Description
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Trees to 30 m tall; trunk to 0.8 m d.b.h. in native range; bark orange- or purple-brown, furrowed into irregularly oblong, large, papery, scaly plates; crown conical, becoming rounded or flat topped; branchlets orange-brown, aging darker brown, stout, roughly scaly, producing 3 or 4 nodes each year; winter buds silvery brown, cylindric, scales fringed at margin. Needles 2 or 3 per bundle, slightly twisted, yellow- or blue-green, 15-20 (-24) cm × 0.2-1.5 mm, stomatal lines present on all surfaces, base with persistent sheath 1-2 cm, margin finely serrulate. Seed cones solitary or paired, pedunculate (peduncle to 3 cm), pale brown, ovoid or ovoid-cylindric when open, (7-)9-18(-20) cm, maturing in 2 years, then falling the year after seeds shed. Apophyses lustrous, slightly raised, strongly cross keeled; umbo depressed-pyramidal, with a short, stout prickle. Seeds dark brown, ellipsoid, 6-7 mm, apex oblique; wing to 2 cm.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
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добавил eFloras
Trees to 30m; trunk to 0.8m diam., straight to contorted; crown conic, becoming rounded or flattened. Bark orange- to purple-brown, irregularly furrowed and cross-checked into large, irregularly rectangular, papery-scaly plates. Branches spreading to ascending; twigs stout (to ca. 1cm thick), orange-brown, aging darker brown, rough-scaly. Buds cylindric, silvery brown, 1.5--2cm; scale margins fringed. Leaves 2 or 3 per fascicle, spreading or ascending, persisting ca. 2 years, 15--20(--23)cm ´ 1.2--1.5mm, straight, slightly twisted, pliant, yellow- to blue-green, all surfaces with stomatal lines, margins finely serrulate, apex abruptly acute to acuminate; sheath 1--2cm, base persistent. Pollen cones cylindric, 30--40mm, purplish. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, falling the year after seed-shed, single or in pairs, symmetric, lance-ovoid before opening, ovoid or ovoid-cylindric when open, (7--)9--18(--20)cm, light chocolate brown, on stalks to 3cm; apophyses lustrous (as if varnished), slightly raised, strongly cross-keeled; umbo central, depressed-pyramidal, with short, stout prickle. Seeds ellipsoid, oblique-tipped; body 6--7mm, dark brown; wing to 20mm.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
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Cultivated. Anhui (Jing Xian), Fujian (Minhou Xian), Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei (Wuhan Shi), Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi (Ji’an Xian), Taiwan, Yunnan (Kunming Shi), Zhejiang [native to SE United States]
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
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Pinus heterophylla (Elliott) Sudworth, 1893, not K. Koch, 1849; P. taeda Linnaeus var. heterophylla Elliott
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- авторски права
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Broad-scale Impacts of Fire
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More info for the terms:
backfire,
headfire,
root collar,
wildfireSeedlings of the South Florida variety are more fire resistant than the
typical slash pine variety but less resistant than longleaf pine
seedlings [
46]. In Florida, 2-year-old seedlings of both varieties
averaging 3 feet (0.9 m) in height were burned by wildfire in December.
Twenty-three percent of the South Florida variety burned by headfire and
56 percent burned by backfire survived. Less than one percent of the
typical variety survived either headfires or backfires. One-third of
the Florida slash pine survivors sprouted from dormant buds at or
near the root collar and along the bole. Root collar sprouts died back
after new needle growth appeared below the fire-killed leader [
19].
A cool, prescribed winter fire in a Florida slash pine stand
killed many older pines, but young pines survived. Although there was
no outward sign of fire damage, fire may have killed the feeder roots,
and only young, vigorous pines were able to recover [
43].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
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More info for the term:
swampslash pine
yellow slash pine
swamp pine
Florida slash pine
South Florida slash pine
Dade County slash pine
Dade County pine
Cuban pine
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
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Slash pine is a native evergreen conifer with thick platy bark and
relatively long needles. It grows rapidly and lives approximately 200
years. Slash pine has an extensive lateral root system and a moderate
taproot [
24]. The typical slash pine variety has a straight bole and a
narrow ovoid crown. Mature trees of this variety vary in height from 60
to 100 feet (18-30.5 m) and average 24 inches (61 cm) in d.b.h. [
13].
The two varieties differ considerably in morphology. South Florida
slash pine has longer needles, smaller cones, denser wood, and a thicker
and longer taproot [
24]. The trunk forks into large spreading branches
which form a broad, rounded crown [
13,
46]. Mature trees attain only 56
feet (17 m) in height. The relatively short stature of South Florida
slash pine probably evolved to avoid tropical storm damage [
21].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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The native range of the typical slash pine variety includes the Coastal
Plain from southern South Carolina to central Florida and west to
eastern Louisiana. Slash pine has been planted as far north as Kentucky
and Virginia [
37], and as far west as eastern Texas, where it now
reproduces naturally [
24]. South Florida slash pine occurs in central
and southern Florida and in the lower Florida Keys [
2,
24].
Overall disritbution of slash pine (above), and distributions of typical variety of slash pine (lower left) slash pine and Florida slash pine (lower right). Maps courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The
PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, June 12] [
37].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
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More info for the terms:
competition,
fire frequency,
fire interval,
fire regime,
frequency,
fuel,
hardwood,
natural,
root collarYoung slash pine is susceptible to fire, but mature trees are fire
resistant [
4]. Thick bark and high, open crowns allow individuals to
survive fire. Slash pine, however, is less fire resistant than longleaf
or sand pine [
27]. Seedlings grow fast, and in 10 to 12 years slash
pine is resistant to fire that does not crown [
46].
Estimates of the natural fire frequency of slash pine flatwoods range
from 3 to 15 fires per century [
8,
21]. A fire interval of at least 5 to
6 years allows young trees to develop some fire resistance. Fires are
ignited by lightning in late spring and summer [
10,
41]. Ample soil
moisture and seasonally wet depressions and drainages of slash pine
habitat impede fire entry. Occasional fire serves to reduce hardwood
competition and expose mineral soil which enhances germination [
21,
24].
The bark structure of slash pine is important to its fire resistance.
Outer bark layers overlap and protect grooves where the bark is thinner
[
6]. The platy bark flakes off to dissipate heat [
21].
The South Florida variety is more fire resistant than the typical
variety because seedlings and saplings have thicker bark [
1,
2,
24,
42].
The estimated natural fire frequency of Florida slash pine
communities is 25 fires per century [
21]. Crown fires are rare because
frequent fires reduce fuel build-up, trees self-prune well, and stands
are open [
1]. In addition to adaptations of the typical slash pine
variety, the South Florida variety is fire resistant in the seedling
grass stage. A dense tuft of needles protects the terminal bud. If
top-killed by fire, the grass-stage seedling may sprout from the root
collar [
45]. See the longleaf pine review for further information on
grass-stage seedlings.
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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More info for the terms:
fuel,
litter,
seedIf a poor seed crop is expected, prescribed burning should be done prior
to seedfall to enhance germination. Prescribed burning before stand
establishment also reduces fire hazard in young stands. Prescribed
burning at 3 to 5 year intervals throughout the stand rotation will
facilitate future seedbed preparation, and control but not eradicate
hardwoods. Hardwoods benefit wildlife and complete eradication is not
necessary. At the end of the rotation, successive summer fires can be
used for site preparation [
22]. In the southern Florida pine rocklands,
fire every 3 to 7 years has effectively controlled hardwoods [
42].
Young slash pine stands should not be burned for the first 5 years or
until the stand is 12 to 15 feet (3.7-4.6 m) tall [
22,
26,
46]. Cattle
can be used to reduce fuel buildup until young pine stands are resistant
to light fire [
12,
46].
Prescribed winter and spring burning is usually done in pine flatwoods
every 2 to 3 years to increase range grasses for cattle [
41].
In the Coastal Plain, prescribed burning before and after thinning
reduced infection by root rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum. The
fire destroyed the litter that is associated with sporophore development
of the fungus. A fungal competitor, Trichloderma spp., increased in the
soil after burning and may have contributed to the reduced infection
[
9].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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More info for the terms:
fire suppression,
mesic,
treeSlash pine grows in a warm, humid climate and up to about 500 feet (150
m) in elevation. Slash pine grows best on mesic flatwood sites and on
pond or stream margins where soil moisture is ample but not excessive,
and drainage is poor [
24]. Established stands grow well on flooded
sites, but flooding restricts seedling establishment [
14]. Soils
include Spodosols, Ultisols, and Entisols. Slash pine's native range
was probably more restricted by frequent fire than by soil types or soil
moisture. With fire suppression, slash pine has spread to drier sites
[
2,
14].
The Florida slash pine variety grows from near sea level to about
70 feet (20 m) in elevation [
8]. This variety grows in a wide range of
conditions, from wet sites in the northern part of its range to
well-drained sandy soils and rocky limestone outcrops in the South
[
2,
21].
Tree associates of slash pine include live oak (Quercus virginiana),
water oak (Q. nigra), post oak (Q. stellata), blackjack oak (Q.
marilandica), myrtle oak (Q. myrtifolia), bluejack oak (Q. incana),
turkey oak (Q. laevis), southern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola), pond
cypress (Taxodium ascendens), cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), red
maple (Acer rubrum), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) [
8].
Understory species on drier sites include pineland threeawn (Aristida
stricta), bluestem (Andropogon spp.), saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens),
gallberry (Ilex glabra), fetterbush (Lyonia lucida), and pitcher plant
(Sarracenia spp.). On moist to wet sites, understory species include
southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), buckwheat-tree (Cliftonia
monophylla), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), and dahoon (I. cassine).
Undergrowth on very wet sites is primarily Sphagnum spp. [
8].
More than fifteen species of herbs are endemic to the Miami rock ridge
pinelands where Florida slash pine dominates [
36].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp70 Longleaf pine
74 Cabbage palmetto
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
85 Slash pine - hardwood
97 Atlantic white cedar
98 Pond pine
100 Pond cypress
103 Water tupelo - swamp tupelo
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
111 South Florida slash pine
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
K116 Subtropical pine forest
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
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More info for the terms:
low-severity fire,
moderate-severity fire,
wildfireOne- and two-year-old slash pine are killed by low-severity fire. After
3 to 4 years, seedlings survive low-severity fire but not
moderate-severity fire. Ten- to fifteen-foot-tall (3.0-4.6 m) saplings
survive moderate-severity fires. Once slash pine is 10 to 12 years old,
it survives fire that does not crown [
10,
24,
41,
46].
Slash pine is tolerant of crown scorch. Scorched foliage is replaced by
new shoots. Slash pine as young as 5 years old may recover from 100
percent crown scorch [
6,
41]. Slash pine taller than 5 feet (1.5 m)
seldom die if less than 70 percent of the crown is scorched [
26]. In
New South Wales, Australia, a fall wildfire burned a slash pine
plantation averaging 20 feet (6.1 m) in height. The fire crowned in
most areas. Trees with no green needles, few or no brown needles, and a
drooping apical branch had 31 percent survival, trees with mostly brown
needles and few or no green needles present had 93.8 percent survival,
and trees with clearly visible green needles at the top had 96.9 percent
survival [
39].
Slash pine needles were killed instantly when immersed in water at 147
degrees Fahrenheit (64 deg C) but survived 9.5 minutes at 126 degrees
Fahrenheit (52 deg C) [
5].
If slash pine bark is thicker than 0.6 inch (1.5 cm), mortality due to
cambium damage is unlikely from a low-severity fire. In one study,
0.08-inch (0.2 cm) thick bark protected the cambium from externally
applied heat at a temperature of 572 degrees Fahrenheit (300 deg C) for
1 minute. Bark which was 0.47 inch (1.2 cm) thick protected the cambium
from 1110 degrees Fahrenheit (600 deg C) for 2 minutes [
6].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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More info for the term:
coverSlash pine seeds are eaten by birds and small mammals. Cattle and deer
occasionally browse seedlings [
24]. In the St. Vincent National
Wildlife Refuge of northwestern Florida, slash pine made up 0.7 percent
of Indian sambar deer rumens and 0.6 percent of white-tailed deer rumens
[
34].
The dense foliage of slash pine provides cover and shelter for wildlife
[
24]. The endangered red-cockaded woodpecker is known to nest in slash
pine, although it is not this cavity dweller's preferred species [
15].
Large slash pine provide nest sites for bald eagles [
48].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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More info for the term:
forestThe published classifications listing slash pine as dominant in
community types (cts) are presented below:
Area Classification Authority
SC general veg. cts Nelson 1986
se US: Gulf Coast general forest cts Pessin 1933
se US general forest cts Waggoner 1975
se US general veg. cts Christensen 1988
nc FL general forest cts Monk 1968
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
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More info for the term:
treeTree
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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More info for the terms:
competition,
forest,
hardwood,
litter,
seed,
seed tree,
treeSlash pine forest management requires integration of three primary uses:
turpentine, wood, and forage production. Intense production and
management for one use will likely reduce production for another use.
For instance, turpentining reduces slash pine growth by 25 percent while
the tree is worked, a closed canopy reduces understory forage
production, and fire used to improve forage production and quality may
damage young trees [
26].
Slash pine is best regenerated using even-aged management. Both the
seed tree and shelterwood silviculture systems are effective. For
adequate regeneration, leave 6 to 10 seed trees per acre and 25 to 40
shelterwood trees per acre. Overstory trees should be removed 1 to 3
years after seedlings are established. Seedbed preparation increases
seedling establishment. Pine growth is enhanced by site preparation and
removal of hardwood and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) understory
competition [
22].
Cattle grazing is extensive on pine flatwoods in the Southeast. Pearson
[
31] reported that light to moderate grazing did not affect
establishment, survival, or growth of seeded or planted slash pine up to
5 years old. Heavy grazing decreased survival, but most losses occurred
in the first year. It is recommended that cattle be withheld from
grazing young stands until after the first growing season [
31].
Disease: The two most serious diseases of slash pine are fusiform rust
(Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme) and annosus root rot
(Heterobasidion annosum) [
22,
24]. Fusiform rust is a stem disease that
affects seedlings and saplings. The younger the pine is when it becomes
infected, the more likely it is to die [
35]. Removing trees with severe
stem galls minimizes timber losses and improves stand quality [
3].
Annosus root rot infects thinned stands. The fungus colonizes on
freshly cut stumps and spreads by root contact. Thick litter is
associated with sporophore development [
9]. Annosus root rot is most
damaging to slash pine if there is good surface drainage. Slash pine
grown on shallow soils with a heavy subsoil clay layer are not
susceptible to annosus root rot [
24].
Lophodermella cerina, a needle-blight-causing fungus, mainly affects
slash pine close to metropolitan areas. Air pollution is thought to
worsen this disease [
38]. Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium moniliforme
var. subglutinans, is common in plantations and can girdle a pine [
24].
Insects: Insects that attack slash pine include pales weevil (Hylobius
pales), black turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus terebrans), engraver
beetles (Ips spp.), and defoliators such as pine web worm (Tetralopha
robustella), blackheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion excitans), redheaded
pine sawfly (N. lecontei), and Texas leafcutting ant (Atta texana) [
24].
Florida slash pine is less susceptible to insects and disease than
the typical variety of slash pine. Grass-stage seedlings of South
Florida slash pine are attacked by brown-spot needle blight (Scirrhia
acicola) [
24].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
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AL AR FL GA KY LA MS NC OK SC
TN TX VA
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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Slash pine is the preferred naval stores species. Its resin is used for
gum turpentine and rosin production [
24,
41].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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More info on this topic. More info for the term:
seedMale strobili begin to develop in June, grow for several weeks, and then
go dormant until midwinter. Pollen is shed from late January to
February. Female strobili begin to develop in late August and grow
until they are fully developed. Cones mature in September,
approximately 20 months after pollinization. Seed fall is in October
[
24].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
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Slash pine's growth response to fire is variable. Slash pine damaged by
fire may suffer a short-term reduction in growth, although fires that
result in light or no scorch may actually enhance growth [
41]. In the
Georgia Coastal Plain, a 9-year-old stand averaging 24.5 feet (7.5 m) in
height and 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) in d.b.h. was prescribed burned in
February. In the first postfire growing season, slash pine with 0 to 15
percent crown scorch outgrew the control, pine with 15 to 40 percent
crown scorch was not significantly different in growth from the control,
and pine with more than 40 percent scorch showed reduced growth. Growth
returned to normal in the second postfire growing season [
16].
