Comments
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
The shaggy bark and winter-exposed terminal staminate catkins of Ostrya virginiana permit easy recognition of this characteristic tree of dryish eastern forests. Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Ostrya virginiana , like Carpinus caroliniana , has smaller, blunter, often more pubescent leaves ( O . virginiana var. lasia Fernald). This variety has not been studied carefully; from the available material, however, it does not seem as distinct as the coastal subspecies in C . caroliniana .
Native Americans used Ostrya virginiana medicinally to treat toothache, to bathe sore muscles, for hemorrhages from lungs, for coughs, kidney trouble, female weakness, cancer of the rectum, consumption, and flux (D. E. Moerman 1986).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Trees , to 18 m; trunks short, crowns open, narrow to broadly rounded. Bark grayish brown or steel gray, shredding into narrow, sometimes rather ragged, vertical strips. Twigs sparsely pubescent to densely velutinous. Leaves: petiole glabrous to pubescent, without stipitate glands. Leaf blade narrowly ovate or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, (5--)8--10(--13) × 4--5(--6) cm, base narrowly rounded to cordate or cuneate, margins sharply and unevenly doubly serrate, apex usually abruptly acuminate, sometimes acute or gradually tapering; surfaces abaxially sparsely to moderately pubescent (or sometimes densely villous), especially on major veins. Inflorescences: staminate catkins 2--5 cm; pistillate catkins 0.8--1.5 cm. Flowering with leaves in late spring. Infructescences 3.5--6.5 × 2--2.5 cm; bracts 1--1.8 × 0.8--1 cm. 2 n = 16.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flowering/Fruiting
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Flowering late spring.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Moist, open to forested hillsides to dry upland slopes and ridges, sometimes also on moist, well-drained flood plains; 0--300m.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Carpinus virginiana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Carpinus no. 4. 1768; Ostrya virginiana subsp. lasia (Fernald) E. Murray; O. virginiana var. glandulosa Sargent; O. virginiana var. lasia Fernald
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
eastern hophornbeam
hophornbeam
ironwood
American hophornbeam
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fruit,
treeEastern hophornbeam is a small, slow-growing, shapely tree usually not
more than 35 feet (11 m) tall and 12 inches (30 cm) in d.b.h.
[
8,
10,
17]. The tree develops a broad top (sometimes as much as 50 feet
[15 m] across) of small, spreading branches [
6,
14]. The leaves are
alternate with slender hairy stems. The twigs are tipped with slender,
cylindrical buds. The pistillate flowers are in slender catkins. The
hoplike fruit is 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) long and borne on short,
slender stems. The thin, gray bark forms narrow, platelike scales
[
34,
36,
44].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastern hophornbeam is found from Prince Edward's Island to Nova Scotia
west through Ontario and Manitoba, and south to the Black Hills of South
Dakota. Its range includes all eastern states to northern Florida and
eastern Texas. It also extends to the highlands of southern Mexico, and
south to Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras [
6,
27,
42,
44].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fire regimeAfter aboveground portions are killed by fire, eastern hophornbeam can
reestablish by sprouting from the root crowm [
40].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
forestManagement practices that utilize periodic burning are highly effective
in controlling and eventually eliminating eastern hophornbeam [
7,
35].
The initial incidence of fire in the Big Woods of Minnesota converted
the forest into a thicket of basswood and eastern hophornbeam.
Subsequent fires converted them to a bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa)
savanna [
23].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
mesic,
shrub,
treeEastern hophornbeam grows on a wide variety of sites but is most common
on dry-mesic and mesic valley bottoms and lower slopes. Best
development occurs on loamy soils in ravines, on lower slopes, and on
well-drained floodplains of major rivers. The lowest slope that it
occupies is determined by its intolerance to flooding [
25,
29,
31]. Soil
pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6 in the northern half of its range and 4.6 to
5.6 in the southern half . Elevation ranges from 250 to 750 feet
(75-230 m) in Quebec to 5,000 feet (1,520 m) in the southern
Appalachians, but the species is most common at elevations ranging from
2,800 to 3,200 feet (850-980 m) [
2,
23,
41].
Common tree associates include American elm (Ulmus americana), blackgum
(Nyssa sylvatica), sassafras (Sassafras albidium), flowering dogwood
(Cornus florida), hickories (Carya spp.), American holly (Ilex opaca),
and American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana). Shrub associates include
mountain maple (Acer spicatum), roundleaf dogwood (Cornus rugosa), witch
hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), American elder (Sambucus canadensis),
American yew (Taxus canadensis), hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium),
beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera),
and greenbriers (Smilax spp.) [
33,
38,
45].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp16 Aspen
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
42 Bur oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
55 Northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
87 Sweet gum - yellow-poplar
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
110 Black oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK017 Black Hills pine forest
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K089 Black Belt
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastern hophornbeam can be killed by severe fires. Areas burned
severely enough to kill most of the overstory in oak (Quercus spp.)
stands in Rhode Island contained no eastern hophornbeam 50 years later
[
4].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Throughout its range, eastern hophornbeam is browsed by white-tailed
deer only incidentally. White-tailed deer usually browse more desirable
species when available [
23,
33].
Buds and catkins of eastern hophornbeam are important winter food for
ruffed grouse, and the nuts are a secondary food in the fall. The nuts
are also a preferred food for sharp-tailed grouse and wild turkey, and
is eaten to a lesser extent by northern bobwhite, red and gray
squirrels, cottontails, ring-necked pheasant, purple finch, rosebreasted
grosbeak, and downy woodpecker [
23,
34].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
habitat typeEastern hophornbeam most commonly occurs as a subordinate species in
maple(Acer spp.)-beech (Fagus spp.) and maple-basswood (Tilia spp.)
communities. It is not an indicator of any particular habitat type
[
5,
11,
37].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastern hophornbeam is considered a weed species throughout most of its
range. It is usually discriminated against in stands managed for
timber. Silviculturally, more interest has been given to eradicating
it. Tordon 101 and 2,4,5,T, applied by mist blowing, have been
successful in killing eastern hophornbeam [
23,
24].
Damaging agents: Eastern hophornbeam is relatively free of insect and
other disease problems. The species is not readily injured by cold
temperatures until temperatures drop below 17 degrees Fahrenheit (8 deg
C). It is sensitive to air pollutants. In the upper Ohio River valley
it does not grow in areas with moderate levels of the oxides of sulfur,
nitrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. The tough branches resist wind, snow,
and ice damage [
6,
23].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
The calcium content of the foliage of eastern hophornbeam is considered
high. Concentrations frequently exceed 2 percent on the basis of
ovendry leaf weight. Nitrogen concentrations range from moderate to
high but concentrations of phosphorus and potassium are usually low [
23].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CT DE FL GA IL IN IA KS
KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NE
NH NJ NY NC ND OH OK PA RI SC
SD TN TX VT VA WV WI MB NB NS
ON PE PQ MEXICO
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastern hophornbean has been cultivated as an ornamental in the eastern
United States [
44].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastern hophornbeam browse is rated low in palatability to white-tailed
deer [
13,
16].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. In the North, flowering occurs from mid-May to mid-June, and in the
South from late March to mid-April. The fruits ripen by the end of
August in the North and as late as October in the South [
23,
34].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastern hophornbeam will sprout from the stump following fire.
Following spring fires in New York, 62 percent of the top-killed stems
sprouted, and in Minnesota, 100 percent of the top-killed stems sprouted
[
28,
40].
The Research Paper by
Bowles and others 2007 provides information on
postfire responses of several plant species, including eastern hophornbeam,
that was not available when this species review was written.
