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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 19.8 years (captivity) Observations: One captive specimen lived 19.8 years (Richard Weigl 2005). There are anecdotal reports of animals living over 20 years.
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Behavior ( англиски )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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The Lesser Kudu is listed in IUCN as conservation dependent (Nowak 1999). Populations have continued to decline due to hunting or habitat loss caused by human activities or in the case of Tsavo National Park, elephant populations that alter the vegetative landscape.

(Nowak 1999; Walther 1990)

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Benefits ( англиски )

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N/A

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Benefits ( англиски )

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The Lesser Kudu is a hunted game animal, that is used for sport, food, and as a source of money.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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The Lesser Kudu feeds primarily at dusk or at dawn (Roosevelt and Heller 1914) and eats a diverse variety of bush and tree leaves, shoots and twigs, as well as, grasses, herbs, and fruits. It has been reported to be fairly independent of water sources and browses in relatively arid environments.
(Nowak 1999; Roosevelt and Heller 1914; Walther 1990)

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Distribution ( англиски )

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The range of Tragelaphus imberbis, the Lesser Kudu, is restricted to northeast Africa. It was once believed to inhabit Saudi Arabia, however, only two sets of horns have been found that substantiate this claim. BR

(Harrison and Bates 1991; Nowak 1999; Roosevelt and Heller 1914; Walther 1990)

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Habitat ( англиски )

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The Lesser Kudu inhabits dry, flat, and densely thicketed areas, as well as woodlands and hilly land. It is rarely observed in open or cleared areas.

(Nowak 1999; Roosevelt and Heller 1914; Walther 1990)

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; scrub forest

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
10.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
15.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
15.0 years.

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Morphology ( англиски )

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The Lesser Kudu is the largest bovid in Arabia, with the exception of the Oryx (Harrison and Bates 1991). It is 1.10-1.75 meters from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail and stands at a height of 0.90-1.05 meters. The tail ranges from 0.26 to 0.30 meters with up to 0.90 meters of additional hair length. Males have horns that range from 0.48 to 0.91 meters, have two longitudinal keels, twist 2.5 times, and a basal circumference of 156-171 mm. At the base, they span 6-12 mm; at their ends, they span 0.25-0.35 meters. Males have various shades of grey fur, and females are distinctly more reddish brown. One long white stripe runs the length of the back with 11-14 stripes branching downward off of it. The face has a black stripe from each eye to the nose and a white stripe from each eye to the center of the face. The lip area is white and four white spots are found on the lower jaw (two per side). The legs are fawn colored with a white patch above the hoof. The tail is brown above and white underneath, and a black tip. There are white patches on the throat and chest with a black stripe that spans the chest area. The abdomen is pure white. Young Kudus are similar in color to females but redder, and males become more grey by the age of two years.

The lesser kudu is hard to observe in dry bush due to its camouflage, and because its large ears aid in a well developed sense of hearing that warns it of potential predators.

The skull of the Lesser Kudu is long with a short cranium. The nasal bones are long and narrowed in the center. They form a 'V' shaped suture where they meet the frontals. The supraorbital foramina are located within indentations and are elongated horizontally. The paraoccipital proccess are flat and wide, and the teeth are hypsodont.

(Harrison and Bates 1991; Nowak 1999; Roosevelt and Heller 1914; Walther 1990)

Range mass: 60 to 105 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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The Lesser Kudu is a fairly solitary species. Young males stay with their mother for only 1.5-2.0 years, before they leave and travel alone or in small sporadic male groups (Nowak 1999). Young females form small groups with their mother or siblings. The Lesser Kudu becomes sexually mature at 1.25-1.50 years, however, males do not gain social status to reproduce until they reach the age of 4-5 years (Walther 1990). BR>Males perform a shoving match, where they press their heads and horns together and attempt to force their horns down onto the nape of their opponent. Males and females also perform a superiority contest, where the male and female stand fully erect on their hind legs and attempt to push each other over. The larger male usually wins. The males show restraint and are never aggressive towards females, though females have been observed to butt their heads against the males. When the males mount, they lay their neck and head down and onto the females back(Walther 1990). <BR>Each female has its own, independent estrus cycle and is anestrus for only a couple of weeks (Nowak 1999). Gestation ranges from 7.5 to 8.0 months, then the female separates from the group in order to give birth. Only one offspring is produced, weighing 4.0-7.5 kg. 50% of the calves die within the first six months, from disease and predation, and only 25% survive to reach 3 years of age. Males begin horn growth after the first 6-9 months and reach full length after 3 years. The life span of the Lesser Kudu reportedly can reach up to 15 years. <BR

(Harrison and Bates 1991; Nowak 1999; Roosevelt and Heller 1914; Walther 1990)

Range number of offspring: 1 (low) .