Severely scorched, 25-year-old slash pine in Georgia, averaging 8 inches
(20 cm) in d.b.h., lost almost a full year's growth in two growing
seasons. Growth of trees with less than 10 percent crown scorch was
only 85 percent of unburned trees after 2 years [
17]. In Louisiana,
annual and biennial prescribed backfires initiated in a 4-year-old stand
averaging 7.8 feet (2.4 m) in height reduced growth, but trienniel fires
did not. Whether the fires were in May or March had no effect on growth
[
12].
Height growth is slightly more sensitive to needle scorch than diameter
growth. McCulley [
26] reported that height growth loss occurred in
trees with no crown scorch if they were smaller than 7 inches (18 cm) in
d.b.h., but diameter growth loss only occurred in trees with greater
than 30 percent crown scorch.
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
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More info for the term:
seedCrown-stored residual colonizer; short-viability seed in on-site cones
off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years one and two
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- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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More info for the terms:
cone,
epigeal,
monoecious,
root collar,
treeSeed production and dissemination: Slash pine is monoecious. Trees
usually begin producing cones between 10 and 15 years of age. Good cone
crops occur every 3 years for the typical variety and every 4 years for
the South Florida variety. Ninety percent of the light, winged seeds
fall within 150 feet (46 m) of the source tree [
24].
Germination and seedling development: Germination is epigeal and occurs
within 2 weeks of seedfall. Slash pine seeds have good viability.
Exposed mineral soil enhances germination [
24].
Open-grown seedlings of the typical slash pine variety grow 16 inches
(41 cm) in the first year. Root development is best in clayey soil and
worst in sandy soil [
24].
Seedlings of the South Florida variety have a 2- to 6-year grass stage
similar to that of longleaf pine. During the grass stage, seedlings
develop an extensive root system and a thick root collar. Once
initiated, height growth is rapid [
13]. Florida slash pine
seedlings are more drought and flood tolerant than those of the typical
variety [
1,
2].
Vegetative reproduction: Florida slash pine grass-stage seedlings
can sprout from the root collar if top-killed [
24].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
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More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
competition,
hardwood,
successionSlash pine is relatively intolerant of competition and intolerant of
shade [
24]. It will reproduce in small openings and invade open
longleaf pine stands, but growth is reduced by competition and partial
shade [
22]. Slash pine invades fallow agricultural fields and disturbed
areas. It will invade longleaf pine stands where fire has been absent
for at least 5 to 6 years. In the absence of fire, slash pine flatwoods
are replaced by southern mixed hardwood forests on drier sites and by
bayheads on wetter sites [
29].
Florida slash pine may be an edaphic or fire climax on flatwood
sites [
8]. In the absence of fire, this variety is also replaced by
hardwoods. In pine rocklands, hardwood succession is rapid, but in pine
flatwoods, vegetative changes occur more slowly [
42].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
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Pinus densa (Little & Dorman) Gaussen
Pinus caribaea Morelet (misapplied)
Pinus heterophylla (Ell.) Sudworth
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
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The scientific name of slash pine is Pinus elliottii Engelm.
There are two geographic varieties [
23,
24]:
Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, slash pine (typical variety)
Pinus elliottii var. densa Little & Dorman, Florida slash pine
There is a transitional zone where morphological traits of the two
varieties show clinal variation. Both varieties will be discussed in
this report with emphasis on the typical slash pine variety, P. elliottii
var. elliottii.
Slash pine occasionally hybridizes with loblolly pine (P. taeda),
late flowering sand pine (P. clausa), and early flowering longleaf pine
(P. palustris) [
23,
24].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
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Because of slash pine's rapid growth, it is used to stabilize soil and
rehabilitate mine spoils. It grows well on coal mine spoils in
northern Alabama [
24,
40].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
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Slash pine is an important timber species in the southeastern United
States. Its strong, heavy wood is excellent for construction purposes.
Because of its high resin content, the wood is also used for railroad
ties, poles, and piling [
7,
24,
26,
27].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
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добавил Silvics of North America
Slash pine is a major component of three forest cover types including
Longleaf Pine-Slash Pine (Society of American Foresters Type 83), Slash
Pine (Type 84), and Slash Pine-Hardwood (Type 85) (18).
The species is also included as an associate in the following cover
types:
70 Longleaf Pine
74 Cabbage Palmetto
81 Loblolly Pine
82 Loblolly Pine-Hardwood
97 Atlantic White-Cedar
98 Pond Pine
100 Pondcypress
103 Water Tupelo-Swamp Tupelo
104 Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay
111 South Florida Slash Pine
Since it has been artificially propagated far outside its natural range,
slash pine can now be found in association with many other species.
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Climate
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The climate within the natural range of slash pine is warm and humid
with wet summers and drier falls and springs. Rainfall averages about 1270
mm (50 in) per year and summer rains of 13 mm (0.5 in) or more occur about
four times per month. The mean annual temperature in the slash pine region
is 17° C (63° F), with extremes of 41° C (106° F) and
-18° C (0° F), and a growing season of 250 days. It has been
suggested that the average minimum temperature may be the most critical
factor limiting the distribution of slash pine; however, precipitation,
fire, or competition may be important in specific areas (21).
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Damaging Agents
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The most serious disease of slash pine is
fusiform rust caused by the fungus Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme.
Most of the southern oaks serve as alternate hosts but the fungus
damages only pines. Many trees are killed and others may become too
deformed for high value products. Site treatments such as fertilization or
vegetation control increase susceptibility to the disease. Resistance to
the fungus is inherited, and attempts are being made to breed resistant
strains.
Annosus root rot, caused by the fungus Heterobasidion annosum, is
another serious disease of slash pine. It is most damaging on soils
with good surface and internal drainage and is not a problem in flatwoods
or shallow soils with heavy clay within 30 cm (12 in) of the surface.
Infections begin when spores germinate on a fresh stump surface; the
fungus then spreads to adjacent trees through root contacts. Diseased or
dead and dying trees are usually found in groups.
Pitch canker, caused by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme var.
subglutinans, causes heavy damage to slash pines in nurseries,
seed orchards, and plantations. Cankers high in the crown may kill only
the leader and a few laterals; the tree survives with a stem deformity and
reduced growth. Cankers below the crown may eventually girdle the trunk
and kill the tree (8).
The pales weevil (Hylobius pales) invades logging areas, feeds
on the bark of seedlings, and may girdle the stem, causing wilting and
eventual death. Small trees may be defoliated by the pine webworm (Tetralopha
robustella), blackheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion excitans), redheaded
pine sawfly (N. lecontei), and Texas leafcutting ant (Atta
texana). The black turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus terebrans) and
engraver beetles (Ips spp.) can become problems. Slash pine is not
particularly susceptible to injury by the southern pine beetle (D.
frontalis) except where it is growing under environmental stress.
Other agents generally cause little damage, but some cause considerable
losses under certain conditions. Senna seymeria (Seymeria cassioides)
is one of a number of native root parasites that attack slash pine.
Damage of economic importance is well documented but rare. Root rots may
be a problem in tree nurseries or overmature stands. Red heart (Phellinus
pini) is usually associated with mature or overmature timber and is
not a problem in well-managed stands. Southern cone rust (Cronartium
strobilinum) may destroy a cone crop and is particularly damaging in
seed orchards as are several seed and cone insects (17).
Young slash pines are susceptible to injury by wildfires until they are
3.0 to 4.6 m (10 to 15 ft) tall and the bark has thickened. Up to 50
percent of the needles may be scorched, but not consumed, with little
mortality or growth loss.
Slash pine may suffer severe damage from glaze, particularly heavily
thinned stands. It is subject to windthrow on shallow soils and wherever
it does not develop a strong root system (14).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Slash pine is monoecious and wind
pollinated. Flowering begins at a relatively early age for conifers,
usually between 10 and 15 years, but occasionally as early as 3 years (2).
Bisexual cones have been observed (41). Open-grown trees that are
fertilized and irrigated tend to flower at an early age. Similar
treatments in close-spaced plantings do not result in earlier flowering.
Mature scions grafted to seedling rootstocks begin flowering after 2 to 3
years and flower normally by 8 years if planted at wide spacings.
Early development of male strobili begins in June and continues for
several weeks. Strobili become visible as small knobs near the base of
vegetative buds in the fall. They usually occur in clusters of 12 or more,
arranged spirally around the base of the current year's branches in the
middle or lower crown. Further growth is delayed until midwinter. The
staminate strobili are purple and 5 cm (2 in) long when pollen is shed in
late January and February.
Development of female strobili begins between late August and
mid-September. The female strobili are visible by December or January;
they occur singly or in clusters and are most abundant on primary and
secondary branches in the upper crown. They continue to grow until fully
developed, by February in Florida and March further north. Female strobili
are about 2.5 cm (1 in) long and red to purple at the time of pollination.
They are receptive to pollen for a few days; receptivity of all strobili
on a single tree may span a 2-week period. Outcrossing is normal because
pollen shed and receptivity of female strobili occur at different times on
the same tree. Selfing can occur under natural conditions and in seed
orchards, but both yield of viable seed and vigor of trees produced is
low.
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Genetics
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Population Differences
Geographic variation among slash pine stands in different locations
tends to be clinal due to a gradual change from a north temperate to a
subtropical climate (15). The variation among stands is less in the north
than in the south.
Slash pine seeds from many sources have been grown in replicated
provenance tests at several geographic locations (51,57). When north
Florida- south Georgia seed sources were planted north or west of their
natural range they did not survive planting or grow as well as trees from
South Carolina or Louisiana (51). Trees from southern sources planted in
the north do not grow or survive as well as those from northern sources
(28). In a northeast Florida plantation, all the trees broke bud at the
same time, but trees grown from northern seed sources attained most of
their growth early in the season, while trees from southern sources grew
the most in the latter part of the season. The southern trees were never
able to attain the growth of the northern trees (3).
Seed source plantings outside the natural range of slash pine in South
Carolina, western Louisiana, and central Mississippi have shown that trees
from the southern part of the range are not well adapted to the more
extreme northern and western environmental stresses of cold, ice, and
extreme drought (51,54).
A provenance test in western Louisiana showed that trees from seed
sources in northeast Florida and south Georgia did not survive or grow as
well in Louisiana as those from the western part of the slash pine range
(51). The most rapidly growing trees in east-to-west plantings came from
seed sources in Georgia, western Florida, and southern Mississippi (22).
Twelve morphological traits have been studied in cones, seeds, and
foliage of five parent trees from each of 54 locations, and 13 traits have
been studied in their seedlings (52). The coefficients of variation tended
to be highest for seedlings within mother trees and lower among stands and
among mother trees within stands. Genetic variation among mother trees
within stands was usually not much greater than stand-to-stand variation,
suggesting that genetic gains are feasible through selection among stands
as well as among individuals within stands.
The highest incidence of fusiform rust occurs among sources in southern
Georgia, but no clear geographic patterns are apparent. There is also a
strong interaction of seed source with site in the occurrence of fusiform
rust (22).
Races
South Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa Little
& Dorman) is a variety of slash pine found on about 121 410 ha
(300,000 acres) (48) in the southern half of the peninsula of Florida
(21,32,35). It grows in pure stands on flatwood sites in the southern part
of its range and on swampy or streamside sites in the northern part (32).
Where its range overlaps with the typical slash pine, there is a
transition zone where morphological traits show clinal variation between
the two varieties (52). The range of South Florida slash pine also
overlaps with that of longleaf pine(P. palustris) in transition
zones between wet and dry sites, with longleaf more numerous on the drier
sites (32). South Florida slash pine is characterized by long needles,
although they are not as long as those of longleaf, in fascicles of two,
rarely three (21); a thick needle hypodermus; 5 to 10 resin canals per
needle (58); thick branches with needles appearing clumped at the end;
hard wood; whitish bud scales; a high specific gravity of 0.894, due to
wide summerwood rings; and cones 20 percent smaller than typical slash
pine (27). The seedlings have a grass stage similar to longleaf pine and a
thick taproot (21). Mature trees have an irregular crown (58).
Even-aged management, accomplished by leaving 15 to 25 trees per hectare
(6 to 10 trees/acre) after a cut of 62 to 99 shelterwood trees per hectare
(25 to 40/acre), appears to be the most successful silvicultural system
for South Florida slash pine (33,34). If a stand is clearcut, direct
seeding in the fall will give the best stand (40). Intensive site
preparation is highly beneficial in reducing competition and available
ground fuel. Problems with uneven-aged stand management include a lack of
full stocking, fire hazard, since ground fuel accumulates when prescribed
burning is prohibited, and root rot. Heavy thinning will give more
sawtimber quickly, while light thinnings will give more total growth for
pulpwood (33).
When wildfires occurred in young stands, one-third of the surviving
grass stage seedlings were observed to sprout from the root collar, but
sprouts on the leader died back (25). South Florida slash pine is more
fire resistant than the typical variety in the seedling and sapling growth
stages due to its thicker bark (6,34). Controlled burns are possible when
the trees are 3.7 to 4.6 m (12 to 15 ft) tall (25).
South Florida slash pine was found to be superior to other southern
yellow pines for wood properties except elasticity and shear parallel to
the grain. This makes it an excellent timber for construction purposes
(42).
In its natural range, direct seeded South Florida slash pine will
survive and grow as well as the typical variety but will not have as good
survival and growth if nursery stock is planted (6,40). For plantings, it
is recommended that the typical variety be planted in the South Florida
slash pine range using seed from Alachua County in northern Florida (16).
Height growth is better if seedlings are planted on beds (21). Drought
does not affect diameter growth of older trees, but excessive water will
slow it down (31).
Once height growth commences, South Florida slash pine has fewer insect
and disease problems than the typical variety (6). Pitch canker does
affect this variety (7), and as a grass stage seedling it is susceptible
to brown spot (Scirrhia acicola).
Site index curves and volume tables have been developed for South
Florida slash pine (29,30). With a site index of 15.2 m (50 ft) at base
age 50 years the average d.b.h. of 1,112 trees per hectare (450/acre) at
20 years was 15 cm (6 in) with growth of 4.6 m³/ha (65 ft³/acre)
per year.
Hybrids
Slash pine crosses naturally with the South Florida variety where their
ranges meet and introgression has occurred among trees in the transition
zone to the degree that it is difficult to distinguish between the two
varieties (52).
In areas where the natural distribution of slash pine overlaps that of
the other pines, natural hybridization is usually precluded by phenology.
Sand pine (P. clausa) is the earliest flowering pine and is
followed by slash, longleaf, loblolly, and shortleaf (P. echinata)
pines, the latter of which tend to shed pollen when slash pine
strobili are no longer receptive. Late flowering sand pine or early
flowering longleaf pine may hybridize with slash pine. Successful
artificial hybridization depends on the choice of the female parent
species as well as the particular individual of the species. There has
been more successful sound seed produced in the slash x longleaf cross
than in the reciprocal and no sound seeds were obtained in the sand x
slash pine cross.
Slash pine has been artificially crossed with longleaf, loblolly,
shortleaf, pitch (P. rigida), and Caribbean (P. caribaea) pines.
None of the offspring show potential hybrid vigor. The longleaf x slash
hybrid shows the most potential because height growth begins quickly; it
grows almost as fast as slash pine, self prunes well, is fairly resistant
to both brown-spot needle disease and fusiform rust, and resembles
longleaf pine in form and branching habit. On swampy sites in Australia
there is some indication the Caribbean x slash hybrid progeny show
superior yield to either parent alone. Slash x shortleaf hybrids have up
to 16 percent dwarfs with some polyploids and mixoploids.
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Growth and Yield
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Slash pine makes rapid volume growth at early
ages and is adaptable to short rotations under intensive management. Yield
tables have been available for natural stands since 1929 (4,45,47,56) and
for plantations since 1955 (13,21).
Stand basal area density has a strong influence on merchantable yield at
any age (table 1). Also, almost three-fourths of the 50-year yield is
produced by age 30, regardless of stand basal area.
Table 1- Estimated merchantable yields for unthinned
natural stand of slash pine on average sites, 24.4 m (80 ft) at 50 years,
by age and stand density¹
Yields at basal areas of
Age
11.5 m²/ha or
50 ft²/acre
23.0 m²/ha or
100 ft²/acre
34.4 m²/ha or
150 ft²/acre
yr
m³/ha
20
76.8
140.6
200.3
30
113.6
208.0
296.2
40
138.2
253.0
360.4
50
155.4
284.5
405.2
yr
ft³/acre
20
1,097
2,008
2,861
30
1,623
2,971
4,232
40
1,974
3,614
5,148
50
2,220
4,064
5,789
¹Adapted from
Bennett (5). Yields are for volumes (outside bark) above a 15.2
cm (6 in) stump for trees 11.7 cm (4.6 in) in d.b.h. and larger to a
10.2 cm (4 in) diameter top outside bark.