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
secondary colonizerTree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
epigeal,
fruit,
seed,
stratificationSeed production and dissemination: Eastern hophornbeam can easily be
propagated from seed [
19,
32]. The hoplike stobile begins to break up
immediately after ripening, and the lightweight seeds are dispersed by
wind and birds throughout the fall and early winter. Trees begin to
produce fruit at age 25 [
23,
26,
34].
Seedling development: Seeds usually germinate in the spring the year
after they are shed. Germination is epigeal. Seeds require
stratification to overcome a form of internal dormancy. Germination
capacity is 27 to 65 percent [
23].
Vegetative reproduction: Cut, burned, or injured trees commonly sprout
from the stump. The proportion of stump sprouting increases with stump
height [
23,
40].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
climaxObligate Climax Species
Eastern hophornbeam typically grows in climax forests in the northern
parts of its range. It is classed as tolerant and will reproduce well
under full shade. It is ranked high as a species climax potential
[
3,
23]. In the Southeast, eastern hophornbeam is associated with a
later seral stage that follows the pioneer pine communities. It first
appears in Peidmont pine stands after about 90 years and in the
bottomland hardwoods after about 36 years [
1,
15,
23].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fernThe currently accepted scientific name for eastern hophornbeam is Ostrya
virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch [
21]. Recognized varieties and forms are as
follows [
39,
44]:
var. virginiana - (typical) eastern hophornbeam
var. laisa Fern. - with twigs permanently and heavily pubescent
var. virginiana forma glandulosa (Spach) Macbr. - with stalked glands on
the twigs
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
hardwood,
peat,
seedEastern hophornbeam exhibits fast juvenile growth, indicating its
potential to provide vegetative cover in areas that have been disturbed
by overstory cutting. Great increases in eastern hophornbeam have
occurred after northern hardwood stands less than 40 years old were
clearcut [
23].
Propagation: The seed may be sown in either fall or spring. Seed can
be planted immediately in the fall in mulched beds using straw or
leaves. For spring sowing the seed may be stratified over winter in
sand or peat at 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5.6 deg C). Seeds are usually
planted 0.25 inch (0.6 cm) deep in well-drained loamy soil. Expected
germination is 85 to 90 percent [
44].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
The wood of eastern hophornbeam is strong, hard, heavy, and takes a fine
polish. It is not harvested for timber because of its relatively small
size and scattered distribution. The wood is used for posts, golf club
handles, tool handles, mallets, and woodenware [
18,
44].
- библиографски навод
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Ostrya virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
шпански; кастиљски
)
добавил IABIN
Chile Central
- соработничко мреж. место
-
IABIN
Associated Forest Cover
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Eastern hophornbeam is a minor member of most forest communities
where it is present. It rarely attains a codominant or dominant
crown position in mature stands and is not a commercial species.
In the following forest cover types it is only a subordinate
species (Society of American Foresters) (18):
Boreal and Northern Forest Region
16 Aspen
20 White Pine-Northern Red Oak-Red Maple
24 Hemlock-Yellow Birch
25 Sugar Maple-Beech-Yellow Birch
26 Sugar Maple-Basswood
27 Sugar Maple
28 Black Cherry-Maple
33 Red Spruce-Balsam Fir
60 Beech-Sugar Maple
Central Forest Region
42 Bur Oak
52 White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak
55 Northern Red Oak
110 Black Oak
Southern Forest Region (30)
82 Loblolly Pine-Hardwood
87 Sweetgum-Yellow-Poplar
91 Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak
It probably occurs in other types but is omitted from their
descriptions, particularly in the South where the types are
complex.
The species occurs in all nine forest regions Braun recognizes in
the eastern deciduous forest formation (6). One plant association
based on the species, in which eastern hophornbeam is second in
importance to sugar maple, is recognized in Quebec as the Ostryo-Aceratum
saccaharai association that occurs on dry knoll tops (31).
From the northern part of its range to Missouri, Tennessee, and
Maryland, eastern hophornbeam reaches its greatest abundance in
hardwood communities dominated by sugar maple (Acer
saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), or
both. It may be the second most important species in some stands.
Occasionally, it is abundant in stands dominated by eastern
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and northern red oak (Quercus
rubra). In aspen stands, it is a member of a northern
hardwood understory reclaiming the site. In the central United
States the species is frequently an important subcanopy component
of stands dominated by white oak (Quercus alba), black
oak (Q. velutina), northern red oak, scarlet oak (Q.
coccinea), and southern red oak (Q. falcata).
The species named in the northern forest types plus white ash (Fraxinus
americana) and American elm (Ulmus americana) are
eastern hophornbeam's most frequent associates in the North.
Progressing southward, the following species are added as
associates: bitternut (Carya cordiformis), shagbark (C.
ovata), and pignut (C. glabra), hickories;
sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua); blackgum (Nyssa
sylvatica); yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera); slippery
elm (Ulmus rubra); sassafras (Sassafras albidum);
and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida).
The extremely species-rich mixed mesophytic forests of the
Cumberland Mountains and plateau have minor amounts of eastern
hophornbeam.
Within the Piedmont and Coastal Plains of the South the species
grows in the southern mixed hardwood and in loblolly (Pinus
taeda) and shortleaf (P echinata) pine-dominated
forests. Although typically a minor component of southern mixed
hardwood stands, it is occasionally the second most abundant
species (35,36). In these forests it is associated with many
trees including American beech, southern magnolia (Magnolia
grandiflora), white oak, loblolly pine, and shortleaf pine;
and with many understory species including flowering dogwood,
American holly (Ilex opaca), American hornbeam (Carpinus
caroliniana), tree sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum),
eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), and pawpaw (Asimina
triloba). Other associated trees include blackgum; sweetgum;
yellow-poplar; southern red laurel (Quercus laurifolia), water
(Q. nigra), swamp chestnut (Q. michauxii), post
(Q. stellata), black, cherrybark (Q. falcata var.
pagodifolia), shumard (Q. shumardii), and
scarlet oaks; mockernut (Carya tomentosa), sand (C.
pallida), pignut, and bitternut hickories; American basswood
(Tilia americana); red (Acer rubrum) and Florida
(A. barbatum) maples; winged (Ulmus alata) and
slippery elms; and white and green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
ashes.
Shrubs that occur with eastern hophornbeam. in the north include
mountain maple (Acer spicatum), roundleaf dogwood (Cornus
rugosa), American hazel (Corylus americana), beaked
hazel (Corylus cornuta), dwarf bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla
lonicera), Atlantic leatherwood (Dirca palustris), witch-hazel
(Hamamelis virginiana), fly honeysuckle (Lonicera
canadensis), American elder (Sambucus canadensis), redberry
elder (Sambucus pubens), American yew (Taxus
canadensis), mapleleaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium),
and hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium). In the South
its associated shrub species include devils-walkingstick (Aralia
spinosa), St. Andrews cross (Ascyrum hypericoides), smallflower
pawpaw (Asimina parviflora), beautyberry (Callicarpa
americana), fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), strawberry-bush
(Euonymus americanus), oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea
quercifolia), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), woolly
azalea (Rhododendron viscosum tomentosum), greenbriers
(Smilax spp.), sweetleaf (Symplocus tinctoria), and
Vaccinium spp.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Climatic conditions vary considerably over the range of eastern
hophornbeam. In the northwest corner of its range precipitation
is 460 mm (18 in) annually, the frost-free season is 100 days,
the mean July temperature is 16° C (60° F), and the
mean January temperature is -18° C (0° F). Along the
gulf coast precipitation is 1630 mm (64 in) annually, the
frost-free season is 290 days, the mean July temperature is 29°
C (84° F), and the mean January temperature is 13° C
(56° F).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
The most important disease problems are
the trunk and butt rots. The species is one of the most defective
in Ontario-defect claims 20 percent of the gross merchantable
cubic foot volumes of trees more than 10 cm (4 in) d.b.h. (3).
