dcsimg

Conservation Status ( англиски )

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This species does not require any special status.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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McKenzie, J. 2001. "Photinus pyralis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Photinus_pyralis.html
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Jenny McKenzie, Southwestern University
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Morphology ( англиски )

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The common eastern firefly is, in fact, not a fly, but a type of beetle. The average adult is dark brown and 10-14 mm long. Like all insects, it has a hard exoskeleton, six jointed legs, two antennae, compound eyes, and a body divided into three parts head, thorax, and abdomen). Its head has a rounded cover outlined in yellow and accented with two orange spots. Photinus pyralis also has two pairs of wings. The first pair, the elytra, form a cover over the second pair and is dark brown with narrow yellow side margins. Only males use the second pair for flying; females usually have short wings, and do not fly. The last segment of the abdomen is the section that lights up, flashing bright yellow-green.

Common eastern firefly larvae are characterized by six legs, a pair of antennae, and a flattened segmented abdomen. Upon emerging from the egg they are generally about 1.6 mm in length. By the end of its larval stage it will have grown to about 10.3 mm. Firefly larvae are often referred to as "glow worms" because, like the adults, they emit a glow of light.

Range length: 10 to 14 mm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes shaped differently

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McKenzie, J. 2001. "Photinus pyralis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Photinus_pyralis.html
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Adult Photinus pyralis live 5 to 30 days.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
5 to 30 days.

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Habitat ( англиски )

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Larvae of the common eastern firefly most often inhabit moist places such as on the ground, under bark, and near streams. Adult fireflies can be found from late spring to early fall in meadows, woodland edges, and near streams.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural ; riparian

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McKenzie, J. 2001. "Photinus pyralis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Photinus_pyralis.html
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Jenny McKenzie, Southwestern University
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Distribution ( англиски )

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The common eastern firefly, or North American firefly, ranges throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Both adult and larval Phorinua pyralis are carnivorous. They feed on other insects (including other fireflies), earthworms, and snails. When feeding, they inject poison to immobilize and liquefy their prey. This allows the fireflies or larvae to suck up their meal.

Animal Foods: insects; mollusks; terrestrial worms

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Molluscivore , Vermivore)

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Benefits ( англиски )

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The chemical utilized by the common eastern firefly for bioluminescence is a complex organic compound, luciferase. Fireflies have recently been harvested by the biochemical industry for this important compound. Researchers discovered a technique to splice the gene containing luciferase into the DNA of other plants and animals. They use this in tracing the inheritance of a particular disease-resistant gene by splicing the bioluminescence gene into the disease-resistant gene in a parent plant or animal. The disease-resistant gene can then be traced in the offspring, because if it is inherited, it will glow.

Positive Impacts: source of medicine or drug

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McKenzie, J. 2001. "Photinus pyralis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Photinus_pyralis.html
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Benefits ( англиски )

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There is no known negative economic importance for humans.

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McKenzie, J. 2001. "Photinus pyralis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Photinus_pyralis.html
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Jenny McKenzie, Southwestern University
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Life Cycle ( англиски )

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Firefly eggs, which also emit a slight glow, hatch after four weeks into flightless larvae, the longest stage of the firefly life cycle. Larvae live one to two years and can be seen glowing on damp ground and near streams. After passing through the larval stage, the developing firefly moves into chambers in the moist soil and pupates. While pupating, it undergoes metamorphosis, emerging from the pupa as an adult.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Behavior ( англиски )

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Communication Channels: visual

Other Communication Modes: photic/bioluminescent

Perception Channels: visual

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McKenzie, J. 2001. "Photinus pyralis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Photinus_pyralis.html
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Без наслов ( англиски )

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Photinus pyralis is the most common of 1900 species of fireflies.

The firefly produces light in the presence of oxygen, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate by using an enzyme, luciferase, to oxidize a complex organic compound, luciferin. The light produced is often referred to as "cold light" because almost all the energy is released in the form of light and very little is wasted as heat. The wavelength range of this light spans from 520-620nm, and its brightness reaches 1/40 that of a candle. This bright light is what attracts most of the common eastern firefly's popularity.

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McKenzie, J. 2001. "Photinus pyralis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Photinus_pyralis.html
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Associations ( англиски )

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An interesting predator of Photinus pyralis is the female Photuris pyralis. This firefly mimics the signal of the female Photinus pyralis and lures male Photinus pyralis that are expecting to mate. However, when the male common eastern firefly reaches this mimicking species, he quickly becomes the female predator's meal.