Current merchantable volume increment in thinned stands reaches a
maximum rate before 20 years and declines thereafter (table 2). The
instantaneous volume growth rate culminates at a high density in young
stands and at progressively lower densities as age increases. Heavy
thinning reduces periodic growth in young stands, but any density above 23
m²/ha (100 ft²/acre) at 20 to 30 years, or above 17 m²/ha
(75 ft²/acre) at age 40, results in near-maximum volume growth.
Table 2- Estimated annual merchantable volume growth in
thinned natural stands of slash pine on average sites, 24.4 m (80 ft) at
50 years, by age and stand density¹
Growth at basal areas of
Age
11.5 m²/ha or
50 ft²/acre
23.0 m²/ha or
100 ft²/acre
34.4 m²/ha or
150 ft²/acre
yr
m³/ha
20
7.98
10.50
11.41
30
6.23
7.56
7.49
40
5.04
5.74
5.25
50
4.13
4.55
3.92
yr
ft³/acre
20
114
150
163
30
89
108
107
40
72
82
75
50
59
65
56
¹Adapted from
Bennett (5).
Plantation yields are influenced by previous land use and interspecies
competition, so there is wide variation in estimated wood production
(table 3). Early yields are usually highest on recently abandoned fields
where the young trees apparently benefit from the residual effects of
tillage or fertilizer and the nearly complete lack of vegetative
competition. Plantations established after the harvest of natural stands
and without any site treatment other than burning generally have lower
survival and, consequently, lower basal area and volume than stands on old
fields (13). Yields in plantations established after timber harvest and
intensive site preparation such as disking or bedding are usually
intermediate (10).
Table 3- Range of estimated merchantable yields in
unthinned slash pine plantations on average sites, 18.3 m (60 ft) at 25
years, by age and number of surviving trees¹
Merchantable yield when
surviving trees number
Age
741/ha or 300/acre
988/ha or 400/acre
1235/ha or
500/acre
yr
m³/ha
20
109.3 to 147.6
125.5 to 166.7
139.8 to 182.7
25
156.0 to 194.4
175.8 to 218.3
189.4 to 238.1
30
190.2 to 232.8
212.6 to 262.8
230.4 to 287.9
yr
ft³/acre
20
1,562 to 2,109
1,793 to 2,382
1,997 to 2,610
25
2,228 to 2,777
2,511 to 3,118
2,706 to 3,402
30
2,717 to 3,325
3,037 to 3,754
3,291 to 4,113
¹Adapted from
Clutter an Dell (10). Yields are for volumes outside bark above
a 15.2 cm (6 in) stump for trees 11.7 cm (4.6 in) in d.b.h. and larger
to a 10.2 cm (4 in) top diameter outside bark.
Below age 30, maximum cubic volume yields are usually produced in
unthinned plantations, so landowners seeking maximum yields on a short
rotation will seldom find commercial thinning beneficial. Where sawtimber
is the objective, commercial thinnings provide early returns while
improving the growth and quality of the sawtimber and maintaining the
stands in a vigorous and healthy condition (11).
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Reaction to Competition
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Slash pine is relatively intolerant of
competition and is classed as intolerant of shade. Stands protected from
fires are invaded and replaced by more tolerant hardwood species.
Unreleased seedlings established by direct seeding under a hardwood
overstory seldom exceed 15 cm (6 in) in height the first year, while those
freed from competition may reach 41 cm (16 in) (38). Increased survival
and growth of young trees on intensively prepared sites is attributed
largely to the control of competing vegetation.
Because of this intolerance, even-aged management is usually recommended
for slash pine (21,33). Either the seed-tree or shelterwood system of
natural regeneration may be used (34). Exposed mineral soil is of primary
importance in establishing natural regeneration. Overstory seed trees
should be removed promptly after the new seedlings are well established.
Failure to do so may retard growth in height, diameter, and merchantable
volume of the next crop (19). An alternative to natural regeneration is to
clearcut and establish a new stand by planting or direct seeding.
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Rooting Habit
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Slash pine develops an extensive lateral root
system and a moderate taproot. Maximum length of the lateral roots was
more than double the tree height in three out of four site preparation
treatments at 5 years. Taproots may be deformed as a result of poor
planting technique, a restricting soil horizon, or a high water table
(46).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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добавил Silvics of North America
Some seeds are produced each
year, with good crops about every third year. In natural stands, cone
production was increased by 50 to 100 percent after each of the following
treatments: heavy thinning or crown release, stem injury, and
fertilization applied before flower bud initiation. Wide initial spacing,
fertilization, competition control, and irrigation are used to maintain a
high level of production in seed orchards. Age, crown size, and genetic
and environmental factors interact to influence seed production once a
tree begins to bear cones.
Slash pine cones mature during September, approximately 20 months after
pollination. There is a wide variation in time of cone maturation among
trees, regions, and years. The specific gravity of cones with mature seeds
is about 0.9 and they float in SAE 20 motor oil. Cones begin to open when
the specific gravity decreases to 0.7. Natural seedfall occurs primarily
in October but may be hastened by dry weather or delayed by wet weather. A
few seeds may fall until March. Seed viability is increased if collected
cones are stored several weeks before seeds are extracted.
There are 21,160 to 42,550 seeds per kilogram (9,600 to 19,300/lb) and
the average is about 29,760/kg (13,500/lb) (55). More than 90 percent of
the winged seeds usually fall within 46 m (150 ft) of the parent tree. A
slash pine plantation 13 to 16 years old, 15.2 m (50 ft) tall, grown
initially at a spacing of 5.8 by 5.8 m (19 by 19 ft) or 297 stems per
hectare (120/acre), will produce seeds at an average of 30.3 kg/ha (27
lb/acre) per year.
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Seedling Development
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Seed viability is usually good. Fresh
seeds germinate rapidly, many within 2 weeks of natural seedfall if soil
moisture is adequate. Those kept in cold storage for a year or more
benefit from stratification (38). Germination is epigeal (55). Newly
germinated seedlings have an average of 7.2 cotyledons, 30 mm (1.18 in)
long. Hypocotyls average 37 mm (1.46 in) in length and 0.89 mm (0.035 in)
in diameter. Seedlings in the cotyledon stage cannot be positively
distinguished by external characteristics from those of loblolly (Pinus
taeda) or Virginia (P. virginiana) pines (37).
Seed size, which is quite variable, does not influence germination in
the laboratory or nursery. Small seeds produce smaller seedlings than
medium or large seeds, but field survival and average heights 1 to 2 years
after field planting are similar for trees from seeds of all sizes.
Root development of seedlings is influenced by soil texture and
structure. In one field study, taproot length was similar for first-year
seedlings in all soils, but number of laterals and total length of all
roots were largest on a clay, intermediate on a loam, and least on a sandy
soil (23). The presence of mycorrhizae has an important beneficial
influence on survival and early growth of bare-root seedlings of all
morphological grades (24).
Juvenile trees past the seedling stage make from two to four
height-growth flushes each year. The first begins when the winter bud
elongates to become the spring shoot. Spring shoot growth begins slowly in
February and gradually increases until it reaches a mean daily increment
of about 7 mm (0.28 in) between mid-March and mid-April. Growth of this
first shoot is completed by early June. First summer buds form in April,
while the spring shoot is still growing, and second summer shoots are
formed by the end of May. Winter buds are present in July and height
growth is slow thereafter, although some growth may occur as late as
October. The spring shoot makes up 62 percent and the summer shoots 38
percent of the annual height increment.
Height growth patterns may be influenced by silvicultural practices,
previous land use, and competing vegetation. Site index curves for
plantations on recently abandoned fields that were cultivated and
fertilized are different from those for stands on areas formerly in timber
and having a dense ground cover of brush or other low vegetation when
planted to trees.
Radial growth begins in early February, about the same time as height
growth, and continues throughout the summer and into October or November,
as long as soil moisture is adequate. Root growth accelerates in early
February, before terminal and radial activity begin. Root growth rates are
fastest and the percentage of actively growing tips is highest in summer
when soil moisture is optimum, but some root growth takes place during all
seasons of the year.
Survival and early growth of seedlings are frequently stimulated by
intensive site preparation treatments such as flat disking, chopping, or
bedding. Disking and chopping are effective on deep, dry, sandy soils
where they control competing vegetation, incorporate organic matter into
the topsoil, and may alter nutrient availability (9). On sites with a
shallow water table, bedding provides increased rooting space, improves
aeration, and may increase growth (39). Surface drainage may produce a
similar response (26). On droughty sites, weed control and irrigation may
be effective (1). Many slash pine sites are low in available phosphorus
and nitrogen. In creased volume growth may result from fertilization with
either element alone or a combination of both, depending on soil
conditions (20,43). Combinations of mechanical site treatment and
fertilization may be more effective than either treatment alone (1).
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Soils and Topography
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добавил Silvics of North America
Soils within the range of slash pine are mostly Spodosols, Ultisols, and
Entisols. Spodosols and Entisols are common along the coasts of Florida
while the Ultisols are in the northern part of the range. The most
frequently found suborders are Udults, Aquults, Psamments, and Aquods.
Topography varies little throughout the southeastern Coastal Plain, but
small changes in elevation frequently coincide with abrupt changes in soil
and site conditions.
Although slash pine is adaptable to a variety of site and topographic
conditions, it grows best on pond margins and in drainages where soil
moisture is ample but not excessive and the soil is well aerated. Growth
is unsatisfactory on deep, well drained sands (sandhills) and on poorly
drained savanna soils with high water tables (crawfish flats). Growth is
intermediate on inadequately drained soils. Specific factors related to
height growth, and hence to productivity, vary somewhat, but the most
influential are those related to the amount of water or space available to
tree roots.
Height growth of slash pine plantations in Florida was estimated from
three soil factors: depth to a fine textured horizon, depth to a mottled
horizon, and silt plus clay content of the finest textured horizon in the
soil profile. The first two alone explained 89 percent of the variation in
height at a given age and gave height estimates adequate for field use
(21). Where internal drainage was adequate, the height of slash pine
increased directly with the amount of silt and clay in the subsoil (12).
Average site index (base age 50 years) ranged from 22.9 m (75 ft) for
sands and loamy sands to 27.4 m (90 ft) for silty clays and other fine
textured soils.
In the Carolina sandhills, slash pine heights increased with thickness
of the A, soil horizon and decreased with depth to fine textured horizons
(44). In southeastern Louisiana, site index increased with depth of the
least permeable layer, sand content of the subsoil, and degree of internal
drainage. Site index decreased where the least permeable layer was too
deep, the topsoil was too sandy, or the soil was excessively drained
internally (36).
Mean total height of dominants and codominants was related to seasonal
rainfall, slope, and potential available moisture storage of the subsoil
in 87 test plantings throughout Louisiana and southern Mississippi.
Optimum conditions within the range of data were 610 mm (24 in) of rain
from April through September, 790 mm (31 in) of rain from October through
March, 5 percent slope, and 7 percent available moisture storage capacity
in the subsoil. Dominant and codominant trees average 19.6 m (64.3 ft)
tall at 20 years under these conditions (49).
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Special Uses
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добавил Silvics of North America
Slash pine is worked for naval stores. This industry, one of the oldest
in the United States, has supplied a large portion of the resin and
turpentine used throughout the world since colonial times. In many early
forests, gum was the primary and sometimes the only product harvested.
Chipping the trees for oleoresin increases bark thickness and reduces
volume growth inside the bark 20 to 25 percent. A strain of inherently
high-gum-yielding slash pine has been selected, and seedlings are
commercially available in Florida and Georgia.
Cattle frequently graze the slash pine forests. Moderate grazing does
little damage to trees past the seedling stage and may be indirectly
beneficial by preventing the buildup of a dense and highly flammable
understory.
Slash pine seeds are eaten by a variety of birds and small mammals. The
dense foliage provides protective cover for many wildlife species during
inclement weather. Slash pine may be planted to stabilize the soil on
eroding slopes and strip mine spoil banks, where its rapid early growth is
an advantage over slower growing species.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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добавил Silvics of North America
Vegetative reproduction of slash pine
rarely occurs naturally, but several techniques have been developed to
reproduce specific individuals for use in seed orchards, clone banks, and
genetic studies. Scions from mature trees are grafted onto seedling
rootstocks in seed orchards and this is probably the most widely used
technique of vegetative reproduction. The "cleft" graft is used
with either succulent or dormant material. Normally, dormant scions are
grafted onto stock plants just beginning active growth in early spring.
Air-layering (rooting undetached branches on young trees by girdling and
treating them with a rooting hormone) has been more than 85 percent
successful in some tests. Factors influencing results include age of the
tree, concentration of the rooting hormone, season of treatment, and
geographic location. Air layers usually develop a balanced root system and
grow rapidly.
Cuttings from branches are difficult to root, especially those from
older trees. There is considerable variation in results among trees,
seasons, chemical treatments, and environmental factors. Enhanced carbon
dioxide and a heated rooting medium greatly increase rooting. Needle
fascicles can also be rooted, but the results are as poor and inconsistent
as those with branch cuttings. In addition, most of the fascicles that
form roots never begin height growth.
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Distribution
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англиски
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добавил Silvics of North America
Slash pine has the smallest native range of the four major southern
pines. The range extends over 8° latitude and 10° longitude, and
45 percent of the present growing stock is in Georgia (53). Slash pine
grows naturally from Georgetown County, SC, south to central Florida, and
west to Tangipahoa Parish, LA. Its native range includes the lower Coastal
Plain, part of the middle Coastal Plain, and the hills of south Georgia.
The species has been established by planting as far north as Tennessee, in
north central Georgia, and Alabama. It has also been planted and
direct-seeded in Louisiana and eastern Texas where it now reproduces
naturally.
Within its natural range, the distribution of slash pine was initially
determined by its susceptibility to fire injury during the seedling stage.
Slash pine grew throughout the flatwoods of north Florida and south
Georgia.
It was also common along streams and the edges of swamps and bays (21).
Within these areas either ample soil moisture or standing water protected
young seedlings from frequent wildfires in young forests.
With improved fire protection and heavy cutting of longleaf pine (Pinus
palustris), slash pine has spread to drier sites, replaced longleaf
pine in mixed stands, and invaded abandoned fields. This increase in
acreage was possible because of slash pine's frequent and abundant seed
production, rapid early growth, and ability to withstand wildfires and
rooting by hogs after the sapling stage.
- The native range of slash pine.
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Brief Summary
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англиски
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добавил Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine Family
Richard E. Lohrey and Susan V. Kossuth
Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) is one of the hard yellow pines
indigenous to southeastern United States. Other names occasionally used
for this species include southern pine, yellow slash pine, swamp pine,
pitch pine, and Cuban pine. It is one of the two southern pines used for
naval stores and one of the most frequently planted timber species in
North America. Two varieties are recognized: P. elliottii var.
elliottii, the slash pine most frequently encountered, and P.
elliottii var. densa, that grows naturally only in the
southern half of peninsula Florida and in the Keys.
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Physical Description
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англиски
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добавил USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves > 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves somewhat rounded, Needle-like leaves twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 2, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 3, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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Pinus elliottii
(
азерски
)
добавил wikipedia AZ
Pinus elliottii (lat. Pinus elliottii) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Mənbə
İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
(
азерски
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добавил wikipedia AZ
Pinus elliottii (lat. Pinus elliottii) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Pinus elliottii
(
каталонски; валенсиски
)
добавил wikipedia CA
El pi ellioti (Pinus elliottii) és un pi natiu del sud-est dels Estats Units, des del sud de Carolina del Sud fins a l'oest i sud-est de Louisiana i el sud dels Keys de Florida. És de ràpid creixement, i no viu molt per als estàndards dels pins (més de 200 anys), preferint climes humits i sòl humit.
Descripció
Aquest arbre aconsegueix altures de 18-30 m amb un diàmetre de tronc de 60-80 cm. Les fulles són afilades, com a agulles, molt fines, agrupades en fascicles de dos o tres, i de 18-24 cm de long. Els cons són arrodonits vermell-marró, de 5-15 cm en longitud amb un curt (2-3 mm) peduncle.
Es distingeix del seu parent Pinus taeda per la seva major llargària, espínulas més arrodonides, i cons més grans de color vermell marronós; i del Pinus palustris més curt, d'agulles més fines i cons més curts.