Losses are greatest in trees 95 to 140 years old and more than 18
cm (7 in) d.b.h., with cull averaging 32 percent. Brown stains
cause 62 percent of the defect, while yellow-brown stringy rot,
white spongy rot, and an incipient yellow rot account for most of
the remaining defect. The organisms primarily responsible are
Stereum murrayi, Phellinus igniarius, and Pholiota
limonella (3).
Throughout its range, eastern hophornbeam is browsed by
white-tailed deer only incidentally. Selective deer browsing of
more desirable species of reproduction increases the proportion
of beech and eastern hophornbeam, which are avoided in heavily
browsed regenerated stands in New York (42). Beaver in Ohio
prefer the species as food-it was the most utilized food after
alder and aspen in one drainage (25).
Eastern hophornbeam is considered to be relatively free of insect
and other disease problems. The species is not readily injured by
cold temperatures; succulent growth was not damaged until
temperatures dropped below -8° C (17° F) in
Wisconsin (1). It is sensitive to pollutants in the upper Ohio
River Valley, where it does not grow in areas with high exposure
to oxides of sulfur or nitrogen, or to chlorine or fluorine (33).
Its tough, resilient branches resist wind, snow, and ice damage.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Flowering and Fruiting
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Eastern hophornbearn is
monoecious; from I to 3 staminate catkins develop at the end of
branches late in the summer that precede pistillate flower
development. Pollen forms, matures, and is shed in spring. It is
wind disseminated. Solitary pistillate catkins first appear with
the beginning of leaf development, and full bloom occurs about a
month later. In the southeast, flowering occurs between March 25
and April 16, and in the north, between mid-May and mid-June
(21).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Genetics
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
One variety of the species, var. lasia, replaces the
typical Ostrya in the southern half of the species' range. The
forma glandulosa occurs in the range of the typical Ostrya (20).
The three are distinguished by surface features on new twigs:
var. lasia is pubescent, forma glandulosa is glandular hairy, and
the typical plant is glabrous or sparsely pilose. The species has
eight pairs of chromosomes.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Growth and Yield
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Eastern hophornbeam trees are normally
less than 30 cm (12 in) in d.b.h. and less than 12 m (40 ft)
tall, except in east Texas and south Arkansas where they may
reach a height of from 15 to 18 m (50 to 60 ft). Occasionally
they reach saw log size. The largest tree is 91 cm (36 in) in
d.b.h., 22 in (73 ft) tall, and has a crown spread of 27 m (88
ft). It was found in 1976 in Michigan.
The slow growth and small size of the species earn it the title "weed"
throughout its range, especially in some areas in the South where
it is considered the number one weed species. Eastern hophornbeam
usually is discriminated against in stands managed for timber.
Silviculturally, more interest has been given to eradicating it
than to improving its growth.
Girdling is effective in eradicating the species, killing the tree
within 2 years. Herbicides (especially 2,4,5-T, and Tordon 101)
applied by mist blowing, tree injection, or spraying at the tree
base, on cut stumps, or in frills have also been successful.
Diameter growth rates under individual tree selection management
of northern hardwoods in Wisconsin and Michigan average 12 to 13
mm (0.48 to 0.51 in) per decade for poles and saplings,
respectively (21). Sugar maple, the most abundant species in
these stands, averages from 3.8 to 5.0 cm (1.5 to 2.0 in) per
decade for poles and saw logs. Annual ingrowth in these stands is
averaging 0.2 and 3.1 trees per hectare (0.1 and 1.3/acre) into
the pole and sapling classes, respectively, and exceeds mortality
in all but one stand, so stocking of eastern hophornbeam. is
increasing. Subcanopy trees in Michigan stands average 9.9 in
(32.5 ft) tall after 50 years with growth progressively declining
as the trees age, the peak growth of 3.3 m (10.8 ft) occurring
the first decade (54).
The biomass of trees with basal diameters ranging between 5 and 23
mm (0.2 and 0.9 in) can be estimated by the equation Y = 34.3X±.
§where Y is the total plant weight in grams and X is
the basal diameter in centimeters; the equation accounts for 98
percent of the variation in weights (16).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Reaction to Competition
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
The species typically grows in
climax forests in the northern part of its range. It is classed
as shade tolerant and reproduces well under full shade.
Ecologists rank it high in their ratings of species climax
potential (12,51).
In the South the composition of the climax forests has not been
clearly identified. The species is associated with later seral
stages that follow the pioneer pine communities. Eastern
hophornbeam first appears in piedmont pine stands after they are
about 90 years old and in bottom-land hardwoods after they are
about 36 years old (38). Repeated harvesting of the larger,
commercial species from hardwood stands that contain
well-developed subcanopies of eastern hophornbeam and its allies
may allow the subcanopy to dominate and prevent the reproduction
of the original overstory species (14,29).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Rooting Habit
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
No information available.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Seed Production and Dissemination
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
The fruits complete
development during the summer and are ripe by the end of August
in Michigan and as late as October in the South. The hoplike
strobile begins to break up immediately after ripening and the
seeds are dispersed throughout the fall and into early winter.
Seeds should be collected when the strobiles are a pale greenish
brown and before they dry enough to shatter. Seeds are
light-about 66,000 cleaned seeds per kilogram (30,000/lb). The
nuts are 7 min (0.3 in) long and are enclosed in an inflated sac
about 20 min (0.8 in) long that provides buoyancy and improved
dispersal by the wind. Birds provide a secondary means of seed
dispersal. Trees begin to be fruitful at age 25. Seed production
in northern hardwood stands has averaged 124,000/ha (50,000/acre)
(19,21,37).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Seedling Development
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Seeds usually germinate in the
spring the year after they are shed. Germination is epigeal. The
seeds have a form of internal dormancy that requires
stratification to overcome. Potential germination is 85 to 90
percent but germination capacity is only 27 to 65 percent (44).
Information is scarce on the relation of germination and seedling
establishment to the environment. The occurrence of reproduction
on a variety of sites in undisturbed forests indicates its
ability to become established on various seedbeds, soils, and
moisture regimes under dense shade. Conversely, the ecesis of the
species into old fields demonstrates its ability to become
established in the open in competition with a heavy cover of
grasses and forbs. Mechanical scarification to expose mineral
soil seedbeds in an Ontario partially cut sugar maple stand had
no effect on eastern hophornbearn abundance after 10 years (50).
Seedlings have the potential for unusually fast juvenile height
growth (27,48,54). In Pennsylvania eastern hophornbeam was 2.1 rn
(7 ft) tall 5 years after a partial harvest of the overstory. In
Michigan, the species averaged 3.4 in (11 ft) tall 10 years after
an improvement cut and 5.9 rn (19.5 ft) tall 20 years after the
cut.
Advance reproduction of eastern hophornbearn is aggressive when
released by overstory cutting, a trait that makes its proportion
in the reproduced stand similar to that in the original stand
regardless of the cutting method (53). Its position in the new
stand may even be improved if new reproduction of eastern
hophornbearn becomes established, as is likely, or if mortality
increases among the other species. Increases have occurred after
clearcutting and seedtree and selection cuttings in West Virginia
Appalachian hardwood stands on better sites (48). Similarly, the
species proportion of the basal area stocking in northern
hardwood stands in Wisconsin increased after strip clearcutting
and after a shelterwood removal (21). Greater increases in the
species relative abundance have occurred when northern hardwood
stands less than 40 years old are clearcut because little advance
reproduction of other species is present at this time (28).
The species' response to fire apparently is related to the
severity of the fire. Areas burned severely enough to kill almost
the entire overstory in 21 white oak-scarlet oak stands in Rhode
Island contained no eastern hophornbearn 5 to 51 years later. In
unburned stands the species made up 10 percent of the understory
stems (9). After a prescribed bum of a clearcut aspen stand,
eastern hophornbeam remained constant, because new sprouting
equalled mortality during the 5 years following the burn (39).