Known Predators:

  • Photuris pyralis
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McKenzie, J. 2001. "Photinus pyralis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Photinus_pyralis.html
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Fireflies use specific flashing signals to find a mate. Females wait on the ground for passing males to flash their signal, and then answer with their own specific signal. It is this communication that allows the male to find a female with whom he mates.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Fireflies use specific flashing signals to find a mate. Females wait on the ground for passing males to flash their signal, and then answer with their own specific signal. It is this communication that allows the male to find a female with whom he mates. This dating game occurs in summer and early fall, and the female generally lays about 500 eggs on damp soil during this time of year.

Average eggs per season: 500.

Key Reproductive Features: semelparous ; seasonal breeding ; sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous

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Firefly.org ( англиски )

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Educational resource on fireflies. Explores disappearance of fireflies in the US and worldwide.

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Photinus pyralis ( германски )

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Photinus pyralis ist ein Käfer aus der Familie der Leuchtkäfer (Lampyridae). Es handelt sich um die meistverbreitete Leuchtkäferart in Nordamerika.

Beschreibung

Adulte Tiere erreichen eine Länge von 10 bis 14 mm. Der Thorax ist dunkelbraun, das letzte Segment des Abdomens, der Abschnitt der leuchtet, ist von hell gelb-grüner Farbe.[1] Die Ränder des Vorderbrust-Segments (Pronotum) sind matt gelb, in dessen Zentrum befindet sich ein dunkler Punkt.[2] Die Art hat zwei Flügelpaare, von denen nur das Männchen das zweite Paar zum Fliegen benutzt. Die Weibchen haben kurze Flügel und fliegen nicht. Die dunkelbraunen Vorderflügel (Elytren) habe einen schmalen gelben Rand. Photinus pyralis gehört zu den Käferarten, bei denen die beiden Geschlechter vollkommen unterschiedlich aussehen (Sexualdimorphismus).

Lebensweise

Die Männchen lokalisieren weibliche Leuchtkäfer durch eine Serie von Lichtblitzen, auf die die Weibchen mit einem kodierten verzögerten Blitz reagieren.[1] Diese Kommunikation wird von mehreren Käferarten durchgeführt. Die Weibchen von Photinus pyralis betreiben hierbei eine spezielle Art von Mimikry. Mit nachgeahmten Leuchtsignalen locken sie Männchen anderer Käferarten an und erbeuten diese beim Näherkommen.[1][3]

Leuchtfähigkeit

Das Luciferin-Luciferase-System von Photinus pyralis ist das am besten untersuchte System zur Erzeugung von Biolumineszenz. Es erreicht die höchste gemessene Quantenausbeute von 0,41 (theoretisches Maximum = 1).

Name

Der Gattungsname Photinus sollte nicht mit dem der Fangschrecken-Gattung Photina verwechselt werden.[4]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Jenny McKenzie: Photinus pyralis. In: Animal Diversity Web. 2001, (Online).
  2. Gary A. Dunn: Insects of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor MI 1996, ISBN 0-472-09515-3, S. 177.
  3. Konrad Dettner, Werner Peters (Hrsg.): Lehrbuch der Entomologie. 2. Auflage, unveränderter Nachdruck. Spektrum – Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8274-2617-8.
  4. Gavin J. Svenson, Marc A. Branham: Case 3402. Photinini LeConte, 1881 (Insecta, Coleoptera) and Photininae Giglio-Tos, 1915 (Insecta, Mantodea): proposed resolution of homonymy between family-group names. In: The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. Band 64, Nr. 4, 2007, , S. 243–251, (online).
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Photinus pyralis: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Photinus pyralis ist ein Käfer aus der Familie der Leuchtkäfer (Lampyridae). Es handelt sich um die meistverbreitete Leuchtkäferart in Nordamerika.

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Photinus pyralis ( англиски )

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Photinus pyralis, known by the common names common eastern firefly[3] and big dipper firefly,[4] is the most common species of firefly in North America.[5] P. pyralis is a flying and light-producing beetle with a light organ on the ventral side of its abdomen. This organism is sometimes incorrectly classified as Photuris pyralis, which likely results from mistaking the similar-sounding genus Photuris.

