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Biology ( англиски )

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Adult small pearl-bordered fritillaries fly between late May and late July, a single brood is produced per year. Eggs are laid singly on the foodplants or on dead plant matter close to the foodplant (3). Larvae hibernate towards the end of August (2) when they are still small, and emerge the following spring to complete their development (4). Pupation occurs in May and adults emerge about ten days later (2).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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Where the small pearl-bordered fritillary occurs in bracken-dominated habitats, grazing is essential to maintain a patchwork of grass and bracken with plenty of foodplants available. In woodland habitats it requires clearings connected by broad rides (3) to allow it to disperse to newly created clearings (4). Conservation measures carried out for the similar pearl-bordered fritillary will also benefit this species (3).
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Description ( англиски )

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This species is similar in appearance and size to the pearl-bordered fritillary (3), but has darker brown spots on the underwing and more pearly-silver spots. The caterpillar reaches 2.2 centimetres in length, has a pinkish-brown body with black marks and spines along the back; the pair of spines behind the head are long and horn-like (2).
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Habitat ( англиски )

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This species is found in four habitat types: woodland clearings, damp grassland and moorland, grassland with scrub patches or bracken, and open wood-pasture and woodland edges in Scotland (3). In all cases it requires abundant sources of the main larval foodplants, common dog-violet (Viola riviniana) or marsh violet (V. palustris), amongst damp grass and vegetation (4), and plenty of nectar-rich flowers as adult food-sources (4).
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Range ( англиски )

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Widespread throughout central and northern Europe and Asia. In Britain it has undergone a drastic decline and is now extinct in central and eastern areas, and is close to extinction in central-southern England. Strongholds remain in Scotland and Wales (3).
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Status ( англиски )

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Not listed under any conservation designations.
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Threats ( англиски )

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The decline of the small pearl-bordered fritillary started towards the end of the nineteenth century and reached severe proportions after the 1950s. The habitats used by this species have remained relatively unchanged in Scotland and Wales, but in England agricultural changes have caused widespread losses. In England these butterflies are now only found in woodland clearings, which have decreased in abundance due to the demise of coppice management (3). This species increased in numbers during the 1950s and 60s because many woods were felled and replanted at this time. These woods have now matured and become too dense for this, and many other woodland butterfly species (3), resulting in huge declines (3).
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North American Ecology (US and Canada) ( англиски )

добавил North American Butterfly Knowledge Network
Boloria selene is a resident of much of Canada and across the northern United states, with a separate population in eastern WA, and one in Colorado/New Mexico (Scott 1986). Habitats are northern upper Austral to Hudsonian zone moist meadows, bogs and spring-fed meadows (even in shortgrass prairie). Host plants are herbaceous species, in North America are restricted to genus Viola (Violaceae). Eggs are laid haphazardly near the host plant, as single eggs. Individuals overwinter as second to fourth-instar larvae. There is a variable number of flights each year depending on latitude with approximate flight times between May 15-early Sept. (Scott 1986).
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Boloria selene ( астурски )

добавил wikipedia AST

La Boloria selene ye un lepidópteru ropalóceru de la familia Nymphalidae.[1][2][3]

Distribución

Distribúise per Europa, Rusia, Mongolia, Sakhalin, Corea y norte d'Norteamérica. Na península Ibérica alcuéntrase nes principales sierres del centru y norte.[2][4]

Hábitat

Escamplaes de monte de normal húmedos, praos en montes de ribera, árees pantanoses cerca de llagos. La canesba aliméntase de plantes del xéneru Viola.[2]

Periodu de vuelu y envernía

Una xeneración a elevaes altitúes al sur, ente medios de mayu y xunetu; al restu puede ser bivoltina cola primer xeneración ente principios de mayu y finales de xunu y la segunda ente medios de xunetu y principios de setiembre.

Envierna como gata n'estadios entemedios.[2]

Referencies

  1. (en castellán) [1] Boloria selene
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Tolman
  3. (n'inglés) [2] Boloria selene
  4. (n'inglés) [3] Boloria selene

Enllaces esternos

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Boloria selene: Brief Summary ( астурски )

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La Boloria selene ye un lepidópteru ropalóceru de la familia Nymphalidae.

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Donzella bruna ( каталонски; валенсиски )

добавил wikipedia CA

La donzella bruna (Boloria selene)[2] és un lepidòpter ropalòcer de la família Nymphalidae.[3]

Distribució

Es distribueix per Europa, Rússia, Mongòlia, Sakhalín, Corea i nord d'Amèrica. A la península Ibèrica es troba a les principals serres del centre i nord.[3]

Hàbitat

Clars de bosc normalment humits, prats en boscos de ribera, àrees pantanoses prop de llacs. L'eruga s'alimenta de plantes del gènere Viola.[3]

Període de vol i hibernació

Una generació a elevades altituds al sud, entre mitjans de maig i juliol; a la resta pot ser bivoltina amb la primera generació entre principis de maig i finals de juny i la segona entre mitjans de juliol i principis de setembre. Hiberna com a eruga en estadis intermedis.[3]

Referències

  1. «Boloria selene» (en castellà). Catalogue of Life. [Consulta: 2 febrer 2014].
  2. «Proposta de noms comuns per a les papallones diürnes (ropalòcers) catalanes» (en català). Butlletí de la Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia. Arrizabalaga et al., desembre 2012. [Consulta: 2 febrer 2014].
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Tolman, Tom; Lewington, Richard. Mariposas de España y Europa (en castellà). Lynx, 2011. ISBN 978-84-96553-84-2.

Enllaços externs

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Donzella bruna: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

добавил wikipedia CA

La donzella bruna (Boloria selene) és un lepidòpter ropalòcer de la família Nymphalidae.

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Britheg berlog fach ( велшки )

добавил wikipedia CY

Glöyn byw sy'n perthyn i urdd y Lepidoptera yw britheg berlog fach, sy'n enw bendywaidd; yr enw lluosog ydy brithegion perlog bach; yr enw Saesneg yw Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, a'r enw gwyddonol yw Boloria selene.[1][2] Mae'r glöyn hwn, sy'n hynod o debyg i'r fritheg berlog i'w ganfod ledled Ewrop ac Asia hyd at Corea; fe'i ceir hefyd yng Ngogledd America.

Yng ngwledydd Prydain mae i'w weld yn y gwledydd Celtaidd ac yn Ardal y Llynnoedd; mae'r niferoedd yn Lloegr, fodd bynnag, yn gostwng yn flynyddol.