Accidental fires in two sugar maple stands in New York resulted
in increased sugar maple and eastern hophornbearn stocking
because of sprouting (46). The initial incidence of fire in the
Big Woods of Minnesota converted the forest to a thicket of
basswood and eastern hophornbeam (13). Subsequent fires converted
them to a bur oak savanna.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Soils and Topography
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Eastern hophornbeam grows on a wide variety of soil and
physiographic conditions throughout its range. It is found on
soils in all of the major orders in the Eastern United States,
Spodosols in the North, Alfisols in the North and Central,
Mollisols in the Central, Ultisols in the South, and Entisols and
Inceptisols throughout.
Along the northernmost portion of its range, eastern hophornbeam
is found on dry-mesic to xeric sites, areas with shallow soils,
and bedrock outcrops on upper slopes and ridgetops (31,53). Just
to the south within Ontario and Quebec, it grows primarily on
mesic and dry-mesic sites. In Wisconsin the species is most
abundant on mesic sites usually associated with a mid-catena
position, but it also occurs on dry-mesic, wet-mesic, and xeric
sites (12).
Mesic sites throughout the Appalachians are most favorable
(32,52), but the species tolerates a progressively wider range of
conditions northward. In the Smokies and southern Cumberland
Plateau it is limited to north slopes, protected lower slopes,
ravines, and coves. It grows primarily on dry-mesic and mesic
valley bottoms and lower slope positions in the highlands of New
Jersey but does extend upslope to drier positions. In
Massachusetts it is also found in xeric positions on ridgetops as
well (17,43).
From the central lowlands southward the species is associated with
wet-mesic to dry-mesic sites. It is frequently found on xeric
sites in northcentral Florida, however (35). Through the Ozark
Plateau, Central Lowlands, and the Kentucky-Tennessee Highland
Rim best development occurs on welldrained flood plains of the
major rivers, ravines, coves, and lower slopes. Progressing
upslope it is less abundant, becoming rare in xeric situations,
and it is absent from the wettest sites as on lower flood plains,
depressions, sink holes, and bogs (45,47,49). In the south the
species is most frequent on terraces of minor streams, common on
the well-drained terraces and outwash in major bottoms, and
occurs in most upland situations (40,41). Originally it was
limited to sites not subject to frequent wildfire in the south
such as those protected by bodies of water, swamps, or bottom
lands, or those that are less prone to fire such as ravines or
steep bluffs along streams (14).
At the westernmost extension of the species range in the Black
Hills of South Dakota, the tree grows principally in mesic,
deciduous streamside communities at lower elevations and to a
much lesser extent on dry-mesic but deep-soiled pine sites.
Eastern hophornbeam grows below elevations of 910 in (3,000 ft) in
the northern Appalachians but is most often found at 75 to 230 in
(250 to 750 ft) in Quebec (5), and at about 460 in (1,500 ft) in
New York (7). Its upper elevational limit is 1520 in (5,000 ft)
in the southern Appalachians, although it is more common from 850
to 980 in (2,800 to 3,200 ft). The lowest slope position it
occupies is determined by its intolerance of flooding. It was the
third most flood sensitive of 39 species compared in Tennessee,
where inundation 16 percent or more of the time killed all
eastern hophornbeam (22). Along an Illinois stream it is limited
to positions flooded less than I percent of the time (4).
Surface soils on sites occupied by eastern hophornbeam include a
full range of textures and moisture-drainage classes. Best
development of the species is associated with soils that are in
loam or loam-modified textural classes and on somewhat poorly
drained to well-drained soils. Surface soil pH ranges from 4.2 to
7.6 in the northern half of its range (10,26). In the mid-South
the pH range is narrower-from 4.6 to 5.6 (8). Nevertheless, the
species does occur on sites with shallow soils over limestone or
soils with limestone fragments at various locations throughout
its range.
The calcium content of the foliage of eastern hophornbeam is high
in comparison to other species on the same site. Concentrations
frequently exceed 2 percent on the basis of ovendry leaf weight
(2,11). Nitrogen concentrations range from moderate to high in
comparison to the other species on the site, but concentrations
of phosphorus and potassium are usually low.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Special Uses
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Buds and catkins of eastern hophornbeam are important winter food
for ruffed grouse, equal to the value of aspen and birch, and the
nuts are secondary food in the fall. It is a preferred food for
sharp-tailed grouse and wild turkey and is eaten to a lesser
extent by bobwhite, red and grey squirrels, cottontails,
white-tailed deer, ring-necked pheasant, purple finch,
rose-breasted grosbeak, and downy woodpeckers (23,24).
The tree is not commonly used as an ornamental because of its slow
growth and sensitivity to pollutants.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Vegetative Reproduction
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Stump sprouting is common on cut,
burned, or injured trees. The proportion of stumps sprouting
increases with stump height. Only 17 percent of the stumps cut at
ground line sprouted, whereas 40 percent of stumps cut at a
height of 15 cm (6 in) sprouted and between 80 and 90 percent of
stumps cut at a height of more than 30 cm (12 in) sprouted (15).
Sprouts arose from dormant adventitious buds on the stump and no
root suckering occurred.
After fires, 62 percent of the top-killed stems in New York (46)
and 100 percent of those in Minnesota sprouted (39). Number of
sprouts per clump averaged 4.4 in New York and 32 in Minnesota.
Height growth of the Minnesota sprouts averaged 2.4 in (7.9 ft)
after 5 years, which is about average for the other species
measured. Height growth of eastern hophornbeam sprouts in an
Allegheny hardwood stand exceeded that of other sprouting species
(27).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Distribution
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Eastern hophornbeam occurs throughout most of the eastern half of
the United States. The range extends from Cape Breton and Prince
Edward Island west through southern Ontario, northern Michigan,
to southeastern Manitoba; south into North Dakota, the Black
Hills of South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming, along the
Niobrara River Valley and Delta areas. It is also found in the
mountains of Mexico, south to El Salvador and Honduras.
-The native range of eastern hophornbeam.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Brief Summary
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Betulaceae -- Birch family
F. T. Metzger
Eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), also called
American hophornbeam, hornbeam, leverwood, and "ironwood,"
is a small, short-lived tree scattered in the understory of
hardwood forests. It has a slow to medium growth rate on a great
variety of soils and produces an extremely hard wood. The tree is
not large enough for commercially important lumber but is used
locally. It makes an attractive landscape tree and provides
wildlife with a limited amount of seed.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Virginische Hopfenbuche
(
германски
)
добавил wikipedia DE
![src=]()
Blätter und unreifer Fruchtstand
Die Virginische Hopfenbuche[1], Amerikanische Hopfenbuche, auch Hopfenhausche[2] (Ostrya virginiana) ist ein mittelgroßer Baum aus der Unterfamilie der Haselnussgewächse (Coryloideae).
Beschreibung
Vegetative Merkmale
Die Virginische Hopfenbuche ist ein bis zu 18 Meter hoher, monözischer und kurzstämmiger Baum mit offener oder schmal bis breit rundlicher Krone. Die Rinde ist graubraun, dünn und in vertikalen Streifen zerrissen. Die Zweige sind spärlich bis dicht samtig behaart, lang abstehend und an den Spitzen überhängend.