Common eastern firefly (Photinus pyralis)

The Photuris female may also lure a Photinus pyralis to be eaten to obtain spider-repellent steroids called "lucibufagins".[6] In males the light organ covers the entire ventral surface of the three most posterior segments and in females it only covers a portion of the third posterior segment.[7] These fireflies are most noticeable around twilight, in the early part of the evening and hover close to the ground.[8] The species' common name refers to the characteristic flight of the male, which flies in a J-shaped trajectory, lighting on the upswing.[9] During flight, the J-shaped flight pattern is used in combination with patrolling flash patterns while seeking a mate.[10] Their flashes are stimulated by light conditions, not by rhythmic impulses as originally thought.[8]

The genome of Photinus pyralis was sequenced in 2018.[11]

Light production

Males of Photinus pyralis locate females by a series of light flashes, to which females respond with a coded delay flash. The light organ of P. pyralis is composed of two layers; a layer of refractile cells on the dorsal side and a photic layer with light-producing cells on the ventral side.[12] The light organ (specifically the photogenic layer) is supplied with numerous tracheal branches, which are thought to provide the required oxygen for light production.[12] The light-producing enzyme is luciferase, and is found within cells of the lantern.[13] Luciferases require oxygen, luciferin and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to catalyze a chemical reaction that produces bioluminescence in these insects.[14] It has been shown that the glow is not controlled by the tracheal end cells (which were thought to contain valves) nor by central nerve impulses through studies involving low oxygen conditions.[15] Pupae of these beetles have different light organs than the adult. They do not have the characteristic tracheal end cells of the flashing adults, and whereas the adults emit bright flashes, pupae emit low intensity glowing.[15]

Defense

Beetles from the family Lampyridae have been known to use certain defenses such as unpleasant odour and the excretion of a sticky substance to avoid predation.[16] Excretion of unpleasant fluids from the areas along the elytra and pronotum is the result of tactile stimulation and has been referred to as reflexive bleeding.[17] This reflex bleeding is a defensive function of P. pyralis, as it can cause certain predators to become entangled in the sticky substance (such as ants) or cause revulsion in others upon predation.[17] The excretion contains lucibufagins, steroids found in P. pyralis that render them distasteful to certain bird predators.[18] Whereas adult flashing is used in mate signaling, pupae glow is thought to be an aposematic display for nocturnal predators.[19]

In relation, males of the Photinus species are the prey for females of a different genus, Photuris. Photuris females actually mimic the effects of the Photinus males light-signaling patterns, and by doing this the females lure in the Photinus males. The males naturally produce the steroid lucibufagin, and the reason that the females prey on these males is to obtain this steroid. Once the females prey on the Photinus males, the females gain the steroid lucibufagin to use to their defense against jumping spiders. A study was performed where the Photuris females were collected from nature and forced to reflex bleed which contains the steroid lucibufagin. It was found that when the females were forced to reflex bleed, the samples taken from each female had different amounts of the steroid in each sample. So after experiments were brought out to see which females the jumping spiders would eat it was decided that the jumping spiders were more likely to eat the females with less lucibufagin inside their bodies and the females with more were constantly rejected by the spiders therefore protecting themselves from predation.[20]

Mating

Males are the first to start the series of patrolling flashes needed to locate and mate with a female. Males will actively fly while flashing, whereas females are sedentary.[21] They will flash every 6 seconds and wait for a responding flash from the female, which comes after a 1-2 second delay [10] It has been shown that females only respond to their conspecific males; identifying them by the color of their yellow bioluminescent flash, in combination with the temporal patterning, duration and intensity of the male flash.[22] Females will twist their abdomen towards the males flash, presenting their own flash toward the male. Males can be observed flying in a nearly vertical orientation; their antennae held forward and stiff while their legs are held toward the body during patrolling.[10] They also show an obvious gaze shift towards the last female flash, and continue towards it until the female firefly flashes again.[10] The flashes continue until the male reaches the female. Males congregate in large masses and it is most likely that more than one will find the same female; in this case male P. pyralis display aggression towards one another while not in flight.[23]

During the "aggression" stage, males with smaller elytra and smaller lanterns are favored; whereas during the signaling phase, males with longer elytra and bigger lanterns are favoured.[23] Males with larger lanterns are favored in signaling phases of courtship because their broadcasting flashes can be seen by females who are further away, it is also suggested that due to their longer elytra these males may also have an advantage of finding the females faster.[24] Photinus fireflies do not feed as adults [21] and therefore males are better able to attract females by offering nuptial food gifts, in the form of spermatophores which females can use to provide nutrients to their eggs.[25]