Bwyd

Ei hoff fwyd yw mathau gwahanol o fioled, yn enwedig pan fo'n tyfu mewn llefydd damp. Fe'i ceir hefyd ar redyn, pan fo'n tyfu gerllaw fioled.

Cyffredinol

Gellir dosbarthu'r pryfaid (neu'r Insecta) sy'n perthyn i'r Urdd a elwir yn Lepidoptera yn ddwy ran: y gloynnod byw a'r gwyfynod. Mae'r dosbarthiad hwn yn cynnwys mwy na 180,000 o rywogaethau mewn tua 128 o deuluoedd.

Wedi deor o'i ŵy mae'r fritheg berlog fach yn lindysyn sydd yn bwyta llawer o ddail, ac wedyn mae'n troi i fod yn chwiler. Daw allan o'r chwiler ar ôl rhai wythnosau. Mae pedwar cyfnod yng nghylchred bywyd glöynnod byw a gwyfynod: ŵy, lindysyn, chwiler ac oedolyn.

Galeri

Gweler hefyd

Comin Wikimedia
Mae gan Gomin Wikimedia
gyfryngau sy'n berthnasol i:

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru. Cyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru. Adalwyd ar 29 Chwefror 2012.
  2. Geiriadur enwau a thermau ar Wefan Llên Natur. Adalwyd 13/12/2012.
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Britheg berlog fach: Brief Summary ( велшки )

добавил wikipedia CY

Glöyn byw sy'n perthyn i urdd y Lepidoptera yw britheg berlog fach, sy'n enw bendywaidd; yr enw lluosog ydy brithegion perlog bach; yr enw Saesneg yw Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, a'r enw gwyddonol yw Boloria selene. Mae'r glöyn hwn, sy'n hynod o debyg i'r fritheg berlog i'w ganfod ledled Ewrop ac Asia hyd at Corea; fe'i ceir hefyd yng Ngogledd America.

Yng ngwledydd Prydain mae i'w weld yn y gwledydd Celtaidd ac yn Ardal y Llynnoedd; mae'r niferoedd yn Lloegr, fodd bynnag, yn gostwng yn flynyddol.

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Perleťovec dvanáctitečný ( чешки )

добавил wikipedia CZ

Perleťovec dvanáctitečný (Boloria selene, Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) je menším až středně velkým druhem čeledi babočkovitých. Jeho přední křídlo dorůstá délky 18 - 22 mm. Typickým biotopem tohoto perleťovce jsou rašeliniště a rašelinné louky, ale také řídké listnaté a smíšené lesy včetně pasek a lesních cest.

Výskyt

Perleťovec dvanáctitečný je rozšířený v celém holoarktickém areálu, od severní části Španělska přes Evropu až po východní Asii a severní Ameriku. Naopak úplně chybí například v jižní Evropě - v Itálii a na Balkánském poloostrově.[1]

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Perleťovec dvanáctitečný, Plzeňsko
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Perleťovec dvanáctitečný, Plzeňsko

Chování a vývoj

Živnou rostlinou housenek perleťovce dvanáctitečného jsou violka psí, Rivinova, srstnatá a bahenní. Samice klade vajíčka jednotlivě nebo v malých shlucích na spodní stranu listů živné rostliny. Housenky žijí samostatně a snaží se vyhýbat prudkému slunci. Kuklí se na zemi pod stočenými suchými listy. Motýl je dvougenerační, první generace žije v období květen až červenec, druhá srpen až září. [1]

Ochrana a ohrožení

V České republice je doposud rozšířený a hojný. Do budoucna je ohrožený zarůstáním rašelinných luk a také necitlivým zalesňováním řídkých listnatých a smíšených porostů.

Reference

  1. a b lepidoptera.cz. Dostupné online. (česky)


Odkazy

Literatura

  • BENEŠ J., KONVIČKA M., (eds). Motýli České republiky: rozšíření a ochrana. Praha: SOM, 2002. 857 s.

Externí odkazy

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Perleťovec dvanáctitečný: Brief Summary ( чешки )

добавил wikipedia CZ

Perleťovec dvanáctitečný (Boloria selene, Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) je menším až středně velkým druhem čeledi babočkovitých. Jeho přední křídlo dorůstá délky 18 - 22 mm. Typickým biotopem tohoto perleťovce jsou rašeliniště a rašelinné louky, ale také řídké listnaté a smíšené lesy včetně pasek a lesních cest.

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Brunlig perlemorsommerfugl ( дански )

добавил wikipedia DA

Brunlig perlemorsommerfugl (Boloria selene) er en sommerfugl i takvingefamilien. I Europa er den udbredt i hele Norden, Storbritannien og Mellemeuropa. Mod øst er den udbredt i den tempererede del af Asien og Nordamerika. I Danmark er det den almindeligste perlemorsommerfugl og findes over hele landet, dog især i Jylland. Den kan ses i skovlysninger, langs skovbryn, på enge og i moser. Larven lever af violplanter.


Beskrivelse

Udseende

Kost Tekst mangler, hjælp os med at skrive teksten

Kilder

  1. ^ Helsing, F. (2019), "Dagsommerfugle", i Moeslund, J.E. m.fl., Den danske Rødliste 2019, Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, hentet 22. januar 2020.

Brunlig perlemorsommerfugl på lepidoptera.dk


Galleri

Galleri med danske arter i Takvingefamilien
Egentlige takvinger ↓ - Perlemorsommerfugle ↓ Randøjer ↓

Egentlige takvinger

Pletvinger

Perlemorsommerfugle

Randøjer

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Brunlig perlemorsommerfugl: Brief Summary ( дански )

добавил wikipedia DA

Brunlig perlemorsommerfugl (Boloria selene) er en sommerfugl i takvingefamilien. I Europa er den udbredt i hele Norden, Storbritannien og Mellemeuropa. Mod øst er den udbredt i den tempererede del af Asien og Nordamerika. I Danmark er det den almindeligste perlemorsommerfugl og findes over hele landet, dog især i Jylland. Den kan ses i skovlysninger, langs skovbryn, på enge og i moser. Larven lever af violplanter.


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Braunfleckiger Perlmuttfalter ( германски )

добавил wikipedia DE

Der Braunfleckige Perlmuttfalter (Boloria selene), auch als Sumpfwiesen-Perlmuttfalter bezeichnet, ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) der Gattung Boloria in der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae). Das Artepitheton leitet sich von Selene, der Mondgöttin aus der griechischen Mythologie ab.[1] 2013 wurde er von der Umweltstiftung BUND zum Schmetterling des Jahres gekürt.[2]

Merkmale

Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 28 bis 38 Millimetern. Die hell gesäumten Flügeloberseiten sind orange und weisen ein dunkles Muster auf. Am dunklen Außenband submarginal sind Flecken winkelförmig abgesetzt, denen postdiskal eine Reihe dunkler Punkte folgt. In der Diskalregion finden sich wellenförmige Muster, und je ein runder dunkler Fleck am Hinterflügel nahe der basalen dunklen Musterung.