Die Laubblätter haben einen 4 bis 8 Millimeter langen, behaarten bis kahlen, jedoch nicht drüsig behaarten Stiel. Die Blattspreite ist selten ab 5 meist von 8 bis 10 selten auch bis 13 Zentimeter lang und 4 bis 5 manchmal bis 6 Zentimeter breit, schmal-eiförmig oder elliptisch bis länglich-lanzettlich, meist plötzlich zugespitzt, seltener spitz oder verjüngend, mit schmal gerundeter bis herzförmiger oder gekeilter Basis und unregelmäßig doppelt gesägtem Blattrand. Es werden neun bis zwölf Nervenpaare gebildet. Beide Seiten sind weich behaart. Die Blattoberseite ist dunkelgrün, die Unterseite heller und besonders entlang den Hauptadern dichter behaart.[3][4]
Generative Merkmale
Die männlichen Blütenstände sind 2 bis 5 Zentimeter lange Kätzchen meist einzeln oder bis vier zusammen, die weiblichen Blütenstände sind einzeln stehende, 0,8 bis 1,5 Zentimeter lange, etwa 2 cm lang gestielte, Kätzchen mit 10 bis 30 Blüten.
Die zapfen-, hopfenähnlichen Fruchtstände, daher der Trivialname, sind 3,5 bis 6,5 Zentimeter lang und haben Durchmesser von 2,0 bis 2,5 Zentimeter. Sie bestehen aus mehreren einzelnen, elliptisch bis eiförmigen, stachelspitzigen, flachen Deckblättern, welche 1,0 bis 1,8 Zentimeter lang und 0,8 bis 1,0 Zentimeter breit sind. Die Deckblätter sind anfangs hellgrün, später hellbraun und trocken, papierartig, sie umhüllen sackartig, flügelig (Flügelfrucht, Pterometeorochorie) jeweils eine ca. 7 Millimeter lange und 4 Millimeter breite, anfänglich gelblich-grüne, später braune, eiförmige Nuss. Die Schale besitzt ein papieriges Tegmen (Innenseite der Samenschale oder Testa).[5]
Die Virginische Hopfenbuche blüht im Spätfrühling von April bis Mai.[3][4] Die Mannbarkeit liegt bei 25 Jahren.[6]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 16.[3]
Vorkommen und Standortansprüche
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt im Osten Kanadas, im Osten und der Mitte der Vereinigten Staaten und reicht bis Mexiko, El Salvador, Guatemala und Honduras.[7] Die Virginische Hopfenbuche wächst in Hügellandschaften, auf trockenen Berghängen und Bergrücken, manchmal auch auf gut entwässerten Überschwemmungsgebieten[3] in Höhen bis 1350 Meter[8] meist auf mäßig trockenen bis frischen, schwach sauren bis alkalischen, sandig-lehmigen bis lehmigen, nährstoffreichen Böden an sonnigen bis schattigen Standorten. Die Art ist wärmeliebend und meist frosthart.[4] Man findet sie häufig vergesellschaftet mit der Amerikanischen Weiß-Eiche (Quercus alba), dem Zucker-Ahorn (Acer saccharum) und der Amerikanischen Buche (Fagus grandifolia).[8]
![src=]()
Verbreitungsgebiet (1938)
Systematik
Die Virginische Hopfenbuche (Ostrya virginiana) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Hopfenbuchen (Ostrya). Diese wird in der Familie der Birkengewächse (Betulaceae) der Unterfamilie der Haselnussgewächse (Coryloideae) zugeordnet.[7] Die Art wurde 1768 von Philip Miller als Carpinus virginiana (Basionym) erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben und der Gattung der Hainbuchen (Carpinus) zugeordnet.[9] Karl Heinrich Koch stellte die Art 1873 in die Gattung der Hopfenbuchen (Ostrya).[7] Der Gattungsname Ostrya stammt aus dem Lateinischen und wurde schon von den Römern für die Hopfenbuche verwendet.[10] Das Artepitheton virginiana verweist auf das Verbreitungsgebiet in Virginia.[11]
Man kann zwei Unterarten unterscheiden:[12]
-
Ostrya virginiana subsp. guatemalensis (H.J.P.Winkl.) A.E.Murray: Sie kommt von Mexiko bis Honduras vor.[12] Wird von manchen Autoren auch als eigene Art angesehen: Ostrya guatemalensis (H.J.P.Winkl.) Rose.
-
Ostrya virginiana subsp. virginiana: Sie kommt im zentralen und östlichen Kanada und von den zentralen und östlichen US-Bundesstaaten bis Wyoming vor.[12]
Verwendung
Das Holz der Virginische Hopfenbuche hat eine hohe Qualität, aufgrund der geringen Größe der Bäume aber keine große wirtschaftliche Bedeutung.[13] Das zähe, extrem harte Holz (daher der englische Name „Ironwood“) wird häufig zur Herstellung von Werkzeugstielen verwendet.[8] Von der indigenen Bevölkerung ist auch eine medizinische Verwendung bekannt.[3]
Literatur
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 (englisch).
-
Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 435–436.
- Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, S. 322.
-
Jost Fitschen: Gehölzflora. 12. überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01422-1, S. 620.
- Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (Nachdruck von 1996).
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Deutscher Name nach Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze. S. 435 und nach Fitschen: Gehölzflora. S. 620.
-
↑ Elaine Nowick: Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants. Volume I: Common Names, Zea Books, 2015, ISBN 978-1-60962-062-2, S. 196.
-
↑ a b c d e John J. Furlow: Ostrya virginiana, in der Flora of North America. Band 3.
-
↑ a b c Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze. S. 435–436.
-
↑ Alexander C. Martin, William D. Barkley: Seed Identification Manual. Univ. of Calif. Press, 1961, 1973, ISBN 0-520-00814-6, S. 143.
-
↑ F. T. Bonner u. a.: The Woody Plant Seed Manual. Agriculture Handbook 727, United States Dept. of Agriculture, 2008, ISBN 978-0-16-081131-9, S. 759 f, archive.org.
-
↑ a b c Ostrya virginiana. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 2. Juni 2012 (englisch).
-
↑ a b c Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. S. 322.
-
↑ Carpinus virginiana. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 2. Juni 2012 (englisch).
-
↑ Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. S. 446–447.
-
↑ Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. S. 686.
-
↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Ostrya. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 12. Januar 2017.
-
↑ Ostrya virginiana. In: Plants for a Future. Abgerufen am 2. Juni 2012 (englisch).
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Virginische Hopfenbuche: Brief Summary
(
германски
)
добавил wikipedia DE
![src=]()
Männliche Kätzchen
![src=]()
Blätter und unreifer Fruchtstand
![src=]()
Reifer Fruchtstand
Die Virginische Hopfenbuche, Amerikanische Hopfenbuche, auch Hopfenhausche (Ostrya virginiana) ist ein mittelgroßer Baum aus der Unterfamilie der Haselnussgewächse (Coryloideae).
