Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner 1935

Galerina marginata, ye una especie de fungu basidiomiceto venenoso, del xéneru Galerina, de la familia Strophariaceae.^[2]

Carauterístiques

Los cuerpos granibles atópense sobre'l terrén de los montes de coníferes y montes caducifolios del hemisferiu norte, n'América del Norte, Europa, Asia, Xapón y amás atopáronse exemplares n'Australia.

El pileu ye primeramente convexu a cónica, depués col maduror faise más convexu y esplanáu, dacuando irregularmente. Esto puede xenerar ondulaciones nel sombreru, que puede algamar hasta 4 cm de diámetru.

L'fungu tien un nidiu color amarronáu, la superficie ye mafosa d'aspeutu grasu, l'estipe ye de color marrón claru y puede midir hasta 6 centímetros de llongura por 9 milímetros d'anchu.

Tosicidá

Galerina marginata ye un fungu bien venenosu porque contién Amatoxinas: un grupu de tóxicos potentísimos que son tamién responsables de los envelenamientos más graves producíos por munches cogordes de los xéneros Amanita y Lepiota.

Les Amatoxines son péptidos cíclicos que inhiben la enzima ARN polimerasa II ya interfieren con delles funciones celulares. Los primeros síntomes d'envelenamientu apaecen de 6 a 24 hores dempués del consumu, siguida d'un periodu d'aparente ameyoramientu, de siguío, polos síntomes del fégadu y la insuficiencia renal la muerte de quien la peracaba apuerta al cuartu día.

• Alvertencia: La determinación d'un fungu y el so comestibilidad pueden ser realizaes y certificaes por micólogos espertos, o los centros de control de les autoridaes sanitaries competentes. La información errónea o incompleta puede causar daños per envelenamientu o intoxicación mortal. Nun s'atreva'l consumu de cogordes, que podría poner en riesgu la salú ya inclusive la vida a usté y a los sos invitaos.

Referencies

• Evenson VS. (1997). Cogordes de Colorado y el sur de los Montes Predresos . Westcliffe Editores. pp 25-26. ISBN 978-1565791923.
• R. Singer (1986). El Agaricales na taxonomía moderna (4 ª ed.). Koenigstein: Koeltz llibros científicos. pp 673-74. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
• Bresinsky A, Besl H. (1989). Un Atles en color de los fungos venenosos: un Manual pa Farmacéuticos, Médicos y Biólogos . Pp 37-39: Londres Manson Publishing Ltd.. ISBN 0-7234-1576-5 . Consultáu'l 23/02/2010.
• EF Bossenmaier. (1997). Fungos del Monte Boreal. Saskatoon, Canadá: Estensión de Prensa de la Universidá de la Universidá de Saskatchewan. p. 12. ISBN 0-88880-355-9.
• M. García Rollán. (1990) Cogordes venenoses . Intoxicaciones y tratamientu ISBN 84-7670-249-3

Enllaces esternos

• Wikimedia Commons acueye conteníu multimedia sobre Galerina marginata .

La galerina marginata és un bolet petit que creix damunt de soques i branques mortes de pi.

Descripció

Té un barret de 3 cm com a màxim, convex quan surt i aplanat quan creix, amb un mamelló central.

El peu, molt prim, s'aixeca uns 3 o 4 cm i porta un petit anell membranós.

Tot el bolet és d'un ocre o groc viu molt bonic que s'enfosqueix quan s'asseca.

Té làmines fines i cenyides, adossades al peu.

La carn, molt minsa, és de color grogós i fa una feble olor de farina.

Hàbitat

Viu damunt de la fusta de pi blanc, a terra baixa i de pi roig i pi negre, a la muntanya mitjana.

Comestibilitat

És metzinós i mortal.

Bibliografia

• Roth, Frank, Kormann: Giftpilze, Pilzgifte - Schimmelpilze, Mykotoxine. Nikol, Hamburg, 1990. ISBN 3-933203-42-2.

Enllaços externs

• Descripció i fotografia de la galerina marginata. (italià)
• Fotografies d'aquest bolet en diferents estats de desenvolupament.

Čepičatka jehličnanová (Galerina marginata) je jedovatá dřevokazná houba z čeledi límcovkovitých.

Výskyt

Je běžná na všech kontinentech severní polokoule, byla zaznamenána i v Austrálii. Jedná se o houbu dřevokaznou, která žije především na rozkládajícím se dřevě jehličnanů.

Otrava

Je prudce jedovatá, obsahuje stejné amatoxiny jako muchomůrka zelená. Ty způsobují chemické poškození jater vedoucí k zvracení, průjmu a bez včasného ošetření i k smrti.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Galerina marginata na anglické Wikipedii.

Externí odkazy

• Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu čepičatka jehličnanová ve Wikimedia Commons
• Galerie čepičatka jehličnanová ve Wikimedia Commons
• Taxon Galerina marginata ve Wikidruzích

Der Gift-Häubling (Galerina marginata) – bisweilen auch Nadelholz-Häubling genannt, obwohl er auch Laubholz besiedelt – ist eine tödlich giftige Pilzart aus der Familie Hymenogastraceae.

Merkmale

Makroskopische Merkmale

Der Hut des Gift-Häublings ist dünnfleischig, bis zu 4 cm breit, anfangs gewölbt und später flach ausgebreitet. Feucht hat er eine honig-, ocker- bis gelbbraune Farbe und einen durchscheinend gerieften Hutrand. In der Varietät des „Überhäuteten Häublings“ (G. marginata var. autumnalis) ist der Hut bei feuchter Witterung klebrig und die Riefung gar nicht oder nur schwach ausgeprägt. Bei Trockenheit erscheint der Hut hingegen gelbbraun. Die Lamellen sind am Stiel gerade angewachsen oder laufen kurz daran herab, stehen gedrängt und sind schmal. Anfangs hellocker sind sie im Alter braun bis rostbraun gefärbt. Das Sporenpulver hinterlässt einen hellbraunen Abdruck. Der zylindrische Stiel hat eine weißfaserige Basis. Unterhalb der meist vergänglichen Manschette ist er mit einigen hellen Flocken besetzt und sieht längs seidig-faserig und silbrig glänzend aus. Das Fleisch im Hut ist gelblich und im Stiel dunkelbraun. Es riecht vor allem mehlartig, der Geruch wird jedoch auch als „muffig, widerlich und ähnlich wie faulendes Holz“ beschrieben.

Mikroskopische Merkmale

Die mandelförmigen Sporen besitzen eine Plage. Sie sind etwa 10 × 6,5 Mikrometer groß. Cheilo- und Pleurozystiden sind vorhanden.

Artabgrenzung

Gift-Häublinge mit dem bedeutendsten Unterschied zum essbaren Stockschwämmchen: silbrig überfaserte Stiele

Der Gift-Häubling kann mit dem beliebten Speisepilz Gemeines Stockschwämmchen (Kuehneromyces mutabilis) verwechselt werden. Lediglich anhand der Stielmerkmale lassen sich die beiden Arten mit bloßem Auge sicher unterscheiden. Der Gift-Häubling ist durch einen silbrig-längsfaserigen Stiel mit einem faserigen Ringbereich gekennzeichnet, wohingegen das Stockschwämmchen einen braunschuppigen Stiel mit einem häutigen Ring besitzt. Andere Trennmerkmale wie z. B. der mehlige Geruch des Gift-Häublings gelten als unsicher.^[1] Noch ähnlicher ist das Glattstielige Stockschwämmchen (K. lignicola), das nur mikroskopisch sicher unterschieden werden kann. Außerdem besteht eine große Ähnlichkeit mit anderen Häublingen und einigen Schwefelköpfen.

