Comments
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Putative hybrids between Quercus bicolor and Q . macrocarpa are common in areas of contact. The hybrids tend to have more deeply lobed leaves and varying degrees of development of awns as a fringe along the margin of the acorn cup. Such characteristics occur sporadically throughout many populations of Q . bicolor ; in some cases they may occur because of subtle introgression.
The Iroquois used Quercus bicolor in the treatment of cholera, broken bones, consumption, and as a witchcraft medicine (D. E. Moerman 1986).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Trees , deciduous, to 30 m. Bark dark gray, scaly or flat-ridged. Twigs light brown or tan, 2-3(-4) mm diam., glabrous. Buds light or dark brown, globose to ovoid, 2-3 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petiole (4-)10-25(-30) mm. Leaf blade obovate to narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, (79-)120-180(-215) × (40-)70-110(-160) mm, base narrowly cuneate to acute, margins regularly toothed, or entire with teeth in distal 1/2 only, or moderately to deeply lobed, or sometimes lobed proximally and toothed distally, secondary veins arched, divergent, (3-)5-7 on each side, apex broadly rounded or ovate; surfaces abaxially light green or whitish, with minute, flat, appressed-stellate hairs and erect, 1-4-rayed hairs, velvety to touch, adaxially dark green, glossy, glabrous. Acorns 1-3(-5) mm, on thin axillary peduncle (20-)40-70 mm; cup hemispheric or turbinate, 10-15 mm deep × 15-25 mm wide, enclosing 1/2-3/4 nut, scales closely appressed, finely grayish tomentose, those near rim of cup often with short, stout, irregularly recurved and sometimes branched, spinose awns emerging from tubercle; nut light brown, ovoid-ellipsoid or oblong, (12-)15-21(-25) × 9-18 mm, glabrous. Cotyledons distinct. 2 n = 24.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Ont., Que.; Ala., Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flowering/Fruiting
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Flowering in spring.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Low swamp forests, moist slopes, poorly drained uplands; 0-1000m.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
англиски
)
добавил eFloras
Quercus bicolor var. angustifolia Dippel; Q. bicolor var. cuneiformis Dippel; Q. bicolor var. platanoides A. de Candolle; Q. platanoides (Lamarck) Sudworth
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Broad-scale Impacts of Fire
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fuel,
prescribed burn,
swampA prescribed burn on an Indiana savannah did not kill swamp white oak
saplings and larger trees [
1]. However, trees did not sprout following
the burn. Average fuel loads were 560 g/sq m before the fire and from
400 to 650 g/sq m 1 year after the fire.
Fires during the dormant season are less damaging to oaks because of
lowered ambient temperatures and the tree's physiological state [
32].
Crooked trees may be killed more easily than straight trees if the
crooked trees are leaning towards the flames. Overstocked stands may
suffer more damage from fire due to reduced vigor and size of
individuals [
32]. Fire appears to affect acorn crops only in that,
dying trees tend to produce a massive crop. Acorns themselves are
easily destroyed by fire because of high moisture content [
32].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
swamp white oak
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fruit,
treeSwamp white oak is a native deciduous tree that reaches heights of 50 to
70 feet (15-20 m) and diameters of 2 to 3 feet (0.6-1 m) [
31]. It has a
limby bole and an open, irregularly shaped crown. Its bark is flakey
and grey. Its leaves resemble those of chestnut (Castanea spp.); they
are shallowly lobed with serrate margins [
22]. The fruit is an acorn
0.75 to 1.25 inches (2-3 cm) long. A mossy-like fringed cup covers from
one-third to one-half of the acorn [
10]. Acorns are one seeded (rarely
two) and form singly or in clusters [
25].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Swamp white oak occurs mainly in the midwestern states from Iowa,
southern Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ohio south to northern Kentucky.
Isolated populations occur in Minnesota, New England, Quebec, Ontario,
Tennessee, and North Carolina [
18].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
treeAll oaks can resprout from stems when top-killed by fire. The ability
to sprout decreases with an increase in age and tree size [
33]. Many
seedlings develop an "S"-shaped crook in their stems, which protects
dormant buds from fire heat and enables seedlings to sprout [
32]. With
repeated fire stems become calloused. This tissue is filled with
dormant buds that resprout.
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
basal area,
litterFire can reduce litter depth, allowing oak seedlings to become
established [
32]. Fire can also reduce stocking rates of other species,
allowing oak species to increase in basal area. Fire can induce
vigorous sprouting from older root stock, which may be a preferred
reproductive method [
32].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte: Mesophanerophyte
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
swampSwamp white oak occurs in river bottomlands, depressions, along
streamsides, swamp borders, and on moist peaty flats [
10,
20]. It is a
minor component in tamarack (Larix laricina) swamps of southwestern
Michigan [
16]. Along the Ohio shores of Lake Erie, swamp white oak
grows in Toledo soil, a very poorly drained, silty clay. It also grows
on Nappanee soils, which are somewhat poorly drained silt loams [
13].
Along the Kankakee River on the Illinois and Indiana border, swamp white
oak is a major overstory component of the floodplain forest. Here the
soils are highly permeable, frequently flooded sandy loams [
21]. In
Quebec, swamp white oak occurs on sandy and loamy sand alluvium between
68 and 87 feet (22.6 and 28.9 m) in elevation [
30].
Plant associates include pin oak (Quercus palustris), northern red oak
(Q. rubra), hickory (Carya spp.), beech (Fagus spp.), sweetgum
(Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red
maple (Acer rubrum), silver maple (A. saccharinum), green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanicum), tamarack, dogwood (Cornus spp.), sumac (Rhus spp.),
serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), grape (Vitis spp.), holly (Ilex spp.),
and viburnum (Viburnum spp.) [
3,
5,
9,
12,
30].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
26 Sugar maple - basswood
14 Northern pin oak
38 Tamarack
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
59 Yellow poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
62 Silver maple - American elm
64 Sassafras - persimmon
65 Pin oak - sweet gum
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
108 Red maple
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
swamp,
top-killSevere fires can top-kill swamp white oak [
33]. Moderate fires may kill
seedlings and saplings, but older trees usually survive. Fire-damaged
surviving trees are susceptible to disease and insect attack.