N'hi ha dues varietats:
-
P. elliottii var. elliotti (típic pi elioti). Carolina del Sud a Louisiana, sud de Florida central. Fulles en fascicles de dos a tres, majorment tres. Cons més grans, 7-15 cm
-
P. elliotti var. densa (pi elioti del sud de Florida). Sud de Florida, incloent les terres pantanoses. Fulles de dos. Cons més petits, 5-12 cm
Al contrari de P. elliotti, les llavors de P. elliotti var.densa, passen per tamís fi, de manera similar a les del Pinus palustris. Aquest arbre es planta molt, i s'empra també en horticultura.
Taxonomia
Pinus elliottii va ser descrita per George Engelmann i publicat en Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 4(1): 186–190, pl. 1–3. 1880.[1]
- Etimologia
Pinus: nom genèric donat en llatí al pi.[2]
elliottii: epítet atorgat en honor del botànic nord-americà Stephen Elliott.
- Sinonímia
-
Pinus densa var. austrokeysensis (Silba)
-
Pinus heterophylla (Elliott) Sudw.
-
Pinus taeda var. heterophylla Elliott[3][4]
-
var. densa Little & K.W.Dorman
-
Pinus densa (Little & K.W.Dorman) de Laub&Silba
-
Pinus elliottii subsp. densa (Little & K.W.Dorman) A.I.Murray
Vegeu també
Referències
Bibliografia
- Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
- Farjon, A. K., J. A. Pérez de la Rosa & B. T. Styles. 1997. Field Guide Pines Mexico Central America 1–147. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Forzza, R. C. & et al. et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
- Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
- Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainseville.
Enllaços externs
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A
Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Pinus elliottii 
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
(
каталонски; валенсиски
)
добавил wikipedia CA
El pi ellioti (Pinus elliottii) és un pi natiu del sud-est dels Estats Units, des del sud de Carolina del Sud fins a l'oest i sud-est de Louisiana i el sud dels Keys de Florida. És de ràpid creixement, i no viu molt per als estàndards dels pins (més de 200 anys), preferint climes humits i sòl humit.
![src=]()
Vista de la planta
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Borovice Elliottova
(
чешки
)
добавил wikipedia CZ
Borovice Elliottova (Pinus elliottii) je středně vysoká dřevina pocházející z jihovýchodu Spojených států amerických, kde roste v subtropickém klimatu. V porovnání s ostatními borovicemi vyrůstá velmi rychle, ale průměrně jen do výšky 25 m, je krátkověká a dožívá se maximálně 200 let. Je počítána mezi čtyři nejdůležitější borovice Spojených států, v minulosti poskytovala základní suroviny pro stavbu lodí, v současnosti je zdrojem kvalitního řeziva.[2][3]
Rozšíření
Domovský areál borovice Elliottovy se rozkládá na území států Alabama, Florida, Georgie, Louisiana, Mississippi, Severní Karolína a Jižní Karolína. Je důležitým dřevařským stromem, který díky rychlému růstu a hodnotnému dřevu byl rozšířen do mnoha dalších subtropických oblastí, například do Jižní Ameriky (Argentina, Brazílie, Chile, Venezuela), Asie (Čína), Afriky (Jihoafrická republika, Zimbabwe), Austrálie (Queensland, Nový Jižní Wales), na Nový Zéland i Havajské ostrovy.[2][3][4]
Ekologie
Není příliš závislá na kvalitě půdy, ve které vyrůstá, například na poloostrově Florida roste nejčastěji v podzolové zemině, severněji se nachází na červených jílech vytvořených dlouhodobým zvětráváním minerálů ve vlhkém prostředí a nejseverněji se její původní areál nachází na nepřetvořené sedimentární hornině. Špatně se jí daří na hlubokých píscích, padesátiletý strom bývá na písčité půdě průměrně vysoký 23 m, kdežto na jílovité 27,5 m. Je netolerantní vůči stínu, hůře roste a nepříliš plodí v hustých porostech. Je diploidní druh s chromozomovým číslem 2n = 24.
Druh pochází z oblastí s teplým a vlhkým létem, teplejším a sušším podzimem a mírnou zimou, které se rozkládají od 27° po 35° severní zeměpisné šířky a bývají v nadmořské výšce do 150 m n. m. Roční srážky tam mívají hodnotu přibližně 1200 mm a z toho většina spadne v době léta, období sucha trvá 1 až 4 měsíce, průměrná roční teplota bývá 17 °C, vegetační období trvá okolo 250 dnů. Strom bez problému přežívá dlouhodobý pokles pod -5 °C, při hlubších mrazech bývá v mrazových kotlinách kůra na návětrné straně poškozována mrazovými deskami. Je odolný vůči vlhkému prostředí, často se nachází na zaplavovaném území, podél potoků, rybníků, po okrajích bažin a říčních zátok, snese půdu hodně vlhkou, ale provzdušněnou. Hojně je rozšířena v průmyslově zakládaných lesích - plantážích. Mladé porosty jsou náchylné k poškození požárem, proto se dřevina samovolně šíří a dobře přežívá spíše na opuštěných polích, kde je méně suchého klestí, vhodného hořlavého materiálu, a kde není v mládí zastíněna vysokými stromy. Mladé stromky při výšce do 4,5 m odolávají ohni jen málo, teprve později jim zesiluje kůra a stávají se odolnějšími.[2][3][5][6]
Popis
Borovice Elliottova dorůstá do výše průměrně 25 m a její rovný, kuželovitý kmen u takto vysokých stromů bývá v průměru hrubý asi 0,8 m. Kůra mívá barvu hnědou až purpurově hnědou a odlupuje se v šupinách. Větve vyrůstající v nepravidelných lichopřeslenech se stářím postupně svěšují. Pupeny na větvičkách jsou válcovité, stříbřitě hnědé. Jehlice válcovitého tvaru vyrůstají s pochvou společně ve svazcích po dvou až třech, na stromě přetrvávají obvykle dva roky, bývají 15 až 20 cm dlouhé a 1,5 mm široké, rovné či mírně zkroucené, žluté až modrozelené, dokola mají linie s dýchacími otvory a na koncích jsou ostře zašpičatělé. Strom má rozsáhlý postranní kořenový systém, který u starších jedinců bývá delší než dvojnásobek výšky stromu, čehož se využívá při stabilizaci půdy na erodovaných svazích. Hlavní kořen může být deformován v důsledku špatné techniky výsadby, omezené hloubky půdního horizontu nebo trvale vysoké hladiny podzemní vody.
Vývoj samčích šištic začíná koncem jara a na podzim jsou již viditelné jako malé pupeny v hroznech po 12 a více kusech, vyrůstajících ve spirále u základny jednoročních letorostů. Na počátku následného roku, v rozhraní ledna a února, jsou fialové, válcovité, asi 5 cm velké a mají zralý pyl. Samičí šištice se začínají vyvíjet koncem srpna, koncem roku jsou již patrné ve shlucích nebo jednotlivě na jednoletých nebo dvouletých letorostech v horní části koruny. Koncem ledna jsou červené až fialové a 2,5 cm dlouhé, na pyl jsou vnímavé jen po několik dnů, doba vhodná k opylení všech šištic na jednom stromu trvá asi dva týdny. Krátce po opylení se vývoj semen v šiškách zastaví a dozrávají až třetím rokem, přibližně 20 měsíců po opylení.
Zralé šišky jsou dlouhé 10 až 15 cm a otvírají se koncem léta, v suchém roku dříve a ve vlhkém o něco později. Semena jsou elipsoidní, 6 mm dlouhá, tmavě hnědá a mají průsvitné křídlo až 2 cm dlouhé. Hmotnost semen je velmi rozdílná, počítá se v průměru 30 000 ks do 1 kg. Více než 90 % semen je větrem zaneseno do vzdálenosti nejdále 45 m od mateřského stromu, o rozptýlení semen do větší dálky se obvykle zaslouží semenožraví ptáci. Celkově je výnos životaschopného osiva i v semenných sadech poměrně slabý. Nejmohutnější jedinec borovice Elliottovy je evidován na Floridě, je vysoký 42 m, má šířku koruny 17 m a průměr kmene 105 cm.[2][3][5][6][7][8][9]
Rozmnožování
Stromy vyrostlé ze semen začínají vytvářet plodné šištice mezi 10 a 15 léty, kdežto vypěstované z roubů na podnožích již za dva či tři roky; stromy rostoucí ve větším rozestupu od sebe plodí dřív a mívají více semen. Klíčivost semen je vyšší, pokud se šišky otrhají několik týdnů před plnou zralostí. Při dostatku vláhy v půdě čerstvá semena po vysetí vzklíčí do 2 týdnů. Mají průměrně sedm děložních lístků, klíčí epigeicky a semenáče rostou bez travnaté fáze. Při uložení v chladu si semena podrží klíčivost i několik let; jsou rozličně velká, z menších semen vyrůstají nižší semenáče, ale přežití v terénu a průměrná výška je ve dvou létech po výsevu zhruba stejná.
Při vegetativním rozmnožování jsou sadbové podnože očkovány spícím nebo bdícím očkem. Rouby sázené přímo do půdy zakořeňují chabě, ať již jsou z bočních větví nebo vrcholů.[2][3][6]
Význam
Borovice Elliottova se pěstuje hlavně na dřevo, její nové porosty se zakládají za účelem jeho intenzivního zhodnocení. Má rychlý nárůst objemu dřeva již v raném věku, téměř tři čtvrtiny padesátiletého výnosu z plantáží je vyprodukováno již ve 30 až 40 létech věku, kdy je maximální přírůstek prodejního objemu.
Dřevo má jádro červenohnědé a nažloutlou běl, je silné, tuhé, těžké a velmi trvanlivé, poměrně těžce se opracovává ručním nástroji. Pro svůj rovný růst je vhodné pro stavební kulatinu, sloupy, piloty, železniční pražce, používá se na dýhy, dřevotřískové desky a buničinu. Ze všech amerických borovic přináší nejvyšší výtěžnost pryskyřice a následných produktů, mezi ně patří např. terpentýn, používaný ve farmacii, kosmetice i v potravinářství, stejně jako oleoresin, polotovar pro různé balzámy. Pryskyřice se získává zraňováním kůry kmene a následným jímáním výtoku nebo destilací dřeva z poraženého stromu.[2][3][5][6][10]
Invazivita
Na některých nově osázených místech druh unikl z kultivace do domácí přírody a stal se agresivní invazní plevelnou dřevinou. Samovolně vyrostlé stromy vytvářejí husté porosty, jež stíní jiným, ohrožují domácí rostlinné i živočišné druhy a mění původní ekosystém. Například v Jihoafrické republice borovice Elliottova svévolně vytvořila husté porosty v horských mokřadech, kde snižují odtok vody z horských povodí, přerůstají původní druhy, zmenšují travnatou plochu vhodnou pro pastvu a zvyšují nebezpečí požárů. Obdobným nepřítelem se stala ve statě São Paulo v Brazílii, kde se po 22 letech od vysázení prvního stromu staly mnohé územní části cerrada hustým borovým lesem, což těžce poškozuje tamní biodiverzitu. V Austrálii v Queenslandu se zase následkem nekontrolovaného šíření a ideálních podmínek mění řídké eukalyptové lesy na lesy borové.[3][6][11]
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ a b c d e f LOHREY, Richard E.; KOSSUTH, Susan V. Silvics manual 1: Pinus elliottii [online]. United States Department of Agriculture, U. S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, USA, rev. 11.2014 [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b c d e f g PRACIAK, Andrew. Invasive Species Compendium: Pinus elliottii [online]. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International), Wallingford, UK, rev. 13.08.2015 [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ FARJON, Aljos. Catalogue of Life: Pinus elliottii [online]. Naturalis biodiverzity Center, Leiden, NL, rev. 31.01.2014 [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b c EARLE, Christopher J. The Gymnosperm Database: Pinus elliottii [online]. Christopher J. Earle, The Gymnosperm Database [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b c d e DUKE, James. A. Pinus elliottii [online]. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, rev. 07.01.1998 [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ Dendrologie.cz: Pinus elliottii [online]. Petr Horáček a J. Mencl, rev. 08.06.2007 [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (česky)
-
↑ KRAL, Robert. Flora of North America: Pinus elliottii [online]. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ Pinus elliottii [online]. American conifers society, Los Angeles, CA, USA [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ FARJON, Aljos. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pinus elliottii [online]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, rev. 2013 [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ Weeds of Australia: Pinus elliottii [online]. Queensland Govertment, Department of Agriculture and Fischeries, Brisbane, LD, AU [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
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Šiška
Borovice Elliottova (Pinus elliottii) je středně vysoká dřevina pocházející z jihovýchodu Spojených států amerických, kde roste v subtropickém klimatu. V porovnání s ostatními borovicemi vyrůstá velmi rychle, ale průměrně jen do výšky 25 m, je krátkověká a dožívá se maximálně 200 let. Je počítána mezi čtyři nejdůležitější borovice Spojených států, v minulosti poskytovala základní suroviny pro stavbu lodí, v současnosti je zdrojem kvalitního řeziva.
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Pinus elliottii
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Pinus elliottii ist ein immergrüner Nadelbaum aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) mit meist 18 bis 25 Zentimeter langen, meist in Zweier- oder Dreiergruppen angeordneten Nadeln und 9 bis 15 Zentimeter langen Samenzapfen. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten und reicht bis in den Süden von Florida und auf die Florida Keys. Es werden zwei Varietäten unterschieden. Die Art ist nicht gefährdet und ein wirtschaftlich wichtiger Lieferant von Harz und Holz, wird jedoch kaum gärtnerisch genutzt.
