La Argynnis adippe ye un lepidópteru ropalóceru de la familia Nymphalidae. (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Atópase al noroeste d'África, Europa y l'Asia templada. N'Europa atopase ente'l nivel del mar y los 2100 msnm. Ausente nes islles mediterránees sacante en Sicilia.[1]
Na península Ibérica distribúyese principalmente al norte y nel centru y sur habita en zones de monte.
El valumbu ye d'ente 50 y 60 mm. Los machos caracterizense por dos marques androconiales a les venes V2 y V3 del anverso de les ales anteriores.[1] El nome común provien de la serie de puntos acolorataos que tienen na zona postdiscal del aviesu de les ales posteriores, detalle únicu de la especie.
Polo xeneral trátase d'una especie fenotípicamente bien variable, con numberoses subespecies d'aspeutu distintu y fáciles de confundir con otres especies similares.
Prefier zones arbustives seques y herboses, según claros en montes abiertos. la canesba alimentase de plantes del xéneru Viola.[1]
Una xeneración al añu ente finales de mayu y agostu, Voltinismu, según la llocalidá y l'altitú. Envierna en forma de oruga yá formáu dientro del güevu.[1]
Los imagos suelen visitar flores de cardos y bebezones.[7] La puesta realízase sobre los tarmos o fueyes de la planta nutrícia o a en piedres cercanes.[1][7] La gata aliméntase pela nueche.[7]
La Argynnis adippe ye un lepidópteru ropalóceru de la familia Nymphalidae. (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Glöyn byw sy'n perthyn i urdd y Lepidoptera yw britheg frown, sy'n enw benywaidd; yr enw lluosog ydy brithegion brown; yr enw Saesneg yw High Brown Fritillary, a'r enw gwyddonol yw Fabriciana adippe neu Argynnis adippe.[1][2] Mae i'w ganfod o Ewrop i dir mawr Asia ac i Japan.
Hed yr oedolyn yng Ngorffennaf ac Awst. Mae'r fenyw'n dodwy eu hwyau ar fathau o fioled, a gaiff eu bwyta yn eu tro gan y siani flewog.
Neithdar o blanhigion mwyar duon ac ysgall yw prif fwyd yr oedolyn.
Gellir dosbarthu'r pryfaid (neu'r Insecta) sy'n perthyn i'r Urdd a elwir yn Lepidoptera yn ddwy ran: y gloynnod byw a'r gwyfynod. Mae'r dosbarthiad hwn yn cynnwys mwy na 180,000 o rywogaethau mewn tua 128 o deuluoedd. Wedi deor o'i ŵy mae'r fritheg frown yn lindysyn sydd yn bwyta llawer o ddail, ac wedyn mae'n troi i fod yn chwiler. Daw allan o'r chwiler ar ôl rhai wythnosau. Mae pedwar cyfnod yng nghylchred bywyd glöynnod byw a gwyfynod: ŵy, lindysyn, chwiler ac oedolyn.
Glöyn byw sy'n perthyn i urdd y Lepidoptera yw britheg frown, sy'n enw benywaidd; yr enw lluosog ydy brithegion brown; yr enw Saesneg yw High Brown Fritillary, a'r enw gwyddonol yw Fabriciana adippe neu Argynnis adippe. Mae i'w ganfod o Ewrop i dir mawr Asia ac i Japan.
Hed yr oedolyn yng Ngorffennaf ac Awst. Mae'r fenyw'n dodwy eu hwyau ar fathau o fioled, a gaiff eu bwyta yn eu tro gan y siani flewog.
Neithdar o blanhigion mwyar duon ac ysgall yw prif fwyd yr oedolyn.
Skovperlemorsommerfugl (Argynnis adippe) er en sommerfugl i takvingefamilien. Den er vidt udbredt i Mellem- og Sydeuropa, og i Norden i Norge, Sverige og Finland op til 64. breddegrad samt mod øst gennem tempereret Asien. I Danmark findes den i Nordjyllands klitter og plantager samt i visse dele af Østdanmarks skovbryn og -lysninger, fx på Bornholm. Larven lever på violplanter.