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 7.4 to 8.5 months.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average birth mass: 6000 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
504 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
504 days.

Parental Investment: altricial ; post-independence association with parents

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Paschka, N. 2000. "Tragelaphus imberbis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_imberbis.html
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Biology ( англиски )

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This elegant antelope is fairly solitary; females are usually found in groups of two or three, or with calves, and males are often found alone. Young males will stay with their mothers for up to two years, but will not acquire enough social status to mate until four to five years old. When large enough, males fight by locking horns and pushing each other backwards. Males and females will also fight each other for superiority, by standing up on hind legs to try to knock each other down, but the larger males normally win. Females are pregnant for seven to eight months, and will separate from their small group to give birth to a single calf (2). The calf has just a one in four chance of surviving to three years old due to disease and predation by leopards, hunting dogs and spotted hyenas (2) (4). The lesser kudu is mainly nocturnal and camouflages well when hiding in dense thickets after sunrise. It feeds at dusk and dawn, eating leaves, shoots, twigs, fruits, grasses and herbs (2). When startled, the lesser kudu will bark and runs in bounding leaps (2), holding the tail upright to reveal the white underside (4).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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The lesser kudu occurs in several National Parks and is part of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association's studbook program which ensures the most possible genetic diversity within the captive breeding population of lesser kudus (6).
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Description ( англиски )

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Often thought of as the most beautiful antelope, the lesser kudu has a single white stripe running down the back and white stripes running off this central stripe down the sides. These stripes contrast with a red-brown background in females and a grey background in males. Young are even redder than females, but males will turn grey between 1.5 to 2 years. The face is distinctive with a black stripe from each eye to the nose, and a white stripe from each eye to the centre. The legs are fawn, with white patches above the hooves. White patches are also seen on the throat and chest, together with a central black stripe. The belly is pure white, the ears are large and the horns are long and spiralled (2).
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Habitat ( англиски )

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A shy species, the lesser kudu lives in dry, flat and densely thicketed areas of subtropical and tropical dry shrubland (1) (2).
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Range ( англиски )

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The lesser kudu is restricted to parts of eastern and north-eastern Africa (2). Two specimens from the Arabian Peninsula are believed to have been introduced or released from a collection (3).
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Status ( англиски )

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The lesser kudu is classified as Lower Risk (LR) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1).
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Threats ( англиски )

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The lesser kudu is hunted for meat and its horns (2), which are hollowed out and used as wind instruments, honey containers and in spiritual rituals as they are thought to house powerful spirits as well as being a symbol of male virility (4). Lesser kudu are also vulnerable to the rinderpest virus which periodically breaks out and reduces populations (5).
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Lesser kudu (Ammelaphus or Tragelaphus imberbis) ( англиски )

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The lesser kudu is elegant. It has a white stripe running down the back and 11-14 white stripes run off this central stripe down the sides. These stripes contrast with a reddish-brown background in females, with lighter undersides, and a grey background in males. Young are redder than females, but males turn grey at 1.5-2 years. The face has has a black stripe from each eye to the nose and a white stripe from each eye to the centre of the face. The lip area is white and there are four white spots on the lower jaw (two per side). There are white patches on the throat and chest, with a central black stripe spanning the chest area, and Both have about ten white stripes on their backs and two white tufts on the underside of the neck. The belly is white, the ears are large. The legs are fawn, with white patches above the hooves. The tail is brown above and white beneath with a black tip. Only males have horns, which measure about 70 cm (28 in) and have one twist.