References

  1. ^ A. 2021. Photinus pyralis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T164046430A166771623. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T164046430A166771623.en. Downloaded on 06 April 2021.
  2. ^ "Photinus pyralis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  3. ^ Animal Pictures Archive
  4. ^ "Firefly Companion and Letter Winter 1993-1994" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  5. ^ State Symbols USA: Tennessee State Insect
  6. ^ Roger Segelken Lured and liquidated, gullible male fireflies supply 'femmes fatales' with a lifesaving chemical Cornell Chronicle September 1, 1997. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  7. ^ Mast, S.O. 1912. Behaviour of fire-flies (Photinus pyralis) with special references to the problem of orientation. 256-272
  8. ^ a b Rau, P (1932). "Rhythmic periodicity and synchronous flashing in the firefly, Photinus pyralis, with notes on Photurus pennsylvacicus". Ecological Society of America. 13 (1): 7–11. doi:10.2307/1932487. JSTOR 1932487.
  9. ^ Maloney, Brenna; Smallwood, James (July 10, 2009). "How These Beetles Create Light". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
  10. ^ a b c d Case, J.F. (2004). "Flight studies on photic communication by the firefly Photinus pyralis". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 44 (3): 250–258. doi:10.1093/icb/44.3.250. PMID 21676704.
  11. ^ Fallon, Timothy R; Lower, Sarah E; Chang, Ching-Ho; Bessho-Uehara, Manabu; Martin, Gavin J; Bewick, Adam J; Behringer, Megan; Debat, Humberto J; Wong, Isaac; Day, John C; Suvorov, Anton; Silva, Christian J; Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F; Hall, David W; Schmitz, Robert J; Nelson, David R; Lewis, Sara M; Shigenobu, Shuji; Bybee, Seth M; Larracuente, Amanda M; Oba, Yuichi; Weng, Jing-Ke (2018). "Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in beetles". eLife. 7. doi:10.7554/eLife.36495. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6191289. PMID 30324905.
  12. ^ a b Beams, H.W. and Anderson, E. 1955. Light and electron microscope studies on the light organ of the firefly (Photinus pyralis). The Biological Bulletin, 375-393
  13. ^ Keller, G.A.; Gould, S.; Deluca, M.; Subramani, S. (1987). "Firefly luciferase is targeted to peroxisomes in mammalian cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 84 (10): 3264–3268. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.10.3264. PMC 304849. PMID 3554235.
  14. ^ [1]
  15. ^ a b Hastings, J.W. and Buck, J. 1965. The firefly pseudoflash in relation to photogenic control. The Biological Bulletin, 101-113
  16. ^ Williams, F.X. (1917). "Notes on the life-history of some North American Lampryridae". Journal of the New York Entomology Society. 25: 11–33.
  17. ^ a b Blum, M.; Sannasi, A. (1973). "Reflex bleeding in the lampyrid Photinus pyralis: defensive function". Journal of Insect Physiology. 20 (3): 451–660. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(74)90153-x.
  18. ^ Meinwald, J.; Wiemer, D.F.; Eisner, T. (1979). "Lucibufagins. 2. Esters of 12-Oxo-2p,5p, 1 1 a-trihydroxybufalin, the major defensive steroids of the Firefly Photinus pyralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 101 (11): 3055–3060. doi:10.1021/ja00505a037.
  19. ^ Underwood, T.J.; Tallamy, D.W.; Pesek, J.D. (1997). "Bioluminescebce in firefly larvae: a test of the aposematic display hypothesis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Journal of Insect Behaviour. 10 (3): 365–370. doi:10.1007/bf02765604. S2CID 27224813.
  20. ^ Eisner, T. (1997). "Firefly "femmes fatales" acquire defensive steroids (lucibufagins) from their firefly prey". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94 (18): 9723–9728. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.18.9723. PMC 23257. PMID 9275191.
  21. ^ a b Lloyd, J.E. 1966. Studies on the flash communication system in Photinus fireflies. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  22. ^ Lall, A.B; Worthy, K.M. (2000). "Action spectra of the female's response in the firefly Photinus pyralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): evidence for an achromatic detection of the bioluminescent optical signal". Journal of Insect Physiology. 46 (6): 965–968. doi:10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00206-1. PMID 10802109.
  23. ^ a b Vencl, F.V. (2004). "Allometry and proximate mechanisms of sexual selection in Photinus fireflies, and some other beetles". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 44 (3): 242–249. doi:10.1093/icb/44.3.242. PMID 21676703.
  24. ^ Vencl, F.V.; Carlson, D. (1998). "Proximate mechanisms of sexual selection in the firefly Photinus pryalis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Journal of Insect Behaviour. 11 (2): 191–207. doi:10.1023/A:1021091806472. S2CID 37790195.
  25. ^ Lewis, S.M.; Cratsley, C.K.; Demary, K. (2004). "Mate recognition and choice in Photinus fireflies". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 41: 809–821.

