy to between USDA Zone 6,[13] and Zone 10.[6] Meaning it can withstand temperatures down to −23.3 °C (−10 °F),[12] or −20 °C.[7] It requires no winter protection (in Pittsburgh).[7]
It prefers to grow in humus rich garden soil,[10][14][5] which is well drained.[13][6][7] It can tolerate neutral or acidic soils,[10] pH levels between 6.5 and 7.5.[12][6]
It prefers positions in full sun.[10][5][12] But it needs to be kept well watered and fertilized, especially to get flowers in the first summer.[5][13] It is drought tolerant once established,[7] but prefers regular watering.[6]
Within the garden, it can be combined in July with trumpet lilies (Lilium brownii, Lilium henryi, or Lilium regale) or Galtonia candicans in a white garden.[10] It could also be paired with other evening bloomers like Cestrum and Jasminum in a night garden or alternatively morning flowering Hemerocallis (day lilies) to create your own lauds and vespers section in your garden.[14]
Irises can generally be propagated by division,[10][12][30] or by seed growing.[12][6][5] The fibrous root system of the iris enables the plant to be separated simply and then the young plants to be transplanted.[10]
After allowing the seed pods to dry on plant, break open capsules to collect seeds.[12] Seeds are best sown in the spring, germination is normally easy.[8] Known germination tip; soak the seeds. Place in warm water until seeds swell, usually between 24 and 48 hours. Then remove floaters (these will not germinate) and the water can be re-used for soaking.[6] Sown at temperatures at about 20 °C. Seed can germinate within 3 months.[6] Alternate method involves cold storage (or vernalization). Seed can be sown in pots or flat trays and then refrigerate for 4 to 6 weeks. After coming out of cold storage, seeds should germinate in a week or two. After the threat of frost has passed, it is safe to transplant seedlings outdoors.[5]
The seedlings dislike transplanting when they get too big. The plant may flower the first year, if started very early (February–March) and planted out after the last frosts of the year.[8]
Known cultivars: 'Dichotoma Alba',[31] 'Shilka'.[9]
Known crosses (Iris dichotoma and other iris): 'Ai Hua', 'Auroral Sail,[32] 'Azure Pinwheel,[33] 'Blazing Sunflower',[34] Bountiful Blush', 'Bright Smile'. 'Butterfly Magic',[35] 'Candy Lilies', 'Cherry Pie',[36] 'Chic Leopard', 'Chocolate Knight',[37] 'Colorful Stelleroid',[38] 'Dancing Woman', 'Daybreak Sail',[39] 'Dazzler Series', 'Fiery Rhapsody,[40] 'Fire Leaf', 'Happy Yanyan',[41] 'Heart Of Darkness',[42] 'Jungle Colors', 'Kiba Giants' 'Laced Lavender', 'Lost Bar',[43] 'Mandarin Lady', 'Moonlit Hairpin',[44] 'Orange Diamond',[45] 'Pastel Parfait', 'Pink Leopard',[46] 'Romantic Celebration', 'Rosy Brocade', 'Sangria',[47] 'Seiya Hui', 'Sharp Shine', 'Sheng Ni', 'Shining Butterfly',[48] 'Slight Smile', 'Sparkling Fire',[49] 'Star Eyes', 'Spooky World',[50] 'Spotted Dog Hui', 'Starlit Shell',[51] 'Starry Bodhi', 'Summer Candy',[52] 'Summer Snow', 'Sunset Tones'. 'Sweet Princess'[53] and 'Wedding Dress'.[9]
There is also an intergeneric hybrid between Belamcanda chinensis (aka Iris domestica) and Pardanthopsis dichotoma (aka Iris dichotoma),[27] called the Candy Lily,[6][13][14] which is also called "x Pardancanda norrisii".[2][14][3] The 'x' in front of the name is to show that it is a man-made primary hybrid between two different genera.[6]
In 1967, a plant breeder from Kentucky,[54] Samuel Norris crossed I. dichotoma with Iris domestica, the hybrid obtained was named Pardancanda norrisii.[2][55] When the name of Pardanthopsis dichotoma was returned to the iris genus. The scientific name of the Candy Lily also had to be renamed, the name is now Iris x norrisii.[54][56][57]
It can reach from 60 to 90 cm 60–90 cm (24–35 in) tall.[58] It like I. dichotoma has flowers that blooms last for one day but can keep coming for weeks.[59] It blooms in the summer and has saucer shaped flowers.[58] They have seedpods between August and October that split to show the black seeds, similar to the blackberry lily (or B. chinensis).