Skovperlemorsommerfugl (Argynnis adippe) er en sommerfugl i takvingefamilien. Den er vidt udbredt i Mellem- og Sydeuropa, og i Norden i Norge, Sverige og Finland op til 64. breddegrad samt mod øst gennem tempereret Asien. I Danmark findes den i Nordjyllands klitter og plantager samt i visse dele af Østdanmarks skovbryn og -lysninger, fx på Bornholm. Larven lever på violplanter.
Der Feurige Perlmuttfalter (Fabriciana adippe, Syn.: Argynnis adippe[1]) ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae). Er wird in der deutschsprachigen Literatur auch als Adippe-Perlmutterfalter, Feuriger Perlmutterfalter, Feuriger Waldhügelland-Perlmutterfalter, Märzveilchenfalter, Märzveilchen-Perlmutterfalter und Hundsveilchen-Perlmutterfalter bezeichnet.
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 40 bis 45 Millimetern. Die Flügeloberseiten sind wie bei vielen Perlmuttfaltern orange gefärbt und haben eine schwarze Musterung. Die Männchen tragen auf der Oberseite der Vorderflügel an den Adern Cu1 und Cu2 gut erkennbare Duftschuppenstreifen und auf den Hinterflügeln einen Haarkamm auf der Radialader. Auf der orangen Unterseite der Hinterflügel sind neben einigen fein schwarz gerandeten Perlmutterflecken kleine weiße Flecken, die braun gerandet sind, in der Postdiskalregion charakteristisch. Diese fehlen dem ähnlichen Großen Perlmuttfalter (Speyeria aglaja). Am Außenrand befindet sich eine Reihe, größerer Perlmuttflecken. Diese Flecken sind an der nach innen gerichteten Seite leicht spitz zulaufend und bräunlich gerandet.[2]
Die Raupen haben eine gräuliche Grundfarbe. Am Rücken verläuft eine breite schwarze Längsbinde, die zwischen jedem Segment unterbrochen ist. Dies unterscheidet die Tiere von den ähnlichen Raupen des Mittleren Perlmuttfalters (Fabriciana niobe). Innerhalb der Binde verläuft genau in der Mitte des Rückens eine feine, ebenfalls unterbrochene helle Linie. Die Kopfkapsel ist ebenso, wie die zahlreichen verästelten Dornen am Körper braun gefärbt.[3]
Die Tiere kommen von Nordwestafrika über nahezu ganz Europa über das gemäßigte Asien, östlich bis nach Japan vor. Sie fehlen nördlich des Polarkreises, auf großen Teilen der Britischen Inseln und auf den meisten Mittelmeerinseln. Man findet sie in trockenen, grasigen und bebuschten Gebieten und an Rändern und Lichtungen lockerer Wälder.[2] Verbuschung macht ihnen, im Gegensatz zum Großen Perlmuttfalter nichts aus.[3]
Die Imagines saugen Nektar an Korbblütlern und Disteln und sind insbesondere am Waldrand in Gruppen zu finden.[3]
Die Falter fliegen in einer Generation von Mitte Juni bis August. Die Raupen findet man ab August und nach der Überwinterung bis Juni.[6]
Die Raupen ernähren sich von Veilchen (Viola).[2][3]
Die Weibchen legen ihre kegelförmigen, längsgerippten Eier an den Blättern der Futterpflanzen ab. Die Raupen überwintern bereits zum Schlupf entwickelt im Ei, schlüpfen aber erst im Frühjahr. Die Verpuppung erfolgt in einer plumpen Stürzpuppe an kräftigen Stängeln in Bodennähe. Die Puppe ist braun und trägt mehrere silbrige Metallflecken und ist deutlich glatter und hat weniger ausgebildete Zacken als jene des Kaisermantels (Argynnis paphia).[3]
Der Feurige Perlmuttfalter (Fabriciana adippe, Syn.: Argynnis adippe) ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae). Er wird in der deutschsprachigen Literatur auch als Adippe-Perlmutterfalter, Feuriger Perlmutterfalter, Feuriger Waldhügelland-Perlmutterfalter, Märzveilchenfalter, Märzveilchen-Perlmutterfalter und Hundsveilchen-Perlmutterfalter bezeichnet.