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Photinus pyralis: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Photinus pyralis, known by the common names common eastern firefly and big dipper firefly, is the most common species of firefly in North America. P. pyralis is a flying and light-producing beetle with a light organ on the ventral side of its abdomen. This organism is sometimes incorrectly classified as Photuris pyralis, which likely results from mistaking the similar-sounding genus Photuris.

Common eastern firefly (Photinus pyralis)

The Photuris female may also lure a Photinus pyralis to be eaten to obtain spider-repellent steroids called "lucibufagins". In males the light organ covers the entire ventral surface of the three most posterior segments and in females it only covers a portion of the third posterior segment. These fireflies are most noticeable around twilight, in the early part of the evening and hover close to the ground. The species' common name refers to the characteristic flight of the male, which flies in a J-shaped trajectory, lighting on the upswing. During flight, the J-shaped flight pattern is used in combination with patrolling flash patterns while seeking a mate. Their flashes are stimulated by light conditions, not by rhythmic impulses as originally thought.

The genome of Photinus pyralis was sequenced in 2018.

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Photinus pyralis ( француски )

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Photinus pyralis est une espèce d'insectes coléoptères, une luciole de la famille des Lampyridae, de la sous-famille des Lampyrinae. Contrairement au lampyre ou ver luisant, les deux sexes sont ailés (mais les femelles ne volent pas[1]).

Références

  1. (fr+en) Référence EOL : Photinus pyralis

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Photinus pyralis: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Photinus pyralis est une espèce d'insectes coléoptères, une luciole de la famille des Lampyridae, de la sous-famille des Lampyrinae. Contrairement au lampyre ou ver luisant, les deux sexes sont ailés (mais les femelles ne volent pas).

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Photinus pyralis ( италијански )

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Il Photinus pyralis, noto con i nomi comuni di lucciola orientale comune[1] e lucciola grande merlo acquaiolo,[2] è la specie di lucciola più comune in Nord America.[3] É un coleottero volante che produce luce con un organo leggero sul lato ventrale dell'addome. Questo organismo è talvolta classificato erroneamente come Photuris pyralis, il che probabilmente deriva dall'assonanza con il genere Photuris.

Lucciola orientale comune (Photinus pyralis)

La femmina Photuris può anche attirare un Photinus pyralis da mangiare per ottenere steroidi repellenti per i ragni chiamati "lucibufagins".[4] Nei maschi l'organo luminoso copre l'intera superficie ventrale dei tre segmenti posteriori e nelle femmine solo una porzione del terzo segmento posteriore.[5] Queste lucciole sono più evidenti al crepuscolo, nella prima parte della sera e si librano vicino al suolo.[6] Il nome comune della specie si riferisce al caratteristico volo del maschio, che vola in una traiettoria a forma di J, illuminandosi in salita.[7] Durante il volo, il modello di volo a forma di J viene utilizzato in combinazione con i modelli di lampo di pattugliamento durante la ricerca di un compagno.[8] I loro bagliori sono stimolati da condizioni di luce, non da impulsi ritmici come originariamente pensato.[6]

Il genoma del Photinus pyralis è stato sequenziato nel 2018.[9]

Produzione di luce

I maschi di Photinus pyralis individuano le femmine mediante una serie di lampi di luce, a cui le femmine rispondono con un lampo di ritardo codificato. L'organo leggero del P. pyralis è composto da due strati; uno di cellule rifrangenti sul lato dorsale e uno fotico con cellule che producono luce sul lato ventrale.[10] L'organo luminoso (in particolare lo strato fotogenico) è dotato di numerosi rami tracheali, che si ritiene forniscano l'ossigeno necessario per la produzione della luce.[10] L'enzima che produce luce è la luciferasi e si trova all'interno delle cellule della lanterna.[11] Le luciferasi richiedono ossigeno, luciferina e adenosina trifosfato (ATP) per catalizzare una reazione chimica che produce bioluminescenza in questi insetti. È stato dimostrato che il bagliore non è controllato dalle cellule terminali tracheali (che si pensava contenessero valvole) né dagli impulsi nervosi centrali attraverso studi che coinvolgono condizioni di basso livello di ossigeno.[12] Le pupe di questi coleotteri hanno organi luminosi diversi rispetto all'adulto. Non hanno le caratteristiche cellule terminali tracheali lampeggianti degli adulti e, mentre gli adulti emettono lampi luminosi, le pupe emettono un bagliore a bassa intensità.[12]