The kudu is 1.10-1.75 m from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail and stands 0.9-1.1 m (35-43 in) tall at the shoulder. The tail ranges from 26-30 cm with up to 90 cm of additional hair length. range Females weigh 50-70 kg (110-150 lb) and males weigh 60-105 kg (130–230 lb). Males have horns ranging from 48-91 cm, have two longitudinal keels, twist 2.5 times, and a basal circumference of 15.6-17.1 cm. At the base, they span 6-12 mm; at their ends, they span 25-35 cm. The skull is long with a short cranium. The long nasal bones are narrowed in the center and form a 'V' shaped suture where they meet the frontals. The supraorbital foramina are within indentations and are elongated horizontally. The paraoccipital proccess are flat and wide and the teeth are hypsodont. The kudu occupies semi-arid areas, such as dry, flat, and densely thicketed areas of subtropical and tropical dry shrubland as well as woodlands and hilly land. It is rarely seen in open or cleared areas or long grass (6). It lives in eastern and north-eastern Africa - the Somali-Masai Arid Zone of Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Its range extends from ca. 12°N in the Awash area of Ethiopia southward through southern Ethiopia, much of Somalia except the north and northeast (east of 46° E and north of 08°N), most of Kenya except the southwest, extreme southeast Sudan, extreme northeast Uganda to northeast and central Tanzania. It is extinct in Djibouti (6) and its purported former occurrence in Saudi Arabia (7) is based on two sets of horns said to have originated from Saudi Arabia and one from southern Yemen. No live animals have been reported from the area and the true origin of those specimens remains in doubt; they may have been introduced or released from a collection. The kudu is closely associated with Acacia-Commiphora thornbush in north-eastern Africa (6). It has been recorded at about 1,740 m near Mt Kilimanjaro (8). The kudu is fairly solitary and shy. Females usually live in groups of two to five, ranging up to 24; males are often found alone. The kudu is mainly nocturnal and crepuscular and camouflages well when hiding in dense thickets and dry bush after sunrise. Its large ears aid in a well developed sense of hearing that warns it of potential predators. When startled, it will bark and runs in bounding leaps, holding the tail upright to reveal the white underside. It can jump more than 6 m (20 ft) and 2 m (6.6 ft) high and can reach running speeds of around 70 km/h (43 mph). It feeds at dusk and dawn. It is mainly a browser and eats a diverse variety of bush and tree leaves, shoots, twigs, fruits, grasses and herbs. It obtains most of its water requirements from its food plants. When males are large enough, they fight by locking horns and pressing their heads and horns together and try to force their horns down onto the nape of their opponent. Males and females fight each other for superiority, by standing up on hind legs to try to knock each other down, but the larger males normally win. Males show restraint and are never aggressive towards females, but females may butt their heads against the males. When males mount, they lay their neck and head down and onto the females back (11). Each female has her own, independent estrus cycle and is anestrus for only a couple of weeks (9). She is pregnant for 7.4-8.5 months and separates from her small group to give birth to one calf, weighing 4.0-7.5 kg. 50% of the calves die within the first 6 months, from disease and predation by leopards, hunting dogs and spotted hyenas, and only 25% survive to reach 3 years of age. Males begin horn growth after the first 6-9 months and reach full length after 3 years. Young males stay with their mothers for 1.5-2 years, before they leave and travel alone or in small sporadic male groups (10). Young females form small groups with their mother or siblings. The kudu becomes sexually mature at 1.25-1.50 years, but males do not gain social status to reproduce until they reach the age of 4-5 years (11). The average life span is 10-15 years in the wild and 15 years in captive, with one captive reaching 19.8 years (9). IUCN list the kudu as conservation dependent (9), but Lower Risk (1). The total population is estimated to be at least 118,000 (6), about 33% being in protected areas. Numbers are considered to be in decline overall, due to hunting for sport and its meat and horns, habitat loss, overgrazing, increase in pastoralism and outbreaks of rinderpest, which led to a decline in the mid 1990s (6). The horns are hollowed out and used as wind instruments, honey containers and in spiritual rituals as they are thought to house powerful spirits as well as being a symbol of male virility (2,4). In Tsavo National Park, elephant populations have altered the vegetative landscape.The level of decline is predicted to reach at least 25% over a period of three generations (21-24 years), so approaching the threshold for Vulnerable. The kudu will probably persist in the arid scrublands of northeastern Africa, if human and livestock densities stay relatively low in extensive parts of its range such as northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. Its status may eventually decline to threatened. Its shyness and preference for thick cover help it withstand considerable hunting pressure (6). Lesser kudu are also vulnerable to the rinderpest virus which periodically breaks out and reduces populations (5). The kudu’s long-term survival prospects would be enhanced by improved protection and management of the protected areas that support substantial populations. Its value as a trophy animal gives it high potential for increased revenue generation in extensive bushlands (6).The lesser kudu is part of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association's studbook program which ensures the most possible genetic diversity within the captive breeding population (6). The lesser kudu was placed in the genus Tragelaphus. It was described by Edward Blyth in 1869. It was thought to be a smaller version of the greater kudu, but is now is considered to be a more primitive species, being the most primitive spiral-horned antelope. Its evolutionary line diverged in the late Miocene, possibly 10 million years ago. There may have been an early hybridization between the proto-lesser kudu and proto-nyala, but these lines have been separate for most of the evolutionary history. The lesser kudu being the most basal member of the 'Tragelaphus' group. In 1912, Edmund Heller established the genus Ammelaphus for the Lesser Kudu, the type species being A. strepsiceros (2). The lesser kudu was raised to a genus level by Peter Grubb and Colin Groves in 2011 (3), as it represents an evolutionary line that has remained separate since the end of the Miocene (5.8 million years ago). Grubb and Groves state that Ammelaphus has two species, the northern (A. imberbis from Ethiopia and Somalia) and southern (A. australis from Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan and southern Somalia). The lesser kudu has 38 chromosomes, in both sexes. Unlike other tragelaphids, the X chromosome and Y chromosome are compound and fused with autosomes from ancestors having a greater chromosome number (5).
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Kiçik kudu ( азерски )

