Geoglossum is a genus of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called earth tongues. The type species is Geoglossum glabrum.[2] Geoglossum species are distinguished from the related genus Trichoglossum by the lack of setae on the spore bearing surface. Geoglossum species are characterized by dark, club-shaped, terrestrial ascocarps with a fertile hymenium continuing downward from the apex of the ascocarp along the stipe, eventually intergrading with a sterile stipe. The ascospores of Geoglossum range from translucent to dark brown, and are fusiform, and multiseptate. Identification of species is based on the gross morphology of the ascocarp, color and septation of the ascospores, and shape and ornamentation of the paraphyses.
Geoglossum was described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794,[3] who created the genus to accommodate Clavaria ophioglossoides L. and three other species: Geoglossum hirsutum (now Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.) Boud.), Geoglossum lilacinum (now Thuemenidium atropurpureum (Batsch) Kuntze), and Geoglossum viride (now Microglossum viride (Pers.) Gillet). Persoon expanded the genus in several subsequent publications[4][5][6][7][8] and the name was sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum I.[9] Several mycologists have treated the genus extensively since Persoon's first work, including George Edward Massee,[10] Elias Judah Durand,[11] Curtis Gates Lloyd,[12] Fred Jay Seaver,[13] and Edwin Butterworth Mains.[14]
Synonyms of Geoglossum include Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky's Cibalocoryne and Corynetes (both published in 1881), Pier Andrea Saccardo's 1884 Microglossum, and Otto Kuntze's 1891 Thuemenidium.[1] In 1908, Durand circumscribed Gloeoglossum to contain Geoglossum species with paraphyses in a continuous gelatinous layer on the stipe (including G. affine, G. difforme, and G. glutinosum),[11] but the genus is not considered to have independent taxonomic significance.[15]
Modern systematic analysis is sparse, though recent molecular studies have supported Geoglossum as monophyletic.[16][17]
The fruit bodies of Geoglossum species are usually club-shaped, with a surface that is dry to sticky or gelatinous (particular in wet weather), and brown to black. The hymenium (spore-bearing surface) is confined to the upper club-shaped part of the fruit body. Stipes are slender and cylindrical, with a surface texture ranging from smooth to squamulose (covered with tiny scales), or, in some instances, covered with tufts of tiny hairs. The asci are club-shaped, inoperculate (without a cap or lid), and usually contain eight ascospores. These spores are club-shaped to somewhat cylindrical to somewhat fusiform. Brown to hyaline in color, there are both septate and non-septate forms (or, in some species, a combination of the two). There are paraphyses mixed with the asci, and in some species these occur on the stipes scattered or grouped together so as to form small tufts or scales. In some species they are spread out on the stipe surface as a continuous gelatinous layer.[14]
Geoglossum species are found worldwide and have been studied extensively in Asia,[18][19] Australasia,[20] Europe,[10][21] India,[22] North America,[11][14] and South America.[23]
Index Fungorum currently lists 160 names of Geoglossum, including forms and varieties, though many dubious, invalid names and synonyms have been published in the genus to date. The Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008) recognizes 22 species.[24] However, a number of new combinations and novel species have been proposed since, based on molecular and morphological data.[25][26][27]
Several species of Geoglossum are considered to be of conservation significance and many species are found on Regional Red Lists of several European countries. Geoglossum are common components of the endangered waxcap grassland habitat in Europe. G. arenarium is listed as vulnerable in Estonia[28] G. atropurpureum is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority species,[29] and is listed as critically endangered in Denmark [30] and Estonia.[28] G. atrovirens is listed as critically endangered in Estonia.[28] G. cookeanum is listed as endangered in Switzerland.[31] G. difforme is listed as critically endangered in Denmark[32] and endangered in Sweden.[33] G. glabrum is listed as critical in Czech Republic.[34] G. hakelieri is listed as vulnerable in Sweden.[33] G. littorale is listed as critically endangered in Denmark,[35] and endangered in Sweden.[33] G. sphagnophilum is listed as endangered in Denmark.[36] G. starbaeckii is listed as vulnerable in Denmark.[37] G. uliginosum is listed as critically endangered in Sweden.[33] G. umbratile is listed as critically endangered in Bulgaria.[38]
Geoglossum difforme paraphyses, 800X total magnification.