Difesa

È noto che i coleotteri della famiglia Lampyridae utilizzano alcune difese come l'odore sgradevole e l'escrezione di una sostanza appiccicosa per evitare la predazione.[13] L'escrezione di liquidi sgradevoli dalle aree lungo le elitre e il pronoto è il risultato della stimolazione tattile ed è stata definita sanguinamento riflesso.[14] Questo sanguinamento riflesso è una funzione difensiva di P.pyralis, poiché può far impigliare alcuni predatori nella sostanza appiccicosa (come le formiche) o causare repulsione in altri durante la predazione.[14] L'escrezione contiene lucibufagine, steroidi presenti in P. pyralis che li rendono sgradevoli ad alcuni uccelli predatori.[15] Mentre il lampeggiamento degli adulti viene utilizzato nella segnalazione del compagno, si pensa che il bagliore delle pupe sia un'esibizione aposematica per i predatori notturni.[16]

In relazione, i maschi della specie Photinus sono preda di femmine di un genere diverso, Photuris. Le femmine Photuris in realtà imitano gli effetti dei modelli di segnalazione luminosa dei maschi Photinus, e così facendo attirano i maschi di quella specie. I maschi producono naturalmente lo steroide lucibufagina e il motivo per cui le femmine predano questi maschi è ottenere questo steroide. Una volta che le femmine predano i maschi Photinus, ottengono lo steroide lucibufagina da usare per la loro difesa contro i ragni saltatori. È stato condotto uno studio in cui le femmine di Photuris sono state raccolte dalla natura e costrette a un'emorragia riflessa che contiene lo steroide lucibufagina. È stato riscontrato che quando le femmine sono state costrette a sanguinare per riflesso, i campioni prelevati da ciascuna di esse avevano quantità diverse di steroide. Quindi, dopo che sono stati fatti esperimenti per vedere quali femmine sarebbero state mangiate dai ragni saltatori, è stato deciso che i ragni saltatori avevano maggiori probabilità di mangiare le femmine con meno lucibufagina all'interno dei loro corpi, mentre le femmine con più lucibufagina venivano costantemente respinte dai ragni proteggendosi così da predazione.[17]

Accoppiamento

I maschi sono i primi a iniziare la serie di lampi di pattugliamento necessari per localizzare e accoppiarsi con una femmina. Volano attivamente mentre lampeggiano, mentre le femmine sono sedentarie.[18] Lampeggeranno ogni 6 secondi e attenderanno un lampo di risposta dalla femmina, che arriva dopo un ritardo di 1-2 secondi[8] È stato dimostrato che le femmine rispondono solo ai loro maschi conspecifici identificandoli dal colore del loro lampo bioluminescente giallo, in combinazione con lo schema temporale, la durata e l'intensità del lampo maschile.[19] Le femmine ruotano il loro addome verso il lampo dei maschi, presentando il proprio lampo verso il maschio. I maschi possono essere osservati volare in un orientamento quasi verticale; le loro antenne sono tenute in avanti e rigide mentre le loro gambe sono tenute verso il corpo durante il pattugliamento.[8] Mostrano anche un evidente spostamento dello sguardo verso l'ultimo lampo femminile e continuano verso di esso finché la lucciola femmina non lampeggia di nuovo.[8] I bagliori continuano finché il maschio non raggiunge la femmina. I maschi si radunano in grandi masse ed è molto probabile che più di uno trovi la stessa femmina; in questo caso il maschio di P. pyralis mostra aggressività, l'uno verso l'altro, mentre non è in volo.[20]