Auf der Unterseite entspricht diesem ein hell umrandeter dunkler Fleck (größer als der von B. euphrosyne) in brauner Zelle, daneben zeigen die Hinterflügelunterseiten diskal in einer cremefarbenen Binde drei schwach abgegrenzte Perlmuttflecken und submarginal eine Reihe solcher, mit dunklen Winkeln abgesetzt.[3]

Neben hellen (albinotischen) Formen, mit der Grundfarbe weiß statt orange, gibt es auch verdunkelte (melanistische) Tiere, die schmutzig-orange gefärbt sind; deren Aussehen entspricht nicht dem der nachstehend abgebildeten Exemplare.

Die Raupen werden ca. 22 Millimeter lang. Sie sind dunkel graubraun gefärbt und weisen eine schwarze und leicht helle Marmorierung auf. Des Weiteren haben sie braune Dornen, die an der Spitze hell sind. Hinter dem Kopf tragen sie ein fühlerartig nach vorne weisendes Dornenpaar.[3]

Ähnliche Arten

  • Silberfleck-Perlmuttfalter (Boloria euphrosyne) – diese sind etwas größere und recht ähnliche Perlmuttfalter. Sie haben auf der Unterseite des Hinterflügels diskal nur einen Perlmuttfleck als „Silberfleck“ in heller Binde. Daneben sind die submarginalen Flecken nicht mit Winkeln scharf abgesetzt, sondern auf der Flügeloberseite eher dreieckig konturiert.

Vorkommen

Sie kommen in Europa, außer im Süden, in Russland, der Mongolei, in Sachalin, Korea und Nordamerika vor.[4] Sie sind in Mitteleuropa weit verbreitet und nicht selten. Man findet sie besonders auf Feuchtwiesen und in Moorgebieten, manchmal aber auch an feuchten, lichten Stellen in Wäldern und auf trockenen Wiesen.[3]

Flug- und Raupenzeiten

Die Tiere fliegen in zwei Generationen pro Jahr von Anfang Mai bis Ende Juni und von Mitte Juli bis Anfang September. In kühleren Breiten und in höheren Lagen fliegen sie in einer Generation von Mitte Mai bis Anfang Juli.[4]

Nahrung der Raupen

Die Raupen ernähren sich von den Blättern von Hunds-Veilchen (Viola canina) und Sumpf-Veilchen (Viola palustris), aber auch von anderen Veilchenarten.[3]

Entwicklung

Die Weibchen legen ihre Eier einzeln an der Unterseite der Futterpflanzen ab. Die Raupen der zweiten Generation überwintern und benötigen im nächsten Frühling noch Zeit zur Entwicklung, bevor sie sich verpuppen.[3]

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Arnold Spuler: Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Band 1. E. Schweitzerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1908, S. 21.
  2. bund.net: Der Sumpfwiesen-Perlmuttfalter ist Schmetterling des Jahres 2013 (Zugriff 27. Mai 2013)
  3. a b c d e Heiko Bellmann: Der neue Kosmos-Schmetterlingsführer. Schmetterlinge, Raupen und Futterpflanzen. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09330-1, S. 164.
  4. a b Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: Die Tagfalter Europas und Nordwestafrikas, S. 160f., Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7

Weblinks

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Braunfleckiger Perlmuttfalter: Brief Summary ( германски )

добавил wikipedia DE

Der Braunfleckige Perlmuttfalter (Boloria selene), auch als Sumpfwiesen-Perlmuttfalter bezeichnet, ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) der Gattung Boloria in der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae). Das Artepitheton leitet sich von Selene, der Mondgöttin aus der griechischen Mythologie ab. 2013 wurde er von der Umweltstiftung BUND zum Schmetterling des Jahres gekürt.

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Swartstippelige parlemoerflinter ( западнофризиски )

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It Swartstippelige parlemoerflinter (“Boloria selene”) is in soarte yn it skaai fan de Boloria.

Foarkommen

De Swartstippelige parlemoerflinter is seldsume stânflinter. Hy komt foar op de grins fan de provinsjes Súd-Hollân en Utert. Ek komt de flinter foar yn Fryslân en ek op Skylge. Der is in populaasje yn Oerisel. Yn 1993 is de soarte útsetten yn it natuergebiet De Meie. Der hat him in selsstannige populaasje ûntwikkele. Yn 2001 is in populaasje útsetten by Ilperfjild. Dy populaasje hat it net rêden.

De flinter hâldt fan wiete, skrale greiden mei blomrike healannen.

Op de reade list stiet de flinter as bedrige.

Flinter

De wjuklingte is 18 oant 22 mm. De boppekant fan de wjukken is oranje mei swarte plakken en stippen. De ûnderkanten fan de wjukken binne mei in soad kontrast tekene. Alle plakken yn de middenbân binne giel of sulver.

Fleantiid

De flinter fljocht yn twa generaasjes. De earste generaasje fljocht fan maaie ôf oant heal juny. De twadde generaasje fljocht fan heal juny ôf oant heal septimber. De flinters binne de hiele dei aktyf.

Rûp

De rûp oerwinteret as healwaaks rûp. De ferpopping fynt plak oan in stâle leech yn de fegetaasje.

De weardplant fan de rûp is it Moerasfioeltsje, Hûnsfioeltsje en it Dúnfioeltsje.

Boloria.selene.2.jpg

Sjoch ek

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Swartstippelige parlemoerflinter: Brief Summary ( западнофризиски )

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It Swartstippelige parlemoerflinter (“Boloria selene”) is in soarte yn it skaai fan de Boloria.

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Small pearl-bordered fritillary ( англиски )

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Boloria selene, known in Europe as the small pearl-bordered fritillary and in North America as the silver-bordered fritillary,[1] is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found across Europe, Asia and North America, and feeds exclusively on violets in its larval stages.[2] This species prefers wet grassland habitats, where its larval food source, violets, are found.[3][4] It overwinters in its larval stage, and eggs hatch in the late summer to early autumn. Members of this species are prey for multiple types of birds and other insects.