Fabriciana adippe, the high brown fritillary, is a large and brightly colored butterfly of the family Nymphalidae, native to Europe and across the Palearctic to Japan. It is known for being Great Britain's most threatened butterfly and is listed as a vulnerable species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.[2] Like other fritillaries it is dependent on warm climates with violet rich flora.
The high brown fritillary's wingspan is on average around 65 mm. Its upper wings are orange with black markings and the undersides are colored a duller orange with white and brown markings. While flying, it is very hard to distinguish from the dark green fritillary which has many of the same markings.[3] The male and female fritillary share many of the same physical features.
Larvae are brown with a single longitudinal white stripe down the length of their body. Their bodies are covered in brown spikes which aid in camouflaging them from predators as they move among dead fern fronds.[4]
A. adippe L. (= berecynthia Poda, cydippe L.) (69d). Usually larger than the previous species [ Argynnis alexandra Ménetries, 1832], the wings more obtuse, the outer margin of the forewing quite straight and that of the hindwing feebly undulate in the female. Easily recognized by the thickened hairy streaks placed in the male on the branches of the median vein on the forewing. Beneath the silver-spots are much larger than in niobe, particularly the marginal spots are much longer and broader.[5]
This butterfly has many subspecies that span across Europe and throughout Asia and Africa, given that there are temperate temperatures in those regions. Northern Europe has seen a severe decline in fritillary population but it is still relatively abundant in other parts of Europe.
As of 2015, the high brown fritillary was the most threatened British butterfly species.[4] Populations remain in four areas in Great Britain. The Morecambe Bay Limestone hills, the Glamorgan Brackenlands, Dartmoor and Exmoor all support a fritillary population, while it has declined in most other Northern European regions.[6][4]
There are two main habitats that support high brown fritillary populations: bracken and limestone outcrops.[2] Bracken habitats are found across its geographic range but limestone outcrops are specific to Great Britain.
These habitats are usually at lower altitudes in open fields and are found across the fritillarys complete range, usually facing in a southern direction. Their flora is not very diverse, and is limited to common ivies, tormentil, wood anemone and violets. Breeding areas are bracken dominated, with dead bracken leaves littering the ground. Grassy areas often intersperse these habitats.
In spring, habitat covered in dead bracken typically also has less dense grass cover, allowing the temperature in these areas to be significantly higher than surrounding areas. Increased temperature allows larvae to mature more quickly here, making bracken-rich habitats favorable breeding sites.[4]
These habitats are specific to Great Britain, especially to the limestone soils of the Morecambe Bay. These outcrops are usually created by human intervention and land management. Breeding persists on limestone soil or near bracken. Throughout the rest of Great Britain, populations are restricted to thick Bracken clumps.
Unlike other species, fritillary larvae ignore their egg shells as a food source and instead primarily feed on violet seedlings. They focus on younger growth and remain among food plants, eating heavily before metamorphosis.
Adult fritillaries do not have a very diverse set of plants from which they feed. Both the female and male feed primary on bramble blossom and common knapweed. Fritillaries have also been observed feeding on different thistle species, betony, and ragwort. Local gardens are also commonly frequented as Buddleja is a popular choice among fritillaries as well.