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Ostrya virginiana
(
англиски
)
добавил wikipedia EN
Ostrya virginiana, the American hophornbeam, is a species of Ostrya native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Manitoba and eastern Wyoming, southeast to northern Florida and southwest to eastern Texas.[4] Populations from Mexico and Central America are also regarded as the same species, although some authors prefer to separate them as a distinct species, Ostrya guatemalensis.[3] Other names include eastern hophornbeam, hardhack (in New England), ironwood, and leverwood.[5][6]
Description
Ostrya virginiana (American hophornbeam) is a small deciduous understory tree growing to 18 m (59 ft) tall and 20–50 centimetres (8–20 in) trunk diameter. The bark is brown to gray-brown, with narrow shaggy plates flaking off, while younger twigs and branches are smoother and gray, with small lenticels.[5][7] Very young twigs are sparsely fuzzy to thickly hairy; the hairs (trichomes) drop off by the next year.[8]
The leaves are ovoid-acute, 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long and 4–6 cm (1+1⁄2–2+1⁄4 in) broad, pinnately veined, with a doubly serrated margin. The upper surface is mostly hairless, while the lower surface is sparsely to moderately fuzzy (rarely densely hairy).[5][7]
The flowers are catkins (spikes) produced in early spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The staminate (male) catkins are 2–5 cm (3⁄4–2 in) long,[5] and arranged in groups of 1–4.[7] The pistillate (female) catkins are 8–15 mm (5⁄16–19⁄32 in) long, containing 10–30 flowers each.[5]
Pollinated female flowers develop into small nutlets 3–5 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long fully enclosed in a papery sac-shaped involucre 10–18 mm (3⁄8–11⁄16 in) long and 8–10 mm (5⁄16–3⁄8 in) wide.[5] The involucre changes from greenish-white to dull brown as the fruit matures.[7]
American hophornbeam is similar to its close relative American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), which can be distinguished by its smooth bark and nutlets enclosed in open, three-lobed bracts.[7]
Two trees in winter with some dried leaves still hanging on their branches (marcescence)
An exceptionally large trunk
Subdivisions
There are two subspecies:
-
Ostrya virginiana subsp. guatemalensis (H.J.P.Winkl.) A.E.Murray – central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador[9]
-
Ostrya virginiana subsp. virginiana – eastern half of United States, eastern Canada
Populations along the Atlantic coast have slightly smaller leaves, and are sometimes separated as O. virginiana var. lasia Fernald.[5]
Habitat and ecology
In temperate areas of the US and Canada, Ostrya virginiana is found in lowland and foothill forests, where it is predominantly an understory tree.[2]
In Mexico and Central America, Ostrya virginiana is found in cloud forests and humid portions of mid-elevation oak, pine–oak, and pine forests between 1200 and 2800 meters elevation.[10]
The buds and catkins are important source of winter food for some birds, notably ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus).[7] Additionally, the nutlets and buds are eaten by birds, deer, and rabbits.[1]
Uses
It is grown as an ornamental plant and is sometimes used as a street tree.
Its wood is very resilient and is valued for making tool handles and fence posts.
Being a diffuse porous hardwood and having extremely high density and resistance to compression, it is an excellent material for the construction of wooden longbows.
References
-
^ a b Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 374. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
-
^ a b Stritch, L.; Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). "Ostrya virginiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T194540A2346581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194540A2346581.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ a b "Ostrya virginiana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
-
^ "Ostrya virginiana". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
-
^ a b c d e f g Furlow, John J. (1997). "Ostrya virginiana". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
-
^ a b c d e f Hilty, John (2020). "Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana)". Illinois Wildflowers.
-
^ Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood)". Minnesota Wildflowers.
-
^ Whittemore, Alan. "Ostrya virginiana". Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden – via Tropicos.org.
-
^ Mario González-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave, Francisco G. Lorea-Hernández, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez and Adrian C. Newton, eds (2011). The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees. Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK. 2011. ISBN 9781903703281
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Ostrya virginiana: Brief Summary
(
англиски
)
добавил wikipedia EN
Ostrya virginiana, the American hophornbeam, is a species of Ostrya native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Manitoba and eastern Wyoming, southeast to northern Florida and southwest to eastern Texas. Populations from Mexico and Central America are also regarded as the same species, although some authors prefer to separate them as a distinct species, Ostrya guatemalensis. Other names include eastern hophornbeam, hardhack (in New England), ironwood, and leverwood.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Ostrya virginiana
(
шпански; кастиљски
)
добавил wikipedia ES
Ostrya virginiana (palo de hierro), es una especie de Ostrya nativa del este de América del Norte, se encuentra en la región oeste de Nueva Escocia hasta el sur de Manitoba y desde el este de Wyoming, hasta el norte de Florida y entre el suroeste de Texas y el noreste de México.[1][2]
Otros nombres conocidos para esta especie son palo de hoz oriental (hophornbeam oriental), Hardhack (en Nueva Inglaterra), palo de hierro y madera de cabo.
Descripción
Se trata de un árbol caducifolio que vive en el sotobosque. Los ejemplares más desarrollados llegan a los 18 metros de altura y el tronco mide entre 20 y 50 cm de diámetro. Su corteza es de color marrón o gris-marrón, con pequeñas placas descamadas. Las hojas son ovoide-agudas, de 5 a 13 cm de largo y 4 a 6 cm de ancho, con bordes finamente aserrados. Las flores son amentos que salen en primavera, al mismo tiempo que aparecen las hojas nuevas; las flores masculinas miden de 20 a 50 mm de largo, la femeninas de 8 a 15 mm de largo. El fruto es una pequeña nuez de 3 a 5 mm de largo completamente encerrado en una especie de capullo de papel blanco que mide entre 1 y 1,8 cm de largo, contando entre 10 y 30 frutos en cada amento.
Las poblaciones a lo largo de la costa atlántica tienen hojas ligeramente más pequeñas, y algunas veces son identificadas como especie O. virginiana variación lasia Fernald.
Los capullos y amentos son una fuente importante de alimento para las aves en invierno, en particular para la grévol engolado (Bonasa umbellus).
Se cultiva como árbol ornamental y se utiliza a veces como un árbol de calle.
Su madera es muy resistente y es muy valorada para hacer mangos de herramientas y postes del cerco.
Taxonomía
Ostrya virginiana fue descrito por (Mill.) K.Koch y publicado en Dendrologie 2(2): 6–7. 1873.[3]
- Variedades
- Sinonimia
-
Carpinus virginiana Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: 4 (1768). basónimo
-
Zugilus virginica Raf., Fl. Ludov.: 159 (1817), nom. superfl.
-
Ostrya italica subsp. virginiana (Mill.) H.J.P.Winkl. in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 61: 22 (1904).[4]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
- Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Linares, J. L. 2003 [2005]. Listado comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la república de El Salvador. Ceiba 44(2): 105–268.
- Nee, M. 1981. Betulaceae. Fl. Veracruz 20: 1–20.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Ostrya virginiana: Brief Summary
(
шпански; кастиљски
)
добавил wikipedia ES
Ostrya virginiana (palo de hierro), es una especie de Ostrya nativa del este de América del Norte, se encuentra en la región oeste de Nueva Escocia hasta el sur de Manitoba y desde el este de Wyoming, hasta el norte de Florida y entre el suroeste de Texas y el noreste de México.
Otros nombres conocidos para esta especie son palo de hoz oriental (hophornbeam oriental), Hardhack (en Nueva Inglaterra), palo de hierro y madera de cabo.
![src=]()
Vista del árbol
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Amerikanhumalapyökki
(
фински
)
добавил wikipedia FI
Amerikanhumalapyökki (Ostrya virginiana) on humalapyökkien (Ostrya) sukuun kuuluva puu, joka kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan itäosissa. Sitä esiintyy Nova Scotiasta länteen Manitoban eteläosiin ja etelässä Floridan pohjoisosiin ja Teksasin itäosiin saakka.
Amerikanhumalapyökki on kesävihanta puu, jota kasvaa metsissä alikasvoksena. Yleensä se kasvaa enintään 12 metriä pitkäksi ja 30 cm paksuksi, mutta Teksasin itäosissa ja Arkansasin eteläosissa se voi saavuttaa 15–18 metrin pituuden. Kaarna on väriltään ruskeasta harmaanruskeaan. Koristeelliset hedelmänorkot muistuttavat humalan hedelmystöjä. Lehtien syysväri on keltainen.
Amerikanhumalapyökkiä käytetään koristekasvina ja joskus katupuuna.
Lähteet
-
↑ Stritch, L., Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B.: Ostrya virginiana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 29.9.2016. (englanniksi)
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
Amerikanhumalapyökki: Brief Summary
(
фински
)
добавил wikipedia FI
Amerikanhumalapyökki (Ostrya virginiana) on humalapyökkien (Ostrya) sukuun kuuluva puu, joka kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan itäosissa. Sitä esiintyy Nova Scotiasta länteen Manitoban eteläosiin ja etelässä Floridan pohjoisosiin ja Teksasin itäosiin saakka.