Due to modern agriculture, most of the grassland habitats that sustain Boloria selene are fragmented or lost all together in favor of farmland.[3] Because of this, the small pearl-bordered fritillary has seen a serious drop in population across Europe,[3] in some places as much as 80%. Factors including limited habitat range, low dispersal rate, and strong food specialization also contribute to population loss. Despite modern conservation efforts, the number of small pearl-bordered fritillaries is still declining. The North American populations appear to be affected in the same way, at least in the continental United States.[5]

Appearance

The small pearl-bordered fritillary is similar to the pearl-bordered fritillary but has black chevrons on the edge of its wings, a large central black dot on each wing, and white pearls on the underside. Males tend to be smaller than females, with a wingspan of 35 to 41 mm. Females are 38 to 44 mm in length. Though the small pearl-bordered fritillary is similar to the pearl-bordered fritillary it is much brighter in color because the pearl-bordered fritillary emerges from its pupa earlier. Seitz - A. selene Schiff. (= euphrosyne Bgstr., euphrasia Lew., silene Haw.) (67g). Forewing above and beneath very similar to tliat of the preceding [selenis]. Hindwing beneath with the median band distinct but not broad, the costal spot of the band, the large tooth above the apex of the cell and the one below the cell-end being vividly silvery like the marginal lunules; the broad interspace between the median band and the marginal lunules is leatheryellow and bears below the apex and above the anal angle two large dark cinnamon clouds; obsolescent silvery selenia bands extend from the costal and abdominal margins towards the centre of the wing.[6]

Distribution

The species is widespread across central and northern Europe, North America, and through Asia to Korea.[3][4][7] Specifically, it can be found in places like Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden and in the Midwestern United States in places like Iowa and the Dakotas. In the United Kingdom, Boloria selene is widespread across upland and western Britain, but is not found in central, eastern England or Ireland. Its range appears to be stable through much of Europe but declines have been reported in at least nine countries, such as England.

This species is found across Europe[3][4] and North America in grassland environments where native violets grow. It occurs in damp, grassy habitats, woodland clearings and moorland, but has also been found in dune slacks and coastal cliffs.

Life cycle

Larva

The larvae of this species hatch in the late summer to early fall. They feed exclusively on violets and are active mostly at night. In drier areas, dog violets are used while in wetter areas the species feeds on bog violets (Viola palustris) or marsh violets growing among purple moor-grass or tufted hair-grass. They prefer the damper areas. They also occur among bracken, which provides shade for the appropriate violet species. The caterpillars overwinter by hibernating, and then reemerge in the spring to finish growth and pupate. However, recent studies have shown that times of laying, hatching, and reemerging vary by temperature, and all life cycle stages appear to be strongly linked to the timing of the seasons.[4] This effect is a suspected form of plastic behavior seen in many species of insects, especially ones in temperate climates that experience large temperature changes due to a change in seasons.

Pupa

Caterpillars pupate between mid May and August. When the larvae forms the pupa, or chrysalis, it is formed with its head down. This transformative stage lasts about two to three weeks.

Adult

Adults mate and lay eggs in the spring on or in the near vicinity of violets. A common violet selected for oviposition is the Marsh Violet. Adult Boloria selene have been observed to fly in a brood once a year sometime in the summer.[8] Adult small pearl-bordered fritillaries feed on the following plants:

Migration habits

This species is well known to migrate short distances during its reproductive stage,[9][10] but does not appear to make any long distance migrations that cross over unsuitable habitats such as farmland and urban areas.

Predators

Small birds appear to be major predators of both larval and adult stages, including introduced ground birds such as pheasants that were introduced in the UK for sport hunting (in quantities of almost 40 million birds according to a study done on ground birds' impact on local wildlife).[11] However, no major decline was detected from the introduced predators alone, as there was no significance between reduced adult emergence and increased ground birds. In a study of ambush bugs, Boloria selene was identified as a prey, although predation rates were not studied.[12]

Genetics and local adaptation

A study using North American populations found that sibling mating events of this species almost always result in unviable offspring.[13] Even hybrids that were crossed with individuals from parent populations often had unviable offspring. This indicates that this species requires non-kin mating to survive, which may help with decreasing inbreeding events. Certain larvae did better in their home environments and struggled in foreign environments, indicating potential local adaptation. There were also slight coloration changes between males in Massachusetts (a “warm leathery tone”) and males in South Dakota (a “chestnut brown” color), indicating potential genetic differences between the two populations, which are separated by unsuitable habitat and by a distance of 2000 miles (3218.688 km). However, due to the age of the study, more work is needed to confirm that local adaptation is indeed taking place in North American populations of small pearl-bordered fritillaries instead of individual plasticity.

Another study found Boloria selene are quite plastic in their response to temperature variation, and will adjust much of their life cycle in response to temperature changes such as an earlier warming that comes with an early spring. The same study also analyzed among and between population data, and suggested that these animals quickly capitalize on early warming and late cooling regardless of location (in the US at least), and seem to also know when to wait longer or shorter before beginning reproduction.[4]

Conservation

There appears to be no place (at least in Europe) that is not suffering from at least light population degradation. Many studies in the UK (where population loss is most severe) and several studies from other areas of Europe state that the small pearl-bordered fritillary is rapidly declining in numbers. This is likely from indirect harm due to habitat destruction and fragmentation. Since this species is primarily attached to violet that grows in wild grasslands, modern agricultural practices which have caused most of Europe's grasslands to become fragmented or destroyed for farmland have a severe effect on the butterfly. Without native violets to host their larvae, this species is facing decline across Europe. This species also struggles with breeding across habitat fragments[10] as it must lay eggs exclusively on violets in order to have any viable offspring. However, adults seem to be quite flexible in their movement patterns, with one study stating that only 45% of released Boloria selene specimens were able to be found and recaptured. This indicates that farmland itself appears to more strongly damage reproduction rates instead of general adult survival.[10]

Another study found that this species has another characteristic which makes it vulnerable to extinction: it is not only a dietary specialist, also migrates only small distances. This creates problems for the species, since fragmentation most strongly affects animals that migrate short distances and are unable to cross the gaps made by human habitat destruction. While long distance migratory species are often unaffected and sedentary species are often able to better use the fragments they are in, short distance migrators like the small pearl-bordered fritillary are unable to properly disperse and are hit hardest from environmental damage.[9]

A study in Germany found that over 40 years (1971-2011), populations of adults dropped rapidly in agricultural land, while dropping slightly less severely in native grasslands (although still decreasing by almost 83%).[3] The article stated that fragmented habitat protection does a poor job of securing biodiversity and protecting many species that are in peril, as it does not account for many species that cannot seek extra fragmented breeding sites.[3] Many species, including Boloria selene, fail to find good nesting sites as they cannot pass through the human habitat that divides suitable fragments.