Toxikologie

Die Giftstoffe des Gift-Häublings sind Amatoxine und ähneln somit denen des Grünen Knollenblätterpilzes. Die tödliche Dosis soll etwa bei 100–150 g Frischpilzen liegen.^[2] Erste Symptome treten etwa 5–12 Stunden nach dem Verzehr in Form von Diarrhoe, Erbrechen, Blutdruckabfall und Pulsanstieg auf. Das Gift schädigt die Leber. Das im Pilz nachweisbare Phalloidin^[3] spielt für die Vergiftung keine Rolle, da es bei oraler Aufnahme nicht in die Blutbahn gelangt. Siehe hierzu auch den Artikel über das Phalloides-Syndrom.

Ökologie und Phänologie

Der Gift-Häubling lebt als Saprobiont von Totholz. Sein Pilzgeflecht steht stets mit Holz in Verbindung. Teilweise besiedelt er bereits sehr verrottetes Holz, oft an Nadelholz, was auch den Beinamen „Nadelholz-Häubling“ erklärt. Vor allem in tieferen Lagen ist er aber durchaus genauso häufig auf totem Laubholz zu finden. Es wurde bereits beobachtet, dass der Gifthäubling zusammen mit dem Stockschwämmchen an einem Stamm lebte. Der Gift-Häubling steht manchmal auf dem Boden, scheinbar ohne Kontakt zu Holz. Dann jedoch ist das Mycel im Boden mit vergrabenem Holz verbunden. Darüber hinaus gedeiht der Pilz auch auf Rindenmulch. Zumeist stehen die Fruchtkörper dann einzeln und weisen kaum Ähnlichkeiten mit Stockschwämmchen auf.^[1]

Er fruktifiziert meist büschelig, aber auch einzeln, von August bis Oktober.

Verbreitung

In Mitteleuropa ist der Gift-Häubling weit verbreitet.

Quellen

1. ↑ ^{a b} Andreas Gminder, Tanja Böhning: Welcher Pilz ist das? Kosmos, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-440-10797-3.
2. ↑ Lutz Roth, Hanns Frank, Kurt Kormann: Giftpilze, Pilzgifte. Schimmelpilze – Mykotoxine – Vorkommen – Inhaltsstoffe – Pilzallergien – Nahrungsmittelvergiftungen. Nikol, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-933203-42-2 (328 S.).
3. ↑ Till. R. Lohmeyer, Ute Künkele: Pilze. Parragon, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4454-1044-9, S. 32.

Weblinks

– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Galerina marginata, known colloquially as funeral bell, deadly skullcap, autumn skullcap or deadly galerina, is a species of extremely poisonous mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae of the order Agaricales. It contains the same deadly amatoxins found in the death cap (Amanita phalloides). Ingestion in toxic amounts causes severe liver damage with vomiting, diarrhea, hypothermia, and eventual death if not treated rapidly. About ten poisonings have been attributed to the species now grouped as G. marginata over the last century.

G. marginata is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, North America, and Asia, and has also been found in Australia. It is a wood-rotting fungus that grows predominantly on decaying conifer wood. The fruit bodies of the mushroom have brown to yellow-brown caps that fade in color when drying. The gills are brownish and give a rusty spore print. A well-defined membranous ring is typically seen on the stems of young specimens but often disappears with age. In older fruit bodies, the caps are flatter and the gills and stems browner. The species is a classic "little brown mushroom" – a catchall category that includes all small to medium-sized, hard-to-identify brownish mushrooms, and may be easily confused with several edible species.

Before 2001, the species G. autumnalis, G. oregonensis, G. unicolor, and G. venenata were thought to be distinct from G. marginata due to differences in habitat and the viscidity of their caps, but phylogenetic analysis showed that they are all the same species.

Taxonomy and naming

What is now recognized as a single morphologically variable taxon named Galerina marginata was once split into five distinct species. Norwegian mycologist Gro Gulden and colleagues concluded that all five represented the same species after comparing the DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA for various North American and European specimens in Galerina section Naucoriopsis. The results showed no genetic differences between G. marginata and G. autumnalis, G. oregonensis, G. unicolor, and G. venenata, thus reducing all these names to synonymy.^[1] The oldest of these names are Agaricus marginatus, described by August Batsch in 1789,^[2] and Agaricus unicolor, described by Martin Vahl in 1792.^[3] Agaricus autumnalis was described by Charles Horton Peck in 1873, and later moved to Galerina by A. H. Smith and Rolf Singer in their 1962 worldwide monograph on that genus. In the same publication they also introduced the G. autumnalis varieties robusta and angusticystis.^[4] Another of the synonymous species, G. oregonensis, was first described in that monograph. Galerina venenata was first identified as a species by Smith in 1953.^[5] Since Agaricus marginatus is the oldest validly published name, it has priority according to the rules of botanical nomenclature.^[6]

Acute-ended cystidia are characteristic of Galerina species in the section Naucoriopsis.

Another species analysed in Gulden's 2001 study, Galerina pseudomycenopsis, also could not be distinguished from G. marginata based on ribosomal DNA sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Because of differences in ecology, fruit body color and spore size combined with inadequate sampling, the authors preferred to maintain G. pseudomycenopsis as a distinct species.^[1] A 2005 study again failed to separate the two species using molecular methods, but reported that the incompatibility demonstrated in mating experiments suggests that the species are distinct.^[7]

In the fourth edition (1986) of Singer's comprehensive classification of the Agaricales, G. marginata is the type species of Galerina section Naucoriopsis, a subdivision first defined by French mycologist Robert Kühner in 1935.^[8] It includes small brown-spored mushrooms characterized by cap edges initially curved inwards, fruit bodies resembling Pholiota or Naucoria^[9] and thin-walled, obtuse or acute-ended pleurocystidia that are not rounded at the top. Within this section, G. autumnalis and G. oregonensis are in stirps Autumnalis, while G. unicolor, G. marginata, and G. venenata are in stirps Marginata. Autumnalis species are characterized by having a viscid to lubricous cap surface while Marginata species lack a gelatinous cap—the surface is moist, "fatty-shining", or matte when wet.^[10] However, as Gulden explains, this characteristic is highly variable: "Viscidity is a notoriously difficult character to assess because it varies with the age of the fruitbody and the weather conditions during its development. Varying degrees of viscidity tend to be described differently and applied inconsistently by different persons applying terms such as lubricous, fatty, fatty-shiny, sticky, viscid, glutinous, or (somewhat) slimy."^[1]

The specific epithet marginata is derived from the Latin word for "margin" or "edge",^[11] while autumnalis means "of the autumn".^[12] Common names of the species include the "marginate Pholiota" (resulting from its synonymy with Pholiota marginata),^[13] "funeral bell",^[14] "deadly skullcap", and "deadly Galerina". G. autumnalis was known as the "fall Galerina" or the "autumnal Galerina", while G. venenata was the "deadly lawn Galerina".^[15][16]

Description

Young fruit bodies have margins rolled inwards.