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverSwamp white oak acorns are an important food for wildlife such as
squirrels, white-tailed deer, beaver, black bear, and a variety of birds
[
3,
12,
24]. It provides cover for birds and mammals [
6].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Swamp white oak is a component of forested wetlands, many of which are
being converted to agricultural lands and subdivisions [
7]. Oaks are
susceptible to many insect pests, fungi, cankers, and wilts. Refer to
Solomon and others [
34] for information on how to recognize and control
these diseases [
34]. Oak species can suffer from what is known as "oak
decline." This is when trees die or limbs die back due to environmental
stresses [
35].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
swampPercent oven-dry weight nutrient values for swamp white oak leaves are
as follows [
4]:
nitrogen 2.02
potassium 1.20
phosphorous 0.26
calcium 1.07
magnesium 0.31
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
CT DE IL IN IA KS KY ME MD MA
MI MN MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI
TN VT VA WV WI ON PQ
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Swamp white oak acorns ripen from August through December [
25].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Swamp white oak stems can resprout following fire. Sprouts can grow as
much as 3 to 6 feet (1-3 m) per year for the first 2 to 3 postfire years
[
33].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedoff-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fruit,
seed,
swampSexual: Swamp white oak reproduces by seed, which mature in 1 year
[
31]. Good seed crops are produced every 4 to 7 years, but many acorns
are infested by insects [
33]. Acorns must be collected shortly afer
falling to prevent early germination. Viability can be tested by
dumping acorns into water. Those that float are not viable. Acorns
cannot be stored for more than a few months. Cleaned seed averages 120
per pound (108/kg). One hundred pounds of fruit will average between 60
and 75 pounds (54-67.5/kg) of seed [
25]. Seedlings grow slowly at less
than 6 inches (15 cm) per year [
33].
Vegetative: Swamp white oak can sprout from its trunk [
33].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
swamp,
treeSwamp white oak is intermediate in shade tolerance but not very drought
tolerant [
20]. It is a dominant tree in wetlands on infertile to
fertile soils of oak ecosystems in southeastern Michigan [
2]. Without
disturbance elm (Ulmus americana)-ash (Fraxinus spp.)-cottonwood
(Populus spp.) types will convert to oak-dominated types that include
swamp white oak [
23]. White oak (Quercus alba) forests of southern Ohio
(of which swamp white oak is a component) will progress towards hickory
and beech forests if undisturbed [
5].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
swampThe currently accepted scientific name of swamp white oak is Quercus
bicolor Willd. (Fagaceae) [
10]. There are no recognized varieties or
forms. Swamp white oak hybridizes with the following [
10,
14]:
Q. alba (Q. X jackiana Schneider)
Q. stellata (Q. X substellata Trel.)
Q. lyrata (Q. X humidicola E.J. Palmer)
Q. macrocarpa (Q. X Hillii Trel.)
Q. X introgressa is a hybrid cross formed with another hybrid parent
[
28]. Q. meuhlenbergii is introgressed by Q. prinoides and Q. bicolor.
For more information on swamp white oak hybrids see Little [
36].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Swamp white oak is planted on highway rights-of-way [
15].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swampOak species account for one-third of the hardwood sawtimber volume in
the United States [
34]. Swamp white oak is a heavy, hard wood that
machines well, but it can check and warp if not dried properly. It is
used for furniture, flooring, boxes, crates, barrels, kegs, ships and
boats [
27].
- библиографски навод
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Quercus bicolor. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Swamp white oak is a consistent though mostly a minor component of
hydromesophytic forest communities in which other species usually
dominate. Tree species that commonly grow in association with
swamp white oak are pin oak (Quercus palustris), sweetgum
(Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum),
silver maple (A. saccharinum), American elm
(Ulmus americana), eastern cottonwood (Populus
deltoides), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), green
ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), bur oak Quercus
macrocarpa), shellbark and shagbark hickory (Carya
laciniosa and C. ovata), blackgum (Nyssa
sylvatica), black willow (Salix nigra), and American
basswood (Tilia americana) (3,4,6).
Swamp white oak occurs in four forest cover types: Black
Ash-American Elm-Red Maple (Society of American Foresters Type
39), Bur Oak (Type 42), Silver Maple-American Elm (Type 62), and
Pin Oak-Sweetgum (Type 65). It is usually found singly in these
types but occasionally may be abundant in small areas (6).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Within the range of swamp white oak, mean annual temperatures vary
from 16° C (60° F) in Arkansas to 4° C (40°
F) in southern Ontario. Extremes in temperature vary from 41°
C (105° F) to -34° C (-30° F). Average annual
precipitation is from 640 mm (25 in) in southeast Minnesota to
1270 mm (50 in) in northeast Arkansas. The frost-free period
ranges from 210 days in the southern part of the growing area to
120 days in the northern part (4).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Windthrow may be a problem especially in
recently thinned stands.
Disease and insects affecting swamp white oak are essentially the
same as those found on white oak. Oak anthracnose can be damaging
to individual trees but is generally not fatal. Swamp white oak
is susceptible to the oak wilt fungus (Ceratocystis
fagacearum) and in Illinois Phomopsis canker and Coniothyrium
dieback were found on this oak. In addition, an Alternaria
fungus was found on blighted petioles (4,7).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Flowering and Fruiting
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Swamp white oak is monoecious;
male and female flowers appear on the same tree in the spring at
about the time leaves are one-third developed (May to June). The
fruit, an acorn, matures in 1 year and is generally paired and
home on slender stalks from 3 to 8 cm (1.25 to 3.25 in) long. The
ovoid acorns, each 19 to 32 mm (0.75 to 1.25 in) long and 13 to
19 min (0.5 to 0.75 in) in diameter, fall during September and
October.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Genetics
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Two forms of swamp white oak have been described: a mesophytic
form with leaves that are green and velvety on the lower surface
and a more xerophytic form with leaves that are white-tomentulose
beneath. The following six hybrids with swamp white oak are
recognized: Quercus x jackiana Schneid. (Q. bicolor x
alba); Q. x humidicola Palmer (Q. bicolor x lyrata); Q. x
schuettei Trel. (Q. bicolor x macrocarpa) (1); Q. x
introgressa P. M. Thomson (Q. bicolor x
muehlenbergii x prinoides) (11); Q. x substellata Trel. (Q.
bicolor x stellata); Q. x nessiana Palmer (Q. bicolor x
virginiana). Swamp white oak also hybridizes with chestnut
oak Quercus prinus) and English oak (Q. robur).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Growth and Yield
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
On the better drained lowland soils, the
growth rate of swamp white oak is comparable to that of white
oak. The root system is usually shallow, but the tree is
relatively long lived-up to 300 years or more. Normally it is a
mediumsized tree, 18 to 23 in (60 to 75 ft) in height and 61 to
91 cm (24 to 36 in) d.b.h., although trees up to 30 in (100 ft)
tall and 213 cm (84 in) d.b.h. have been reported.
Swamp white oak normally grows in mixtures with other bottom-land
species and is abundant only locally. Individual old growth trees
may contain as much net volume as 3.4 m³ (600 fbm) but this
is uncommon (4).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Reaction to Competition
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
The tree is classed as
intermediate in tolerance to shade, and seedlings become
established under moderate shade. Lowland forests in which swamp
white oak grows are characterized by instability and successional
uncertainty because of the variable effects of flooding, together
with the presence of saturated soils. Swamp white oak may achieve
dominance on the better drained lowland soils together with
basswood, northern red oak (Quercus rubra), American
beech (Fagus grandifolia), and sugar maple (Acer
saccharum) (8). Once established, it is able to compete
effectively with American elm, green ash, and black willow.