Beschreibung
Erscheinungsbild
Pinus elliottii wächst als immergrüner, bis 30 Meter hoher Baum. Der Stamm ist gerade oder verdreht und erreicht einen Brusthöhendurchmesser von bis zu 80 Zentimeter. Die Stammborke ist orangebraun bis purpurbraun und zerbricht in große, unregelmäßig rechteckige, dünn papierartige oder schuppige Platten, die durch unregelmäßig verlaufende Risse getrennt sind. Die Äste stehen waagrecht und bilden eine breite, kuppelförmige, offene Krone. Die benadelten Zweige sind kräftig, häufig bis zu 1 Zentimeter dick, anfangs orangebraun und später rotbraun bis dunkelbraun. Sie sind nach dem Verlust der Nadeln durch bleibende Pulvini rau.[1]
Knospen und Nadeln
Die Knospen sind eiförmig-zylindrisch bis zylindrisch, 1,5 bis 2,0 Zentimeter lang und nicht harzig. Die als Knospenschuppen ausgebildeten Niederblätter haben einen weißen oder silbrigen Rand. Die Nadeln wachsen in Paaren oder zu dritt in einer 15 bis 20 Millimeter langen Nadelscheide und bleiben meist zwei selten drei Jahre am Baum. Sie sind gelblich grün oder bläulich grün, biegsam, gerade und leicht verdreht, selten ab 15 meist 18 bis 25 und manchmal bis 30 Zentimeter lang und 1,2 bis 1,5 Millimeter breit. Der Nadelrand ist fein gesägt, das Ende kurz spitzig bis kurz zugespitzt. Auf allen Nadelseiten gibt es schmale Spaltöffnungslinien.[1][2]
Zapfen und Samen
Die Pollenzapfen wachsen spiralig angeordnet in Gruppen. Sie sind zylindrisch, 3 bis 4 Zentimeter lang, anfangs purpurn und später dunkel- oder mattbraun. Die Samenzapfen wachsen einzeln oder in Paaren. Sie sind beinahe sitzend oder bis zu 3 Zentimeter lang gestielt, selten ab 7 meist 9 bis 15 und manchmal bis 18 Zentimeter lang, geschlossen schmal eiförmig bis eiförmig-länglich und geöffnet breit eiförmig bis eiförmig-zylindrisch mit einer mehr oder weniger abgeflachten Basis. Die Samenschuppen sind dünn und holzig, unelastisch und hellbraun. Die Apophyse ist glänzend braun, erhöht und scharf quer gekielt. Der Umbo ist mit einem festen, kurzen Stachel bewehrt. Die Samen sind ellipsoid, 6 bis 7 Millimeter lang und dunkelbraun. Der Samenflügel ist 20 bis 30 Millimeter lang. Die Sämlinge können anfangs grasförmig wachsen.[3][2]
Zweig mit Nadeln und Samenzapfen
Chromosomenzahl
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n=24.[4]
Verbreitung, Ökologie und Gefährdung
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Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus elliottii liegt im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten und erstreckt sich von South Carolina über Alabama und Georgia bis Mississippi und Louisiana und reicht bis in den Süden von Florida und zu den Florida Keys.[5][6] Außerhalb des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiets wurde die Art weltweit in subtropischen und warmgemäßigten Gebieten eingeführt. In Südafrika wird sie zur Holzgewinnung forstwirtschaftlich genutzt und gilt in der südafrikanischen Provinz Mpumalanga als invasive Art. Ähnliches gilt für tiefliegende und eher feuchte Gebiete in Simbabwe[7] und für Gebiete in Australien[6]. In China wird sie in mehreren Provinzen forstwirtschaftlich angebaut.[8]
Die Art wächst im feuchten und warmen, subtropischen Klima in niedrigen Höhen. Der größte Teil der Niederschläge erfolgt in Wolkenbrüchen im Sommer, die mittlere Jahresniederschlagsmenge liegt bei etwa 1270 Millimeter. Die Winter sind mild bis warm und trocken, in klaren Winternächten kann es jedoch zu Frost kommen.[5] Das Verbreitungsgebiet wird der Winterhärtezone 9 zugeordnet mit mittleren jährlichen Minimaltemperaturen von −6,6° und −1,2° Celsius (20 bis 30° Fahrenheit).[7] Häufig wächst Pinus elliottii in Feuchtgebieten, so auf sandigen Inseln in großflächigen Sumpfgebieten wie dem Okefenokee-Sumpf und den Everglades, an Teichufern und entlang von Entwässerungskanälen. Die Wurzeln brauchen jedoch durchlüftete Erde, sodass die Art eigentliche Sümpfe meidet. Auf den Florida Keys wächst die Varietät densa auf besonders nährstoffarmem Karst, der sich aus alten Korallenbänken gebildet hat. Pinus elliottii bildet Reinbestände oder wächst zusammen mit der Weihrauch-Kiefer (Pinus taeda), mit Pinus serotina, der Weißen Scheinzypresse (Chamaecyparis thyoides), der Echten Sumpfzypresse (Taxodium distichum) und verschiedenen Laubbäumen wie dem Schwarzen Tupelobaum (Nyssa sylvatica), dem Wasser-Tupelobaum (Nyssa aquatica), der Sumpf-Magnolie (Magnolia virginiana) und Persea borbonia. Das Unterholz wird häufig durch buschig wachsende Palmen wie die Palmettopalme (Sabal palmetto) und die Sägepalme (Serenoa repens) gebildet. Die Sämlinge der Varietät densa wachsen als Anpassung an die häufigen Bodenfeuer anfangs grasförmig. Sie zeigen kaum Höhenwachstum, bilden aber ein umfangreiches Wurzelsystem. Nach einem Brand bilden die jungen Pflanzen auf den Stämmchen nahe am Grund neue Knospen. In dieser Phase erfolgt die Photosynthese ausschließlich mit den grasförmigen Blättern. Nach einigen Jahren kommt es zu einem Schub im Höhenwachstum, der die Wachstumszone über den durch Feuer gefährdeten Bereich bringt, ohne dass sich dabei Zweige bilden. Erst danach werden Zweige und die übliche Benadelung angelegt.[5]
In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird Pinus elliottii als nicht gefährdet („Lower Risk/least concern“) eingestuft. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine Neubeurteilung notwendig ist.[9]
Systematik und Forschungsgeschichte
Pinus elliottii ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus), in der sie der Untergattung Pinus, Sektion Trifoliae und Untersektion Australes zugeordnet ist. Sie wurde 1880 von George Engelmann erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben.[6] Der Gattungsname Pinus wurde schon von den Römern für mehrere Kiefernarten verwendet.[10] Das Artepitheton elliottii ehrt den Botaniker Stephen Elliott (1771–1830), der sie als erster als eigenes, von der Weihrauch-Kiefer (Pinus taeda) unterscheidbares Taxon einordnete.[1][11] Ein Synonym der Art ist Pinus heterophylla (Elliott) Sudw.[12]
Die Art bildet mit Pinus echinata, der Sumpf-Kiefer (Pinus palustris) und der Weihrauch-Kiefer (Pinus taeda) Hybride, die auch eine forstwirtschaftliche Bedeutung haben. Kreuzungsversuche mit der Sand-Kiefer (Pinus clausa) und der Pech-Kiefer (Pinus rigida) waren schwieriger umzusetzen aber ebenfalls erfolgreich. Die engste Verwandtschaft besteht mit der Karibischen Kiefer (Pinus caribaea), mit der sie natürliche Hybride bilden kann, wenn die beiden Arten zusammen wachsen.[11]
Es werden zwei Varietäten anerkannt, die sich hauptsächlich durch die Beschaffenheit des Holzes und einem „Grasstadium“ der Sämlinge unterscheiden:[2][13]
-
Pinus elliottii var elliottii: Die Nadeln wachsen meist zu dritt in einer Nadelscheide, die Hypodermis besteht aus zwei bis drei Zellschichten, und es werden je Nadel drei bis fünf Harzkanäle gebildet. Die Basis geöffneter Zapfen ist mehr oder weniger gestutzt. Die Sämlinge bilden keine grasartigen Formen, sondern entwickeln sich nach der Keimung gleichmäßig mit regelmäßigen Internodien und Verzweigungen. Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von South Carolina bis Mississippi und reicht in Florida bis zu den Everglades von Meereshöhe bin in Höhen von 150 Metern. Die Varietät wird als nicht gefährdet eingestuft.[5][4]
-
Pinus elliottii var. densa Little & K.W.Dorman: Die Nadeln wachsen häufiger paarweise als zu dritt, die Hypodermis besteht meist aus drei bis vier, selten aus zwei oder fünf Zellschichten und je Nadel werden bis zu neun Harzkanäle gebildet. Die Basis geöffneter Zapfen ist gerundet. Das Holz ist schwerer und härter als das der Varietät elliottii. Sämlinge wachsen anfangs meist grasartig mit kleineren Stämmchen und mit gedrängt stehenden, beinahe endständigen Knospen. Der wachsende Stamm bildet anfangs keine Zweige. Das Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im Süden von Florida und erstreckt sich entlang der Küste bis nach Zentral-Florida, weiters wächst die Varietät auf acht der Lower Florida Keys. Sie wächst in Höhen bis 10 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel. Die Varietät wird als nicht gefährdet eingestuft. Weder das Holz noch das Harz werden wirtschaftlich genutzt. Pinus elliottii var. densa wurde 1952 durch Elbert Luther Little und Keith William Dorman erstbeschrieben. Das Taxon wurde 1982 von Albert Edward Murray als Unterart Pinus elliottii subsp. densa und 1984 von John Silba als eigene Art Pinus densa eingestuft, was jedoch beides nicht anerkannt ist. Die beiden Namen sind daher nur Synonyme.[14][13]
Verwendung
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Verarbeitetes Holz von
Pinus elliottii
Pinus elliottii ist ein wichtiger Lieferant für Harzprodukte, die für die Seefahrt eingesetzt werden, um Boote wasserdicht zu machen, und um die Takelage zu teeren. Die Bäume werden seit kolonialer Zeit geharzt, der Höhepunkt der Harzproduktion wurde 1930 erreicht. Seitdem ging die Produktion stark zurück, doch werden Bäume auch heute noch bis zu ihrem 20. Lebensjahr geharzt, danach wird ihr Holz zu Zellstoff weiterverarbeitet. Durch Selektion wurden besonders harzreiche Bäume gezüchtet, deren Sämlinge in viele tropische Länder exportiert wurden.[5]
Die Art wird immer häufiger in Plantagen gepflanzt und gilt als wichtiger Lieferant von Holz und Zellstoff. Sie wird auch außerhalb des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiets sowohl in den Vereinigten Staaten aber auch in subtropischen und warmgemäßigten Gebieten anderer Länder kultiviert.[4] Das Holz wird häufig konserviert als Rundholz beispielsweise zur Herstellung von Pfosten verwendet. Die Rinde und die Nadeln werden als Mulch im Gartenbau eingesetzt, die Art selber wird nur selten in Gärten gepflanzt.[5]
Quellen
Literatur
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Band 2. Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3, S. 670–672.
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference. Timber Press, Portland, OR/London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4, S. 430.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (englisch).
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Hrsg.): Flora of China. Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press/Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing/St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3, S. 20 (englisch).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7, S. 487 (Nachdruck von 1996).
Einzelnachweise
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↑ a b c Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 670
-
↑ a b c Robert Kral: Pinus elliottii in Flora of North America, Band 2
-
↑ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 670–671
-
↑ a b c Robert Kral: Pinus elliottii var. elliottii in Flora of North America, Band 2
-
↑ a b c d e f Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 671
-
↑ a b c Pinus elliottii im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 4. Mai 2013.
-
↑ a b Christopher J. Earle: Pinus elliottii. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 27. November 2012, abgerufen am 4. Mai 2013 (englisch).
-
↑ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus elliottii, in Flora of China, Band 4, S. 20
-
↑ Pinus elliottii in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 4. Mai 2013.
-
↑ Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen S. 487
-
↑ a b James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World, S. 430
-
↑ Pinus elliottii. In: The Plant List. Abgerufen am 4. Mai 2013.
-
↑ a b Robert Kral: Pinus elliottii var. densa in Flora of North America, Band 2
-
↑ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 672
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
-
Pinus echinata bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 4. Mai 2013.
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
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Pinus elliottii ist ein immergrüner Nadelbaum aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) mit meist 18 bis 25 Zentimeter langen, meist in Zweier- oder Dreiergruppen angeordneten Nadeln und 9 bis 15 Zentimeter langen Samenzapfen. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten und reicht bis in den Süden von Florida und auf die Florida Keys. Es werden zwei Varietäten unterschieden. Die Art ist nicht gefährdet und ein wirtschaftlich wichtiger Lieferant von Harz und Holz, wird jedoch kaum gärtnerisch genutzt.
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Pinus elliottii
Pinus elliottii (лат. Pinus elliottii) – быдмассэзлӧн пожум котырись пожум увтырын (Pinus субувтырын) торья вид. Пожумыс быдмӧ 18–30 метра вылына да овлӧ 0.6–0.8 метра кыза диаметрын. Пожум пантасьӧ Америкаись Ӧтлаасьӧм Штаттэзын.
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Эллиотт пужым
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Pinus elliottii
Pinus elliottii (лат. Pinus elliottii) – Pinaceae семьяысь Америкалэн Огазеяськем Штатъёсаз будӥсь пужым. Ӝуждалаез ог 18–30 м, модослэн диаметрез 0.6–0.8 м.
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Pinus elliottii
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Pinus elliottii, commonly known as slash pine,[2][3] is a conifer tree native to the Southeastern United States. Slash pine is named after the "slashes" – swampy ground overgrown with trees and bushes – that constitute its habitat. Other common names include swamp pine, yellow slash pine, and southern Florida pine.[3] Slash pine has two different varieties: P. e. var. elliottii and P. e. var. densa. Historically, slash pine has been an important economic timber for naval stores, turpentine, and resin.[3] The wood of slash pine is known for its unusually high strength, especially for a pine. It exceeds many hardwoods and is even comparable to very dense woods such as ironwood.
Description and taxonomy
This tree is fast-growing, but not very long-lived by pine standards (to 200 years). It reaches heights of 18–30 m (59–98 ft) with a trunk diameter of 0.6–0.8 m (2.0–2.6 ft). The leaves are needle-like, very slender, in clusters of two or three, and 18–24 cm (7.1–9.4 in) long. The cones are glossy red-brown, 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) in length, with a short (2–3 mm or 0.079–0.118 in), thick prickle on each scale. It is known for its conical shape and unusually high strength, especially for a pine. Its wood has an average crush strength of 8,140 lb/in2 (56.1 MPa), which exceeds many hardwoods such as white ash (7,410 lb/in2) and black maple (6,680 lb/in2). It is not as strong as black ironwood (9,940 lb/in2), but because its average density is less than half that of ironwood, slash pine has a far greater strength-to-weight ratio.[4][5][6][7]
It may be distinguished from the related loblolly pine (P. taeda) by the somewhat longer, glossier needles and larger red-brown cones, and from longleaf pine (P. palustris) by the shorter, more slender needles and smaller cones with less broad scales.
Two varieties of P. elliotii are described, but recent genetic studies have indicated that the varieties may not be more closely related to each other than they are to other pines in the Southeast. If this is the case, reclassifying these varieties as separate species would be warranted.[8] P. elliottii can hybridize with P. taeda, sand pine (Pinus clausa), and P. palustris.[9]
The two commonly accepted varieties are the following:
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P. e. var. elliottii (typical slash pine) ranges from South Carolina to Louisiana, and south to central Florida. Its leaves occur in bundles, fascicles of twos and threes, mostly threes, and the cones are larger, 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in).
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P. e. var. densa (South Florida slash pine, Dade County pine) is found in the pine rocklands of southern Florida and the Florida Keys, including the Everglades.[10][11] Leaves are nearly all in bundles of two, with longer needles. The cones are smaller, 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in), the wood is denser, and the tree has a thicker taproot.[9] Unlike the typical variety of slash pine, seedlings of P. e. var. densa has a "grass stage" similar to longleaf pine. P. e. var. densa is not frost tolerant, which limits its range to South Florida.[12]
Range and habitat
Communities dominated by slash pine are termed "slash pine forests". Slash pine is predominately found in Florida and Georgia, and extends from South Carolina west to southeastern Louisiana, and south to the Florida Keys.[13] It is common in East Texas, where it was first planted at the E.O. Siecke State Forest in 1926.[14] The natural habitat is sandy subtropical maritime forests and wet flatwoods.[8] Slash pine generally grows better in warm, humid areas where the average annual temperature is above 17 °C (63 °F), with extreme ranges from −18 to 41 °C (0 to 106 °F).[3] Factors such as competition, fire, and precipitation may limit the natural distribution of these trees. Slash pines are able to grow in an array of soils, but pine stands that are close to bodies of water such as swamps and ponds grow better because of higher soil moisture and seedling protection from wildfire.[3] These forests have been managed through controlled fires since the beginning of the 20th century.[15] Within the first year, P. elliottii is particularly susceptible to seedling mortality caused by fire. P. e. var. densa is more fire resistant than P. e. var. elliottii because it has thicker bark.[3]
Fire ecology
History
Fire has long been an important element in Southeastern forests. Native Americans burned land to improve grass growth for grazing and visibility for hunting.[15] When European settlers arrived in the New World, they brought new diseases that severely diminished the Native American populations. Over time, with the lack of consistent burning, much of the open land of the South reverted to forest land.[15] Logging began to increase in the Southeast, which created some tension between the loggers and local farmers. The loggers wanted to continue to burn the forest, but the local farmers were concerned about how burning would affect cattle grazing and turpentine production.[15] Fire maintenance has long been a controversial issue. In the 1940s, the Smokey Bear campaign to prevent wildfires promoted a shift toward fire suppression. Subsequently, many of these fire-dependent ecosystems became increasingly dominated by more shade-tolerant tree species (hardwoods).[16] Despite many reports from the U.S. Forest Service about the benefits fire has on forage production, pine regeneration, control of tree pathogens, and reducing risks of wildfires, controlled burning did not begin to regain traction until the 1950s and 1960s.
Controlled burn in a slash pine forest
Uses
Without regular fire intervals in slash pine forests, the ecosystem can change over time. For example, in the northern range for slash pine, forests can convert from mesic flatwoods[17] to denser mixed-hardwood canopies with trees such as oaks, hickory, and southern magnolia.[18] In South Florida, the pine rocklands can convert to a rockland hammock dominated by woody shrubs and invasive plants. Invasive species are a major management issue in the South. Many pine trees and native plants are adapted to fire, meaning they require fire disturbance to open their pine cones, germinate seeds, and cue other metabolic processes. Fire can be a good management strategy for invasive species because many invasive plants are not adapted to fire. Therefore, fire can eliminate the parental plant or reduce seed viability. Controlled burning is also used to help reduce pathogen load in an ecosystem. For example, fire can eliminate pest populations or resting fungal spores that could infect new seedlings. Low-intensity burns can also clear space in the understory and provide nutrient pulses[19] that benefit the understory vegetation.