Eggs are laid singly[4] in mid-July up till winter's start, overwinter, and hatch in mid-March. Observation of fritillary egg laying is difficult as the eggs are very similar in color to the female's ovipositor. It has been seen that eggs may not even be laid after extensive enquiry by the female of potential egg sites. Females also prefer to lay eggs that are on firm ground rather than ground with loose plant matter. In outcrops eggs are laid in short vegetation next to limestone that offers good moss cover. In Bracken eggs are laid in groups in the midst of thick Bracken clumps. Dead Bracken litter is a popular site for egg laying, as well as moss and other decaying vegetation.[2]
Once the larvae of the high brown fritillary emerge from the shell in mid-March, they begin to feed, usually on violets, almost immediately. When not feeding, which it spends the majority of its time doing, the larvae hide themselves among vegetation.[2] They are diurnal and very temperature dependent. They frequently bask in sunlight to raise their body temperature higher than the surrounding vegetation allowing for faster growth. Eggs are laid in spots conducive to sun bathing, and the larvae gravitate towards spots warmed by sun and vegetation. During abnormally high temperatures the larvae hide under plant matter in-between feeding.
Before pupation, the larvae form a shroud like structure from leaves and spin a section of silk from the top. This occurs usually around June. The larvae then suspend themselves and enter their pupal stage, which lasts for approximately a month, although this estimate is very temperature dependent. There is not extensive research on the subject.[2]
The adult fritillary only has one brood a year, as they are a univoltine species. They can be seen flying from late June to late August, or even in certain Limestone areas, till September.[2] Elsewhere they have a shorter flying season, from only mid-June to early August.[6] In warm weather the fritillary is most active, and spends most of its time flying low to the ground above and around Bracken and other flora.
The egg laying process begins when a female does low passes above bracken fronds and drop down when they find a suitable spot. Females will then crawl on the bracken littered ground and use their abdomens to probe for likely egg laying spots. Eggs are normally laid once a female crawls over a plant that can serve as a food resource. Eggs may also be laid without any area observation, and without any food plants nearby, as females have been observed to lay eggs within seconds of landing. False egg laying is also common.[2]
The high brown fritillary population, especially in Great Britain, is extremely threatened.[6] It is extinct in over 90% of its former geographic range, making it a high priority for conservation efforts.[2] The species was once widespread in the United Kingdom but has now greatly declined.[7] It has legal protection in the UK under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act.[8] The British decline of the fritillary can be attributed to novel changes in land management, increasing during the 20th century.
Fritillaries in woodland habitats have been most severally affected by habitat loss. These butterflies relied heavily on coppicing, a land managing technique that has all but disappeared from Great Britain's countryside. The reduction of coppicing combined with replanting and new forest growth has several limited the places the fritillary can thrive, as bracken habitats are becoming rarer. Within bracken habitats, population loss is driven when bracken growth is too extreme or grazing animals trample the flora associated with the butterfly.[2]
In order to reverse the decline of the high brown fritillary, conservation plans focusing on bracken habitat management are the primary course of action. Bracken sites are in the process of being assessed to see which steps could be taken next. There are tentative plans to implement winter bracken litter clearance and summer path cutting between patches. The high brown fritillary remains one of the Butterfly Conservation's highest priority projects.
The Wilder Blean project, headed up by the Wildwood Trust and Kent Wildlife Trust, is introducing European bison to the UK for the first time in 6000 years. Their actions create open, light-flooded patches that encourage the growth of cow wheat which the fritillary depends upon.[9] The herd of 3 females and 1 male will be set free in 2022 within a 2,500-acre conservation area in Blean Woods near Canterbury.[10][11]
Fabriciana adippe, the high brown fritillary, is a large and brightly colored butterfly of the family Nymphalidae, native to Europe and across the Palearctic to Japan. It is known for being Great Britain's most threatened butterfly and is listed as a vulnerable species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Like other fritillaries it is dependent on warm climates with violet rich flora.