Limited current evidence indicates clearcutting to be an adequate
silvicultural system, particularly on the better sites (2,8).
In forest stands swamp white oak has a straight bole with
ascending branches and a narrow crown. However, open-grown trees
are generally poorly formed and often have persistent lower
branches (4).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Rooting Habit
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
No information available.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Seed Production and Dissemination
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Good crops of swamp
white oak occur every 3 to 5 years, with light crops during
intervening years. The minimum seed-bearing age is 20 years,
optimum age is 75 to 200 years, and maximum age is usually 300
years. Because the seed of swamp white oak is not dormant, it
germinates soon after falling. Seed collections should be made
soon after ripening in order to delay early germination. These
acorns are difficult to store without germination or loss of
viability occurring. Sound acorns have a germinative capacity
between 78 and 98 percent. Gravity, rodents, and water are the
primary dispersing agents (4,10).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Seedling Development
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Germination is hypogeal (10). After
acorns germinate in the fall, roots continue to develop until
growth is limited by low temperatures. Seedling establishment and
early growth seem to be favored on the better drained lowland
soils rather than on sites that are poorly drained or subjected
to persistent flooding. In any case, adequate moisture and light
are necessary for successful early development (4,8).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Soils and Topography
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Throughout its range, swamp white oak is typically found on
hydromorphic soils. These may be mineral soils that are
imperfectly to poorly drained, as evidenced by high water tables
and the presence of glei subsurface layers, or both; organic
soils ranging from mucks (well decomposed) to peats (poorly
decomposed) in which high water levels have favored organic
accumulation; or alluvial soils underlain by a glei layer. These
kinds of soils are associated with lands that are periodically
inundated, such as broad stream valleys, low-lying fields, and
the margins of lakes, ponds, or sloughs. Swamp white oak is not
found where flooding is permanent (2,4,5,6,8). In general, the
soils on which this oak most commonly is found are in the orders
Entisols and Inceptisols.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Special Uses
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
The acorns are sweet, like others in the white oak group, and are
eaten by squirrels and other rodents (9). In a study in
Wisconsin, swamp white oak acorns were found to make up 27
percent of the diet of wild ducks. Several nongame bird species
include these acorns in their diet (4).
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Vegetative Reproduction
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Like most oaks, swamp white oak
produces seedling sprouts or stump sprouts when the top is cut or
killed. The frequency of sprouting declines, however, with
increasing d.b.h. (8):
D.b.h.
classes
Stumps
likely to sprout
cm
in
percent
15 to 27
6 to 10
75
27 to 39
11 to 15
30
39 to 52
16 to 20
10
52+
20+
5
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Distribution
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Swamp white oak, a lowland tree, grows from southwestern Maine
west to New York, southern Quebec, and southern Ontario, to
central Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and southeastern Minnesota;
south to Iowa and Missouri; east to Kentucky, Tennessee,
Virginia, and New Jersey. It is scattered in North Carolina and
northeastern Kansas. This species is most common and reaches its
largest size in western New York and northern Ohio (4).
-The native range of swamp white oak.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Brief Summary
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Fagaceae -- Beech family
Robert Rogers
Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) is a mediumsized tree of
the north central and northeastern mixed forests. It is found in
lowlands, along edges of streams, and in swamps subject to
flooding. It is rapid growing and long lived, reaching 300 to 350
years. The hard strong wood is commercially valuable and is
usually cut and sold as white oak. Many kinds of wildlife eat the
acorns, particularly ducks.
- лиценца
- cc-by-nc
- авторски права
- USDA, Forest Service
Quercus bicolor
(
азерски
)
добавил wikipedia AZ
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Quercus bicolor: Brief Summary
(
азерски
)
добавил wikipedia AZ
Quercus bicolor (lat. Quercus bicolor) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Quercus bicolor
(
каталонски; валенсиски
)
добавил wikipedia CA
Quercus bicolor, el roure blanc dels aiguamolls, és un arbre mitjà on apareix en els boscos mixtos del nord central i del nord-est d'Amèrica del Nord. Té una àrea molt extensa, i pot sobreviure en una varietat d'hàbitats. Creix molt ràpid i pot arribar a viure 300 o 350 anys.
Formen híbrids amb Quercus macrocarpa on s'hibrideixen de forma natural.
![src=]()
Roure blanc dels aiguamolls
Descripció
El roure blanc dels aiguamolls és un arbre caducifoli. No és un arbre gran, normalment creix entre 20 a 25 m d'alt. L'escorça s'assembla al roure blanc americà, és de color gris fosc, amb escates o plana estriada. Les branques són de color marró clar o marró, 2-3 (-4) mm de diàmetre, glabres. Les gemmes són clares o de color marró fosc, globoses a ovoides, de 2-3 mm, glabres. Les fulles fan (79 -) 120-180 (-215) x (40 -) 70-110 (-160) mm; obovades a estretament el·líptiques o estretament obovades. L'àpex àmpliament arrodonit, base estreta cuneïforme, 3-6 parells de lòbuls poc profunds en apical mig; de color verd brillant i glabres per sobre, de color verd clar blanquinós al revers, planes, pèls adprés-estelades i erectes, 1-4 pèls irradiades, vellutats al tacte; amb 3-7 parells de nervis secundaris. A la tardor, es tornen marrons, marró groguenc, o a vegades vermellós, però generalment, el color no és tan fiable o tan brillant com pot ser el roure blanc americà. Les glans tenen forma de peduncle entre 1,5 a 2 cm (rarament 2,5 cm) de llarg i entre 1 a 2 cm d'ample, madurant aproximadament 6 mesos després de la pol·linització.
Hàbitat
Generalment, el roure blanc dels aiguamolls creix sol en quatre tipus de boscos diferents: Fraxinus nigra - olm americà - Acer rubrum, Auró argentat - olm americà, Quercus macrocarpa, Roure dels pantans - Liquidambar. Ocasionalment el roure blanc dels aiguamolls és abundant en àrees petites. Es troba dins d'una àrea molt àmplia de temperatures mitjanes anuals des dels 16°C fins als 4°C. Els extrems en temperatura varien des dels 41°C fins als -34°C. La precipitació anual mitjana és des dels 640 ml fins als 1270 ml. El període lliure de gebrada s'estén des dels 210 dies en la part sud de l'àrea de creixement fins als 120 dies en la part nord.
El roure blanc d'aiguamolls creix normalment en sòls hidromorfs. No es troba on és desbordar-se permanent, encara que es troba normalment en valls de corrent amples, sent de manera baixa camps, i els marges de llacs, basses, o aiguamolls.