Durante la fase di “aggressione” sono prediletti i maschi con elitre più piccole e lanterne più piccole; mentre durante la fase di segnalazione sono prediletti quelli con elitre più lunghe e lanterne più grandi.[20] I maschi con lanterne più grandi sono preferiti nelle fasi di corteggiamento di segnalazione perché i loro lampi di trasmissione possono essere visti dalle femmine più lontane. Si suggerisce anche che a causa delle loro elitre più lunghe questi maschi possano anche avere il vantaggio di trovare le femmine più velocemente.[21] Le lucciole Photinus non si nutrono da adulte[18] e quindi i maschi sono in grado di attirare meglio le femmine offrendo doni nuziali di cibo, sotto forma di spermatofori che le femmine possono utilizzare per fornire nutrienti alle loro uova.[22]

Note

  1. ^ Animal Pictures Archive
  2. ^ Firefly Companion and Letter Winter 1993-1994 (PDF), su firefly.ifas.ufl.edu, vol. 1, n. 1. URL consultato il 12 gennaio 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 giugno 2007).
  3. ^ State Symbols USA: Tennessee State Insect
  4. ^ Roger Segelken Lured and liquidated, gullible male fireflies supply 'femmes fatales' with a lifesaving chemical Cornell Chronicle 1 settembre 1997.
  5. ^ Mast, S.O. 1912.
  6. ^ a b P Rau, Rhythmic periodicity and synchronous flashing in the firefly, Photinus pyralis, with notes on Photurus pennsylvacicus, in Ecological Society of America, vol. 13, n. 1, 1932, pp. 7–11, DOI:10.2307/1932487, JSTOR 1932487.
  7. ^ Brenna Maloney e Smallwood, James, How These Beetles Create Light, in The Washington Post, 10 luglio 2009. URL consultato il 19 luglio 2009.
  8. ^ a b c d J.F. Case, Flight studies on photic communication by the firefly Photinus pyralis, in Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol. 44, n. 3, 2004, pp. 250–258, DOI:10.1093/icb/44.3.250, PMID 21676704.
  9. ^ Timothy R Fallon, Sarah E Lower, Ching-Ho Chang, Manabu Bessho-Uehara, Gavin J Martin, Adam J Bewick, Megan Behringer, Humberto J Debat, Isaac Wong, John C Day, Anton Suvorov, Christian J Silva, Kathrin F Stanger-Hall, David W Hall, Robert J Schmitz, David R Nelson, Sara M Lewis, Shuji Shigenobu, Seth M Bybee, Amanda M Larracuente, Yuichi Oba e Jing-Ke Weng, Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in beetles, in eLife, vol. 7, 2018, DOI:10.7554/eLife.36495, ISSN 2050-084X, PMC 6191289, PMID 30324905.
  10. ^ a b Beams, H.W. and Anderson, E. 1955.
  11. ^ Firefly luciferase is targeted to peroxisomes in mammalian cells, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 84, n. 10, 1987, pp. 3264–3268, DOI:10.1073/pnas.84.10.3264, PMID 3554235.
  12. ^ a b Hastings, J.W. and Buck, J. 1965.
  13. ^ Notes on the life-history of some North American Lampryridae, in Journal of the New York Entomology Society, vol. 25, 1917, pp. 11–33.
  14. ^ a b Reflex bleeding in the lampyrid Photinus pyralis: defensive function, in Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 20, 1973, pp. 451–660, DOI:10.1016/0022-1910(74)90153-x.
  15. ^ Lucibufagins. 2. Esters of 12-Oxo-2p,5p, 1 1 a-trihydroxybufalin, the major defensive steroids of the Firefly Photinus pyralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), in Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 101, 1979, pp. 3055–3060, DOI:10.1021/ja00505a037.
  16. ^ Bioluminescebce in firefly larvae: a test of the aposematic display hypothesis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), in Journal of Insect Behaviour, vol. 10, 1997, pp. 365–370, DOI:10.1007/bf02765604.
  17. ^ Eisner, T., Firefly "femmes fatales" acquire defensive steroids (lucibufagins) from their firefly prey, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 94, n. 18, 1997, pp. 9723–9728, DOI:10.1073/pnas.94.18.9723, PMID 9275191.
  18. ^ a b Lloyd, J.E. 1966.
  19. ^ Lall, Action spectra of the female's response in the firefly Photinus pyralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): evidence for an achromatic detection of the bioluminescent optical signal, in Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 46, n. 6, 2000, pp. 965–968, DOI:10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00206-1, PMID 10802109.
  20. ^ a b Vencl, Allometry and proximate mechanisms of sexual selection in Photinus fireflies, and some other beetles, in Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol. 44, n. 3, 2004, pp. 242–249, DOI:10.1093/icb/44.3.242, PMID 21676703.
  21. ^ Proximate mechanisms of sexual selection in the firefly Photinus pryalis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), in Journal of Insect Behaviour, vol. 11, n. 2, 1998, pp. 191–207, DOI:10.1023/A:1021091806472.
  22. ^ Mate recognition and choice in Photinus fireflies, in Annales Zoologici Fennici, vol. 41, 2004, pp. 809–821.