Fire is also used to prevent "fuel" buildup, the highly flammable plants such as grasses and scrub under the canopy that could burn easily in a wildfire. Most prescribed burn intervals are about every 2–5 years, which allows the ecosystem to regenerate after the burn.[20] Much of the South Florida pine rockland ecosystem is highly fragmented and has not been burned because of the proximity to buildings.[18] Risks such as smoke, air quality, and residual particulate matter in the environment pose safety issues for controlled burns near homes and businesses.
Diseases and pests
Fusiform rust
Starting in the late 1950s, the emergence of fusiform rust on Southeastern pine trees including slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine led to massive tree mortality within the pine industry.[12] This obligate parasitic pathogen is notorious for infecting young trees in newly planted areas within the first few years of growing. The pine industry was still rather new at the time of this initial outbreak, so many newly planted forests had large-scale mortality because the trees were not yet old enough to be resilient to the disease or harvested.[12] Florida’s pine industry in particular was booming with an increase in plantation acreage from 291,000 acres (118,000 ha) in 1952 to upwards of 5.59 million acres (2,260,000 ha) in 1990. Because of the complicated lifecycle of Cronaritum quercuum f. sp. fusiforme, the fungal causal agent of fusiform rust, the management strategies of pruning diseased stems, reducing fertilization, and discarding infected seed were not sufficient to prevent million-dollar annual loses.[12][21]
Example of fusiform rust symptoms on pine tree bark
Rust pathogens are difficult to manage because of their complicated reproductive lifecycles. C. querecuum f. sp. fusiforme is heteroecious, requiring two different plant hosts for reproduction, and is macrocyclic, meaning it contains all five spore stages typical for rust infections: basidiospores, teliospores, urediniospores, aeciospores, and spermatia. Oak trees are the secondary host for this pathogen.[22] The primary inocula on pine are basidiospores, which infect the pine needles between March and May.[23] The basidiospores germinate and grow into the stems of the tree where the fungus can overwinter for 4–6 months in the wood. In the fall, the spermatia form and fertilize the aceiospores in the following spring. The aceiospores are released from the pine and are the primary inocula that infect the oak trees in the following growing season. Aceiospores grow through the oak leaves producing urediniospores on the underside of the oak leaves. These urediniospores can reproduce clonally, asexually, and can continue to infect oak plants as a secondary inoculum. Within two weeks of the primary urediniospore inoculation on the oak tree, teliospores are formed which germinate into basidiospores that infect the pine trees and complete the life rust cycle. Symptoms on the pine include gall formation, stem swelling, cankers, bushiness, and dieback.[21][23] The cankers in the stem allow secondary fungal infections or other pests to enter the trees easily.[23]
Understanding the climate conditions that can lead to rust outbreaks is an important component for management strategies, but this was not well understood in the early decades of this epidemic.[12] More recent information has shown that certain weather patterns such as high humidity, wet pine needles, and temperatures around 15–29 °C (59–84 °F) for about 18 days can increase the spread of basiodiospores, so increase disease severity.[23]
The secondary hosts, oaks, are another economically and ecologically important trees in the Southeast. Therefore, eradication of the secondary host is not only not possible, but also not effective because basidiospores can travel up to a half mile, easily infecting distant pine trees. A combination of management strategies, though, such as reducing fertilization treatments (which can benefit the pathogen), planting more rust disease-resistant trees in plantations,[12] and reintroducing fire to reduce the oak trees within the forest may help to reduce disease incidences.
Example of Pitch Canker symptoms on a slash pine tree
Pitch canker
Pitch canker, a monocyclic disease caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum (previously named Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans),[24][23] was first described in 1946 by Hepting and Roth. When it was first described, disease levels were low until the 1970s, when a massive epidemic of pitch canker caused mass tree mortality in Florida slash pine.[23] Some hypotheses suggest that the pathogen may have originated in Mexico and was then introduced in Florida and later transmitted to California on diseased seed. The pathogen has been reported in Mexico; however, high fungal diversity and low tree mortality from the disease suggests that this pathogen may have co-evolved in Mexico before being introduced to other parts of the world.[25] Many reports describe the pathogen as endemic to Florida,[26] likely because the disease was introduced a long time therefore the population has become more diverse.[27] By 1974, over half of the slash pine population in Florida was infected with Fusarium circinatum disease.[28] In areas where the pathogen is newly introduced, the fungal population is mostly clonal, because fewer mating types are present within the population,[27] so sexual reproduction may be lower.[25] Pitch canker infects nearly all pine species, including longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and eastern white pine.
This disease continues to be a problem in nurseries, and has been reported in other countries.[25] A major problem in Florida is that artificial replanting of pines may be contributing to high disease incidences.[24] The disease can be passed through seed and spores, but requires open wounds to infect the tree from insect damage, mechanical damage, hail/weather damage, etc.[27]
The predominant symptoms include needle chlorosis and reddening of shoots (called "flagging") that later die.[23][28][24][25] Cankers or lesions that form on the trunks can turn the bark yellow or dark brown and cause resin to exude. Stems may die and get crystalized in resin-soaked lesions. Resin is generally produced in plants to protect against pathogens. Sometimes, the tissue above the canker dies, causing girdling of the stem.[24] The severity of the disease depends on weather conditions and may require moisture and insect wounds or hail to infect the trees. Some insects such as bark beetles, spittle bugs, weevils,[26] pine tip moths, and needle midges may vector the disease into the tree.[3][23][28] F. circinatum was used to inoculate P. e. var. densa trees to try to increase resin production for extraction, but this approach was ineffective.[28]
Other fungi
Fungus species Thozetella pinicola was found on leaf litter of Pinus elliottii Engelm. in Hong Kong in 2009.[29]
Uses
This tree is widely grown in tree plantations. It is also used in horticulture.
See also
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus elliottii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42361A2975203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42361A2975203.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
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^ Kral, Robert (1993). "Pinus elliottii". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ a b c d e f g Family, P. P. (1990). Pinus elliottii Engelm. slash pine. Silvics of North America: Conifers, (654), 338.
-
^ "Slash Pine | the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Softwood)".
-
^ "White Ash | the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)".
-
^ "Black maple | the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)".
-
^ "Black Ironwood | the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)".
-
^ a b "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States".
-
^ a b Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinell/all.html
-
^ "Pine Rocklands" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
-
^ Gilman, Edward F.; Dennis G. Watson (2006). "Pinus elliottii: Slash Pine". University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
-
^ a b c d e f Schmidt, Robert A. (August 2003). "Fusiform Rust of Southern Pines: A Major Success for Forest Disease Management". Phytopathology. 93 (8): 1048–1051. doi:10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.1048. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 18943875.
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^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
-
^ Mattoon, W.R.; Webster, C.B. (1990). Forest Trees of Texas (8 ed.). College Station, Texas: Texas Forest Service.
-
^ a b c d Johnson, A. S., & Hale, P. E. (2000, September). The Historical Foundations of Prescribed Burning for Wildlife: a Southeastern Perspective. In The Role of Fire in Nongame Wildlife Management and Community Restoration: Traditional Uses and New Directions Proceedings of a Special Workshop(p. 11).
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^ Stanturf, J, and D. Wade, T. Waldrop, D. Kennard and G. Achtemeier. Chapter 25, Background Paper: Fire in Southern Forest Landscapes Southern forest resource assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-53. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2002, p. 612.
-
^ Horn, Sally P.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri D.; Harley, Grant L. (2013-06-03). "Fire history and forest structure of an endangered subtropical ecosystem in the Florida Keys, USA". International Journal of Wildland Fire. 22 (3): 394–404. doi:10.1071/WF12071. ISSN 1448-5516. S2CID 17371128.
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^ a b Snyder, J. R., Ross, M. S., Koptur, S., & Sah, J. (2005). Developing ecological criteria for prescribed fire in south Florida pine rockland ecosystems.
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^ Lavoie, M., Starr, G., Mack, M. C., Martin, T. A., & Gholz, H. L. (2010). Effects of a prescribed fire on understory vegetation, carbon pools, and soil nutrients in a longleaf pine-slash pine forest in Florida. Natural Areas Journal, 30(1), 82-95.
-
^ Wade, D.D, Lunsford, J.D. (1988). A guide for prescribed fire in southern forests. Technical Publication R8-TP 11. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr292/1989_wade.pdf
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^ a b Lundquist, J. E. (1982). "Early Symptomatology of Fusiform Rust on Pine Seedlings". Phytopathology. 72 (1): 54. doi:10.1094/phyto-72-54. ISSN 0031-949X.
-
^ Gilman, E. F., & Watson, D. G. (1994). Pinus elliottii: Slash Pine. USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet ST-463 Google Scholar.
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^ a b c d e f g h Sinclair, Wayne A. (2005). Diseases of trees and shrubs. Comstock Pub. Associates. ISBN 0801443717. OCLC 60188468.
-
^ a b c d Barnard, E.L.; Blakesless, G.M. (December 2006). "Pitch Canker of Southern Pines" (PDF). Florida Depart of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
-
^ a b c d Gordon, T. R. 2006. Pitch canker disease of pines. Phytopathology 96:657-659.
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^ a b Correll, J. C., Gordon, T. R., McCain, A. H., Fox, J. W., Koehler, C. S., Wood, D. L., & Schultz, M. E. (1991). Pitch canker disease in California: pathogenicity, distribution, and canker development on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata). Plant Disease, 75(7), 676-682.
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^ a b c Gordon, T. R., Storer, A. J., & Okamoto, D. (1996). Population structure of the pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, in California. Mycological Research, 100(7), 850-854.
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^ a b c d Dwinell, David L. Barrows-Broaddus, Jane B. Kuhlman, G. E. (1985). Pitch Canker: A Disease Complex. Plant Disease, 69(3), 270–276.
-
^ Jeewon, R.; Yeung, S.Y.Q.; Hyde, K.D. (June 2009). "A novel phylogenetic group within Thozetella (Chaetosphaeriaceae): a new taxon based on morphology and DNA sequence analyses". Can J Microbiol. 55 (6): 680–7. doi:10.1139/wo8-148t. PMID 19767838.
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
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Pinus elliottii, commonly known as slash pine, is a conifer tree native to the Southeastern United States. Slash pine is named after the "slashes" – swampy ground overgrown with trees and bushes – that constitute its habitat. Other common names include swamp pine, yellow slash pine, and southern Florida pine. Slash pine has two different varieties: P. e. var. elliottii and P. e. var. densa. Historically, slash pine has been an important economic timber for naval stores, turpentine, and resin. The wood of slash pine is known for its unusually high strength, especially for a pine. It exceeds many hardwoods and is even comparable to very dense woods such as ironwood.
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Eliot-pino
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La Eliot-pino (Pinus elliottii), estas pino hejma en Sudorienta Usono, ekde la sudo de Suda Karolino, okcidente ĝis sudorienta Luiziano, kaj sude ĝis la florida Kij-Insularo[1]. La scienca kaj Esperanta nomoj honoras la usonan botanikiston Stephen Elliott (1771-1831). La angla nomo de Eliot-pino, slash-pine, referencas al la slashes aŭ marĉaj grundoj kun arboj kaj arbedoj – kiuj konstituas ties vivejon.
Priskribo
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Eliot-pina
savano je la limo de
Misisipio kaj
Alabamo, apud Bayou Heron en Nacia Esplorrezervejo Estuara Grand Bej.
Tiu nearktisa kaj neotropisa specio estas rapidkreskema, sed ne tre longeviva ("nur" 200 jaroj) kompare kun aliaj pinospecioj, kaj preferas humidajn klimatojn kaj humidajn grundojn.
La arbo atingas altecojn de 18 -30 m kun trunkodiametro de 0,6 – 0,8 m. La folioj estas pinglecaj, tre maldikaj, du- aŭ tri-opaj, kaj estas 18 al 24 cm longaj.
La strobiloj estas glatbrile ruĝ-brunaj, 5-15 cm longaj kun mallonga dika 2-3 cm alta pikilo sur ĉiu skvamo. Ĝi estas konata por sia konusa formo.
La Eliot-pino povas esti diferencigita de la parenca torĉpino (Pinus taeda) per la iome pli longaj pli brilaj pingloj kaj per la pli grandaj ruĝe-brunaj strobiloj, kaj de longfolia pino (Pinus palustris) per la pli mallongaj, pli maldikaj pingloj kaj pli etaj strobiloj kun malpli larĝaj skvamoj.
Taksonomio
Estas du varioj :
-
P. elliottii var. elliottii (tipa Eliot-pino) troviĝas ekde Suda Karolino ĝis Luiziano, kaj sude ĝis centra Florido. Ĝiaj folioj estas faske duopaj aŭ triopaj, pli ofte triopaj, kaj la strobiloj estas pli grandaj, 7-15 cm.
-
P. elliottii var. densa (Sud-florida Eliot-pino) troviĝas en la pinaj rokejoj de suda Florido, inkluzive de la Evergladoj[2][3]. La folioj estas kvazaŭ ĉiuj faske duopaj. La strobiloj estas pli etaj, 5-12 cm.
La Eliot-pino estas tre parenca al la kariba pino [4].
Malsame la tipa vario de la Eliot-pino, plantidoj de P. elliottii var. densa transiras "herbejan fazon", similmaniere al la longfolia pino.
Uzado
Tiu arbospecio estas grandskale kreskigita en plantejoj, kaj ankaŭ estas uzata en hortikulturo.
Referencoj
-
↑ angle Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew. (2008) National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
-
↑ angle Pine Rocklands (PDF). Fiŝkapta kaj Natura Servo de Usono. Alirita 2009-06-17.
-
↑ angle . Pinus elliottii: Slash Pine. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (2006). Alirita 12 April 2011.
-
↑ france Debazac, E.F. 1964 : Manuel des Conifères, Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forêts, Nancy, 172 p., p.106
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Eliot-pino: Brief Summary
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La Eliot-pino (Pinus elliottii), estas pino hejma en Sudorienta Usono, ekde la sudo de Suda Karolino, okcidente ĝis sudorienta Luiziano, kaj sude ĝis la florida Kij-Insularo. La scienca kaj Esperanta nomoj honoras la usonan botanikiston Stephen Elliott (1771-1831). La angla nomo de Eliot-pino, slash-pine, referencas al la slashes aŭ marĉaj grundoj kun arboj kaj arbedoj – kiuj konstituas ties vivejon.
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Pinus elliottii
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El pino ellioti (Pinus elliottii) es un pino nativo del sudeste de Estados Unidos, desde el sur de Carolina del Sur hasta el oeste y sudeste de Luisiana y el sur de los cayos de Florida. Es de rápido crecimiento, y no vive mucho para los estándares de los pinos (más de 200 años), y prefiere climas húmedos y suelo húmedo.
Descripción
Este árbol alcanza alturas de 18-30 m con un diámetro de tronco de 60-80 cm. Las hojas son aguzadas, como agujas, muy finas, en grupos de dos o tres, y de 18-24 cm de long. Los conos son redondeados rojo-pardo, de 5-15 cm en longitud con un corto (2-3 mm) pedúnculo.
Se los distingue de su pariente Pinus taeda por su mayor longitud, espínulas más redondeadas, y conos más grandes rojo pardos; del Pinus palustris por más corto, agujas más finas y conos más cortos.
Hay dos variedades:
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P. elliottii var. elliotti (típico pino elioti). Carolina del Sur a Louisiana, sur de Florida central. Hojas en fascículos de dos a tres, mayormente tres. Conos más grandes, 7-15 cm
-
P. elliotti var. densa (pino elioti del sur de Florida). Sur de Florida, incluyendo las tierras pantanosas. Hojas de a dos. Conos más pequeños, 5-12 cm
Al contrario de pino elioti, las semillas de P. elliotti var. densa pasan por tamiz fino, de manera similar a Pinus palustris.
Este árbol se planta mucho, y se usa también en horticultura.
Taxonomía
Pinus elliottii fue descrita por George Engelmann y publicado en Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 4(1): 186–190, pl. 1–3. 1880.[2]
- Etimología
Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[3]
elliottii: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico estadounidense Stephen Elliott.
- Sinonimia
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Pinus densa var. austrokeysensis Silba
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Pinus heterophylla (Elliott) Sudw.
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Pinus taeda var. heterophylla Elliott[4][5]
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var. densa Little & K.W.Dorman
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Pinus densa (Little & K.W.Dorman) de Laub. & Silba
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Pinus elliottii subsp. densa (Little & K.W.Dorman) A.E.Murray
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
- Farjon, A. K., J. A. Pérez de la Rosa & B. T. Styles. 1997. Field Guide Pines Mexico Central America 1–147. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Forzza, R. C. & et al. et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906080403/http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
- Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
- Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainseville.