Àrea de distribució
El roure blanc dels aiguamolls, és un arbre de terres baixes, que creix a partir del sud-oest de Maine cap a l'oest a Nova York, al sud de Quebec, i al sud d'Ontàrio, a la part central de Michigan, al nord de Wisconsin, i al sud-est de Minnesota; cap al sud d'Iowa i Missouri; a l'est a Kentucky, Tennessee, Virgínia, i Nova Jersey. Es troba dispers a Carolina del Nord i al nord-est de Kansas. Aquesta espècie és més comuna i arriba a la seva mida més gran a la part occidental de Nova York i al nord d'Ohio.[1]
Cultiu i usos
És un dels roures blancs més importants per a la producció de fusta. En aquests darrers anys, el roure blanc dels aiguamolls s'ha convertit en un arbre de paisatgisme popular, en part, a causa de la seva relativa facilitat de trasplantament.
El New York Times ha informat que més de 400 arbres de roure blanc dels aiguamolls s'estan plantant a la recentment construïda Plaça Commemoració de l'11 de setembre a Manhattan.
Referències
En altres projectes de
Wikimedia:
Commons (Galeria) Commons (Categoria) 
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autors i editors de Wikipedia
Quercus bicolor: Brief Summary
(
каталонски; валенсиски
)
добавил wikipedia CA
Quercus bicolor, el roure blanc dels aiguamolls, és un arbre mitjà on apareix en els boscos mixtos del nord central i del nord-est d'Amèrica del Nord. Té una àrea molt extensa, i pot sobreviure en una varietat d'hàbitats. Creix molt ràpid i pot arribar a viure 300 o 350 anys.
Formen híbrids amb Quercus macrocarpa on s'hibrideixen de forma natural.
![src=]()
Roure blanc dels aiguamolls
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autors i editors de Wikipedia
Dub dvoubarevný
(
чешки
)
добавил wikipedia CZ
Dub dvoubarevný (Quercus bicolor) je opadavý strom dorůstající okolo 25 metrů. Pochází z východní Kanady a severovýchodních oblastí USA. Občas je v Česku pěstován jako okrasná dřevina nápadná leskle tmavozelenými listy s bělavou spodní stranou.
Charakteristika
![src=]()
Mapa rozšíření dubu dvoubarevného
Dub dvoubarevný je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky 20 až 25, ojediněle až 30 metrů. Borka je šedohnědá a odlupuje se v podélných plátcích. Koruna je široká a často nepravidelná. Letorosty jsou červenohnědé, v mládí slabě chlupaté, záhy olysávající. Zimní pupeny jsou světle až tmavě hnědé, kulovité až vejcovité, 2 až 3 mm dlouhé a lysé. Listy jsou obvejčité nebo úzce eliptické, na bázi klínovité, asi 10 až 18 cm dlouhé a 7 až 11 cm široké. Na každé straně čepele je 6 až 8 hrubých tupých zubů až nepravidelných laloků, které mohou být buď pravidelně rozložené nebo soustředěné pouze v horní polovině čepele. Listy jsou na líci tmavě zelené a lesklé, na rubu bělavě plstnaté až sametově šedozelené. Žilnatina je tvořena 5 až 7 páry postranních žilek. Řapík bývá 4 až 30 mm dlouhý. Na podzim se listy zbarvují do oranžových a červených odstínů. Plody jsou většinou po dvou, na 3 až 8 cm dlouhých stopkách. Žaludy jsou podlouhlé, světle hnědé, asi 12 až 30 mm dlouhé, z 1/4 až 1/3 uzavřené v miskovité číšce. Šupiny na bázi číšky jsou ztlustlé.[2][3][4]
Rozšíření
Dub dvoubarevný pochází z východní Kanady (provincie Ontario a Québec) a severovýchodních oblastí USA, kde roste v bažinatých a lužních lesích.[2] Je to dlouhověký dub, vyhledávající vlhké půdy bez vápníku[5] a rostoucí v nadmořských výškách 0 až 1000 metrů. V oblastech přirozeného výskytu se poměrně často kříží s dubem velkoplodým (Quercus macrocarpa). Kříženci se vyznačují zejména hlouběji laločnatými listy.[4]
Význam
Domorodí Irokézové používali dub dvoubarevný při léčení cholery a zlomenin a v magii.[4] V Česku je občas pěstován jako okrasný strom nápadný zejména olistěním. Je udáván z Průhonického parku, Dendrologické zahrady v Průhonicích a z Arboreta Žampach,[6] pěstován je také ve sbírkách Botanické zahrady a arboreta MU v Brně
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ a b KOBLÍŽEK, J. Jehličnaté a listnaté dřeviny našich zahrad a parků. 2. vyd. Tišnov: Sursum, 2006. ISBN 80-7323-117-4.
-
↑ Dendrologie online: Quercus bicolor [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ a b c Flora of North America: Quercus bicolor [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ Oaks of the World: Quercus bicolor [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ Florius - katalog botanických zahrad [online]. Dostupné online.
Externí odkazy
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia autoři a editory
Dub dvoubarevný: Brief Summary
(
чешки
)
добавил wikipedia CZ
Dub dvoubarevný (Quercus bicolor) je opadavý strom dorůstající okolo 25 metrů. Pochází z východní Kanady a severovýchodních oblastí USA. Občas je v Česku pěstován jako okrasná dřevina nápadná leskle tmavozelenými listy s bělavou spodní stranou.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia autoři a editory
Zweifarbige Eiche
(
германски
)
добавил wikipedia DE
Die Zweifarbige Eiche (Quercus bicolor) ist eine Laubbaum-Art aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus). Sie erhielt ihren Namen aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Farbgebung der Ober- und Unterseiten ihrer Blätter.
Verbreitung
![src=]()
Verbreitungskarte der Zweifarbigen Eiche
Die Zweifarbige Eiche ist in den nordöstlichen USA südlich der Großen Seen heimisch, hinzu kommt ein kleines Gebiet im Süden der kanadischen Provinz Québec die Réserve écologique Marcel-Raymond. Sie bevorzugt die gleichen Standorte wie die Sumpfeiche (Quercus palustris), also Standorte mit normalen und mäßig trockenen Böden in der Nähe von Flüssen.
Der Baum ist nur bis etwa minus fünfzehn Grad Celsius frostbeständig. Daher erlitten z. B. im Winter des Jahres 1996 bei 22 bis 23 Grad unter Null die Zweifarbigen Eichen im Berggarten von Hannover Frostschäden.
Beschreibung
![src=]()
Blätter der Zweifarbigen Eiche (
Quercus bicolor)
Die Zweifarbige Eiche erreicht als Baum eine Wuchshöhe von 12 bis 25 Meter. Die Rinde ist dunkelbraun bis schwarz. Typisch für diese Baumart sind im Zickzack gewachsene Zweige. Die Zweifarbige Eiche ist sommergrün; die obovat geformten Blätter sind auf der Oberseite dunkelgrün, während die Unterseite aufgrund dichter Behaarung silbrigweiß ist. Die Blattränder sind unregelmäßig gelappt. Die ovalen Eicheln stehen meist in Paaren; sie sind etwa 2,5 cm lang. Die Zweifarbige Eiche wächst sehr langsam und erreicht nach 65 Jahren erst eine Höhe von nur 21 Metern.