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Kiçik kudu (lat. Tragelaphus imberbis) — Boşbuynuzlular fəsiləsinin meşə antilopları cinsinə aid növ.

Yayılması

Afrikanın hər yerində rast gəlinən böyük kududan fərqli olaraq, kiçik kudu çox da böyük olmayan ərazilərdə, — Tanzaniya, Keniya, EfiopiyaSomalinin bir hissəsində yaşayır. 1967-ci ildə gözlənilmədən kiçik kuduya Ərəbistan yarımadasında, daha doğrusu Yəməndə rast gəlindi.

 src=
Kiçik kudu

Bu antiloplar əsasən akasiya meşələrində və sıx kolluqlarda yaşayırlar.

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Kiçik kudu: Brief Summary ( азерски )

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Kiçik kudu (lat. Tragelaphus imberbis) — Boşbuynuzlular fəsiləsinin meşə antilopları cinsinə aid növ.

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Koudou bihan ( бретонски )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar c'houdou bihan (Tragelaphus imberbis) a zo un antilopenn hag a vev e reter Afrika ha, marteze, en Arabia.

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Cudú petit ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El cudú petit (Tragelaphus imberbis) és una espècie de mamífer artiodàctil de la subfamília dels bovins. És un antílop autòcton de l'est d'Àfrica i, possiblement, del sud d'Aràbia. Les poblacions de Tanzània i Kenya formen una subespècie pròpia, el cudú petit meridional (Tragelaphus imberbis australis).

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cudú petit Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Cudú petit: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El cudú petit (Tragelaphus imberbis) és una espècie de mamífer artiodàctil de la subfamília dels bovins. És un antílop autòcton de l'est d'Àfrica i, possiblement, del sud d'Aràbia. Les poblacions de Tanzània i Kenya formen una subespècie pròpia, el cudú petit meridional (Tragelaphus imberbis australis).

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Kudu malý ( чешки )

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Kudu malý (Tragelaphus imberbis) je lesní turovitý sudokopytník obývající východní Afriku a zřejmě i jižní část Arabského poloostrova. Jediným poddruhem kudu malého je kudu jižní (Tragelaphus imberbis australis), který obývá Keňu a Tanzanii.