View of gills and stem

The cap ranges from 1 to 4 cm (1⁄2 to 1+1⁄2 in) in diameter.^[17] It starts convex, sometimes broadly conical, and has edges (margins) that are curved in against the gills. As the cap grows and expands, it becomes broadly convex and then flattened,^[17] sometimes developing a central elevation, or umbo, which may project prominently from the cap surface.^[13]

Based on the collective descriptions of the five taxa now considered to be G. marginata, the texture of the surface shows significant variation. Smith and Singer give the following descriptions of surface texture: from "viscid" (G. autumnalis),^[4] to "shining and viscid to lubricous when moist" (G. oregonensis),^[18] to "shining, lubricous to subviscid (particles of dirt adhere to surface) or merely moist, with a fatty appearance although not distinctly viscid",^[19] to "moist but not viscid" (G. marginata).^[20] The cap surface remains smooth and changes colors with humidity (hygrophanous), pale to dark ochraceous tawny over the disc and yellow-ochraceous on the margin (at least when young), but fading to dull tan or darker when dry. When moist, the cap is somewhat transparent so that the outlines of the gills may be seen as striations. The flesh is pale brownish ochraceous to nearly white, thin and pliant, with an odor and taste varying from very slightly to strongly like flour (farinaceous).^[20]

The gills are typically narrow and crowded together, with a broadly adnate to nearly decurrent attachment to the stem and convex edges. They are a pallid brown when young, becoming tawny at maturity. Some short gills, called lamellulae, do not extend entirely from the cap edge to the stem, and are intercalated among the longer gills. The stem ranges from 2 to 8 cm (3⁄4 to 3+1⁄8 in) long,^[17] 3–9 mm thick at the apex, and stays equal in width throughout or is slightly enlarged downward. Initially solid, it becomes hollow from the bottom up as it matures. The membranous ring is located on the upper half of the stem near the cap, but may be sloughed off and missing in older specimens. Its color is initially whitish or light brown, but usually appears a darker rusty-brown in mature specimens that have dropped spores on it. Above the level of the ring, the stem surface has a very fine whitish powder and is paler than the cap; below the ring it is brown down to the reddish-brown to bistre base. The lower portion of the stem has a thin coating of pallid fibrils which eventually disappear and do not leave any scales. The spore print is rusty-brown.^[20]

Microscopic characteristics

Spores, 1000x magnification

The spores measure 8–10 by 5–6 µm, and are slightly inequilateral in profile view, and egg-shaped in face view. Like all Galerina species, the spores have a plage, which has been described as resembling "a slightly wrinkled plastic shrink-wrap covering over the distal end of the spore".^[21] The spore surface is warty and full of wrinkles, with a smooth depression where the spore was once attached via the sterigmatum to the basidium (the spore-bearing cell). When in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, the spores appear tawny or darker rusty-brown, with an apical callus. The basidia are four-spored (rarely with a very few two-spored ones), roughly cylindrical when producing spores, but with a slightly tapered base, and measure 21–29 by 5–8.4 µm.^[20]

Cystidia are cells of the fertile hymenium that do not produce spores. These sterile cells, which are structurally distinct from the basidia, are further classified according to their position. In G. marginata, the pleurocystidia (cystidia from the gill sides) are 46–60 by 9–12 µm, thin-walled, and hyaline in KOH, fusoid to ventricose in shape with wavy necks and blunt to subacute apices (3–6 µm diameter near apex). The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edges) are similar in shape but often smaller than the pleurocystidia, abundant, with no club-shaped or abruptly tapering (mucronate) cells present. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.^[20]

Similar species

Kuehneromyces mutabilis is one of several edible lookalike species.

The deadly Galerina marginata may be mistaken for a few edible mushroom species such as Armillaria mellea and Kuehneromyces mutabilis.^[22] Pholiota mutabilis (Kuehneromyces mutabilis) produces fruit bodies roughly similar in appearance and also grows on wood, but may be distinguished from G. marginata by its stems bearing scales up to the level of the ring, and from growing in large clusters (which is not usual of G. marginata). However, the possibility of confusion is such that this good edible species is "not recommended to those lacking considerable experience in the identification of higher fungi."^[23] Furthermore, microscopic examination shows smooth spores in Pholiota.^[24] One source notes "Often, G. marginata bears an astonishing resemblance to this fungus, and it requires careful and acute powers of observation to distinguish the poisonous one from the edible one."^[13] K. mutabilis may be distinguished by the presence of scales on the stem below the ring, the larger cap, which may reach a diameter of 6 cm (2+3⁄8 in), and spicy or aromatic odor of the flesh. The related K. vernalis is a rare species and even more similar in appearance to G. marginata. Examination of microscopic characteristics is typically required to reliably distinguish between the two, revealing smooth spores with a germ pore.^[13]

Another potential edible lookalike is the "velvet shank", Flammulina velutipes. This species has gills that are white to pale yellow, a white spore print, and spores that are elliptical, smooth, and measure 6.5–9 by 2.5–4 µm.^[25] A rough resemblance has also been noted with the edible Hypholoma capnoides,^[13] the 'magic' mushroom Psilocybe subaeruginosa, as well as Conocybe filaris, another poisonous amatoxin-containing species.^[26]

Habitat and distribution

Galerina marginata growing on decayed log.

Galerina marginata is a saprobic fungus,^[6] obtaining nutrients by breaking down organic matter. It is known to have most of the major classes of secreted enzymes that dissolve plant cell wall polysaccharides, and has been used as a model saprobe in recent studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi.^[27][28] Because of its variety of enzymes capable of breaking down wood and other lignocellulosic materials, the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI) is currently sequencing its genome. The fungus is typically reported to grow on or near the wood of conifers, although it has been observed to grow on hardwoods as well.^[22][1] Fruit bodies may grow solitarily, but more typically in groups or small clusters, and appear in the summer to autumn. Sometimes, they may grow on buried wood and thus appear to be growing on soil.^[16]

Galerina marginata is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, found in North America, Europe, Japan, Iran,^[29] continental Asia, and the Caucasus.^[20][30][31] In North America, it has been collected as far north as the boreal forest of Canada^[32] and subarctic and arctic habitats in Labrador,^[33] and south to Jalisco, Mexico.^[34] It is also found in Australia.^[35]

Toxicity

Galerina marginata contains deadly amounts of amatoxins.

Alpha-amanitin chemical structure

The toxins found in Galerina marginata are known as amatoxins. Amatoxins belong to a family of bicyclic octapeptide derivatives composed of an amino acid ring bridged by a sulfur atom and characterized by differences in their side groups; these compounds are responsible for more than 90% of fatal mushroom poisonings in humans. The amatoxins inhibit the enzyme RNA polymerase II, which copies the genetic code of DNA into messenger RNA molecules. The toxin naturally accumulates in liver cells, and the ensuing disruption of metabolism accounts for the severe liver dysfunction cause by amatoxins. Amatoxins also lead to kidney failure because, as the kidneys attempt to filter out poison, it damages the convoluted tubules and reenters the blood to recirculate and cause more damage. Initial symptoms after ingestion include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea which may last for six to nine hours. Beyond these symptoms, toxins severely affect the liver which results in gastrointestinal bleeding, a coma, kidney failure, or even death, usually within seven days of consumption.^[36]

Galerina marginata was shown in various studies to contain the amatoxins α-amanitin and γ-amanitin, first as G. venenata,^[37] then as G. marginata and G. autumnalis.^[38] The ability of the fungus to produce these toxins was confirmed by growing the mycelium as a liquid culture (only trace amounts of β-amanitin were found).^[39] G. marginata is thought to be the only species of the amatoxin-producing genera that will produce the toxins while growing in culture.^[40] Both amanitins were quantified in G. autumnalis (1.5 mg/g dry weight)^[41] and G. marginata (1.1 mg/g dry weight).^[42] Later experiments confirmed the occurrence of γ-amanitin and β-amanitin in German specimens of G. autumnalis and G. marginata and revealed the presence of the three amanitins in the fruit bodies of G. unicolor.^[43] Although some mushroom field guides claim that the species (as G. autumnalis) also contains phallotoxins (however phallotoxins cannot be absorbed by humans),^[15][44] scientific evidence does not support this contention.^[22] A 2004 study determined that the amatoxin content of G. marginata varied from 78.17 to 243.61 µg/g of fresh weight. In this study, the amanitin amounts from certain Galerina specimens were higher than those from some Amanita phalloides, a European fungus generally considered as the richest in amanitins. The authors suggest that "other parameters such as extrinsic factors (environmental conditions) and intrinsic factors (genetic properties) could contribute to the significant variance in amatoxin contents from different specimens."^[22] The lethal dose of amatoxins has been estimated to be about 0.1 mg/kg human body weight, or even lower.^[45] Based on this value, the ingestion of 10 G. marginata fruit bodies containing about 250 µg of amanitins per gram of fresh tissue could poison a child weighing approximately 20 kilograms (44 lb). However, a 20-year retrospective study of more than 2100 cases of amatoxin poisonings from North American and Europe showed that few cases were due to ingestion of Galerina species. This low frequency may be attributed to the mushroom's nondescript appearance as a "little brown mushroom" leading to it being overlooked by collectors, and by the fact that 21% of amatoxin poisonings were caused by unidentified species.^[22]