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Photinus pyralis: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Il Photinus pyralis, noto con i nomi comuni di lucciola orientale comune e lucciola grande merlo acquaiolo, è la specie di lucciola più comune in Nord America. É un coleottero volante che produce luce con un organo leggero sul lato ventrale dell'addome. Questo organismo è talvolta classificato erroneamente come Photuris pyralis, il che probabilmente deriva dall'assonanza con il genere Photuris.

Lucciola orientale comune (Photinus pyralis)

La femmina Photuris può anche attirare un Photinus pyralis da mangiare per ottenere steroidi repellenti per i ragni chiamati "lucibufagins". Nei maschi l'organo luminoso copre l'intera superficie ventrale dei tre segmenti posteriori e nelle femmine solo una porzione del terzo segmento posteriore. Queste lucciole sono più evidenti al crepuscolo, nella prima parte della sera e si librano vicino al suolo. Il nome comune della specie si riferisce al caratteristico volo del maschio, che vola in una traiettoria a forma di J, illuminandosi in salita. Durante il volo, il modello di volo a forma di J viene utilizzato in combinazione con i modelli di lampo di pattugliamento durante la ricerca di un compagno. I loro bagliori sono stimolati da condizioni di luce, non da impulsi ritmici come originariamente pensato.

Il genoma del Photinus pyralis è stato sequenziato nel 2018.

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Photinus pyralis ( холандски; фламански )

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Insecten

Photinus pyralis is een keversoort uit de familie glimwormen (Lampyridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1767 door Linnaeus.[1]

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Photinus pyralis ( виетнамски )

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Photinus pyralis là một loài bọ cánh cứng trong họ Đom đóm (Lampyridae). Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả khoa học năm 1767.[2]

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Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về Đom đóm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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Photinus pyralis: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Photinus pyralis là một loài bọ cánh cứng trong họ Đom đóm (Lampyridae). Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả khoa học năm 1767.

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Photinus pyralis ( руски )

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Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Coleopterida
Подотряд: Разноядные жуки
Инфраотряд: Элатериформные
Надсемейство: Элатероидные
Семейство: Светляки
Подсемейство: Lampyrinae
Триба: Photinini
Род: Photinus
Вид: Photinus pyralis
Международное научное название

Photinus pyralis (Linnaeus, 1767)

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ITIS 722476NCBI 7054EOL 1173778

Photinus pyralisсветлячок рода Photinus, самый распространённый вид светлячков Северной Америки[1].

Самцы летают по характерной зигзагообразной траектории и светятся на подъёме[2]. Свечение используется для привлечения самок, которые отвечают определённой вспышкой с особой задержкой.

Интересно, что самки другого рода светлячков Photuris используют вспышки самцов Photinus для того, чтобы обнаруживать их с целью поедания. Было обнаружено, что при этом самки получают с поеданием жертвы особые стероиды люцибуфагины, отпугивающие пауков[3].

Светлячки этого вида явились основным источником получения люциферазы, фермента, широко использующегося в биологической практике.

Примечания

  1. [1] Animal Pictures Archive
  2. Maloney, Brenna, Smallwood, James. How These Beetles Create Light, Washington Post (July 10, 2009). Проверено 19 июля 2009.
  3. By firefly light, Cornell biologists reveal mimicry and murder in the night
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Photinus pyralis: Brief Summary ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию

Photinus pyralis — светлячок рода Photinus, самый распространённый вид светлячков Северной Америки.

Самцы летают по характерной зигзагообразной траектории и светятся на подъёме. Свечение используется для привлечения самок, которые отвечают определённой вспышкой с особой задержкой.

Интересно, что самки другого рода светлячков Photuris используют вспышки самцов Photinus для того, чтобы обнаруживать их с целью поедания. Было обнаружено, что при этом самки получают с поеданием жертвы особые стероиды люцибуфагины, отпугивающие пауков.

Светлячки этого вида явились основным источником получения люциферазы, фермента, широко использующегося в биологической практике.

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