These drastic changes stem from the continued expansion of agriculture over time that continued to damage and degrade the remaining native breeding habitat for Boloria selene. However, the species seems to fare well as adults in a variety of artificial and natural habitats, with the same study showing slightly larger numbers of the species in farmland than in wild habitat in 1971. Another big issue is that Boloria selene struggles with sibling mating, as shown when almost no viable offspring came from sibling mating.[13] This could be detrimental to a population that already has reduced individual genetic diversity, as sibling mating will become more common as fragmentation chips away at short distance migration and gene flow in this species.

[[Category:Butterflies of the United States]]

References

  1. ^ Butterfliesandmoths.org Archived 2008-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Silver-bordered Fritillary, CBIF
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Filz, Katharina J; Engler, Jan O; Stoffels, Johannes; Weitzel, Matthias; Schmitt, Thomas (2012). "Missing the target? A critical view on butterfly conservation efforts on calcareous grasslands in south-western Germany". Biodiversity and Conservation. 22 (10): 2223–41. doi:10.1007/s10531-012-0413-0. S2CID 16496867. INIST:27586585.
  4. ^ a b c d e Roy, David B; Oliver, Tom H; Botham, Marc S; Beckmann, Bjorn; Brereton, Tom; Dennis, Roger L. H; Harrower, Colin; Phillimore, Albert B; Thomas, Jeremy A (2015). "Similarities in butterfly emergence dates among populations suggest local adaptation to climate". Global Change Biology. 21 (9): 3313–22. Bibcode:2015GCBio..21.3313R. doi:10.1111/gcb.12920. PMC 4744750. PMID 26390228.
  5. ^ Powers, Nicole M.; Larsen, Kirk J. (2014). "Butterflies (Lepidoptera) on hill prairies of Allamakee County, Iowa: a comparison of the late 1980s with 2013". Great Lakes Entomologist. 47: 114–28.
  6. ^ Seitz. A. in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren)Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ Silver-bordered Fritillary, Butterflies of Canada
  8. ^ "SPECIES FACT SHEET" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-01.
  9. ^ a b Dapporto, Leonardo; Dennis, Roger L.H (2013). "The generalist–specialist continuum: Testing predictions for distribution and trends in British butterflies". Biological Conservation. 157: 229–36. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.09.016. INIST:27189070.
  10. ^ a b c Kuussaari, Mikko; Saarinen, Matias; Korpela, Eeva-Liisa; Pöyry, Juha; Hyvönen, Terho (2014). "Higher mobility of butterflies than moths connected to habitat suitability and body size in a release experiment". Ecology and Evolution. 4 (19): 3800–11. doi:10.1002/ece3.1187. PMC 4301046. PMID 25614794.
  11. ^ Callegari, Sarah E; Bonham, Emma; Hoodless, Andrew N; Sage, Rufus B; Holloway, Graham J (2014). "Impact of game bird release on the Adonis blue butterfly Polyommatus bellargus (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae) on chalk grassland". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 60 (5): 781–7. doi:10.1007/s10344-014-0847-7. S2CID 59906. INIST:28735005.
  12. ^ Swanson, Daniel R. (2013). "A review of the ambush bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae) of Michigan: identification and additional considerations for two common eastern species". The Great Lakes Entomologist. 46 (3–4): 154–64.
  13. ^ a b Oliver, Charles G (1972). "Genetic and Phenotypic Differentiation and Geographic Distance in Four Species of Lepidoptera". Evolution. 26 (2): 221–241. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb00189.x. PMID 28555741. S2CID 27464239.

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Small pearl-bordered fritillary: Brief Summary ( англиски )

добавил wikipedia EN

Boloria selene, known in Europe as the small pearl-bordered fritillary and in North America as the silver-bordered fritillary, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found across Europe, Asia and North America, and feeds exclusively on violets in its larval stages. This species prefers wet grassland habitats, where its larval food source, violets, are found. It overwinters in its larval stage, and eggs hatch in the late summer to early autumn. Members of this species are prey for multiple types of birds and other insects.

Due to modern agriculture, most of the grassland habitats that sustain Boloria selene are fragmented or lost all together in favor of farmland. Because of this, the small pearl-bordered fritillary has seen a serious drop in population across Europe, in some places as much as 80%. Factors including limited habitat range, low dispersal rate, and strong food specialization also contribute to population loss. Despite modern conservation efforts, the number of small pearl-bordered fritillaries is still declining. The North American populations appear to be affected in the same way, at least in the continental United States.

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Boloria selene ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Boloria selene es un lepidóptero ropalócero de la familia Nymphalidae.[2][3][4]

Distribución

Se distribuye por Europa, Rusia, Mongolia, isla de Sajalín, península de Corea y norte de América. En la península ibérica se encuentra en las principales sierras del centro y norte.[3][5]

Hábitat

Claros de bosque normalmente húmedos, prados en bosques de ribera, áreas pantanosas cerca de lagos. La oruga se alimenta de plantas del género Viola.[3]

Periodo de vuelo e hibernación

Una generación a elevadas altitudes al sur, entre mediados de mayo y julio; en el resto puede ser bivoltina con la primera generación entre principios de mayo y finales de junio y la segunda entre medios de julio y principios de septiembre. Hiberna como oruga en estadios intermedios.[3]

Referencias

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Boloria selene: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Boloria selene es un lepidóptero ropalócero de la familia Nymphalidae.​​​

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Niittyhopeatäplä ( фински )

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Niittyhopeatäplä (Boloria selene) on yleinen valkoisen-, keltaisen- ja punaisenkirjava täpläperhoslaji. Se muistuttaa suuresti pursuhopeatäplää. Lajin tunnistaa erityisesti takasiipien mustista täplistä. Laji viihtyy kedoilla ja tienvarsilla. Se lentää kesä- heinäkuussa. Laji on noin 3,5 sentin kokoinen. Se käy erityisesti kurjenpolvilla. Lajin toukat syövät orvokkeja ja talvehtivat toukkana paitsi Pohjois-Suomessa osa voi talvehtia koteloina.

Lähteet

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Niittyhopeatäplä: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Niittyhopeatäplä (Boloria selene) on yleinen valkoisen-, keltaisen- ja punaisenkirjava täpläperhoslaji. Se muistuttaa suuresti pursuhopeatäplää. Lajin tunnistaa erityisesti takasiipien mustista täplistä. Laji viihtyy kedoilla ja tienvarsilla. Se lentää kesä- heinäkuussa. Laji on noin 3,5 sentin kokoinen. Se käy erityisesti kurjenpolvilla. Lajin toukat syövät orvokkeja ja talvehtivat toukkana paitsi Pohjois-Suomessa osa voi talvehtia koteloina.