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
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добавил wikipedia ES
El pino ellioti (Pinus elliottii) es un pino nativo del sudeste de Estados Unidos, desde el sur de Carolina del Sur hasta el oeste y sudeste de Luisiana y el sur de los cayos de Florida. Es de rápido crecimiento, y no vive mucho para los estándares de los pinos (más de 200 años), y prefiere climas húmedos y suelo húmedo.
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Vista de la planta
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Pin d'Elliott
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Pinus elliottii
Le pin d'Elliott ou pin à aiguilles longues (Pinus elliottii) est une espèce d'arbre appartenant au genre Pinus et à la famille des Pinaceae. Natif du sud-est des États-Unis, sa zone d’extension naturelle s’étend du sud de la Caroline du Sud jusqu’au sud-est de la Louisiane et le sud de la Floride.
Description
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Pinède estuarienne constituée de pin d'Eliott (Pinus elliottii) avec végétation de savane (Réserve naturelle nationale et de recherche sur les estuaires de"Grand Bay" . sur la "MS/AL state line" près du Bayou Héron. MS Natural Heritage Program NERR, 1998)
De pousse rapide, le pin ne vit en général que jusqu'à 200 ans. Il apprécie les climats et les sols humides. L’arbre atteint de 18 à 30 mètres alors que le diamètre de son tronc mesure de 60 à 80 centimètres. Ses aiguilles, longues de 18 à 24 centimètres, sont très fines et regroupées par deux ou trois. Ses cônes sont luisants, de couleur rouge-brun, et mesure entre 5 et 15 centimètres. Chaque écaille du cône se termine par une courte épine épaisse.
Variétés
Il existe deux variétés de ce pin:
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P. elliottii var. elliotti. (Caroline du Sud, Louisiane jusqu’au centre de la Floride) dont les aiguilles sont groupées par deux ou trois et dont les cônes font de 7 à 15 cm ;
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P. elliotti var. densa (Sud de la Floride dont les Everglades) dont les aiguilles sont presque toutes regroupées par deux et dont les cônes mesurent entre 5 et 12 cm.
Utilisation
L’arbre est couramment exploité dans des plantations et est également utilisé en horticulture.
La pulpe qui en est extraite permet d'initier un des processus de fabrication de Viscose. Viscose qui peut par exemple être la matière première pour la fabrication de boyau artificiel destiné à l'industrie de la salaison (fabrication de saucisses et saucissons).
Notes et références
-
(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
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Pin d'Elliott: Brief Summary
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Pinus elliottii
Le pin d'Elliott ou pin à aiguilles longues (Pinus elliottii) est une espèce d'arbre appartenant au genre Pinus et à la famille des Pinaceae. Natif du sud-est des États-Unis, sa zone d’extension naturelle s’étend du sud de la Caroline du Sud jusqu’au sud-est de la Louisiane et le sud de la Floride.
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Flæðafura
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Flæðafura (fræðiheiti: Pinus elliottii)[2][3] er furutegund sem finnst í suðausturhluta Bandaríkjanna.
Útbreiðsla og búsvæði
Hún finnst frá Suður-Karólína vestur til suðaustur Louisiana, og suður til Florida Keys í Florida .[4] Hún vex í sendnum heittempruðum strandskógum og blautum flatwoods.[5]
Lýsing
Pinus elliottii er hraðvaxta, en fremur skammlíf miðað við aðrar furur (að 200 ára). Hún verður 18 til 30 m há með 0,6 til 0,8 m þykkan stofn. Barrnálarnar eru mjög grannar, tvær eða þrjár saman, og 18 til 24 sm langar. Könglarnir eru gljáandi rauðbrúnir, 5 til 15 sm langir með stuttum (2-3mm löngum), gildum gaddi á hverri köngulskel. Hún er þekkt fyrir keilulaga vöxtinn.
Hægt er að greina hana frá hinni skyldu Pinus taeda á nokkuð lengri, gljáandi barri og stærri rauðbrúnum könglum, og frá fenjafuru (Pinus palustris) á styttri, grennri nálum og minni könglum með grennri köngulskeljum.
Flokkun
Tvemur afbrigðum af Pinus elliotii hefur verið lýst. Hinsvergar, nýlegar erfðarannsóknir benda til að afbrigðin séu ekki skyldari hvort öðru en öðrum furutegundum í suðaustur Bandaríkjunum. Ef svo er verða þau gerð að sjálfstæðum tegundum.[5] Þessi greining hefur enn ekki verið almennt viðurkennd.
Tessi tvö afbrigði eru:
-
P. elliottii var. elliottii (dæmigerð) útbreiðsla frá South Carolina til Louisiana, og suður til mið Florida. Barrnálarnar eru 2 eða 3 saman, yfirleitt 3, og könglarnir eru stærri, 7 - 15 sm.
-
P. elliottii var. densa vex í suður Flórída og Florida Keys, þar á meðal í Everglades.[6][7] Barrnálarnar næstum alltaf tvær saman. Könglarnir minni, 5 til 12 sm langir. Ólíkt hinu afbrigðinu er P. elliottii var. densa með "gras stig", svipað og Pinus engelmannii.
Tilvísanir
-
↑ {{{assessors}}} (1998). Pinus elliottii. 2006 Rauði listi IUCN yfir tegundir í hættu. IUCN 2006. Sótt 10 May 2006.
-
↑ Snið:EFloras
-
↑ Engelm., 1880 In: Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 4: 186, t. 1-3.
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. bls. 74. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
-
↑ 5,0 5,1 „Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States“.
-
↑ „Pine Rocklands“ (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Sótt September 18, 2018.
-
↑ Gilman, Edward F.; Dennis G. Watson (2006). „Pinus elliottii: Slash Pine“. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Sótt 12. apríl 2011.
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Flæðafura: Brief Summary
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Flæðafura (fræðiheiti: Pinus elliottii) er furutegund sem finnst í suðausturhluta Bandaríkjanna.
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Pinus elliottii
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Pinus elliottii Engelm. è un albero della famiglia delle Pinacee.[1]
Distribuzione e habitat
Originario degli Stati Uniti sudorientali, Pinus elliottii vive in terreni paludosi.
Tassonomia
Sono note due varietà:
-
Pinus elliottii var. elliottii
-
Pinus elliottii var. densa.
Usi
Storicamente è stato importante per la produzione di legname per i depositi navali, la trementina e la resina.[2]
Note
-
^ (EN) Pinus elliottii, in The Plant List. URL consultato il 3/12/2019.
-
^ Family, P. P. (1990). Pinus elliottii Engelm. slash pine. Silvics of North America: Conifers, (654), 338.
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
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Pinus elliottii Engelm. è un albero della famiglia delle Pinacee.
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Pinus elliottii
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латински
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Pinus elliottii (Anglice: slash pine) est Pinus in Civitatibus Foederatis meridio-orientalibus endemica, a Carolina Meridiana meridiana occidentem versus ad Ludovicianam meridio-orientalem, et meridiem versus ad Martyres Floridae.[2]
Planta celeriter crescit, sed diu non vivit, et climata humida et solum madidum anteponit.
Nomen Anglicum memorat paludes et alios locos humidos (Anglice slashes) qui sunt plantae habitatio naturalis.
Arbor est ad 18–30 m alta, trunco 0.6–0.8 metra diametro. Folia sunt acicularia, tenuissima, fasciculis binorum vel trinorum, 18–24 cm longa. Coni sunt nitidi rufi, 5–15 centimetra longi, aculeo crasso breve, 2–3 mm longo, in quaque squama. Notus est pro forma conica.
Sunt duae varietates:
Arbor in plantationes latissime colitur, et in horticultura adhibetur.
Notae
Nexus externi
Vide
"Pinum elliottii" apud
Vicispecies.
Situs scientifici: Tropicos •
GRIN •
ITIS •
Plant List •
NCBI •
Biodiversity •
Encyclopedia of Life •
Plant Name Index •
IUCN Red List •
Plantes d'Afrique •
Flora of China •
INPN France •
Flora of North America •
USDA Plants Database
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
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латински
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Pinus elliottii (Anglice: slash pine) est Pinus in Civitatibus Foederatis meridio-orientalibus endemica, a Carolina Meridiana meridiana occidentem versus ad Ludovicianam meridio-orientalem, et meridiem versus ad Martyres Floridae.
Planta celeriter crescit, sed diu non vivit, et climata humida et solum madidum anteponit.
Nomen Anglicum memorat paludes et alios locos humidos (Anglice slashes) qui sunt plantae habitatio naturalis.
Arbor est ad 18–30 m alta, trunco 0.6–0.8 metra diametro. Folia sunt acicularia, tenuissima, fasciculis binorum vel trinorum, 18–24 cm longa. Coni sunt nitidi rufi, 5–15 centimetra longi, aculeo crasso breve, 2–3 mm longo, in quaque squama. Notus est pro forma conica.
Sunt duae varietates:
P. elliottii var. elliotti (
Carolina Meridiana ad
Ludovicianam, meridiem versus ad
Floridam mediam):
folia in fasciculis binis trinisque, plerumque trinis; coni maiores, 7–5 cm longi. P. elliotti var. densa (
Florida meridiana et
Martyres, "
Everglades" inclusis: folia paene omnia in fasciculis binis; coni minores, 5–12 cm longi.
Arbor in plantationes latissime colitur, et in horticultura adhibetur.
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Rantytoji pušis
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Rantytoji pušis (lot. Pinus elliottii) – pušinių šeimai (Pinaceae) priklausanti spygliuočių medžių rūšis. Paplitusi JAV pietryčiuose: beveik visoje Floridoje, rytuose arealas siekia Pietų Karoliną, vakaruose – Luizianą.
Aukštis iki 30 m, kamieno skersmuo iki 80 cm. Kamienas status arba kreivas, laja kūgiška, paskui tampa apskrita ir paplokščia. Žievė oranžiškai arba purpuriškai ruda, netaisyklingai sueižėjusi į popieriškas plokšteles. Spygliai 15-20 cm ilgio, 1,2-1,5 mm pločio, susitelkę po 2-3. Vyriški kankorėžiai 3-4 cm ilgio, purpuriniai. Moteriški Kankorėžiai kiaušiniški ar elipsiški, šokoladiškai rudi, 9-18 cm ilgio. Sėklos 6-7 mm ilgio, su 2 cm ilgio skristuku.
Auga pelkėtose vietose, žolynuose, mėgsta drėgną dirvą. Neilgaamžė (iki 200 metų)[1].
Šaltiniai
Vikiteka
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Rantytoji pušis: Brief Summary
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Rantytoji pušis (lot. Pinus elliottii) – pušinių šeimai (Pinaceae) priklausanti spygliuočių medžių rūšis. Paplitusi JAV pietryčiuose: beveik visoje Floridoje, rytuose arealas siekia Pietų Karoliną, vakaruose – Luizianą.
Aukštis iki 30 m, kamieno skersmuo iki 80 cm. Kamienas status arba kreivas, laja kūgiška, paskui tampa apskrita ir paplokščia. Žievė oranžiškai arba purpuriškai ruda, netaisyklingai sueižėjusi į popieriškas plokšteles. Spygliai 15-20 cm ilgio, 1,2-1,5 mm pločio, susitelkę po 2-3. Vyriški kankorėžiai 3-4 cm ilgio, purpuriniai. Moteriški Kankorėžiai kiaušiniški ar elipsiški, šokoladiškai rudi, 9-18 cm ilgio. Sėklos 6-7 mm ilgio, su 2 cm ilgio skristuku.
Auga pelkėtose vietose, žolynuose, mėgsta drėgną dirvą. Neilgaamžė (iki 200 metų).
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Sosna Elliotta
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Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Sosna Elliotta[2] (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje na południowym wschodzie USA, ale została introdukowana w subtropikalnych i ciepłych rejonach całego świata. Sosna Elliotta nosi nazwę na cześć Stephena Elliotta (1771–1830), botanika i bankiera z Karoliny Południowej.
Rozmieszczenie geograficzne
Naturalnie sosna Elliotta występuje w USA w stanach: Alabama, Floryda, Georgia, Luizjana, Missisipi, Karolina Południowa. Przy tym 45% drzewostanów znajduje się w Georgii[3].
Gatunek został wprowadzony do wielu ekosystemów w cieplejszych rejonach świata, w niektórych z nich okazał się inwazyjny. Uprawiany w południowej Afryce jako źródło drewna zajął siedliska na obrzeżach lasów i łąki w Mpumalanga. Rozprzestrzenił się także w Zimbabwe, na niższych wysokościach na obszarach o wyższym poziomie opadów.
Morfologia
- Pokrój
-
Korona drzewa stożkowata, z czasem zaokrąglona lub płaska.
- Pień
- Osiąga 30 m wysokości i 0,8 m średnicy. Kora dorosłych drzew pomarańczowo-brązowa i spękana na podłużne, nieregularne, łuszczące się płaty.
- Liście
- Igły zebrane po 2–3 na krótkopędzie. Osiągają 15–20 cm długości i 1,2–1,5 mm średnicy.
- Szyszki
- Szyszki męskie cylindryczne, purpurowo-brązowe, o długości 30–40(50) mm[4][3]. Wyrastają jesienią u podstawy tegorocznych pędów, w ciasnych spiralach, w grupach po 12 lub więcej, w środkowej lub dolnej części korony[3]. Szyszki żeńskie wyrastają głównie w górnej części korony, pojedynczo lub w grupach. W momencie zapylenia są koloru czerwonego do purpurowego, i długości 2,5 cm. Szyszki nasienne prawie symetryczne, przed otwarciem podłużnie jajowate, po otwarciu jajowato-cylindryczne, długości (7) 9–18 (20) cm[4].
Igły i męskie kwiatostany
Biologia i ekologia
Sosna Elliotta jest jednopienna i wiatropylna. Rozpoczyna kwitnienie relatywnie wcześnie jak na iglaste, bo między 10 a 15 rokiem życia, przy czym zdarza się, że kwitną drzewa zaledwie trzyletnie[3]. Kwiatostany męskie pojawiają się w czerwcu. Igły pozostają na drzewie przez ok. 2 lata. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat i wkrótce potem uwalniają nasiona[4].
Systematyka i zmienność
Synonimy: Pinus heterophylla (Elliott) Sudworth, Pinus taeda L. var. heterophylla Elliott.
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[5]:
![src=]()
P. elliottii var.
densa, Werner-Boyce Salt Springs State Park, Pasco County, Florida
Wyróżnia się dwie odmiany[6]:
-
Pinus elliottii var. elliottii – występuje w stanach: Luizjana, Missisipi, Alabama, Floryda, Georgia i Karolina Południowa, na wysokościach 0–150 m n.p.m.[7]
-
Pinus elliottii var. densa (syn. P. elliottii subsp. densa (Little & Dorman) Murray 1982, P. densa (Little & Dorman) Silba var. austro-keyensis Silba 1990, P. heterophylla (Elliott) Sudworth non Koch 1849, P. densa (Little & Dorman) de Laubenfels & Silba.) – występuje na południu Florydy, na wysokościach 0–10 m n.p.m.[8]
Zagrożenia
Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN umieściła ten gatunek w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych, ale przyznała mu kategorię zagrożenia LC (least concern), uznając go za gatunek najmniejszej troski, o niskim ryzyku wymarcia[9]. Klasyfikację tę utrzymano w kolejnym wydaniu księgi w 2013 roku[10]. Odmianę P. elliottii var. densa uznano za bliską zagrożeniu i przyznano jej kategorię NT (near threatened)[11]. Zagrożeniem dla tej odmiany jest silna hybrydyzacja z odmianą typową, uprawianą w zasięgu występowania var. densa.
Przypisy
-
↑ P. F. Stevens: PINACEAE (ang.). W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
-
↑ Michał Zasada, Jacek P. Siry, Chris J. Cieszewski. Intensywna gospodarka leśna na Południu Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej. „Sylwan”. 2, s. 61−72, 2004 (pol.). [dostęp 2013-08-14]. Autorzy konsultowali się z profesorem Jerzym Zielińskim z Zakładu Systematyki i Geografii Instytutu Dendrologii PAN w Kórniku.
-
↑ a b c d Russell M. Burns, Barbara H. Honkala. Silvics of North America / v.1, Pinus elliottii. „Agriculture Handbook”. 654, s. 677-698, 1990. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2013-08-15].
-
↑ a b c R. Kral. Pinus. „Flora of North America North of Mexico”, 1993.
-
↑ Christopher J. Earle: Pinus (ang.). W: The Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-11-03].