Geoglossum simile paraphyses, 800X total magnification.
Geoglossum cookeanum paraphyses, 800X total magnification.
Geoglossum barlae spores, 800X total magnification.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Geoglossum is a genus of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called earth tongues. The type species is Geoglossum glabrum. Geoglossum species are distinguished from the related genus Trichoglossum by the lack of setae on the spore bearing surface. Geoglossum species are characterized by dark, club-shaped, terrestrial ascocarps with a fertile hymenium continuing downward from the apex of the ascocarp along the stipe, eventually intergrading with a sterile stipe. The ascospores of Geoglossum range from translucent to dark brown, and are fusiform, and multiseptate. Identification of species is based on the gross morphology of the ascocarp, color and septation of the ascospores, and shape and ornamentation of the paraphyses.
Geoglossum estas genro de fungoj el la familio Geoglossaceae. La nomo Geoglossum signifas lango el tero.
Askofrukto estas nigra langoforma kaj stipa. Himenio enhavas parafisojn. Askosporoj estas brunaj aŭ nigraj. Ili estas ŝpinilformaj kaj plurcelaj.
Oni trovas Geoglossum ĉie krom en Antarkto.
Geoglossum estas genro de fungoj el la familio Geoglossaceae. La nomo Geoglossum signifas lango el tero.
Geoglossum est un genre de champignons de la famille des Geoglossaceae.
Retrouvés généralement sur le sol entre les os d'une carcasse.
Selon Species Fungorum :
Geoglossum est un genre de champignons de la famille des Geoglossaceae.
Retrouvés généralement sur le sol entre les os d'une carcasse.
Geoglossum Pers. (łęgot) – rodzaj grzybów z typu workowców (Ascomycota)[1].
Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Incertae sedis, Geoglossomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota, Fungi [1].
Synonim: Cibalocoryne Hazsl., Corynetes Hazsl., Gloeoglossum E.J. Durand, Microglossum Sacc., Thuemenidium Kuntze[2].
Nazwy naukowe na podstawie Index Fungorum[6].
地舌菌屬（學名：Geoglossum）是子囊菌門地舌菌綱的一個屬，為地舌菌科的模式屬（英语：type genus）[3]。本屬物種的子實體多呈棒狀、深色，且生長於地上，產孢的子實層從子實體尖端往下端的柄狀構造延伸，子囊孢子可能為透明或深褐色，呈紡錘狀，並可能具有多個隔膜（英语：Septum）。與親緣關係接近的毛舌菌屬相比，本屬物種子實層體的表面沒有剛毛（英语：Setae），後者的物種則有。本屬物種間的鑒別依據包括子實體的形態、顏色、子囊孢子的隔膜數、子實層中側絲（英语：paraphyses）的形狀與表面飾物等。