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DNiittyhopeatäplä

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△ Niittyhopeatäplä

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Petit collier argenté ( француски )

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Boloria selene

Le Petit collier argenté ou Boloria à taches argentées (Boloria selene) est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Nymphalidae et de la sous-famille des Heliconiinae.

Description

C'est un papillon au dessus orange orné de dessins de couleur marron formant des chevrons entourant des points argentés marginaux, une ligne de points et divers dessins, avec une suffusion basale marron surtout aux postérieures.

Le revers est plus clair, avec la même ornementation aux antérieures et à l'apex de petites taches nacrées, alors que les postérieures montrent une ligne de points noirs postdiscaux et des dessins en damiers de taches blanc nacré[1].

Chenille

Elle est de couleur beige à brunâtre ornée d'épines jaunes et noires[2],[3].

Biologie

Période de vol et hivernation

Espèce bivoltine, volant de la mi-mai à fin juin, puis en août. dans le nord de l'Europe et en altitude. Deux générations dans les autres lieux de résidence, en avril mai puis en juillet septembre.

Il hiverne à l'état de chenille, parfois de chrysalide en scandinavie[1].

Plantes hôtes

Ses principales plantes hôtes sont Viola canina, Viola glabella, Viola hirta, Viola nephrophylla, Viola palustris, Viola riviniana, Vaccinium uliginosum[1],[4] et Bistorte.

Écologie et distribution

Le Petit collier argenté est présent dans tout le nord de l'hémisphère nord, de l’Europe occidentale à l’Asie jusqu’en Corée, Amérique du Nord[4].

En Europe il est absent d'Irlande et du sud de l'Espagne, de l'Italie, de la Grèce.

En France métropolitaine il est présent dans tous les départements sauf le Lot-et-Garonne, le Gers, tous les départements des Alpes jusqu'à la côte de la Méditerranée et la Corse[5].

En Amérique du Nord il est présent en Alaska, au Canada, dans les montagnes Rocheuses et jusque dans l'Illinois, la Virginie et le Maryland[6].

Biotope

C'est un papillon des clairières et des vallées boisées des rivières.

Noms vernaculaires

  • en français : le Petit collier argenté (en Europe), le Boloria à taches argentées (en Amérique du Nord)[3]
  • en anglais : small pearl-bordered fritillary (en Europe), silver-bordered fritillary ou silver meadow fritillary (en Amérique du Nord)[4]
  • en allemand : Braunfleckiger Perlmutterfalter
  • en espagnol : Perlada castaña

Systématique

L'espèce Boloria selene a été décrite par les entomologistes Johann Nepomuk Cosmas Michael Denis et Ignaz Schiffermüller en 1775, sous le protonyme Papilio selene.

Deux noms scientifiques sont en concurrence pour désigner l'espèce : Boloria selene pour les auteurs (actuellement majoritaires) qui privilégient une définition élargie du genre Boloria, et Clossiana selene pour ceux qui traitent Clossiana comme un genre distinct de Boloria. Dans le premier cas, on peut écrire « Boloria (Clossiana) selene » pour signaler l'appartenance de l'espèce au sous-genre Clossiana.

De nombreuses sous-espèces ont été décrites[4] :

  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene selene — en Europe, en Sibérie et dans l'Altaï
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene albequina (Holland, 1928)
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene atrocostalis (Huard, 1927) — en Amérique du Nord
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene chibiana (Matsumura, 1927)
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene dilutior (Fixsen, 1887)
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene myrina (Cramer, [1777])
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene nebraskensis (Holland, 1928)
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene sabulocollis (Kohler, 1977)
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene terraenovae (Holland, 1928) — à Terre-Neuve
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene thalia (Hübner, 1790) — en Europe et en Sibérie arctiques
  • Boloria (Clossiana) selene tollandensis (Barnes et Benjamin, 1925)

Protection

Boloria selene a le statut NT (espèce quasi menacée) sur la liste rouge des rhopalocères de France métropolitaine de 2012[7].

Notes et références

  1. a b et c Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington, Guide des papillons d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord, Delachaux et Niestlé, (ISBN 978-2-603-01649-7)
  2. (en) UK Butterflies.
  3. a et b Papillons diurnes du Canada.
  4. a b c et d FUNET Tree of Life, consulté le 13 avril 2019
  5. Lépi'Net.
  6. (en) Butterflies and Moths of North America.
  7. INPN — Statuts.

Voir aussi

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Petit collier argenté: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Boloria selene

Le Petit collier argenté ou Boloria à taches argentées (Boloria selene) est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Nymphalidae et de la sous-famille des Heliconiinae.

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Pievinis perlinukas ( литвански )

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Binomas Boloria selene

Pievinis perlinukas (lot. Boloria selene) – pleštekių (Nymphalidae) šeimos drugys. Gyvena drėgnose pievose, pamiškėse, laukymėse.

Morfologiniai ypatumai: lytinis dimorfizmas neryškus. Patinas mažesnis. Apatinės sparnų pusės abiejų lyčių identiškos. Užpakalinio sparno pamatinėje dalyje yra didelė juoda dėmė, o vidurio juostoje tarp geltonų dėmių yra 3-4 sidabrinės spalvos blizgančios dėmės. Panaši rūšis į miškapievį perlinuką, nuo kurios skiriasi didelė pamatine dėme ir 3-4 sidabriškomis dėmėmis vidurio juostoje. Miškapievio perlinuko pamatinė dėmė labai maža ir vidurio juostoje tik viena sidabriška dėmė. Sparno ilgis: 18 - 20 mm. Skraidymo laikas: pirmoji karta: V - VII mėn., antroji karta: VII - VIII mėn.. Mitybiniai augalai: našlaitė (Viola sp.). Biologija: kiaušinėlius deda po vieną ant mitybinių augalų ar netoli jų. Vikšrai iš kiaušinėlio pasirodo po 10 dienų ir maitinasi kelias savaites. Antros kartos pusiau suaugę vikšrai žiemoja. Pavasarį jie vėl maitinasi ir, pasiekę 22 mm ilgį, tarp augalų virsta lėliukėmis. Paplitimas: Europa, Šiaurės Amerika, vidutinio klimato Azija. Lietuvoje dažnas.