The toxicity of certain Galerina species has been known for a century. In 1912, Charles Horton Peck reported a human poisoning case due to G. autumnalis.^[46] In 1954, a poisoning was caused by G. venenata.^[47] Between 1978 and 1995, ten cases caused by amatoxin-containing Galerinas were reported in the literature. Three European cases, two from Finland^[48] and one from France^[49] were attributed to G. marginata and G. unicolor, respectively. Seven North American exposures included two fatalities from Washington due to G. venenata,^[16] with five cases reacting positively to treatment; four poisonings were caused by G. autumnalis from Michigan and Kansas,^[50][51] in addition to poisoning caused by an unidentified Galerina species from Ohio.^[52] Several poisonings have been attributed to collectors consuming the mushrooms after mistaking them for the hallucinogenic Psilocybe stuntzii.^[53][54]

See also

• List of deadly fungi

Footnotes

Cited books

• Evenson VS (1997). Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains. Westcliffe Publishers. pp. 25–6. ISBN 978-1-56579-192-3.
• Smith AH, Singer R (1964). A Monograph of the Genus Galerina. New York, New York: Hafner Publishing Co.

Galerina marginata es una especie de hongo basidiomiceto venenoso de la familia Strophariaceae.^[2]​

Características

Los cuerpos fructíferos se encuentran sobre el terreno de los bosques de coníferas y bosques caducifolios del hemisferio norte, en América del Norte, Europa, Asia, Japón y además se han encontrado ejemplares en Australia.

El píleo es inicialmente convexo a cónica, luego con la madurez se hace más convexo y aplanado, a veces irregularmente. Esto puede generar ondulaciones en el sombrero, el cual puede alcanzar hasta 4 cm de diámetro.

El hongo tiene un suave color amarronado, la superficie es viscosa de aspecto graso, el estipe es de color marrón claro y puede medir hasta 6 centímetros de largo por 9 milímetros de ancho.

Toxicidad

Galerina marginata es un hongo muy venenoso porque contiene Amatoxinas: un grupo de tóxicos potentísimos que son también responsables de los envenenamientos más graves producidos por muchas setas de los géneros Amanita y Lepiota.

Las amatoxinas son péptidos cíclicos que inhiben la enzima ARN polimerasa II e interfieren con varias funciones celulares. Los primeros síntomas de envenenamiento aparecen de 6 a 24 horas después del consumo, seguida de un período de aparente mejoría, a continuación, por los síntomas del hígado y la insuficiencia renal la muerte de quien la consuma deviene al cuarto día.

Referencias

• Evenson VS. (1997). Setas de Colorado y el sur de las Montañas Rocosas . Westcliffe Editores. pp 25-26. ISBN 978-1565791923.
• R. Singer (1986). El Agaricales en la taxonomía moderna (4 ª ed.). Koenigstein: Koeltz libros científicos. pp 673-74. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
• Bresinsky A, Besl H. (1989). Un Atlas en color de los hongos venenosos: un Manual para Farmacéuticos, Médicos y Biólogos . Pp 37-39: Londres Manson Publishing Ltd.. ISBN 0-7234-1576-5 . Consultado el 23/02/2010.
• EF Bossenmaier. (1997). Hongos del Bosque Boreal. Saskatoon, Canadá: Extensión de Prensa de la Universidad de la Universidad de Saskatchewan. p. 12. ISBN 0-88880-355-9.
• M. García Rollán. (1990) Setas venenosas . Intoxicaciones y tratamiento. ISBN 84-7670-249-3

Jahutanuk (Galerina autumnalis, sünonüüm Galerina marginata) on kandseente hulka kuuluv seeneliik.

Seent on leitud ka Eestist.^[1]

Seen on mürgine.^[1]

Viited

Välislingid

• Jahutanuk andmebaasis eElurikkus

Myrkkynääpikkä (Galerina marginata) on erityisesti havupuiden kannoilla viihtyvä tappavan myrkyllinen lahottajasienilaji.

Tuntomerkit

Myrkkynääpikän jalassa on valkeita silkkisäikeitä.

Myrkkynääpikän itiöitä mikroskooppikuvassa.

Myrkkynääpikkä on pienikokoinen ja kellertävänruskea sieni. Sen 1–5 cm leveä, keskuskohoumallinen lakki on nuorena puolipallomainen, mutta vanhemmiten laakenee ja muotoutuu lopulta kartiomaiseksi. Lakki on kosteusmuuntuva: kuivana se on vaalean kellanruskea ja kosteana se voi olla kuultavan tummanruskea. Lakin reunat ovat läpisäteiset. Heltat ovat tiheät, tasatyviset ja vaaleanruskeat. Jalka on 2–7 cm pitkä, hento ja tasapaksu. Nuoren sienen jalassa on selvä rengas, joka kuitenkin kuihtuu nopeasti. Jalan pohjaväri on ruskea, mutta varsinkin tyveltä, renkaan alapuolelta, jalka on valkean silkkisäikeinen. Jalan tyvi tummenee kosketeltaessa. Sieni tuoksuu heikosti jauholta.

Kasvuaika ja -paikka

Myrkkynääpikkä kasvaa syys-marraskuussa enimmäkseen havupuiden kannoilla, lahoavalla puuaineksella tai hakkuuaukealla, joskus puutarhoissa ja puistikoissa. Joskus sientä voi löytää myös lehtipuulta. Se on hyvin yleinen koko Suomessa paljakka-alueita lukuun ottamatta.

Myrkyllisyys

Myrkkynääpikkä sisältää amatoksiineja, samoja solumyrkkyjä kuin valko- ja kavalakärpässieni, joskin jonkin verran vähemmän. Myrkky vaurioittaa maksaa, suolistoa ja munuaisia, ja saattaa pahimmassa tapauksessa tappaa. Myrkytysoireita ovat pahoinvointi, oksentelu, maha- ja suolistovaivat ja vetinen ripuli. Keittäminen ei poista sienen myrkkyjä. Sienen myrkyt ovat amanitiinit.

Samannäköisiä lajeja

Myrkkynääpikkä muistuttaa erehdyttävästi koivunkantosientä, joka on erinomainen ruokasieni. Koivunkantosieni on kookkaampi ja tukevampi kuin myrkkynääpikkä, ja sen jalka on renkaan alapuolelta ruskeasuomuinen eikä valkean silkkisäikeinen. Koivunkantosieni kasvaa yleensä lehtipuun lahokannolla, ja sen tuoksu on miellyttävän mausteinen eikä jauhomainen.^[2][3]

Myrkkynääpikkä muistuttaa myös jonkin verran kuusilahokkaa, joka on hyvä ruokasieni. Kuusilahokan jalka on renkaaton, yläosasta valkeankellertävä ja tyvestä ruosteenruskea, kun taas myrkkynääpikän jalka on pohjaväriltään ruskea, renkaallinen ja renkaan alapuolelta valkean silkkisäikeinen. Kuusilahokan tuoksu on heikosti ummehtunut ja muistuttaa maakellaria eikä jauhoja.^[4]

Lähteet

Aiheesta muualla

• LuontoPortti: Myrkkynääpikkä (Galerina marginata)

Galerina marginata, la galère marginée, est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes vénéneux de l'hémisphère nord du genre Galerina, de la famille des Hymenogastraceae et de l'ordre des Agaricales.