Literatur
Weblinks
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Zweifarbige Eiche: Brief Summary
(
германски
)
добавил wikipedia DE
Die Zweifarbige Eiche (Quercus bicolor) ist eine Laubbaum-Art aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus). Sie erhielt ihren Namen aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Farbgebung der Ober- und Unterseiten ihrer Blätter.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Quercus bicolor
(
англиски
)
добавил wikipedia EN
Quercus bicolor, the swamp white oak, is a North American species of medium-sized trees in the beech family. It is a common element of America's north central and northeastern mixed forests. It can survive in a variety of habitats. It forms hybrids with bur oak where they occur together in the wild.
Description
Quercus bicolor grows rapidly and can reach 18 to 24 meters (60 to 80 feet) tall with the tallest known reaching 29 m (95 ft) and lives up to 285 years.[6] The bark resembles that of the white oak. The leaves are broad ovoid, 12–18 centimetres (4+3⁄4–7 inches) long and 7–11 cm (2+3⁄4–4+1⁄4 in) broad, always more or less glaucous on the underside, and are shallowly lobed with five to seven lobes on each side, intermediate between the chestnut oak and the white oak. In autumn, they turn brown, yellow-brown, or sometimes reddish, but generally, the color is not as reliable or as brilliant as the white oak can be. The fruit is a peduncled acorn, 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in), rarely 2.5 cm (1 in), long and 1–2 cm (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) broad, maturing about six months after pollination.[7]
Swamp white oak may live up to 300 years.
Distribution and habitat
Swamp white oak, a lowland tree, occurs across the eastern and central United States and eastern and central Canada, from Maine to South Carolina, west as far as Ontario, Minnesota, and Tennessee with a few isolated populations in Nebraska and Alabama. This species is most common and reaches its largest size in western New York and northern Ohio.[8][9]
The swamp white oak generally occurs singly in four different forest types: black ash–American elm–red maple, silver maple–American elm, bur oak, and pin oak–sweetgum. Occasionally the swamp white oak is abundant in small areas. It is found within a very wide range of mean annual temperatures from 16 to 4 °C (61 to 39 °F). Extremes in temperature vary from 41 to −34 °C (106 to −29 °F). Average annual precipitation is from 640 to 1,270 millimetres (25 to 50 in). The frost-free period ranges from 210 days in the southern part of the growing area to 120 days in the northern part. The swamp white oak typically grows on hydromorphic soils. It is not found where flooding is permanent, although it is usually found in broad stream valleys, low-lying fields, and the margins of lakes, ponds, or sloughs. It occupies roughly the same ecological niche as pin oak, which seldom lives longer than 100 years, but is not nearly as abundant.
Uses
It is one of the more important white oaks for lumber production. The wood is similar to that of Q. alba and is not differentiated from it in the lumber trade. In recent years, the swamp white oak has become a popular landscaping tree due to its relative ease of transplanting.
Being in the white oak group, wildlife such as deer, bears, turkeys, ducks, and geese as well as other animals are attracted to this tree when acorns are dropping in the fall.
Cultivars
A mix of Quercus robur fastigiata x Quercus bicolor, named 'Nadler' or the Kindred Spirit hybrid oak, exists.
References
-
^ Kenny, L.; Wenzell, K.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T194069A111189345. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T194069A111189345.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
-
^ "NatureServe Explorer". Retrieved 27 May 2021.
-
^ First described in Muhlenberg, Heinrich Ernst (1801). With remarks by Carl Ludwig Willdenow. "Kurze Bemerkungen über die in der Gegend von Lancaster in Nordamerika wachsenden Arten der Gattungen Juglans, Fraxinus und Quercus" [Short remarks on the plants growing in the region of Lancaster in North America from the genera Juglans, Fraxinus, and Quercus]. Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Neue Schriften. 3: 396.
-
^ "Quercus bicolor". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
-
^ "Quercus bicolor". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ "Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages".
-
^ Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus bicolor". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ Rogers, Robert (1990). "Quercus bicolor". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved 14 December 2009 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ "Quercus bicolor". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Quercus bicolor: Brief Summary
(
англиски
)
добавил wikipedia EN
Quercus bicolor, the swamp white oak, is a North American species of medium-sized trees in the beech family. It is a common element of America's north central and northeastern mixed forests. It can survive in a variety of habitats. It forms hybrids with bur oak where they occur together in the wild.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Quercus bicolor
(
шпански; кастиљски
)
добавил wikipedia ES
Quercus bicolor, el roble bicolor,[1] es un árbol perteneciente a la familia Fagaceae. Es una especie nativa de Ontario y Quebec en Canadá, y también del nordeste de EE. UU. Está clasificada en la sección Quercus, que son los robles blancos de Europa, Asia y América del Norte. Tienen los estilos cortos; las bellotas maduran en 6 meses y tienen un sabor dulce y ligeramente amargo, el interior de la bellota tiene pelo. Las hojas carecen de una mayoría de cerdas en sus lóbulos, que suelen ser redondeados.
Descripción
Son árboles caducifolios de 20-25 m (excepcionalmente hasta 30 m de alto). Hojas de obovadas a estrechamente elípticas o estrechamente obovadas, de 8-21 cm de largo y de 4-16 cm de ancho, base estrechamente cuneada a aguda, márgenes regularmente dentados o enteros, con dientes solamente en la mitad distal, a veces moderada a profundamente lobulados en la parte inferior y dentados en la superior, ápice bruscamente redondeado u ovado, haz verde oscuro, brillante y glabro, envés verde calro o blanquecino, peciolos de 0,4-3 mm de largo. Bellotas ovoideo-elipsoidales u oblongas, de 12-25 mm de largo por 9-18 mm de ancho, cúpula hemisférica de 15-25 mm de ancho.
Hábitat
Generalmente, el roble blanco de los humedales crece solo en cuatro tipos de bosques diferentes asociada con: Fraxinus nigra - olmo americano - Acer rubrum, Arce plateado - olmo americano, Quercus macrocarpa, Roble de los pantanos - Liquidambar. Ocasionalmente el roble blanco de los humedales es abundante en áreas pequeñas. Se encuentra dentro de un área muy amplia de temperaturas medias anuales desde los 16 °C hasta los 4 °C. Los extremos en temperatura varían desde los 41 °C hasta los -34 °C. La precipitación anual media es desde los 640 ml hasta los 1270 ml. El período libre de escarcha se extiende desde los 210 días en la parte sur del área de crecimiento hasta los 120 días en la parte norte.
El roble blanco de humedales crece normalmente en suelos hidromorfos. No se encuentra donde tiende a desbordarse permanente, aunque se encuentra normalmente en valles de corriente anchas, estando en los campos bajos, y los márgenes de lagos, balsas, o humedales.