Literatūra

Lietuvos dieniniai drugiai, Povilas Ivinskis, Jonas Augustauskas, Kaunas, LUTUTĖ, 2004, ISBN 9955-575-41-7, p. 155

Vikiteka

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Pievinis perlinukas: Brief Summary ( литвански )

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Pievinis perlinukas (lot. Boloria selene) – pleštekių (Nymphalidae) šeimos drugys. Gyvena drėgnose pievose, pamiškėse, laukymėse.

Morfologiniai ypatumai: lytinis dimorfizmas neryškus. Patinas mažesnis. Apatinės sparnų pusės abiejų lyčių identiškos. Užpakalinio sparno pamatinėje dalyje yra didelė juoda dėmė, o vidurio juostoje tarp geltonų dėmių yra 3-4 sidabrinės spalvos blizgančios dėmės. Panaši rūšis į miškapievį perlinuką, nuo kurios skiriasi didelė pamatine dėme ir 3-4 sidabriškomis dėmėmis vidurio juostoje. Miškapievio perlinuko pamatinė dėmė labai maža ir vidurio juostoje tik viena sidabriška dėmė. Sparno ilgis: 18 - 20 mm. Skraidymo laikas: pirmoji karta: V - VII mėn., antroji karta: VII - VIII mėn.. Mitybiniai augalai: našlaitė (Viola sp.). Biologija: kiaušinėlius deda po vieną ant mitybinių augalų ar netoli jų. Vikšrai iš kiaušinėlio pasirodo po 10 dienų ir maitinasi kelias savaites. Antros kartos pusiau suaugę vikšrai žiemoja. Pavasarį jie vėl maitinasi ir, pasiekę 22 mm ilgį, tarp augalų virsta lėliukėmis. Paplitimas: Europa, Šiaurės Amerika, vidutinio klimato Azija. Lietuvoje dažnas.

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Zilveren maan ( холандски; фламански )

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Insecten

De zilveren maan (Boloria selene, vroeger geplaatst in het geslacht Clossiana, dat nu als ondergeslacht wordt gezien) is een dagvlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae, de vossen, parelmoervlinders en weerschijnvlinders.

Kenmerken

Parelmoervlinders zijn niet gemakkelijk van elkaar te onderscheiden, en de zilveren maan lijkt dan ook vrij veel op de zilvervlek, de paarse parelmoervlinder en de veenbesparelmoervlinder. Een van de kenmerken is de grote zwarte vlek op de onderzijde van de achtervleugel bij de wortelbasis, die groter is dan die van de zilvervlek. Hij heeft een spanwijdte van 28 tot 38 mm.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De vlinder komt oorspronkelijk voor in vrijwel geheel Europa tot in Azië en ook in Noord-Amerika in koele en vochtige gebieden.

Voorkomen in Nederland en België

De zilveren maan is zeldzaam geworden in Nederland en België. Hij staat op de Nederlandse, Vlaamse, Waalse en Belgische rode lijsten. Op vliegplaatsen in Noord Nederland haalt hij wel heel grote dichtheden. In Vlaanderen is hij vermoedelijk uitgestorven. Als voornaamste oorzaak van de sterke achteruitgang wordt verdroging gezien. Op Europese schaal wordt hij echter niet bedreigd. De vliegtijd is van mei tot en met september.

Waardplanten

De waardplanten van de zilveren maan zijn moerasviooltje, hondsviooltje en duinviooltje. De zilveren maan overwintert als halfvolgroeide rups in de strooisellaag, in april worden de rupsen weer actief en verpoppen hangend in de vegetatie.

Externe links

Bronnen

  • Dirk Maes en Hans van Dijck, Dagvlinders in Vlaanderen, Antwerpen, 1999, p. 276-278.
  • F. Bos et al., De Dagvlinders van Nederland (Nederlandse Fauna, deel 7), Utrecht en Leiden, 2006, p. 310-313.
Boloria selene - Braunfleckiger Perlmutterfalter.jpg
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Boloria selene op Wikimedia Commons.
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Zilveren maan: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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De zilveren maan (Boloria selene, vroeger geplaatst in het geslacht Clossiana, dat nu als ondergeslacht wordt gezien) is een dagvlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae, de vossen, parelmoervlinders en weerschijnvlinders.

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Brunflekket perlemorvinge ( норвешки )

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Brunflekket perlemorvinge (Boloria selene) er en sommerfugl som tilhører gruppen perlemorvinger (Argynnini) i den artsrike familien flikvinger (Nymphalidae). Den er vanlig over det meste av Norge unntatt ytterst ved vestkysten. Det finnes mange lignende arter.

Utseende

En middelsstor (vingespenn 30 – 40 mm) sommerfugl, vingene er brunoransje med svarte flekker og tverrstriper. Bakvingenes underside er nettmønstret i gult, brunt og hvitt. Det finnes mange ganske like arter i slekten Boloria. For å skille dem må man underøke mønsteret på bakvingenes underside.

Levevis

Larvene lever på ulike arter av fioler (Viola spp.). De voksne sommerfuglene flyr i juni – juli på enger og i lysninger i skogen.

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

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Brunflekket perlemorvinge: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

добавил wikipedia NO

Brunflekket perlemorvinge (Boloria selene) er en sommerfugl som tilhører gruppen perlemorvinger (Argynnini) i den artsrike familien flikvinger (Nymphalidae). Den er vanlig over det meste av Norge unntatt ytterst ved vestkysten. Det finnes mange lignende arter.

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Boloria selene ( Pms )

добавил wikipedia PMS
Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

La ruva a viv an dzora a Violaceae. Doe generassion a l'ann, la farfala a vola da avril a stèmber.

Distribussion

A viv an sj'Alp fin a la val Péles.

Sinònim

  • Clossiana selene

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Clossiana selene Schiff.
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Boloria selene: Brief Summary ( Pms )

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La ruva a viv an dzora a Violaceae. Doe generassion a l'ann, la farfala a vola da avril a stèmber.

Distribussion

A viv an sj'Alp fin a la val Péles.

Sinònim Clossiana selene
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Dostojka selene ( полски )

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Dostojka selene (Boloria selene) – owad z rzędu motyli, z rodziny rusałkowatych (Nymphalidae).

Cechy

Skrzydła o rozpiętości 38–41 mm. Wierzch skrzydeł rudy z rysunkiem z czarnych plamek. Przy zewnętrznym brzegu, spodu tylnego skrzydła, występuje rząd żółtawych, trójkątnych, czarno obrzeżonych od wewnątrz plamek. W komórce środkowej tylnego skrzydła od wewnątrz i z zewnątrz występuje duża czarna plama[2].

