Статии за Hygrocybe spadicea (Scop.) P. Karst. 1879 - Енциклопедија на живиот свет

Biology ( англиски )

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Fungi are neither plants nor animals but belong to their own kingdom. They are unable to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis, as plants do; instead, they acquire nutrients from living or dead plants, animals, or other fungi, as animals do. In many larger fungi (lichens excepted) the only visible parts are the fruit bodies, which arise from a largely unseen network of threads called 'hyphae'. These hyphae permeate the fungus' food source, which may be soil, leaf litter, rotten wood, dung, and so on, depending on the species. Fruit bodies of the date waxcap appear following heavy rainfall (5) between July and December (1).

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Conservation ( англиски )

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This fungus is a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP), and is included in English Nature's Species Recovery Programme. The Action Plan for this species aims to maintain all current populations through a number of measures. The lead partner for this species is Plantlife (5). Guidelines on minimising the impact of fungi collecting have been produced by English Nature (6).

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Description ( англиски )

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Waxcaps are a group of fungi that have thick gills, watery flesh and a waxy texture (8). This waxcap has a brown, chestnut or coffee-coloured cap, which is slightly flattened but conical at first, becoming increasingly flattened in older specimens (1). The gills and the stem ('stipe') are bright yellow. The flesh is lemon yellow or yellowish white in colour, and the generic name Hygrocybe means 'moist head' (7). WARNING: many species of fungus are poisonous or contain chemicals that can cause sickness. Never pick and eat any species of fungus that you cannot positively recognise or are unsure about. Some species are deadly poisonous and can cause death within a few hours if swallowed.

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Habitat ( англиски )

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The often brightly coloured Hygrocybe waxcaps are generally associated with unimproved grassland (8). This species is found mainly on limestone pastures with a southern aspect, but has also been recorded from calcareous dunes and mown parkland (5).

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Range ( англиски )

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The date waxcap is found throughout much of Europe. In the UK it occurs in scattered localities including parts of Wales, Cumberland, Shropshire, Devon and the island of Colonsay in the Hebrides (5).

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Status ( англиски )

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Provisionally classified as Vulnerable in Great Britain (5). Digging up fungi without permission could constitute theft under the Theft Act 1968 (6).

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Threats ( англиски )

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Although the historical and recent population trends of this species are not fully known, it seems likely that the following factors would have a detrimental effect on this species: changes in grassland management including fertiliser use and a reduction in grazing levels resulting in scrub invasion, trampling by humans, and vegetation succession on the dune sites (5).

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Associations ( англиски )

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Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe spadicea is associated with live Poaceae

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Hygrocybe spadicea ( Pms )

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Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Capel fin a 7 cm, brun, fibrilos, sliss. Lamele giàune, lìbere. Gamba àuta fin a 8 cm e larga fin a 1,2 cm, sëcca, giàuna ciàira com la carn.

Ambient

A chërs ant ij pra.

Comestibilità

A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
Sensa anteresse alimentar.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

Hygrocybe spadicea (Scop.) Karsten

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Hygrocybe spadicea: Brief Summary ( Pms )

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Capel fin a 7 cm, brun, fibrilos, sliss. Lamele giàune, lìbere. Gamba àuta fin a 8 cm e larga fin a 1,2 cm, sëcca, giàuna ciàira com la carn.

Ambient

A chërs ant ij pra.

Comestibilità

A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
Sensa anteresse alimentar.

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Wilgotnica czarnobrunatna ( полски )

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Wilgotnica czarnobrunatna (Hygrocybe spadicea (Scop.) P. Karst.) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny wodnichowatych (Hygrophoraceae)^[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Hygrocybe, Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi^[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w 1772 r. Joannes Antonius Scopoli nadając mu nazwę Agaricus spadiceus. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1879 r. Petter Karsten^[1].

Synonimy^[2]:

Agaricus spadiceus Scop. 1772
Godfrinia spadicea (Scop.) Herink 1958
Hygrocybe spadicea var. albifolia (Hesler & A.H. Sm.) Boertm. 1995
Hygrophorus spadiceus (Scop.) Fr. 1838
Hygrophorus spadiceus f. odorus A.H. Sm. & Hesler 1954
Hygrophorus spadiceus var. albifolius Hesler & A.H. Sm. 1963

Nazwę polską nadała w 1997 r. Barbara Gumińska^[3].

Morfologia

Kapelusz

Średnica 3–6 cm, początkowo stożkowaty z podwiniętym brzegiem, później szeroko rozpostarty, zazwyczaj ze stożkowatym garbkiem na szczycie. Jest higrofaniczny; w stanie wilgotnym brzeg prążkowany od prześwitujących blaszek, powierzchnia śluzowata, w stanie suchym włóknista, jedwabiście błyszcząca, brunatnoczarna do prawie czarnej, na brzegu oliwkowobrunatna^[4].

Blaszki

Prawie wolne lub zaokrąglone przy trzonie, dość grube, rzadkie, z blaszeczkami, cytrynowożółte. Ostrza równe i gładkie^[4].

Trzon

Wysokość 4–6 cm, średnica od 0,5 do 1 cm, walcowaty, w środku pusty. Powierzchnia bladosiarkowo-żółta, przy podstawie biała, pokryta podłużnie brązowymi włókienkami^[4].

Miąższ

W kapeluszu cienki, kruchy, cytrynowożółty, u nasady trzonu biały, niezmieniający barwy po uszkodzeniu, bez wyraźnego zapachu i smaku^[4].

Wysyp zarodników

Biały, zarodniki elipsoidalne, gładkie^[4].

Występowanie i siedlisko

Występuje głównie w Europie, poza nią na pojedynczych stanowiskach w Ameryce Północnej i Australii^[5]. W Polsce nie notowana od ponad 60 lat^[3] i uznana za gatunek wymarły^[6]. Znajduje się na listach gatunków zagrożonych w Szwajcarii, Niemczech, Estonii, Anglii, Norwegii, Słowacji, Szwecji, Finlandii^[3].

Rozwija się wśród traw i mchów na wilgotnych łąkach i obrzeżach lasów, częściej w górach. Prawdopodobnie związana jest z wapiennym podłożem. Owocniki wytwarza od sierpnia do października^[4].

Przypisy

↑ ^a ^b ^c Index Fungorum [dostęp 2019-02-10] .
↑ Species Fungorum [dostęp 2019-02-10] .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Władysław Wojewoda, Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski, Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003, ISBN 83-89648-09-1
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f B. Gumińska, Flora Polska (Flora of Poland). Grzyby (Mycota). Tom XXVI. Wodnichowate (Hygrophoraceae), Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Botaniki, 1997, ISBN 83-7052-949-6
↑ Discover Life Maps [dostęp 2019-02-10] .
↑ ZbigniewZ. Mirek ZbigniewZ., Red list of plants and fungi in Poland = Czerwona lista roślin i grzybów Polski, Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany. Polish Academy of Sciences, 2006, ISBN 83-89648-38-5 .

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Wilgotnica czarnobrunatna: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Wilgotnica czarnobrunatna (Hygrocybe spadicea (Scop.) P. Karst.) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny wodnichowatych (Hygrophoraceae).

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