The Candy Lily has its own cultivars as well; Pardancanda 'Sangria' is a purple strain with deep purple and golden yellow patterned petals,[59] and Kiba giants, with flowers that are variable between yellow, red and violet.[60]
Iris dichotoma, is used in Chinese herbal medicine,[2] and has been used to treat several disorders such as inflammation, throat disorders, asthma and coughs.[18]
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (especially the rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested they can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[12]
Iris dichotoma (also known as Vesper iris) is a species in the genus Iris and is also in the subgenus of Iris. It was once formerly known as Pardanthopsis dichotoma as it was placed in a genus of its own before DNA testing resulted in it returning to the genus Iris. It is native to the forests and grasslands of Siberia, China, Mongolia and Korea. It has long greyish green leaves, long branched stems carrying many flowers in summer or late summer. In shades of violet, mauve to purple, lavender, pale blue, white or pink. They appear in the late afternoon at the time of Vespers (a service of evening prayer).
Iris dichotoma là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Diên vĩ. Loài này được Pall. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1776.[1]
Iris dichotoma là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Diên vĩ. Loài này được Pall. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1776.
野鸢尾（学名：Iris dichotoma），为鸢尾科鸢尾属下的一个植物种。[1]
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
대청부채(학명: Iris dichotoma)는 붓꽃과의 여러해살이풀이다. 부채붓꽃, 얼이범부채라고도 하며 북에서는 참부채붓꽃이라고 부른다. 마치 범부채 몸에 붓꽃이 핀 모습이다. 잎은 부챗살 모양을 하며 연한 보라색 꽃이 여름에 핀다.
대청부채는 대청도에서 1983년 처음 발견되었다. 현재는 대청도와 백령도 등 서해 5도 일부의 바닷가에만 서식하며, 꽃이 아름다워 원예가치가 높은 멸종위기 야생식물이다.
붓꽃속 식물이면서도 꽃창포처럼 붓꽃이라는 이름이 붙지 않은 식물이다. 보통 붓꽃속 식물들이 하나의 줄기에 한 개 또는 두 개의 꽃을 피우는 데 비해 대청부채는 여러 개의 꽃을 피운다. 각각의 꽃들은 Y자로 갈라진 꽃대 끝에 달리는데, 이런 특성 때문에 종소명이 두 갈래로 갈라진다는 뜻의 ‘디코토마(dichotoma)’이다.
대청부채라는 이름은 대청도에서 처음 발견되었고, 잎이 부챗살처럼 넓게 퍼진다는 데서 유래했다. 북한에서는 참부채붓꽃이라 부른다.[1]
밑동 줄기는 굵고 불규칙한 마디가 있으며, 꽃줄기는 곧게 서고 여러 갈레로 갈라진다.
여름에 연한 보라색 꽃이 3~5송이씩 모여달린다. 꽃차례는 산형상취산화서이다. 포편은 피침형으로 막질이며 길이 2cm정도이다. 외화피는 약간 타원형으로 펼쳐지고 밑부분에 황갈색 무늬가 있다. 내화피는 난형으로 곧게 서며 끝이 오목하다. 암술대는 3갈래로 갈라지며 끝은 뾰족한 꽃잎모양이며 자주색 반점이 있다. 하루 중 항상 15시를 전후해서 꽃을 피우기 시작해 16시에 만개하고, 점차 지기 시작해 22시면 완전히 꽃을 말아버린다. 옛날에는 대청부채 꽃을 보고 시간을 가늠해보았다는 기록이 있을 정도로 꽤나 정확하여 생물시계라 한다.
열매는 삭과로 길이 4cm정도의 타원형이며 씨앗은 검은색을 띈다.
국내에서는 대청도의 초원에 범부채와 혼생하는 대군집이 있고 백령도에도 작은 군집이 있다. 중국에서는 넓게 분포하며 국내에서는 보기 힘들다. 추정컨대 중국에서 황해를 따라 전이 되었거나 서해의 두 섬에서만 자생하고 육지에서는 볼 수 없다. 문헌상으로는 평안남도 벽단에도 자생하던 것으로 기재되어 있다.
최근 ‘주요 생물자원의 유전자 분석 연구 사업’으로 붓꽃속 멸종위기 식물에 대한 유전적 다양성 등을 최초로 분석해 원산지와 그 실체 등이 밝혀졌다. 대청도와 백령도에 자생하는 대청부채는 각각 고유한 유전자형을 가지고 있어 이번 연구를 통해 최초로 복원된 개체의 원산지를 밝힐 수 있었다. 대청부채는 3가지 유형의 유전자형을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대청도에서 조사된 4개 지역은 모두 유전자형 I형만 가지고 있다. 백령도에서 조사된 2개 지역은 유전자형 II형과 III형을 가지고 있어 유전적 다양성이 높았다.[2]
현재 환경부 멸종위기 II급, 산림청 보존우선 105순위에 올라있다.
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