Argynnis adippe es un lepidóptero ropalócero de la familia Nymphalidae. (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)[1]
Se encuentra al noroeste de África, Europa y el Asia templada. En Europa se encuentra entre el nivel del mar y los 2100 msnm. Ausente en las islas mediterráneas excepto en Sicilia.[1]
En la península ibérica se distribuye principalmente al norte y en el centro y sur habita en zonas de montaña.[2][3] [4] [5]
Envergadura alar de entre 50 y 60 mm.[6] Los machos se caracterizan por dos marcas androconiales en las venas V2 y V3 del anverso de las alas anteriores.[1] El nombre común proviene de la serie de puntos rojizos que tienen en la zona postdiscal del reverso de las alas posteriores, detalle único de la especie.[7]
En general se trata de una especie fenotípicamente muy variable, con numerosas subespecies de aspecto diferente y fáciles de confundir con otras especies similares.
Prefiere zonas arbustivas secas y herbosas, así como claros en bosques abiertos. La oruga se alimenta de plantas del género Viola.[1]
Una generación al año entre finales de mayo y agosto, según la localidad y la altitud. Hiberna en forma de oruga ya formada dentro del huevo.[1]
Los imagos suelen visitar flores de cardos y bebederos.[6] La puesta se realiza sobre los tallos u hojas de la planta nutricia o a en piedras cercanas.[1][6] La oruga se alimenta por la noche.[6]
Argynnis adippe es un lepidóptero ropalócero de la familia Nymphalidae. (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Fabriciana adippe
Le Moyen nacré (Fabriciana adippe, anciennement Argynnis adippe) est une espèce paléarctique de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Nymphalidae et de la sous-famille des Heliconiinae.
L'imago du Moyen nacré est un papillon de taille moyenne à grande. Le dessus des ailes a un fond fauve orangé orné de nombreuses taches noires, notamment une série de chevrons submarginaux, une série de taches postdiscales rondes, puis des dessins discaux et basaux plus linéaires. Le mâle possède deux épais traits androconiaux sur les nervures 2 et 3 de l'aile antérieure. Le revers des ailes antérieures est similaire au dessus, mais avec l'apex jaune, tandis que le revers des ailes postérieures a un fond jaune orné de nombreuses taches nacrées (absentes chez la forme cleodoxa) et d'une série de taches postdiscales brun-roux pupillées de bleu argenté.
L'ornementation du dessus des ailes du Grand nacré ressemble à celle de plusieurs autres espèces de Nacrés, tout particulièrement le Grand nacré et le Chiffre, qui peuvent le côtoyer. Il s'en distingue principalement par son ornementation différente au revers de l'aile postérieure.
La chenille a la tête brune, le corps brun-roux orné d'une ligne dorsale blanchâtre entre des dessins noirs, et des scolis rosâtres à roux[1].
Le Moyen nacré vole en une génération, entre juin et août en fonction de la localisation[2].
Il hiverne au stade de chenille formée dans l'œuf[2].
Les plantes hôtes sont des violettes, en particulier Viola canina, Viola odorata, Viola hirta, Viola tricolor et Viola riviniana[2],[1]. Les œufs sont pondus sur les feuilles de la plante hôte.
Le Moyen nacré est largement répandu dans l'écozone paléarctique : il est présent dans toute l'Europe, excepté les régions les plus septentrionales comme le Nord de l'Angleterre et de la Scandinavie, et dans toute l'Asie tempérée (excluant la partie la plus au sud) jusqu’au Japon[3]. En France métropolitaine, il a été recensé dans presque tous les départements, mais est absent de Corse, et il a disparu de Bretagne, de Normandie et de Picardie[2],[4].
Il réside sur les prairies humides et les pentes herbues.
L'espèce actuellement appelée Fabriciana adippe a été décrite par les entomologistes allemands Johann Nepomuk Cosmas Michael Denis et Ignaz Schiffermüller en 1775, sous le nom initial de Papilio adippe[5]. De nombreuses sources la citent encore sous le nom d’Argynnis adippe, mais une étude de phylogénétique moléculaire a récemment conduit à la replacer dans le genre Fabriciana[3].