Les sporophores de ce champignon sont bruns à beiges, perdent leur couleur au séchage, Ils sont hygrophanes. Les lames sont brunâtres et donnent une impression de spores rouille.

Un anneau membraneux bien net est généralement visible sur le stipe de jeunes spécimens, mais disparaît souvent avec l'âge. Sur les vieux sporophores, les hyménophores sont plus plats et les lames et les pieds sont bruns.

Toxicité sévère et confusion

L'espèce est un classique petit champignon brun et peut être facilement confondu avec plusieurs espèces comestibles. Sa confusion avec Kuehneromyces mutabilis, la Pholiote changeante, peut être très facile^[1].

Pharmacologie

Espèce extrêmement toxique, il contient parfois six fois plus de substances toxiques que l'amanite phalloïde, dont les amatoxines mortelles^[2]. Son ingestion en quantités toxiques provoque des lésions hépatiques sévères accompagnées de vomissements, de diarrhée, d'hypothermie et de mort éventuelle si elle n'est pas traitée rapidement^[1]. Environ dix intoxications ont été attribuées à l'espèce désormais regroupée comme Galerina marginata au cours du siècle dernier.

Habitat

Galerina marginata est très répandu dans l'hémisphère nord, y compris en Europe, Amérique du Nord et en Asie et a également été trouvé en Australie. Il s'agit d'un champignon poussant principalement sur les bois de conifères en décomposition.

Description

Hyménophore convexe, d'un diamètre de 3 à 5 centimètres. Le stipe mesure de 2 à 6 cm, et porte un petit anneau fragile.

Notes et références

Viðarkveif (fræðiheiti: Galerina marginata) er lítill brúnn sveppur sem inniheldur banvæn eiturefni. Banvænn skammtur er tvær matskeiðar. Rotnandi viður er kjörlendi sveppsins. Viðalkveif fannst í Kjarnaskógi á 50 m svæði á brún göngustígs sem borið var á viðarkurl. Eitrið í viðarkveif er amatoxín og það kemur í veg fyrir próteinmyndun og veldur skaða á nýrum, lifur og meltingarfærum.

Heimild

• Baneitraður sveppur finnst í Kjarnaskógi (Morgunblaðið)

Wikiorðabókin er með skilgreiningu á orðinu

Viðarkveif

Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist

Viðarkveif

Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.

La Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner è uno dei funghi velenosi più pericolosi che esistano, perché i meno esperti lo confondono spesso con specie eduli che crescono cespitose appartenenti ad altri generi, come ad esempio pioppini, chiodini oppure una specie che le somiglia moltissimo, la Pholiota mutabilis (edule).
Il cappello non raggiunge dimensioni ragguardevoli, tuttavia a volte può raggiungere anche i 5-10 cm di diametro.

Descrizione della specie

Cappello

Di dimensioni molto ridotte: 1,5–3 cm massimo (esistono comunque forme robuste fino a 8-10 cm di diametro del pileo); di forma conico-ottusa o più generalmente convessa, poi più espanso ed a volte quasi piano; poco carnoso, quando è umido assume una colorazione ocra scuro; a secco è giallo sporco. Presenta evidenti striature al margine.

Lamelle

Fitte, leggermente decorrenti oppure adnate, color nocciola.

Gambo

Cilindrico, color ocra, fibroso; generalmente pruinoso al di sopra dell'anello, mentre al di sotto è di color ocra, presenta residui di velo di colore bianco sporco.

Anello

Membranoso, color ocra, esiguo.

Carne

Esigua, delicata, color ocra.

• Odore: farinoso, netto oppure leggero ed incostante (sezionare il carpoforo oppure strofinare le lamelle).
• Sapore: analogo ma anche in questo caso variabile per intensità.

Microscopia

Spore

Ocra ruggine in massa, (7) 8-10,5 (11) x 5-6 (7) µm, da ellissoidi a amigdaliformi più o meno verrucose, caliptrate o non, con apice che presenta callo più o meno pronunciato, plaga ilare liscia e visibile, cianofile e destrinoidi, positive con (KOH)3 5% divenendo color ruggine, in ammoniaca avviene lo stesso fenomeno ma in modo più blando.

Cheilocistidi

35)40 - 68 (70) x 8,5 - 15 x 3,3 3,8 µm, lageniformi con apice più o meno largo, presenti a palizzata continua che rende totalmente sterile il filo lamellare, ialini e abbondanti con presenza alcune volte di giunto a fibbia alla base.

Pleurocistidi

simili ai cheilocistidi per forma e dimensioni, da piuttosto rari a frequenti.

Caulocistidi

sparsi e non frequenti, simili ai cheilocistidi.

Pileipellis

a pigmento incrostante, senza pileocistidi con strato più o meno gelificato.

Giunti a fibbia

presenti su tutte le parti del carpoforo.

Habitat

La specie cresce su diversi substrati; legni di conifere e latifoglie, legno muscoso o muschio su terreno.

Sistematica Il genere Galerina (analisi DNA), è stato trasferito nella famiglia delle Strophariaceae.

Commestibilità

Mortale! Contiene Amatossine.

Sono riportati numerosi casi di grave intossicazione a sindrome parafalloidea^[1][2][3].

Galleria d'immagini

Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner

Specie simili

• Kuehneromyces mutabilis (ottimo commestibile), specialmente quando si presenta cespitoso.
• Diverse specie di piccola taglia appartenenti ai generi Agrocybe, Hypholoma, Laccaria, Mycena e Marasmius.

Attenzione

Per riconoscere questa specie è fondamentale strofinare energicamente le lamelle per poter percepire un odore "farinaceo" tenue, anche se a volte piuttosto marcato.

Etimologia

Dal latino marginatus = marginato, per via delle striature presenti sul margine del cappello.

Sinonimi e binomi obsoleti

• Pholiota marginata
• Pholiotina marginata

Note

Eglinė kūgiabudė (lot. Galerina marginata, vok. Gifthäubling) – nuosėdinių (Cortinariaceae) šeimos, kūgiabudžių (Galerina) genties grybas.

Kepurėlė 1-3 cm skersmens, geltonai ruda ar pilkai ruda. Jaunesnių grybų kepurėlė iškili, o senesnių paplokščia. Lakšteliai geltonai rudi, siauri. Trama gelsva, medienos kvapo. Auga ant kelmų, kamienų nuolaužų, supuvusių šakų. Grybas nuodingas.

Vikiteka

Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Capel fin a 7 cm, ùmid o sech, a marca l'ùmid, brun ross peui òcra giaunastr. Bòrd sensa pèil. Lamele strèite, da adnà a pòch decorente, da brunastr ciàir a brun òcra un pòch rusnent. Fil biancastr brinà. Gamba àuta fin a 7 cm e larga fin a 0,7 cm, da òcra ciàir a brun gris o brun dëstiss sombr an bass, nen armilà, con anel brunastr an pressa sgnacà. Odor e dzortut savor farinos (spué!).

Ambient

A chërs gregaria (dle vire motobin) ma nen a bocc, dzora a such e a bòsch ëd conìfere, ma ëdcò dzora a latifeuje.