地舌菌屬最早於1794年由真菌分類學家克里斯蒂安·亨德里克·珀森描述[4]，當時本屬之下包含平滑地舌菌（Geoglossum glabrum，原名Clavaria ophioglossoides[5]）、毛舌菌（當時名為Geoglossum hirsutum，現已改歸入毛舌菌屬）、紫黑地舌菌（英语：Geoglossum atropurpureum）（當時名為Geoglossum lilacinum，現已歸入Thuemenidium（英语：Thuemenidium）屬）與綠小舌菌（當時名為Geoglossum viride，現已歸入小舌菌屬）。之後珀森陸續將更多物種加入本屬中[6][7][8][9][10]，1821年，伊利阿斯·马格努斯·弗里斯在其著作《真菌分類系統（英语：Systema Mycologicum）》中亦沿用此名，使其成為分類學上的認可名稱（英语：Sanctioned name）[11]。
喬治·艾華·馬西（英语：George Edward Massee）[12]、埃利亞斯·茱達·杜蘭（英语：Elias Judah Durand）[13]、柯提斯·蓋茨·洛依德（英语：Curtis Gates Lloyd）[14]、佛瑞德·傑·希弗（英语：Fred Jay Seaver）[15]與愛德溫·巴特沃思·梅斯（英语：Edwin Butterworth Mains）等多位真菌學家都曾對本屬物種的分類做出改動[16]。1908年，埃利亞斯·茱達·杜蘭將G. affine、G. difforme（瑞典语：Geoglossum difforme）與粘地舌菌（英语：Glutinoglossum glutinosum）（G. glutinosum，現已歸入新屬Glutinoglossum（英语：Glutinoglossum））等側絲由子實層生長範圍延伸至子實體的柄上，且子實體表面有黏膠的物種歸入新屬Gloeoglossum，其他側絲只存在於子實層中，且子實體表面無黏膠的物種則留在本屬[13]，但此分類單元之後未獲承認[17]。
現代分子系統發生學的研究顯示本屬是一個單系群[18][19]。
地舌菌屬物種的子實體多為棒狀，表面可能乾燥或有黏液（特別是天氣潮濕時），顏色為黑色至棕色。子實層位於子實體上方，下方的柄狀構造呈細長圓柱狀，表面可能平滑或有小鱗，有時還可能長有細毛。子囊亦為棒狀，不具有囊蓋（operculate），其內多含有八枚子囊孢子，子囊孢子形狀為圓柱狀或紡錘狀，顏色可為透明至棕色，可能具有多個隔膜（英语：Septum），亦可能不具隔膜（某些種類同時具有無隔膜與有隔膜的子囊孢子）。子實層中也有側絲（英语：paraphyses），某些種類的側絲生長範圍還會延伸至下方的柄上，在其表面形成一凝膠層，並可能集中生長，在柄上形成簇狀構造[16]。
地舌菌屬的物種廣泛分佈於世界各地，在亞洲[20][21][22]、大洋洲[23]、歐洲[12][24]、北美洲[13][16]與南美洲[12][25]等地均有詳細的研究紀錄。
地舌菌屬的許多物種被認為具有保育價值，名列歐洲許多國家的區域紅皮書（英语：Regional Red Lists）中。G. arenarium在愛沙尼亞被歸為易危物種[26][註 1]，紫黑地舌菌（英语：Geoglossum atropurpureum）在英國的生物多樣性行動計畫中被列為受到優先保護的物種[28] ，且在丹麥[29]與愛沙尼亞[26]均屬極危物種[註 2]。G. atrovirens在愛沙尼亞也被列為極危物種[26]。庫克地舌菌（英语：Geoglossum cookeanum）在瑞士被列為瀕危物種[31]，G. difforme（英语：Geoglossum difforme）在丹麥被列為極危物種[32]，在瑞典則為瀕危物種[33]。G. hakelieri在瑞典為易危物種[33]、G. littorale在丹麥為極危物種[34]，在瑞典則為瀕危物種[33]，G. sphagnophilum在丹麥為瀕危物種[35]、G. starbaeckii在丹麥為易危物種[36]、G. uliginosum在瑞典為極危物種[33]、荫蔽地舌菌（瑞典语：Geoglossum umbratile）在保加利亞為極危物種[37]。
截至2008年，地舌菌屬共包含22種物種[38]，不過之後陸續有本屬的新種發表，也有物種被歸入新的屬中而移出本屬[39][40][41]。以下列出本屬的部分物種[註 3]。
Geoglossum difforme的側絲（英语：paraphyses）
相似地舌菌（Geoglossum simile)的側絲
庫克地舌菌的側絲
Geoglossum barlae的子囊孢子
地舌菌屬（學名：Geoglossum）是子囊菌門地舌菌綱的一個屬，為地舌菌科的模式屬（英语：type genus）。本屬物種的子實體多呈棒狀、深色，且生長於地上，產孢的子實層從子實體尖端往下端的柄狀構造延伸，子囊孢子可能為透明或深褐色，呈紡錘狀，並可能具有多個隔膜（英语：Septum）。與親緣關係接近的毛舌菌屬相比，本屬物種子實層體的表面沒有剛毛（英语：Setae），後者的物種則有。本屬物種間的鑒別依據包括子實體的形態、顏色、子囊孢子的隔膜數、子實層中側絲（英语：paraphyses）的形狀與表面飾物等。