-
↑ Christopher J. Earle: Pinus elliottii (ang.). W: The Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-11-14].
-
↑ Christopher J. Earle: Pinus elliottii var. elliottii (ang.). W: The Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-08-14].
-
↑ Christopher J. Earle: Pinus elliottii var. densa (ang.). W: The Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-08-14].
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998): Pinus elliottii (ang.). W: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2009-11-13].
-
↑ A. Farjon: Pinus elliottii var. densa (ang.). W: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-08-14].
-
↑ A. Farjon: Pinus elliottii (ang.). W: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-08-14].
Bibliografia
-
R. Kral. Pinus. „Flora of North America North of Mexico”. Vol. 2, 1993. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (red.). Oxford University Press (ang.). [dostęp 2009-11-14].
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Sosna Elliotta: Brief Summary
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Sosna Elliotta (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Występuje na południowym wschodzie USA, ale została introdukowana w subtropikalnych i ciepłych rejonach całego świata. Sosna Elliotta nosi nazwę na cześć Stephena Elliotta (1771–1830), botanika i bankiera z Karoliny Południowej.
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Pinus elliottii
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португалски
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Pinus elliottii é uma espécie de pinheiro, composta de duas variedades distintas: Pinus elliottii var. elliottii e Pinus elliottii var. densa, originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das áreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México). Existem muitas áreas de reflorestamento com esse tipo de Pinus na América do Sul, especialmente no estado de São Paulo e na região sul do Brasil.[1]
Nomes populares: pinus, pinheiro, pinheiro-americano.
Ocorrência no Brasil: introduzidas com maior ocorrência na região sul e sudeste do país, nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e, do Mato Grosso do Sul.
As outras espécies cultivadas, nas várias regiões do Brasil, são: Pinus sp., Pinus taeda, Pinus caribaea, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus tecunumanii, Pinus maximinoi e Pinus patula. Atualmente, as espécies do gênero Pinus e as do gênero Eucalyptus são as mais utilizadas para reflorestamento comercial (silvicultura) no Brasil.
Árvore
Árvore de rápido crescimento, mas não muito duradouro em relação ao padrão dos pinus silvestres (cerca de 200 anos), prefere clima e solo úmidos. Se distingue do Pinus taeda por ser maior, com folhas mais arredondadas e pinhas maiores; e do Pinus palustris por ser mais curto, ter agulhas mais finas e pinhas mais curtas. De grande porte com altura entre 18,0m e 30,0m, sendo:
-
Caule reto, cilíndrico, com diâmetro entre 0,60m e 0,80m. Com casca sulcada e acinzentada em indivíduos jovens e marrom-avermelhada em indivíduos adultos, com placas escamadas. Com copa irregular de raio superior a 3,0m.
-
Folha pontuda, denominada como acícula, muito fina, formato de agulha, resistente e firme, de coloração verde-brilhante e com a margem finamente serrilhada, comprimento entre 18 cm e 24 cm, ramos em grupos de dois ou três.
- Geralmente florescem na primavera, produzindo flores masculinas e femininas. O órgão reprodutivo masculino se chama estróbilo masculino e está disposto junto às brotações. O órgão reprodutivo feminino, mais conhecido como pinha, se encontra geralmente em grupos de 2 a 4 unidades. Demora cerca de dois anos para amadurecer, quando as escamas se entreabrem, pondo em liberdade as sementes para serem disseminadas a cerca de 50 metros da árvore mãe, apenas pela ação do vento.
- Os Pinus não possuem frutos e sim cones, também denominado como pinha onde encontram-se os pinhões, de coloração castanha-escura, lustroso. A pinha pesa em média 46,6 g, com dimensões de 12,5 cm x 4,5 cm, com uma produção média de 10 gramas de sementes.
-
Sementes de formato triangular, entre 5mm e 7mm de comprimento, de coloração preta e aladas ela é bem bonita e existe 40000 sementes aproximadamente
Madeira
Características Gerais
Características sensoriais: cerne e alburno indistintos pela cor, branco-amarelado, brilho moderado, cheiro e gosto distintos e característicos (resina), grã direita; textura fina; densidade baixa, macia ao corte.
Descrição anatômica macroscópica:
- Parênquima axial: invisível, mesmo sob lente.
- Raios: visíveis apenas sob lente no topo e na face tangencial é invisível mesmo sob lente.
- Camadas de crescimento: distintas; transição brusca entre o lenho inicial e o tardio.
- Canais de resina: presentes, visíveis sob lente; em disposição axial e radial.
Trabalhabilidade: é uma madeira fácil de ser trabalhada. É fácil de desdobrar, aplainar, desenrolar, lixar, tornear, furar, fixar, colar e permite bom acabamento.
Secagem: muito fácil de secar.
Durabilidade natural: apresenta baixa resistência ao ataque de organismos xilófagos, tais como: fungos emboloradores, manchadores e apodrecedores; cupins; brocas de madeira e perfuradores marinhos.
Tratabilidade: é fácil de tratar.
Propriedades
Físicas
Densidade de massa (ρ):
- aparente a 15% de umidade (ρap,15): 480 kg/m³
- básica (ρbásica): 400 kg/m³
Contração de saturada a seca em estufa:
- Radial: 3,4 %
- Tangencial: 6,4 %
- Volumétrica: 10,5 %
Mecânicas
Flexão
- Resistência - FM:
- Madeira verde: 48,0 MPa
- Madeira seca (15% de umidade): 69,6 MPa
-
Módulo de elasticidade:
- Limite de proporcionalidade:
Compressão
- Resistência – Fc0:
- Madeira verde: 18,5 MPa
- Madeira seca (15% de umidade): 31,5 MPa
-
Módulo de elasticidade:
- Limite de proporcionalidade:
- Coeficiente de influência de umidade: 6,7 %
Outras propriedades mecânicas
- Resistência ao impacto na flexão (choque) – madeira a 15% de umidade – Trabalho absorvido: 14,5J
-
Cisalhamento – madeira verde – 5,8 MPa
- Dureza Janka – madeira verde – 1.932 N
- Tração normal às fibras – madeira verde – 3,0 MPa
- Fendilhamento – madeira verde – 0,4 MPa
Resultados de acordo com Norma ABNT MB/2653 - NBR 6230/85 e dados do IBAMA
Usos
Paisagismo:
- Arborização Urbana: praças,parques e quintais.
- Arborização Decorativa: Pequenas árvores podadas, miniaturas ornamentais em vasos, bonsai.
Construção Civil:
- Leve interna estrutural: ripas, partes secundárias de estruturas.
- Leve interna, utilidade geral: cordões, guarnições, rodapés, forros e lambris.
- Uso temporário: pontaletes, andaimes, formas para concreto.
Mobiliário:
- Utilidade geral: móveis e partes internas de móveis.
Indústrial:
- A resina do Pinus é usada para a produção de breu (para elaboração de tintas, vernizes, laquês, sabões, colas, graxas, esmaltes, ceras, adesivos, explosivos, desinfetantes, isolantes térmicos, etc.) e terebintina ( na elaboração de tintas, vernizes, corantes, vedantes para madeira, reagentes químicos, cânfora sintética, desodorantes, inseticidas, germicidas, óleos, líquidos de limpeza, etc.), etc.
- Por ter fibras longas é bastante utilizado na produção de celulose para fabricação de embalagens.
Outros usos:
- Compensados, laminados, cabos para vassouras, palitos de fósforos, brinquedos, objetos torneados, paletes, bobinas, carretéis.
Técnicas de Plantio
Por se tratar de uma árvore que apresenta poucas exigências em solos de baixa fertilidade ou degradados, e que possui rápido crescimento e alta tolerância ao frio, existem diversos conteúdos de informações para diversos programas de plantio.
No que se refere à obtenção de sementes, das diferentes espécies do gênero pinus, os cones (frutos) são escolhidos ainda quando em processo de maturação bastante adiantado. Após colhidas, são colocadas em peneiras expostas ao sol para a liberação das sementes, levando de 3 a 10 dias, conforme as condições climáticas. Em galpões especiais, os cones são armazenados até a completa maturação, onde se abrem, deixando cair as sementes. As sementes devem ser secas e guardadas em recipientes fechados à temperatura de 5°C. Como as sementes são aladas, o maior inconveniente para a semeadura são as asas, devendo por isso, serem desaladas antes.
Pode-se produzir mudas em recipientes plásticos com terra de subsolo ou tubetes de polipropileno com substrato, ambos com adubação adequada de base e de cobertura. Podem ser transplantadas com raízes nuas. As operações de preparo de solo e plantio definitivo dependem das condições do local onde serão plantadas.
O Pinus para o uso da madeira, pode ser derrubado, em média, com 17 anos. Adiantando-se este prazo para 7 anos na utilização para o preparo de pasta de celulose.
Ver também
Referências
- CARVALHO, P.E.R. Espécies florestais brasileiras. Recomendações Silviculturais, potencialidades e uso da madeira. Brasília: EMBRAPA-CNPF, 1994.
- LORENZI, H. Árvores brasileiras. Manual de Identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil. Nova Odessa: Ed. Plantarum, 1992.
- RIZZINI, C.T. Árvores e madeiras úteis do Brasil. Manual de dendrologia brasileira. Ed. Edgar Bluncher.
- SHIMIZU, J Y, Pinus na silvicultura brasileira. Portal Ambiente Brasil, 2005, Artigo Técnico
- Informativo técnico PinusLetter, com artigos e informações acerca de tecnologias florestais e industriais e sobre a sustentabilidade das atividades relacionadas aos Pinus.
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
(
португалски
)
добавил wikipedia PT
Pinus elliottii é uma espécie de pinheiro, composta de duas variedades distintas: Pinus elliottii var. elliottii e Pinus elliottii var. densa, originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das áreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México). Existem muitas áreas de reflorestamento com esse tipo de Pinus na América do Sul, especialmente no estado de São Paulo e na região sul do Brasil.
Nomes populares: pinus, pinheiro, pinheiro-americano.
Ocorrência no Brasil: introduzidas com maior ocorrência na região sul e sudeste do país, nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e, do Mato Grosso do Sul.
As outras espécies cultivadas, nas várias regiões do Brasil, são: Pinus sp., Pinus taeda, Pinus caribaea, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus tecunumanii, Pinus maximinoi e Pinus patula. Atualmente, as espécies do gênero Pinus e as do gênero Eucalyptus são as mais utilizadas para reflorestamento comercial (silvicultura) no Brasil.
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Pinus elliottii
(
украински
)
добавил wikipedia UK
Поширення, екологія
Країни поширення: США (Алабама, Флорида, Джорджія, Луїзіана, Міссісіпі, Південна Кароліна). Ця субтропічна сосна росте в теплому і вологому кліматі при низьких висотах. Найбільша кількість опадів влітку, опадів 1270 мм на рік; зима м'яка, тепла і суха. Хоча мороз відбуваються, особливо в ясні ночі. Вид процвітає особливо в водно-болотних угіддях.
Опис
Щільність деревини: 0.54 гр/см3. Росте як вічнозелене дерево до 30 м заввишки. Стовбур прямий або кручений до 0,8 м діаметром. Гілки розташовані горизонтально, утворюючи широку, куполоподібну, відкриту крону. Кора оранжево-фіолетово-коричневого кольору, у великих нерівних, прямокутних з тонкими лусками пластин. Гілки оранжево-коричневі, в старості темно- коричневі, грубо-лускаті. Голки по 2 або 3 в пучку, зберігаються протягом 2 років, розміром 15-20 (23) см х 1,2-1,5 мм, прямі, злегка деформовані, гнучкі від жовтого до синьо-зеленого кольору. Пилкові шишки циліндричні, 30-40 мм довжиною, пурпурні. Насіннєві шишки симетричні, списо-яйцеподібні до відкриття, яйцевидні або яйцевидно-циліндричні, коли відкриті, (7 -) 9-18 (-20) см довжиною, світло-шоколадно-коричневі, на стеблах до 3 см. Насіння еліптичне, темно-коричневе 6-7 мм тіло; крило до 20 мм. 2n=24.
Використання
Вид є основним постачальником смол, які використовуються для щоб зробити човни водонепроникним. Цей вид частіше висаджують на плантаціях і є основним постачальником деревини і целюлози. Культивується поза природним ареалом і в Сполучених Штатах, і в субтропічних і помірно теплих областях інших країнах.
Загрози та охорона
Вид присутній в кількох охоронних територіях.
Посилання
Галерея
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Pinus elliottii
(
виетнамски
)
добавил wikipedia VI
Pinus elliottii là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Engelm. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1880.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Pinus elliottii: Brief Summary
(
виетнамски
)
добавил wikipedia VI
Pinus elliottii là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Engelm. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1880.
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Сосна Эллиота
(
руски
)
добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Сосна Эллиота
Международное научное название
Pinus elliottii Engelm., 1880
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 18036NCBI 42064EOL 1061757IPNI 262921-1TPL kew-2562078 Сосна Эллиота, или Сосна болотистая (лат. Pinus elliottii) — древесное растение, вид рода Сосна семейства Сосновые. Распространена в юго-восточных штатах США.
Описание
Дерево до 30,5 м высотой. Ствол до 0,6 м в диаметре, прямой или искривлённый. Крона коническая, шаровидная или ровная. Кора оранжево- или фиолетово-коричневая, с пересекающимеся бороздками, образующими неправильной формы чешуйчатые пластины. Ветви раскидистые либо направлены вверх; ветки прочные, до 1 см толщиной, оранжево-коричневые, с возрастом темнеют и грубеют.
Почки цилиндрические, серебристо-коричневые, 1,5—2 см длиной; края чешуек бахромчатые. Листья (хвоинки) собраны по 2—3 в пучок, расходятся в стороны или вверх, сохраняются на дереве около 2 лет, 15—20(23) см длиной и 1,2—1,5 мм толщиной, прямые или слегка извилистые, гибкие, жёлто- либо сине-зелёные, на всех поверхностях видны устьичные линии. Края хвоинок мелкозубчатые; верхушка резко заострённая; влагалище листа 1—2 см.
Мужские шишки цилиндрические, 30—40 мм длиной, с фиолетовым оттенком. Женские шишки симметричные, на ветке сидят по одной или парами, созревают каждые 2 года, опадают через год после сбрасывания семени, узко-яйцевидные до раскрытия и яйцевидные после, (7-)9—18(-20) см длиной, светло-коричневые, на черешках до 3 см; апофизы лоснящиеся (будто покрытые лаком), слегка выпуклые; выступ центральный, вогнуто-пирамидальный, с коротким, крепуим шипом. Семена эллипсоидные, остроконечные, 6—7 мм длиной, тёмно-коричневые; крыло до 20 мм.
Распространение
Тропический и субтропический пояс юго-восточной части США, в основном Флорида. Также распространена на прилегающих к Флориде территориях штатов Джорджии, Южной Каролины, Миссисипи, Алабамы и Луизианы. Также интродуцирована и культивируется в Южной Африке, где в диком виде растёт на лесных опушках южно-африканской провинции Мпумаланга и низменных влажных районах Зимбабве.
Растёт вдоль побережья, как правило, на возвышенностях с присутствием пресной воды.
Разные факты
- Сосна Эллиота живёт до 200 лет.
- Обычно сосна растёт на высоту 18—30,5 м, но на юге Флориды её высота не превышает 17 м. Диаметр ствола в обоих случаях не превышвет 61 см [1]
Галерея
Ссылки
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Сосна Эллиота: Brief Summary
(
руски
)
добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Сосна Эллиота, или Сосна болотистая (лат. Pinus elliottii) — древесное растение, вид рода Сосна семейства Сосновые. Распространена в юго-восточных штатах США.
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湿地松
(
кинески
)
добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
湿地松: Brief Summary
(
кинески
)
добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
湿地松（学名：Pinus elliottii），又稱愛氏松，为松科松属的植物。
スラッシュマツ
(
јапонски
)
добавил wikipedia 日本語
スラッシュマツ: Brief Summary
(
јапонски
)
добавил wikipedia 日本語
スラッシュマツ（スラッシュ松、学名: Pinus elliottii）とは、マツ科マツ属の常緑高木。カリビアマツとも呼ばれる。
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Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu borovice Elliottova ve Wikimedia Commons
Vide "Pinum elliottii" apud Vicispecies. 
Situs scientifici: Tropicos • GRIN • ITIS • Plant List • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • Plant Name Index • IUCN Red List • Plantes d'Afrique • Flora of China • INPN France • Flora of North America • USDA Plants Database 
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