Selon FUNET Tree of Life (25 septembre 2019)[3] :
L'espèce n'a pas de statut de protection particulier au niveau européen ou en France[10], mais elle est protégée au Royaume-Uni[8].
Fabriciana adippe
Le Moyen nacré (Fabriciana adippe, anciennement Argynnis adippe) est une espèce paléarctique de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Nymphalidae et de la sous-famille des Heliconiinae.
Fabriciana adippe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) è un lepidottero appartenente alla famiglia Nymphalidae, diffuso in Eurasia.[1][2]
Fabriciana adippe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) è un lepidottero appartenente alla famiglia Nymphalidae, diffuso in Eurasia.
Juodakaktis perlinukas (lot. Argynnis adippe) – pleštekių (Nymphalidae) šeimos drugys. Skraido birželio-rugpjūčio mėn. miškų pakraščiuose, pievose. Tupia ant dagių ir usnių žiedų. Vikšrai pilkai rudi. Ant nugaros yra baltos juostos, o šonuose juosvi įstrižiniai brūkšniai. Maitinasi našlaitėmis.
Lietuvoje dažna rūšis.
Juodakaktis perlinukas (lot. Argynnis adippe) – pleštekių (Nymphalidae) šeimos drugys. Skraido birželio-rugpjūčio mėn. miškų pakraščiuose, pievose. Tupia ant dagių ir usnių žiedų. Vikšrai pilkai rudi. Ant nugaros yra baltos juostos, o šonuose juosvi įstrižiniai brūkšniai. Maitinasi našlaitėmis.
Lietuvoje dažna rūšis.
La ruva a viv ëdzora a Viola. Na generassion a l'ann, ël parpajon a vòla da giugn a aost.
DistribussionArgynnis adippe é uma espécie de insetos lepidópteros, mais especificamente de borboletas pertencente à família Nymphalidae.[1]
A autoridade científica da espécie é Denis & Schiffermüller, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1775.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.
Argynnis adippe é uma espécie de insetos lepidópteros, mais especificamente de borboletas pertencente à família Nymphalidae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é Denis & Schiffermüller, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1775.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.
Argynnis adippe
Pisani ali srednji[1] bisernik (znanstveno ime Fabriciana adippe) je dnevni metulj iz družine pisančkov, ki je razširjen po celi Evropi ter Aziji, vse do Japonske.
Na prvi pogled je pisani bisernik zelo podoben bleščečemu biserniku, od katerega se loči po bolj intenzivnih barvah zgornje strani kril, črn pas ob robu kril pa pri pisanem biserniku ni tako širok in izrazit kot pri sorodniku. Razlika med njima je najbolj opazna, ko metulj sedi z zaprtimi krili. Takrat je na spodnji strani zadnjih kril opazen niz različno velikih rjavo rdečih navideznih očesc, ki ležijo med polkrožnimi srebrno belimi lisami ob zunanjem robu kril in nizom topo štirirobih bisernih lis, ki ležijo na sredi zadnjega para kril. Zunanji rob teh lis je črn. Pisani bisernik se v Sloveniji pojavlja od morja pa vse do visokogorja, preko kril pa meri med 45 in 60 mm. Najpogosteje se zadržuje na suhih in toplih travnikih s posameznimi grmi, pa tudi na gozdnih jasah v svetlih gozdovih, kjer leta od junija do avgusta[2].
Glavna hrana gosenic so listi rastlin iz rodu vijolic (Viola), zaradi česar samice odlagajo jajčeca v njihovi neposredni bližini. Pogosto jajčeca odlagajo na skale, pokrite z mahom.
Pisani ali srednji bisernik (znanstveno ime Fabriciana adippe) je dnevni metulj iz družine pisančkov, ki je razširjen po celi Evropi ter Aziji, vse do Japonske.