Área de distribución
El roble blanco de los humedales, es un árbol de tierras bajas, que crece a partir del suroeste de Maine hacia el oeste a Nueva York, al sur de Quebec, y en el sur de Ontario, en la parte central de Míchigan, al norte de Wisconsin, y el sureste de Minnesota; hacia el sur de Iowa y Misuri; al este en Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia , y Nueva Jersey. Se encuentra disperso en Carolina del Norte y el noreste de Kansas. Esta especie es más común y llega a su mayor tamaño en la parte occidental de Nueva York y el norte de Ohio.[2]
Cultivo y usos
Es uno de los robles blancos más importantes para la producción de madera. En estos últimos años, el roble blanco de los humedales se ha convertido en un árbol de paisajismo popular, en parte, debido a su relativa facilidad de trasplante.
El New York Times informó que más de 400 árboles de roble blanco de los humedales se están plantando en la recién construida Plaza Conmemoración del 11 de septiembre en Manhattan.
Usos
- Ornamental.
- Madera: carpintería, ebanistería, terminaciones de interior, toneles de añejar, fabricación de implementos del agro, durmientes, construcción
Taxonomía
Quercus bicolor fue descrita por Carl Ludwig Willdenow y publicado en Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 3: 396. 1801.[3]
- Etimología
Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.
bicolor: epíteto latino que significa "con dos colores".[4]
- Sinonimia
-
Quercus prinus var. bicolor (Willd.) Spach (1841).
-
Quercus discolor var. bicolor (Willd.) Hampton (1886).
-
Quercus alba var. palustris Castigl. (1790).
-
Quercus prinus var. platanoides Castigl. (1790).
-
Quercus prinus var. tomentosa Michx. (1801).
-
Quercus prinus var. discolor F.Michx. (1811).
-
Quercus bicolor var. mollis Nutt. (1818).
-
Quercus mollis Raf. (1838).
-
Quercus bicolor var. platanoides (Castigl.) A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle (1864).
-
Quercus filiformis Muhl. ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle (1864), pro syn.
-
Quercus paludosa Petz. & G.Kirchn. (1864).
-
Quercus pannosa Bosc ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle (1864), pro syn.
-
Quercus velutina L'Hér. ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle (1864), nom. illeg.
-
Quercus bicolor var. angustifolia Dippel (1891).
-
Quercus bicolor var. cuneiformis Dippel (1891).
-
Quercus platanoides (Castigl.) Sudw. (1892 publ. 1893).[5]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
- Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Schwegman, J. E. 1991. The Vascular Flora of Langham Island, Kankakee County, Illinois. Erigenia 11: 1–8.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Quercus bicolor: Brief Summary
(
шпански; кастиљски
)
добавил wikipedia ES
Quercus bicolor, el roble bicolor, es un árbol perteneciente a la familia Fagaceae. Es una especie nativa de Ontario y Quebec en Canadá, y también del nordeste de EE. UU. Está clasificada en la sección Quercus, que son los robles blancos de Europa, Asia y América del Norte. Tienen los estilos cortos; las bellotas maduran en 6 meses y tienen un sabor dulce y ligeramente amargo, el interior de la bellota tiene pelo. Las hojas carecen de una mayoría de cerdas en sus lóbulos, que suelen ser redondeados.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Jokivalkotammi
(
фински
)
добавил wikipedia FI
Jokivalkotammi[2] (Quercus bicolor) on yksi monista pohjoisamerikkalaisista luonnonvaraisista tammilajeista. Sitä kasvaa mantereen itäosassa aina eteläisestä Quebecista Pohjois-Carolinaan saakka.[3]
Tuntomerkit
Jokivalkotammi kasvaa 20-25 metriä korkeaksi, mutta korkein tiedetty yksilö on ollut 29 m korkea.lähde? Vanhemmiten puulaji kasvaa enimmäkseen paksuutta. Sen lehdet ovat kovat, ja muodoltaan lievästi aaltoilevat. Se kukkii toukokuussa. Terhot kypsyvät 5-6 kuukautta.
Jokivalkotammi menestyy piha- ja puistopuuna vain Etelä-Suomen eteläosissa, kasvuvyöhykkeellä 1.
Lähteet
-
↑ Kenny, L. & Wenzell , K.: Quercus bicolor IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 1.10.2016. (englanniksi)
-
↑ ONKI-ontologiapalvelu, Kassu (suomenkieliset nimet) Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamon putkilokasvien nimistötoimikunta. Viitattu 20.10.2012.
-
↑ USDA
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
Jokivalkotammi: Brief Summary
(
фински
)
добавил wikipedia FI
Jokivalkotammi (Quercus bicolor) on yksi monista pohjoisamerikkalaisista luonnonvaraisista tammilajeista. Sitä kasvaa mantereen itäosassa aina eteläisestä Quebecista Pohjois-Carolinaan saakka.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
Quercus bicolor
(
француски
)
добавил wikipedia FR
Chêne bicolore
Quercus bicolor, le chêne bicolore, est une espèce de chêne d'Amérique du Nord (famille des Fagaceae).
Répartition
Le chêne bicolore est originaire d'Amérique du Nord.
Utilisation
On l'utilise comme arbre ornemental ou pour son bois.
Habitats
Il pousse dans les terres humides.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Quercus bicolor: Brief Summary
(
француски
)
добавил wikipedia FR
Chêne bicolore
Quercus bicolor, le chêne bicolore, est une espèce de chêne d'Amérique du Nord (famille des Fagaceae).
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Quercus bicolor
(
италијански
)
добавил wikipedia IT
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
Quercus bicolor: Brief Summary
(
италијански
)
добавил wikipedia IT
Quercus bicolor Willd. è un albero della famiglia delle Fagaceae, diffuso dal Québec al sud-est degli Stati Uniti.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
Divkrāsu ozols
(
латвиски
)
добавил wikipedia LV
Divkrāsu ozols (latīņu: Quercus bicolor) ir daudzgadīgs dižskābaržu dzimtas koks. Šis ozols savvaļā aug Ziemeļamerikā. Izplatības areāls atrodas robežās starp Kvebekas dienviddaļu, Meinas dienviddaļu un Minesotas dienviddaļu. Aug mitrās vietās. Koks ir vidēji liels, sasniedz 20-25 m augstumu. Miza ir līdzīga baltā ozola mizai. Lapas ir ovālas, 12-18 cm garas, 7–11 cm platas ar 5-7 seklām daivām abās pusēs. Lapu apakšpuse ir blāva. Rudenī lapas krāsojas brūnas, dzeltenbrūnas, dažreiz sarkanīgas. Zīles ir 1,5–2 cm garas, nogatavojas 6 mēnešus pēc apputeksnēšanās.
Divkrāsu ozolu koksni izmanto kokmateriālu iegūšanai. Ozolus stāda arī dekoratīvos nolūkos, ainavas veidošanai. Viegli panes pārstādīšanu.