Comestibilità

A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
Velenos mortal.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

• Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner

Aiuto per
la lettura Ayuda para
la lectura Help for
Reading Rintré ant
la Piòla Contaté
j'Aministrator Lìber për
Amprende Coression
ortogràfica Tastadura
piemontèisa Portaj
e Proget Agiut pr'ij
Contributor Travajòt
sempi

Blaszki i trzon hełmówki jadowitej

Podczas wysychania jaśnieje od środka kapelusza

Podczas wilgotnej pogody

Hełmówka jadowita (Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner) – gatunek grzybów należący do rodziny Hymenogastraceae^[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Galerina, Hymenogastraceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi^[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w roku 1789 August Johann Batsch nadając mu nazwę Agaricus marginatus. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w roku 1935 Robert Kühner, przenosząc go do rodzaju Galerina^[1]. Ma 24 synonimy łacińskie. Niektóre z nich^[2]:

Nazwę polską zaproponował Władysław Wojewoda w 2003 r. W polskim piśmiennictwie mykologicznym gatunek ten opisywany był też jako łuskwiak obrzeżony lub hełmówka obrzeżona^[3].

Morfologia

Kapelusz

Średnica 1,5–5 cm, początkowo półkulisty, później wypukły, na koniec płaski. Zazwyczaj posiada tępy, szeroki garb. Jest silnie higrofaniczny; w stanie suchym ma kolor od bladobeżowego do żółtoochrowego, podczas wilgotnej pogody staje się ochrowobrązowy lub czerwonobrązowy. Wysychając jaśnieje od wierzchołka. Podczas wilgotnej pogody widoczne jest promieniste prążkowanie, podczas suchej prążkowanie jest niewidoczne^[4].

Blaszki

Nieco wybrzuszone, szeroko przyrośnięte i przy trzonie wykrawane ząbkiem. Mają kolor początkowo ochrowobrązowy, później rdzawobrązowy, ostrza blaszek są jaśniejsze^[4].

Trzon

Wysokość 2–8 cm, grubość 0,1–0,6 cm. Walcowaty, w środku pusty. Posiada nietrwałą strefę pierścieniowa, powyżej której ma ochrowy kolor i jest mączyście oprószony, poniżej ma brązowawy kolor i pokryty jest podłużnymi, srebrzystobiałymi włókienkami, u podstawy jest ciemniejszy (w kolorze od oliwkowobrązowego do czarnego)^[4].

Miąższ

W kapeluszu jasnoochrowy, w trzonie umbrobrązowy. Smak i zapach mączny z domieszką rzodkiewkowego^[5].

Wysyp zarodników

Rdzawobrązowy. Zarodniki eliptyczne, o powierzchni chropowatej lub pomarszczonej i rozmiarach 11–08 × 5–6.5 μm^[6].

Występowanie i siedlisko

Hełmówka jadowita jest szeroko rozpowszechniona na całej półkuli północnej^[7]. W Europie Środkowej jest pospolita^[4], w Polsce również^[8].

Rośnie na drewnie obumarłych drzew oraz na ściółce leśnej. W starszych atlasach grzybów podawano, że wyrasta tylko na drewnie drzew iglastych, jest to jednak nieprawda. W górach istotnie najczęściej spotyka się ją pod świerkami, jednak na niżu rośnie głównie na drewnie buka. Zazwyczaj występuje gromadnie, w mniejszych lub większych grupach. Owocniki pojawiają się od sierpnia do pierwszych przymrozków^[4].

Znaczenie

Saprotrof^[3]. Grzyb trujący – zatrucia cyklopeptydowe, cytotoksyczne. Dla człowieka potencjalnie jest śmiertelnie trujący, ze względu na obecność amanityny, tej samej trucizny, która występuje w niektórych muchomorach. Jak dotąd jednak nie zanotowano żadnego przypadku śmiertelnego zatrucia hełmówką jadowitą^[4].

Gatunki podobne

Może być łatwo pomylona z łuskwiakiem zmiennym (Kuehneromyces mutabilis), który jest grzybem jadalnym. Różni się cynamonowego koloru blaszkami i występowaniem na trzonie pod pierścieniem czarnobrązowych łusek. Podobna jest również płomiennica zimowa (Flammulina velutipes). Ta ma jednak ciemny trzon bez pierścienia^[5].

Przypisy

Galerina marginata é um fungo que pertence ao gênero de cogumelos Galerina na ordem Agaricales. É um cogumelo venenoso, que pode ser mortal.^[1]

Referências

Galerina marginata (August Batsch, 1789 ex Robert Kühner (1935), sin. Pholiota marginata (August Batsch, 1789 ex Lucien Quélet, 1872), din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în familia Hymenogastraceae și de genul Galerina,^[1] denumită în popor ghebă de brad,^[2] este, împreună cu variația ei brună Galerina tomnatica, una din cele mai otrăvitoare ciuperci cunoscute. Acest burete este o specie saprofită care crește în grupuri cu multe exemplare pe cioturi și bușteni în putrefacție și se poate găsi în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord în primul rând în păduri de conifere, mai rar în cele foioase, de la câmpie până la munte. O regăsim pe tot parcursul anului, dar perioada favorită de dezvoltare o are din septembrie până în noiembrie.^[3][4]

Descriere

Bres.: Pholiota marginata

• Pălăria: are un diametru de 1,5–4 cm, este destul de subțire, la început convexă, turtit conică, aplatizând odată cu maturizarea, cu marginea ondulată și canelată. Cuticula este umedă și lipicioasă la exemplarele tinere, fiind netedă și câteodată brăzdată. Coloritul variază între un brun de scorțișoară și ocru-deschis, dar în totdeauna cu partea centrală mai închisă la culoare.
• Lamelele: sunt înguste, aderate până ușor decurente la picior, aglomerate și înalte, bifurcate și adesea ondulate, la început gălbui-maronii, devenind cu vârsta maronii ca cuticula. Când este tânăr, buretele prezintă o cortină deasă și ocru-albicioasă (rest al vălului parțial = velum partiale) care rupe după scurt timp și dispare odată cu maturizarea, rămășitele devenind parte a marginii pălăriei precum al inelului în jurul tijei.
• Sporii: sunt deschis maronii, ovoidali până elipsoidali în formă de alună cu o membrană (suprafață) groasă, verucoasă, plină de riduri, cu o depresiune netedă, unde sporul a fost odată atașat prin sterigma la basidie (celula care poartă spori) precum cu un apendice la bază, fiind mai slab ornamentați în această zonă. Au o mărime de 8-10 cu 5-6,5 microni. Pulberea lor este maroniu-ruginie. Basidiile poartă 4 spori (rareori numai două), sunt aproximativ cilindrice, cu o bază ușor conică și măsoară 21-29 cu 5-8,4 microni.^[5]
• Piciorul: are o înălțime de 4–7 cm și o lățime de 0,3-0,7 cm, este cilindric, foarte subțire, arcuit când crește în grup, uscat și gol pe interior, fin brumat și aproape albicios spre cuticulă, iar mătăsos cu nuanțe de ocru spre bază, mereu cu un aspect fibros. Prezintă o zonă inelară chiar și la exemplarele mai bătrâne. Când este tânăr, prezintă o manșetă (rest al vălului parțial = velum partiale) albicios, ce a acoperit originar lamelele, pierzând-o odată cu maturizarea.
• Carnea: este moale, maronie, subțire, nesemnificativă, cu miros și gust de făină proaspătă.^[3][4]