Amerikanhumalapyökki on kesävihanta puu, jota kasvaa metsissä alikasvoksena. Yleensä se kasvaa enintään 12 metriä pitkäksi ja 30 cm paksuksi, mutta Teksasin itäosissa ja Arkansasin eteläosissa se voi saavuttaa 15–18 metrin pituuden. Kaarna on väriltään ruskeasta harmaanruskeaan. Koristeelliset hedelmänorkot muistuttavat humalan hedelmystöjä. Lehtien syysväri on keltainen.
Amerikanhumalapyökkiä käytetään koristekasvina ja joskus katupuuna.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
Ostryer de Virginie
(
француски
)
добавил wikipedia FR
Ostrya virginiana
L'Ostryer de Virginie (Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch) est un arbre de la famille des Betulaceae apparenté au Charme-houblon. Elle est l'une des 8 espèces du genre Ostrya et la seule espèce de ce genre indigène au Canada.
Nom
L'Ostryer de Virginie est aussi connu sous le nom de Bois de fer, de Bois dur et de Bois à levier[2].
Utilisation
Le bois de l'Ostryer de Virginie est reconnu pour la fabrication des manches d'outils, des leviers et des essieux. C'est un bois réputé infendable[3].
Galerie
Notes et références
-
↑ IPNI. International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens., consulté le 12 juillet 2020
-
↑ John Laird Farrar, Les Arbres du Canada, Ottawa, Fides et Service canadien des Forêts, 1996, 502 p. (ISBN 2-7621-1824-7, lire en ligne), p. 308-309
-
↑ « Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch. », sur La Flore laurentienne (consulté le 17 juillet 2009)
Annexes
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Ostryer de Virginie: Brief Summary
(
француски
)
добавил wikipedia FR
Ostrya virginiana
L'Ostryer de Virginie (Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch) est un arbre de la famille des Betulaceae apparenté au Charme-houblon. Elle est l'une des 8 espèces du genre Ostrya et la seule espèce de ce genre indigène au Canada.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Amerikaanse hopbeuk
(
холандски; фламански
)
добавил wikipedia NL
De Amerikaanse hopbeuk (Ostrya virginiana) is een plant uit de berkenfamilie (Betulaceae). De soort is afkomstig uit Virginia (Verenigde Staten). In Nederland wordt deze soort minder vaak aangeplant dan de Europese hopbeuk (Ostrya carpinifolia). De boom wordt tot 15 m hoog. De takken zijn hangend en de jonge twijgen hebben dikwijls klierharen. De bladbasis is zwak hartvormig. De bladsteel is vaak met klierhaartjes of gesteelde kliertjes bezet. De vruchtjes zijn spoelvormig en aan het uiteinde kaal.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
Virginiahumlebøk
(
норвешки
)
добавил wikipedia NO
Virginiahumlebøk (Ostrya virginiana) er et lite, løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika og deler av Mellom-Amerika.
Den blir opptil 18 meter høyt med en kort stamme og åpen krone. Barken er gråbrun og skaller av i vertikale flak. Bladene er ovale til elliptiske, 8–12 cm lange og 4–5 cm brede. Bladranden er dobbelttannet, og bladundersiden er sparsomt håret, spesielt langs nervene.[1] Arten vokser som undervegetasjon i mange skogtyper. I nord vokser den på tørre steder, men lenger sørover er den vanligst på fuktig grunn.[2]
I nordlige og sentrale områder vokser den sammen med treslag som amerikaosp, sukkerlønn, amerikabøk, canadahemlokk, rødeik, kviteik, skarlageneik og andre eikearter, kvitask, kvitalm, bitterhickory, skihickory, svinehickory, ambratre, sumptre, tulipantre, rødalm, sassafras og blomsterkornell. Mange busker finnes sammen med arten, for eksempel topplønn, hassel, Diervilla lonicera, virginiatrollhassel, canadabarlind og lønnebladkrossved.[2]
I de artsrike sørlige skogene finnes virginiahumlebøk sammen med blant annet amerikabøk, oksemagnolia, kviteik, virakfuru, blomsterkornell, amerikakristtorn, amerikaagnbøk, amerikajudastre og Asimina triloba. Noen andre vanlige trær i sør er sumptre, ambratre, tulipantre, eik, hickory, amerikasølvlind, rødlønn, floridalønn, rødalm, kvitask og grønnask. I undervegetasjonen finnes blant annet piggaralia, virginiasommersnø, Morella cerifera, Smilax, Symplocos tinctoria og bærlyng.[2]
Virginiahumlebøk er utbredt i det meste av den østlige halvdelen av USA samt i sørøstlige Canada. Nordgrensen går fra Cape Breton og Prince Edward Island vestover gjennom sørlige Ontario og nordlige Michigan til sørøstlige Manitoba. Vestgrensen går gjennom Nord-Dakota, Black Hills i Sør-Dakota og nordøstlige Wyoming sørover til østlige Texas. Isolerte bestander finnes i fjellene i Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras og El Salvador.[2]
Referanser
Eksterne lenker
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
Virginiahumlebøk: Brief Summary
(
норвешки
)
добавил wikipedia NO
Virginiahumlebøk (Ostrya virginiana) er et lite, løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige Nord-Amerika og deler av Mellom-Amerika.
Den blir opptil 18 meter høyt med en kort stamme og åpen krone. Barken er gråbrun og skaller av i vertikale flak. Bladene er ovale til elliptiske, 8–12 cm lange og 4–5 cm brede. Bladranden er dobbelttannet, og bladundersiden er sparsomt håret, spesielt langs nervene. Arten vokser som undervegetasjon i mange skogtyper. I nord vokser den på tørre steder, men lenger sørover er den vanligst på fuktig grunn.
I nordlige og sentrale områder vokser den sammen med treslag som amerikaosp, sukkerlønn, amerikabøk, canadahemlokk, rødeik, kviteik, skarlageneik og andre eikearter, kvitask, kvitalm, bitterhickory, skihickory, svinehickory, ambratre, sumptre, tulipantre, rødalm, sassafras og blomsterkornell. Mange busker finnes sammen med arten, for eksempel topplønn, hassel, Diervilla lonicera, virginiatrollhassel, canadabarlind og lønnebladkrossved.
I de artsrike sørlige skogene finnes virginiahumlebøk sammen med blant annet amerikabøk, oksemagnolia, kviteik, virakfuru, blomsterkornell, amerikakristtorn, amerikaagnbøk, amerikajudastre og Asimina triloba. Noen andre vanlige trær i sør er sumptre, ambratre, tulipantre, eik, hickory, amerikasølvlind, rødlønn, floridalønn, rødalm, kvitask og grønnask. I undervegetasjonen finnes blant annet piggaralia, virginiasommersnø, Morella cerifera, Smilax, Symplocos tinctoria og bærlyng.
Virginiahumlebøk er utbredt i det meste av den østlige halvdelen av USA samt i sørøstlige Canada. Nordgrensen går fra Cape Breton og Prince Edward Island vestover gjennom sørlige Ontario og nordlige Michigan til sørøstlige Manitoba. Vestgrensen går gjennom Nord-Dakota, Black Hills i Sør-Dakota og nordøstlige Wyoming sørover til østlige Texas. Isolerte bestander finnes i fjellene i Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras og El Salvador.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
Chmielograb wirginijski
(
полски
)
добавил wikipedia POL
Chmielograb wirginijski (Ostrya virginiana (Mill) K. Koch) – gatunek roślin z rodziny brzozowatych, w stanie naturalnym występuje w południowo-wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej, czyli w Kanadzie i Stanach Zjednoczonych, a wyspowo także w Meksyku i Gwatemali[3].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
-
Drzewo wysokości 20 metrów, pień krótki, korona szeroka, kulista.