Divkrāsu ozols viegli krustojas savā starpā ar dižzīļu ozolu (Quercus macrocarpa), veidojot hibrīdus.
Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt:
Divkrāsu ozols
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia autori un redaktori
Tweekleurige eik
(
холандски; фламански
)
добавил wikipedia NL
De Tweekleurige eik (Quercus bicolor) is een eikensoort (Quercus). Zowel haar Nederlandstalige als haar botanische naam is gebaseerd op de verschillende kleuren die de onderzijde en bovenzijde van het blad hebben.
Verspreiding
De tweekleurige eik is inheems in het noorden van de Verenigde Staten, ten zuiden van de Grote meren.[1] Ze heeft een voorkeur voor dezelfde standplaatsen als de Moeraseik (Quercus palustris), dus plaatsen met een normale tot matig droge bodem in de omgeving van stromend water.[1] De boom is vorstbestendig tot ongeveer -15 graden Celsius.[1]
Beschrijving
De tweekleurige eik bereikt een hoogte van 12 tot 25 meter. De bast is donkerbruin tot zwart.[1]
De tweekleurige eik is groenblijvend, met brede omgekeerd eironde bladeren, 12–18 cm lang en 7–11 cm breed,[2] die op de bovenzijde donkergroen, en aan de onderzijde door de dichte beharing zilvergrijs zijn.[1] De bladrand is onregelmatig gelobd met 5-7 lobben per zijde. In de herfst kleuren deze geel-bruin, soms rood. De vruchten zijn ovaal gevormde eikels en staan meestal paarsgewijs, ongeveer 6 maanden na de bestuiving rijpend.[2] De tweekleurige eik groeit zeer langzaam en bereikt na 65 jaar een hoogte van slechts 21 meter.[1]
Cultivars
Quercus robur fastigiata x Quercus bicolor 'Nadler' (Kindred Spirit Hybrid Oak)[2]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
Tweekleurige eik: Brief Summary
(
холандски; фламански
)
добавил wikipedia NL
De Tweekleurige eik (Quercus bicolor) is een eikensoort (Quercus). Zowel haar Nederlandstalige als haar botanische naam is gebaseerd op de verschillende kleuren die de onderzijde en bovenzijde van het blad hebben.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
Dąb dwubarwny
(
полски
)
добавил wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Dąb dwubarwny (Quercus bicolor Willd.) – gatunek roślin z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w Występuje naturalnie w Kanadzie (w prowincjach Nowa Szkocja, Ontario i Quebec) oraz Stanach Zjednoczonych (w Alabamie, Connecticut, Dystrykcie Kolumbii, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Indianie, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Marylandzie, Maine, Michigan, Minnesocie, Missouri, Karolinie Północnej, Nebrasce, New Hampshire, New Jersey, stanie Nowy Jork, Ohio, Pensylwanii, Rhode Island, Karolinie Południowej, Tennessee, Wirginii, Vermoncie, Wisconsin i Wirginii Zachodniej)[3][4][5]. Ponadto bywa uprawiany[6].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Zrzucające liście drzewo dorastające do 30 m wysokości[5]. Pokrój często jest zaokrąglony[7]. Kora jest łuszcząca się i ma szarawoczarną barwę[5].
- Liście
- Blaszka liściowa ma kształt od odwrotnie jajowatego do eliptycznego. Mierzy 12–18 cm długości oraz 7–11 cm szerokości, jest nieregularnie ząbkowana lub klapowana na brzegu, ma nasadę od klinowej do ostrokątnej i zaokrąglony wierzchołek[5]. Jesienią zmieniają barwę na pomarańczowoczerwoną[7]. Liście są biało owłosione od spodu[8]. Ogonek liściowy jest nagi i ma 10–25 mm długości[5].
- Owoce
- Orzechy zwane żołędziami o kształcie od elipsoidalnie jajowatego do podługowatego, dorastają do 15–21 mm długości i 9–18 mm średnicy. Osadzone są pojedynczo w miseczkach o półkulistym kształcie, które mierzą 10–15 mm długości i 15–25 mm średnicy. Orzechy otulone są w miseczkach do 50–75% ich długości[5].
Biologia i ekologia
Rośnie w wilgotnych lasach oraz na brzegach rzek. Występuje na wysokości do 1000 m n.p.m.[5] Najlepiej rośnie na suchym, żyznym, lekkim i dobrze przepuszczalnym podłożu. Preferuje gleby o odczynie obojętnym. Lubi stanowiska na pełnym nasłonecznieniu lub w półcieniu[8]. Charakteryzuje się szybkim tempem wzrostu. Dożywa wieku około 300–350 lat[7].
Zastosowanie
Niektóre plamiona Indian używały tego gatunku w medycynie tradycyjnej, zwłaszcza w leczeniu złamań i cholery[5]. Obecnie ma zastosowanie jako roślina ozdobna oraz surowiec drzewny[6].
Przypisy
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Dąb dwubarwny: Brief Summary
(
полски
)
добавил wikipedia POL
Dąb dwubarwny (Quercus bicolor Willd.) – gatunek roślin z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w Występuje naturalnie w Kanadzie (w prowincjach Nowa Szkocja, Ontario i Quebec) oraz Stanach Zjednoczonych (w Alabamie, Connecticut, Dystrykcie Kolumbii, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Indianie, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Marylandzie, Maine, Michigan, Minnesocie, Missouri, Karolinie Północnej, Nebrasce, New Hampshire, New Jersey, stanie Nowy Jork, Ohio, Pensylwanii, Rhode Island, Karolinie Południowej, Tennessee, Wirginii, Vermoncie, Wisconsin i Wirginii Zachodniej). Ponadto bywa uprawiany.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Quercus bicolor
(
виетнамски
)
добавил wikipedia VI
Quercus bicolor là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Willd. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1801.[2]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Tham khảo
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Quercus bicolor: Brief Summary
(
виетнамски
)
добавил wikipedia VI
Quercus bicolor là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Willd. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1801.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Дуб двуцветный
(
руски
)
добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Дуб двуцветный
Международное научное название
Quercus bicolor Willd., 1801
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 19300NCBI 889476EOL 1151615GRIN t:400308IPNI 295855-1TPL kew-171779 Дуб двуцве́тный (лат. Quercus bicolor) — дерево семейства Буковые (Fagaceae).
В английском языке дуб получил имя Swamp White Oak, что значит «белый болотный дуб». Как следует из названия, этот вид растёт на болотистых почвах.
В естественных условиях произрастает в восточных прибрежных регионах, а также на Среднем Западе Северной Америки: от южных районов Квебека до штата Мэн на востоке до юга Миннесоты на западе. В редких случаях встречается южнее реки Огайо. Его ареал заходит намного дальше на север, чем у других дубов, например, чем у дуба Мишо (Quercus michauxii) или дуба лировидного (Quercus lyrata).
Это средних размеров дерево, самый высокий экземпляр достигал 29 метров, тогда как обычно дубы не вырастают выше 20 м.