• G. marginata, cistidie

• G. marginata, spori

• G. marginata: lamele, văl, inel și picior

• G. marginata tinere

• G. marginata bătrâne

Toxicitate

Galerina marginata precum variația ei Galerina tomnatica, dețin otravă cu acțiune plasmotoxică accentuată. Amatoxinele conținute (amanitinele α, β, γ, δ, ε), derivate ale octapeptidelor biciclice, sunt responsabile pentru o insuficiență hepatică severă. Mai departe toxinele acționează asupra sistemului nervos. Se intensifică musculatura stomacului, are loc secreția intensă al sucului gastral, apare diaree și vomă. Aceste ciuperci sunt responsabile pentru intoxicații mortale prin ingestie. Primele simptome apar, cam târziu, după 8-72 de ore după consumarea lor. Se lecuiește foarte greu cu ajutorul fala- și amatoxinei (antidotul Antanamid, câștigat din Amanita phalloides), Penicilinei G, Thioctacidului (medicament pe bază de acid lipoic) precum vitaminelor C și K. Pentru o investigație științifică au fost culese 27 de Galerina marginata în diferite locații franceze. Cantitatea de amanitină în diverse exemplare acestei specii a fost mai mare decât cele din unele Amanita phalloides.^[6][7]

Confuzii

Galerina marginata se confundă cu alte specii saprofite crescătoare pe lemn atrofiat. Dar ea are în totdeauna partea centrală a cuticulei mai închisă la culoare. Acest fapt este unul din caracteristicile pe baza căreia poate fi recunoscută față de delicioasele Kuehneromyces mutabilis, sin. Pholiota mutabilis (gheba ciobanilor),^[8] Laccaria proxima,^[9] Flammulina velutipes (ciuperca de iarnă),^[10] plus circumstanța, că aceste se usucă de la margine către centru, Psathyrella candolleana,^[11] sau Psathyrella piluliformis.^[12]. Mai departe o confuzie este posibilă cu Agrocybe praecox (comestibilă),^[13] Hypholoma fasciculare^[14] sau Hypholoma lateritium sin. Hypholoma sublateritium (ambele amare și ușor otrăvitoare),^[15] dar și cu gustoasa Hypholoma capnoides.^[15] De asemenea există mai multe specii de genul Galerina asemănătoare (de exemplu G. mycenopsis, G. paludosa, G. rubiginosa), cu toate necomestibile și toxice.^[16]

Ciuperci asemănătoare

• Agrocybe praecox

• Flammulina velutipes

• Hypholoma capnoides

• Galerina paludosa

• Hypholoma fasciculare

• Hypholoma lateritium

• Kuehneromyces mutabilis

• Laccaria proxima

• Stropharia aurantiaca

• Psathyrella candolleana

• Psathyrella piluliformis

Note

Bibliografie

• Marcel Bon: „Pareys Buch der Pilze”, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
• Bruno Cetto, volumele 1-7, vezi note
• Rose Marie Dähncke: „1200 Pilze in Farbfotos”, Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, p. 526, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
• Ewald Gerhard: „Der große BLV Pilzführer“ (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
• Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: „Der große Pilzatlas“, Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
• Hans E. Laux: „Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
• Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: „Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln”, Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
• Axel Meixner: „Chemische Farbreaktionen von Pilzen”, Editura J. Cramer, Lehre 1975
• Gustav Lindau, Eberhard Ulbrich: „Die höheren Pilze, Basidiomycetes, mit Ausschluss der Brand- und Rostpilze”, Editura J. Springer, Berlin 1928
• Meinhard Michael Moser: „Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas”, ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

• Materiale media legate de Gheba de brad la Wikimedia Commons
• Ghebă de brad, film în limba franceză

Den mykologiska karaktären hos gifthätting:

hymenium:
skivor

hatt:
välvd

skivtyp:
täta

ätlighet:
dödlig

fot:
ring

sporavtryck:
brun

ekologi:
saprofyt

Gifthätting (Galerina marginata) är en svampart^[12] som först beskrevs av August Johann Georg Karl Batsch, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Robert Kühner 1935. Enligt Catalogue of Life^[13][14] ingår Gifthätting i släktet Galerina, och familjen Strophariaceae,^[13][14] men enligt Dyntaxa^[15] är tillhörigheten istället släktet Galerina, och familjen buktryfflar.^[15] Arten är reproducerande i Sverige.^[15] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.^[13]

Den är dödligt giftig och innehåller Amatoxin, samma gift som finns i Vit flugsvamp och Lömsk flugsvamp fast i lägre halt men ändå livsfarlig.^[16]

Den växer i hela Sverige på murken barrved (även lövved), bland annat barkningsplatser, där det ligger träflis på motionsspår eller i rabatter etc.^[16][17]

Den är en klassisk förväxlingssvamp till Föränderlig tofsskivling, och det krävs mycket övning för att kunna skilja de båda svamparna åt. Man ser den tydliga skillnaden att gifthätting har en fot som är täckt av tunna lodräta vita fibrer som försvinner vid tumning, medan föränderlig tofsskivling har bruna utstående fjäll på foten nedanför ringen. Även har gifthätting en svagt mjölaktig doft, medan föränderlig tofsskivling doftar mer angenämt.^[16][18]

Källor

1. ^ A.H. Smith & Singer (1964) , In: Beitr. Naturk. Forsch. Südwestdeutschl.:246
2. ^ Singer (1936) , In: Beih. bot. Zbl. 56:170
3. ^ [a b] Kühner (1934) , In: Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 50:78
4. ^ [a b] ”CABI databases”. http://www.speciesfungorum.org. Läst 24 januari 2013.
5. ^ Gillet (1876) , In: Hyménomycètes (Alençon):436
6. ^ Quél. (1872) , In: Mém. Soc. Émul. Montbéliard, Sér. 2 5:127
7. ^ Peck (1872) , In: Ann. Rep. Reg. St. N.Y. 23:92
8. ^ P. Kumm. (1871) , In: Führ. Pilzk. (Zwickau):21, 74
9. ^ Pers. (1801) , In: Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2:272
10. ^ Vahl (1792) , In: Fl. Danic. 6:7
11. ^ Batsch (1789) , In: Elench. fung., cont. sec. (Halle):207
12. ^ Kühner (1935) , In: Encyclop. Mycol. 7:225
13. ^ [a b c] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/galerina+marginata/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
14. ^ [a b] Species Fungorum. Kirk P.M., 2010-11-23
15. ^ [a b c] Dyntaxa Gifthätting
16. ^ [a b c] Krikorev, Michael. ”Gifthätting – Galerina marginata” (på sv). http://svampguiden.com/art/visa/galerina_marginata. Läst 16 augusti 2018.
17. ^ Artdatabanken, SLU. ”https://artfakta.artdatabanken.se/taxon/4158”. artfakta.artdatabanken.se. https://artfakta.artdatabanken.se/taxon/4158. Läst 16 augusti 2018.
18. ^ Krikorev, Michael. ”Föränderlig tofsskivling – Kuehneromyces mutabilis” (på sv). http://svampguiden.com/art/visa/pholiota_mutabilis. Läst 16 augusti 2018.

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Gifthätting.
  Bilder & media

• Wikispecies har information om Galerina marginata.
  Artförteckning

Galerina autumnalis, Cortinariaceae familyasından ölümcül derecede zehirli bir mantar türü. İçerdiği alfa-amanotoksinler ölümle sonuçlabilen zehirlenmelere yol açar. Armillaria mellea (bal mantarı) ve çeşitli halüsinojen Psilocybe mantarlarına (özellikle Psilocybe cyanescens ve Psilocybe stuntzii) benzerliği zehirlenmelerin ana sebebidir.

Şapkası küçük, 1–4 cm, tümsek veya hafifçe düz, bazen çan şeklinde olabilir. Şekli düzgün, taze ve ıslakken yapışkan, diğer durumlarda kuru olabilir. Rengi genelde kahverengi veya turuncuya yakın olabilir. Spor izi kahverengidir.