Biologia i ekologia

Stadium zimującym są gąsienice. Żerują na fiołku błotnym, fiołku psim i fiołku kosmatym. Motyle dorosłe pojawiają się w dwóch pokoleniach; od połowy maja do końca czerwca i od końca lipca do początku września. Siedliskiem są wilgotne łąki oraz torfowiska niskie i przejściowe[2].

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Gatunek palearktyczny, włącznie z obszarami podbiegunowymi. występuje również w Ameryce Północnej. W Polsce pospolity[2].

Zobacz też

motyle dzienne Polski

Przypisy

  1. Boloria selene, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c Jarosław Buszko, Janusz Masłowski: Motyle dzienne Polski. Nowy Sącz: Koliber, 2008, s. xx. ISBN 978-83-925150-4-3.
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Dostojka selene: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Dostojka selene (Boloria selene) – owad z rzędu motyli, z rodziny rusałkowatych (Nymphalidae).

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Brunfläckig pärlemorfjäril ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Brunfläckig pärlemorfjäril, Boloria selene, är en orange fjäril med brunsvarta fläckar vars larver äter violblad. Denna fjäril förekommer i stora delar av Europa, Asien och Nordamerika.

Utseende

 src=
Undersidan på brunfläckig pärlemorfjäril.

Vingspannet varierar mellan 34 och 44 millimeter, på olika individer.[1] Hanen och honan ser i stort sett likadana ut. Ovansidan är orange med brunsvarta fläckar. Mot kroppen är fläckarna oregelbundna och bildar taggiga band. Mot ytterkanterna är fläckarna runda och längst ut vid ytterkanterna är de v-formade och når den brunsvarta ytterkanten, så att orange fläckar bildas däremellan. Undersidan av framvingen är något ljusare orange med strödda oregelbundna brunsvarta fläckar. I framhörnet är framvingen ljusgul och ljusare brun. Undersidan av bakvingen är mönstrad med gula, orange, bruna och vita fält. Längs ytterkanten på bakvingens undersida finns sju vita fläckar.[2]

Larven är gråsvart med mycket ljust bruna taggar. Den blir upp till 20 millimeter lång.[2]

Levnadssätt

Denna fjäril, liksom alla andra fjärilar, genomgår under sitt liv fyra olika stadier; ägg, larv, puppa och fullvuxen (imago). En sådan förvandling kallas för fullständig metamorfos.

Flygtiden, den period när fjärilen är fullvuxen, infaller i juni och juli. Ibland hinner en andra generation utvecklas och den flyger i augusti.[2] Under flygtiden parar sig fjärilarna och honan lägger äggen på violblad.[1] Ur ägget kläcks larven. Värdväxter, de växter larven lever på och äter av, är olika arter i violsläktet[3]. Antingen förpuppas larven när den vuxit färdigt, och ur puppan kläcks då i augusti den andra generationens fullbildade fjärilar, eller så slutar larven äta innan den vuxit färdigt och övervintrar. När violbladen åter växer fram på våren fortsätter den att äta tills den är färdigvuxen, förpuppas därefter och puppan kläcks i juni och flygtiden börjar.[1]

Habitat

Fjärilens habitat, den miljö den lever i, är fuktig ängsmark och kärrmark[4], öppen skogsmark eller bergssluttningar[2].

Utbredning

Den brunfläckiga pärlemorfjärilen finns i norra och centrala Europa och österut genom Sibirien och Kazakstan till Altaj och östra Amurområdet.[3] I Nordamerika finns den i stora delar av Kanada[5], i Alaska, i norra USA samt i Klippiga bergen[4]. Den förekommer i hela Norden utom på Island och i fjällen i Sverige och Norge.[2]

Systematik

Ibland anges att denna art tillhör släktet Clossiana, men oftare anges detta som ett undersläkte till Boloria[6].

Artnamnet selene kan syfta på både månen och mångudinnan Selene.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjärilar: Dagfjärilar. Hesperiidae - Nymphalidae. (2005) sid 266-267. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala. ISBN 91-88506-51-7
  2. ^ [a b c d e] Sterry, Paul; Mackay, Andrew (2006). Bonniers naturguider Fjärilar sid 64. Albert Bonniers förlag. ISBN 9789100105136
  3. ^ [a b] nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life Clossiana selene, läst 24 september 2008
  4. ^ [a b] Butterflies and Moths of North America Arkiverad 13 juni 2008 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. Boloria selene, läst 24 september 2008
  5. ^ Butterflies of Canada Boloria selene, läst 24 september 2008
  6. ^ Fauna Europaea Boloria selene, läst 24 september 2008

Externa länkar

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Brunfläckig pärlemorfjäril: Brief Summary ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Brunfläckig pärlemorfjäril, Boloria selene, är en orange fjäril med brunsvarta fläckar vars larver äter violblad. Denna fjäril förekommer i stora delar av Europa, Asien och Nordamerika.

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Перлівець Селена ( украински )

добавил wikipedia UK

Поширення

Вид поширений у помірних Європі, Азії та Північній Америці. В Україні досить поширений на півночі країни, на південь стає локальним і повністю відсутній у степовій зоні і Криму.

Опис

Довжина переднього крила 18-20 мм. Верхня сторона крил яскраво-коричнева з характерним чорним малюнком. Малюнок може сильно варіювати, іноді можуть траплятися темні екземпляри з розширеним візерунком малюнка на верхній стороні крил, коричневе забарвлення при цьому зберігається лише по краях крил. Світло-жовта перев'язь на нижньому боці задніх крил зазвичай з трьома срібними плямами. Попереду серединної перев'язки знаходиться ряд чорних крапок.

Гусениця темно-червоно-коричнева з білими крапками, згрупованими в смужку на спині. Лялечка жовто-коричнева з чорними плямами.

Спосіб життя

Населяє заливні, вологі луки, болотисті місця, узлісся і лісові дороги, чагарники і розріджені ліси. Розмножується у 2 покоління: кінець травня — початок липня і кінець липня — середина вересня (Центральна Європа). На півночі ареалу і в горах — 1 покоління з червня по серпень. Кормовими рослина для гусені є фіалка собача, фіалка болотна, суниця, лохина. Зимує гусінь.

Посилання


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Перламутровка селена ( руски )

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Перламутровка селена в окрестностях Санкт-Петербургом

Кормовые растения гусениц

Фиалка собачья, фиалка болотная, фиалка трёхцветная, голубика, земляника.

Примечания

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Перламутровка селена: Brief Summary ( руски )

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 src= Перламутровка селена в окрестностях Санкт-Петербургом
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