- Pień
- Kora szarobrązowa, na początku gładka, potem łuszczeje.
- Liście
- Ciemnozielone z wierzchu, jaśniejsze pod spodem. Nieregularnie piłkowane, i delikatnie omszone[4]. Długości 5-12 centymetrów[3].
- Kwiaty
- Męskie - żółtawe kotki. Żeńskie mniejsze i krótsze. Gatunek wiatropylny[4].
- Owoce
- Orzechy w skrzydełkach zebrane po kilkanaście w owocostany.
Zastosowanie
- Twarde, wytrzymałe drewno używane w produkcji narzędzi[4].
Przypisy
Linki zewnętrzne
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Chmielograb wirginijski: Brief Summary
(
полски
)
добавил wikipedia POL
Chmielograb wirginijski (Ostrya virginiana (Mill) K. Koch) – gatunek roślin z rodziny brzozowatych, w stanie naturalnym występuje w południowo-wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej, czyli w Kanadzie i Stanach Zjednoczonych, a wyspowo także w Meksyku i Gwatemali.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Ostrya virginiana
(
португалски
)
добавил wikipedia PT
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autores e editores de Wikipedia
Ostrya virginiana: Brief Summary
(
португалски
)
добавил wikipedia PT
Ostrya virginiana é uma espécie de árvore que pertence à família das Betuláceas. É nativa da América do Norte, e pode ser encontrada desde a Nova Scotia até o México.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autores e editores de Wikipedia
Virginijski gaber
(
шпански; кастиљски
)
добавил wikipedia SL
Virginijski gaber (znanstveno ime Ostrya virginiana) je listopadno drevo iz družine brezovk, ki je samoniklo v vzhodnem delu Severne Amerike.
Opis
Virginijski gaber je drevo, ki zraste od 15 do 18 m visoko in ima premer debla od 20 do 50 cm. Skorja drevesa je rdečkasta do sivo-rjava in sprva gladka, kasneje pa razpoka na majhne luske, ki občasno odpadajo. Mladi poganjki so dlakavi, listi pa so jajčasto podolgovati. Dolgi so od 5 do 13 cm in so široki med 4 in 6 cm. Robovi so žagasto narezani, listne žile pa niso močno izražene. Listi majo tudi terciarne žile. Cvetovi so enospolni; moške mačice so dolge od 2 do 5 cm , ženske pa od 8 do 15 mm. Drevo jih razvije sočasno z listi. Plodovi so majhni oreški, ki so zavarovani z ovršnimi listi, ki so na vrhu spojeni, tako da dozoreli tvorijo nekakšno vrečko. Plodovi so združeni v grozdih, dolgih okoli 7 cm, v katerih je od 10 do 30 semen.
Ob obali Atlantika raste podvrsta O. virginiana var. lasia, ki ima manjše liste.
Razširjenost in uporabnost
Virginijski gaber je dobil svoje ime po svoji domovini, ameriški zvezni državi Virginiji. Drevo je razširjeno od Nove Škotske na vzhodu do južne Manitobe zahodnega Wyominga. Na jugozahodu je razširjen do severne Floride ter na jugozahodu do vzhodnega Teksasa. Glede kakovosti tal virginijski gaber ni zahteven, najbolje pa uspeva na sončnih legah in dobro prezračenih tleh. Les drevesa je trd in odporen, zaradi česar ga imenujejo »železni les«. Iz njega izdelujejo ročaje za različna orodja ter za ograje. Drevo pogosto sadijo tudi na ulice.
S popki in mačicami se pozimi prehranjujejo nekatere vrste ptic, predvsem ovratničarka (Bonasa umbellus).
Viri
Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi:
Virginijski gaber Wikivrste vsebujejo še več podatkov o temi:
Virginijski gaber
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
Virginijski gaber: Brief Summary
(
шпански; кастиљски
)
добавил wikipedia SL
Virginijski gaber (znanstveno ime Ostrya virginiana) je listopadno drevo iz družine brezovk, ki je samoniklo v vzhodnem delu Severne Amerike.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
Ostrya virginiana
(
виетнамски
)
добавил wikipedia VI
Ostrya virginiana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Betulaceae. Loài này được (Mill.) K.Koch mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1873.[2]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Ostrya virginiana: Brief Summary
(
виетнамски
)
добавил wikipedia VI
Ostrya virginiana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Betulaceae. Loài này được (Mill.) K.Koch mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1873.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Хмелеграб виргинский
(
руски
)
добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Хмелеграб виргинский
Международное научное название
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch
Синонимы Ареал 
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 19511NCBI 13622EOL 1153523GRIN t:105157IPNI 295672-1TPL kew-144637 Хмелеграб виргинский, или Хмелеграб американский (лат. Ostrya virginiana) — вид деревьев рода Хмелеграб (Ostrya) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae).
Распространение и экология
В природе ареал вида охватывает восточную часть Северной Америки: Онтарио и Квебека на севере до Техаса и Флориды на юге; встречается в Мезоамерике: Сальвадор, Гватемала Гондурас[2].
Произрастает на каменистых участках и хребтах с буком (Fagus), берёзой аллеганской (Betula alleghaniensis), клёном сахарным (Acer saccharum) и другими породами.
К почве неприхотлив, предпочитает сухие почвы и полутенистое местоположение.
Более зимостоек, чем Хмелеграб обыкновенный (Ostrya carpinifolia).
Ботаническое описание
Дерево высотой 8—12 (до 20) м, со стволом диаметром 40—50 см. Крона на открытых местах шатровидная, состоящая из многих тонких, упругих, крепких ветвей, при тесном стоянии — неправильная. Кора ствола серая, бороздчатая с узкими, продольно отслаивающимися полосами. Побеги коричнево-бурые, покрытые короткими волосками и головчатыми желёзками. Корневая система мочковатая, распростёртая.
Почки длиной 7 мм, яйцевидные, слегка опушённые, светло-каштаново-бурые. Листья длиной 6—12 см, шириной 4—5 см, со слегка сердцевидным или клиновидным основанием, продолговато-ланцетные, постепенно суживающиеся к вершине в длинное острие. При распускании листья бронзово-зелёные, острозубчатые. Летом сверху зелёные, снизу светлее, осенью — светлобуро-жёлтые.
Тычиночные серёжки длиной до 5 см; пестичные — 3—4 см, цилиндрические.
Плод — орешек длиной 6—8 мм, веретеновидный, на верхушке голый.
Плоды созревают в августе и остаются висеть до весны.
Применение
Древесина тяжелая (удельный вес 0,828), очень твёрдая, светло-бурая с красноватым оттенком или, часто, почти белая, с толстой белой заболонью. Идёт на столбы, рукоятки, мелкие поделки и другие изделия.
Растение хорошо переносит пересадку и подрезку.
Таксономия
Вид Хмелеграб виргинский входит в род Хмелеграб (Ostrya) подсемейства Лещиновые (Coryloideae) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae) порядка Букоцветные (Fagales).
ещё 7 семейств
(согласно
Системе APG II) ещё 3 рода порядок
Букоцветные подсемейство
Лещиновые вид
Хмелеграб обыкновенный отдел
Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные семейство
Берёзовые род
Хмелеграб ещё 44 порядка цветковых растений
(согласно
Системе APG II) ещё одно подсемейство,
Берёзовые (согласно
Системе APG II) ещё 8 видов
Примечания
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
Хмелеграб виргинский: Brief Summary
(
руски
)
добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Хмелеграб виргинский, или Хмелеграб американский (лат. Ostrya virginiana) — вид деревьев рода Хмелеграб (Ostrya) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae).
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_Ostrya_virginiana_(20966300102).jpg)
_(36657513245).jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