Кора напоминают кору белого дуба. Листья овальные, длиной 12—18 см и 7—11 см в ширину, всегда серовато-зелёные снизу. Кроме того, листовая пластинка разделена на пять-семь долей с каждой стороны. Всё это позволяет считать этот вид переходным между дубом Мишо (Quercus michauxii) и белым дубом (Quercus alba). Жёлуди длиной 1,5—2 см и шириной 1—2 см спеют через шесть месяцев после опыления.
В природе двуцветный дуб нередко растёт рядом с дубом крупноплодным (Quercus macrocarpa). В результате формируются гибриды.
Двуцветный дуб является одним из наиболее важных видов белых дубов для лесной промышленности. Кроме того, этот вид стал широко использоваться в ландшафтной архитектуре, поскольку относительно нечувствителен к пересадкам.
Систематика
Вид помещают в секцию Lepidobalanus.
Синонимы:
Примечания
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
Дуб двуцветный: Brief Summary
(
руски
)
добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Дуб двуцве́тный (лат. Quercus bicolor) — дерево семейства Буковые (Fagaceae).
В английском языке дуб получил имя Swamp White Oak, что значит «белый болотный дуб». Как следует из названия, этот вид растёт на болотистых почвах.
В естественных условиях произрастает в восточных прибрежных регионах, а также на Среднем Западе Северной Америки: от южных районов Квебека до штата Мэн на востоке до юга Миннесоты на западе. В редких случаях встречается южнее реки Огайо. Его ареал заходит намного дальше на север, чем у других дубов, например, чем у дуба Мишо (Quercus michauxii) или дуба лировидного (Quercus lyrata).
Это средних размеров дерево, самый высокий экземпляр достигал 29 метров, тогда как обычно дубы не вырастают выше 20 м.
Кора напоминают кору белого дуба. Листья овальные, длиной 12—18 см и 7—11 см в ширину, всегда серовато-зелёные снизу. Кроме того, листовая пластинка разделена на пять-семь долей с каждой стороны. Всё это позволяет считать этот вид переходным между дубом Мишо (Quercus michauxii) и белым дубом (Quercus alba). Жёлуди длиной 1,5—2 см и шириной 1—2 см спеют через шесть месяцев после опыления.
В природе двуцветный дуб нередко растёт рядом с дубом крупноплодным (Quercus macrocarpa). В результате формируются гибриды.
Двуцветный дуб является одним из наиболее важных видов белых дубов для лесной промышленности. Кроме того, этот вид стал широко использоваться в ландшафтной архитектуре, поскольку относительно нечувствителен к пересадкам.
- лиценца
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
黄背栎
(
кинески
)
добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Quercus pannosaHand.-Mazz. 黄背栎（学名：Quercus pannosa）为壳斗科栎属的植物，为中国的特有植物。分布于中国大陆的贵州、云南、四川等地，生长于海拔2,500米至3,900米的地区，多生在山坡栎林和松栎林中，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
参考文献
- 昆明植物研究所. 黄背栎. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
这是一篇與
植物相關的
小作品。你可以通过
编辑或修订扩充其内容。
黄背栎: Brief Summary
(
кинески
)
добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
黄背栎（学名：Quercus pannosa）为壳斗科栎属的植物，为中国的特有植物。分布于中国大陆的贵州、云南、四川等地，生长于海拔2,500米至3,900米的地区，多生在山坡栎林和松栎林中，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
Palıd cinsinə aid növlər Q. grisea• Q. oblongifolia• Q. acerifolia• Q. acuta• Q. acutissima• Q. afares• Q. agrifolia• Q. alba• Q. albocinta• Q. aliena• Q. alnifolia• Q. arizonica• Q. arkansana• Q. aucheri• Q. austrina• Q. basaseachicensis• Q. benthamii• Q. berberidifolia• Q. bicolor• Q. boyntonii• Q. brandegeei• Q. brenesii• Q. breviloba• Q. buckleyi• Q. bumelioides• Q. calliprinos• Q. canariensis• Q. castaneifolia• Q. cedrosensis• Q. cerrioides• Q. cerris• Q. chapmanii• Q. chrysolepis• Q. coahuilensis• Q. coccifera• Q. coccinea• Q. convallata• Q. conzattii• Q. copeyensis• Q. cornelius-mulleri• Q. corrugata• Q. costaricensis• Q. cubana• Q. deliquescens• Q. dentata• Q. depressa• Q. depressipes• Q. devia• Q. diversifolia• Q. douglasii• Q. dumosa• Q. durata• Q. ellipsoidalis• Q. emoryi• Q. engelmannii• Q. excelsa• Q. faginea• Q. falcata• Q. flagellifera• Q. frainetto• Q. fulva• Q. fusiformis• Q. galeanensis• Q. gambelii• Q. garryana• Q. georgiana• Q. germana• Q. glauca• Q. glaucoides• Q. graciliformis• Q. gravesii• Q. gulielmitreleasei• Q. havardii• Q. hemisphaerica• Q. hintonii• Q. hintoniorum• Q. humboldtii• Q. hypoxantha• Q. iberica• Q. ilex• Q. ilicifolia• Q. imbricaria• Q. invaginata• Q. john-tuckeri• Q. kelloggii• Q. laceyi• Q. laevis• Q. lamellosa• Q. laurifolia• Q. libani• Q. liebmannii• Q. lobata• Q. lusitanica• Q. lyrata• Q. macdonaldii• Q. macdougallii• Q. macranthera• Q. macrocarpa• Q. macrolepis• Q. marilandica• Q. martinezii• Q. michauxii• Q. miquihuanensis• Q. mohriana• Q. mongolica• Q. muehlenbergii• Q. myrsinifolia• Q. nigra• Q. oglethorpensis• Q. oleoides• Q. pacifica• Q. pagoda• Q. palmeri• Q. palustris• Q. peninsularis• Q. perpallida• Q. petraea• Q. phellos• Q. planipocula• Q. polymorpha• Q. pontica• Q. praeco• Q. praineana• Q. prinoides• Q. prinus• Q. pubescens• Q. pungens• Q. purulhana• Q. rapurahuensis• Q. robur• Q. robusta• Q. rubra• Q. rugosa• Q. rysophylla• Q. sadleriana• Q. sebifera• Q. shumardii• Q. skinneri• Q. skutchii• Q. stellata• Q. suber• Q. subspathulata• Q. tardifolia• Q. texana• Q. tomentella• Q. tonduzii• Q. toumeyi• Q. trojana• Q. turbinella• Q. undata• Q. uxoris• Q. vacciniifolia• Q. variabilis• Q. velutina• Q. vincentensis• Q. wislizeni• Q. xalapensis• Q. zempoaltepecana• Q. × alvordiana 
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. 
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu dub dvoubarevný ve Wikimedia Commons
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
_bark_detail.jpg)