Popis

Kudu malý měří v kohoutku kolem jednoho metru a dosahuje hmotnosti 50 až 100 kg. Samci jsou o něco větší než samice. Samci jsou zbarveni šedohnědě, samice jsou kaštanově hnědé se světle zbarvenou břišní částí těla. Obě pohlaví mají na bocích kolem deseti bílých pruhů a dva bílé chomáče chlupů na spodní straně hrdla. Samci mají nevýraznou hřívu a asi 70 cm dlouhé rohy s jedním nebo dvěma krouceními.

Chování

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Stádo v zoo Dvůr Králové

Kudu malý obývá suché křovinaté a lesnaté oblasti, kde se živí převážně listy, výhonky, větvičkami a různými druhy travin. Aktivní je navečer a v noci, přes den odpočívá v hustém porostu. Samice žijí ve stádech, která nebývají většinou tvořena více jak pěti jednotlivci. Samci žijí samostatně nebo v menších skupinkách, výjimečně se objevují i stáda smíšená. Mezi samci neexistuje téměř žádná hierarchie a k soubojům dochází jen ve výjimečných případech. Průměrná hustota populace zřídkakdy přesáhne jeden kus na km2 a domovské území většinou nebývá větší jak 6,7 km.[2][3] Pokud je vyrušen predátorem (lvem, leopardem, psem hyenovitým), dá se po vydání poplašného signálu na prchavý útěk, při kterém dokáže v křovinatém porostu předvádět až 2 m vysoké výskoky.[2][4]

V období rozmnožování si do sebe samci zaplétávají rohy a snaží se svého rivala přetlačit a položit na zem. Samice se těsně před porodem, který se uskutečňuje po 7,5 až 8 měsíční březosti, odpojuje od stáda a ve vysoké vegetaci porodí jediné mládě, které po narození váží 4 až 7,5 kg. Dospělosti se však dožívá jen 25% narozených mláďat, dalších 50 % mláďat se stává obětí nemocí nebo predátorů.[5] V přírodě se může kudu malý dožít až 15 let.

Ohrožení

V současné době je kudu malý podle Červeného seznamu ohrožených druhů (IUCN) zařazen do kategorie druhů závislých na ochraně (Lower Risk Conservation Dependent)[6], za což může především ilegální lov zvláště kvůli rohům a hromadná ztráta přirozeného biomu.

V České republice chová kudy malé Zoologická zahrada Dvůr Králové.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Lesser Kudu na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-11]
  2. a b Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. Balitimore: The Johns Hopkins University.
  3. Roosevelt, T., E. Heller. 1914. Life-Histories of African Game Animals. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  4. Walther, F. 1990. Spiral-Horned Antelopes. Pp. 344-359 in S. Parker, ed. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
  5. Harrison, D., P. Bates. 1991. The Mammals of Arabia. Kent, England: Harrison Zoological Museum Publications.
  6. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/22053/all

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Kudu malý: Brief Summary ( чешки )

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Kudu malý (Tragelaphus imberbis) je lesní turovitý sudokopytník obývající východní Afriku a zřejmě i jižní část Arabského poloostrova. Jediným poddruhem kudu malého je kudu jižní (Tragelaphus imberbis australis), který obývá Keňu a Tanzanii.

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Kleiner Kudu ( германски )

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Der Kleine Kudu (Ammelaphus imberbis) ist eine afrikanische Antilope und das Pendant zum bekannteren Großen Kudu.

Äußere Merkmale

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Weibchen mit Nachwuchs

Die Männchen des Kleinen Kudu erreichen ein Gewicht von bis zu 100 Kilogramm und weisen eine Schulterhöhe von bis zu einem Meter auf. Die Weibchen sind etwas kleiner und erreichen ein Gewicht von bis zu 62 Kilogramm. Es besteht ein auffälliger Sexualdimorphismus: Nur die Männchen tragen ein bis zu 89 Zentimeter langes Schraubengehörn.[1]

Die Tiere tragen ein graubraunes Haarkleid, das am Rumpf von den Schultern bis zum Schwanzansatz mit bis zu 15 schmalen, weißen Querstreifen bedeckt ist. Am Hals befinden sich zwei deutliche weiße Flecke. Die Beine sind braun mit einem leichten Orangeton.