2001 yılında yapılan bir çalışmada, görünümlerindeki farklara rağmen Galerina autumnalis, Galerina marginata , Galerina oregonensis, Galerina pseudomycenopsis, Galerina unicolor, ve Galerina venenata türlerinin aynı genetik yapıyı paylaştıkları, dolayısıyla hepsinin, en eski isimlendirme olan Galerina marginata ismi altında toplanabileceğini ortaya çıkarmıştır.

• 1 Назва
• 2 Будова
• 3 Життєвий цикл
• 4 Поширення та середовище існування
• 5 Практичне використання
• 6 Галерея
• 7 Примітки
• 8 Джерела

1. ↑ Elenchus fungorum. Continuatio secunda: 65, t. 37:207 (1789)
2. ↑ Pers., Synopsis methodica fungorum: 272 (1801)
3. ↑ Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard 5: 127 (1872)
4. ↑ Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr.: 78 (1934)
5. ↑ Fl. dan.: t. 1071:1 (1792)
6. ↑ Beihefte zum Botanischen Zentralblatt 56: 170 (1936)
7. ↑ Galerina marginata. www.mycobank.org. Процитовано 2017-04-06T06:33:37+00:00.

• Agaricus autumnalis Peck
• Agaricus marginatus Batsch
• Agaricus unicolor Vahl
• Galerina autumnalis (Peck) A.H.Sm. et Singer
• Galerina unicolor (Vahl) Singer
• Galerina oregonensis A.H.Sm.
• Galerina venenata (Vahl) Singer
• Pholiota discolor Peck
• Pholiota marginata (Batsch) Quél.

• 1 Таксономия
• 2 Описание
• 3 Ареал
• 4 Токсичность
• 5 Примечания
• 6 Литература

1. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4} Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. DNA studies in the Galerina marginata complex // Mycological Research. — 2001. — Vol. 105. — P. 432—40. — DOI:10.1017/S0953756201003707.
2. ↑ Batsch A. J. G. K. Elenchus fungorum: Continuatio secunda (Запись грибов: Второе издание). — Halle, 1789. — P. 65.
3. ↑ Vahl M. Flora Danica. — 1792. — Vol. 6. — P. 7.
4. ↑ ^{1 2} Smith and Singer, 1964, P. 246—50.
5. ↑ Smith A. H. New species of Galerina from North America // Mycologia. — 1953. — Vol. 45. — P. 892—925. JSTOR 4547771
6. ↑ ^{1 2} Galerina marginata ("Galerina autumnalis") (неопр.). MushroomExpert.Com. Проверено 1 марта 2010. Архивировано 27 июля 2012 года.
7. ↑ Gulden G., Stensrud Ø., Shalchian-Tabrizi K. и Kauserud H. Galerina Earle: a polyphyletic genus in the consortium of dark-spored agarics // Mycologia. — 2005. — Vol. 97. — P. 823—37. — DOI:10.3852/mycologia.97.4.823. — PMID 16457352.
8. ↑ Kühner R. Le Genre Galera (Fr.) Quélet (фр.) // Encyclopédie Mycologique. — 1935. — Vol. 7. — P. 1—240.
9. ↑ Smith and Singer, 1964, p. 235.
10. ↑ Singer R. The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. — 4th ed. — Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books, 1986. — P. 673—74. — ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
11. ↑ Bresinsky A, Besl H. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi: a Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, and Biologists. — London: Manson Publishing Ltd, 1989. — P. 37—39. — ISBN 0-7234-1576-5.
12. ↑ Smith and Singer, 1964, P. 250—51.
13. ↑ Smith and Singer, 1964, P. 256—59.
14. ↑ ^{1 2 3} Smith and Singer, 1964, P. 259—62.
15. ↑ Nagendran S., Hallen-Adams H. E., Paper J. M., Aslam N., Walton J. D. Reduced genomic potential for secreted plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita bisporigera, based on the secretome of Trichoderma reesei // Fungal Genetics and Biology. — 2009. — Vol. 46. — P. 427—35. — DOI:10.1016/j.fgb.2009.02.001. — PMID 19373972.
16. ↑ Baldrian P. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and their enzymes in soils: is there enough evidence for their role as facultative soil saprotrophs? // Oecologia. — 2009. — Vol. 161. — P. 657—60. — DOI:10.1007/s00442-009-1433-7. — PMID 19685081.
17. ↑ Enjalbert F, Cassacas G, Rapior S, Renault C, Chaumont J-P. Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata // Mycologia. — 2004. — Vol. 96. — P. 720—29. — DOI:10.2307/3762106.
18. ↑ Ammirati J. F., McKenny M., Stuntz D. E. The New Savory Wild Mushroom. — University of Washington Press, 1987. — P. 122, 128—29. — ISBN 0-295-96480-4.
19. ↑ Asef Shayan M. R. قارچهای سمی ایران (Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran, Ядовитые грибы Ирана). — 2010. — P. 214. — ISBN 978-964-2725-29-8.
20. ↑ Gulden G, Vesterholt J. The genera Galerina and Phaeogalera (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) on the Faroe Islands // Nordic Journal of Botany. — 1999. — Vol. 19. — P. 685—706. — DOI:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1999.tb00679.x.
21. ↑ Imazeki R., Otani Y., Hongo T. 日本のきのこ (Nihon no kinoko, Грибы Японии). — Tokyo, Japan: Yamakey, 1987. — ISBN 4-635-09020-5.
22. ↑ Bossenmaier E. F. Mushrooms of the Boreal Forest. — University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan, 1997. — P. 12. — ISBN 0-88880-355-9.
23. ↑ Noordeloos ME, Gulden G. Studies in the genus Galerina from the Shefferville area on the Quebec-Labrador peninsula, Canada // Persoonia. — 1992. — Vol. 14. — P. 625—39.
24. ↑ Vargas O. Observations on some little known macrofungi from Jalisco (Mexico) // Mycotaxon. — 1993. — Vol. 49. — P. 437—47.
25. ↑ Midgley D. J., Saleeba J. A., Stewart M. I., Simpson A. E., McGee P. A. Molecular diversity of soil basidiomycete communities in northern-central New South Wales, Australia // Mycological Research. — 2007. — Vol. 111. — P. 370—78. — DOI:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.011. — PMID 17360169.

ヒメアジロガサ（学名 Galerina marginata）はケコガサタケ属に属するキノコの一種。猛毒アマトキシン類を含む。

特徴[編集]

傘は茶色く、かすかに条線がある。ひだは黄褐色。茎は下に行くほどこい茶色となり、膜質のつばがあるが取れやすい。夏から秋にかけて針葉樹などの枯れ木に発生する。

人間との関係[編集]

このキノコはアマトキシンを含んでいるため、食べると中毒する。しかし、見た目が茶色く温和なうえ、エノキタケ、ナラタケ、センボンイチメガサとよく似ているため誤食されることが多い。

よく似たキノコ[編集]

• エノキタケ - キシメジ科エノキタケ属。朽木から発生する。傘に条線がない。食用。
• ナラタケ - キシメジ科ナラタケ属。朽木から発生。しっかりしたつばがある。食用。
• ナラタケモドキ - キシメジ科ナラタケ属。朽木から発生。ひだの色が白い。食用。
• センボンイチメガサ - モエギタケ科センボンイチメガサ属。朽木から発生。茎にささくれがある。食用。
• ナメコ - モエギタケ科スギタケ属。朽木から発生。傘には強い粘性がある。食用。
• コレラタケ - フウセンタケ科ケコガサタケ属。朽木から発生。本種に近縁。茎が中空。猛毒。
• シビレタケ属 - モエギタケ科シビレタケ属。地上や動物の糞上などに発生。傷つけると青く変色。毒。

関連項目[編集]

• フウセンタケ科