Wiederkäuende Kudus stehen gewöhnlich im Schatten eines Baumes, so dass ihre Rückseite zum Baum hin weist. Durch ihr gestreiftes Haarkleid lösen sich dabei ihre Körperumrisse auf, so dass sie für einen Prädator weniger sichtbar sind. Auf der Flucht zeigt der Kleine Kudu die weiße Unterseite des Schwanzes, dieser sogenannte Spiegel dient vermutlich als Signal gegenüber den Artgenossen.[2]

Verbreitung

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Verbreitungsgebiet des Kleinen Kudu

Im Gegensatz zum Großen Kudu, der weit über Afrika verbreitet ist, hat der Kleine Kudu ein relativ kleines Verbreitungsgebiet, das Teile der Staaten Tansania, Kenia, Äthiopien und Somalia umfasst. 1967 wurde überraschenderweise an einem ganz anderen Ort ein Kleiner Kudu entdeckt, nämlich in Jemen auf der arabischen Halbinsel. Seitdem gab es auch Hinweise auf Vorkommen dieser Tiere in Saudi-Arabien. Sie scheinen dort aber extrem selten oder ausgerottet zu sein. Ob Kleine Kudus natürlicherweise in Arabien vorkamen oder aber ursprünglich dort eingeführt worden waren, lässt sich heute nicht mehr nachvollziehen.

Die IUCN betrachtet den Kleinen Kudu als "von Schutzmaßnahmen abhängig".

Lebensraum

Der Kleine Kudu bewohnt Akazienwälder und dichtes Gestrüpp. Er ist standorttreu. Die Weibchen leben in Gruppen von etwa vier bis zehn Tieren. Auch junge Männchen bilden Verbände. Ausgewachsene Männchen sind dagegen Einzelgänger, die sich nur zur Paarungszeit mit Weibchen zusammentun. Die Tiere sind meistens nachtaktiv, können aber auch in den kühleren Tageszeiten gesehen werden.

Das Raumverhalten des Kleinen Kudus ist vor allem im Tsavo-East-Nationalpark untersucht wurden. Die adulten Männchen zogen hier durch ein Revier von durchschnittlich jeweils etwa zwei Quadratkilometer. Die einzelnen Reviere überlappten sich dabei mit denen anderer Männchen. Revierabgrenzendes Verhalten beispielsweise durch Kämpfe mit anderen Männchen wurden nicht beobachtet, noch war eine Rangordnung unter den adulten Männchen erkennbar. Subadulte Männchen zogen durch ein größeres Gebiet.[3]

Ernährung

Als Nahrung wird Laub bevorzugt, allerdings werden auch Gräser nicht verschmäht.

Das Nahrungsverhalten des Kleinen Kudu ist unter anderem im Tsavo-East-Nationalpark untersucht worden, dabei wurde eine Nahrungskonkurrenz vor allem mit der Giraffengazelle festgestellt.[4] Der Kleine Kudu hält sich allerdings vor allem in den Savannenregionen auf, die dichter mit Bäumen und Sträuchern bestanden sind. Wegen der Fähigkeit, sich während der Nahrungssuche auf die Hinterbeine zu stellen, sind für die Giraffengazelle außerdem Blätter erreichbar, die für den Kleinen Kudu unzugänglich sind.

Literatur

  • C. A. Spinage: The Natural History of Antelopes. Croom Helm, London 1986, ISBN 0-7099-4441-1

Einzelbelege

  1. Spinage, S. 174
  2. Spinage, S. 117
  3. Spinage, S. 155
  4. Spinage, S. 66
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Kleiner Kudu: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Der Kleine Kudu (Ammelaphus imberbis) ist eine afrikanische Antilope und das Pendant zum bekannteren Großen Kudu.

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ГъвечӀи куду

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дишиди КӀенин гъвечӀи куду
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эркек гъвечӀи куду

ГъвечӀи куду (лат. Tragelaphus imberbis ) — антилопаяр хзандиз талукь тир гьайван.

Жуьредин мехелар

  • Tragelaphus imberbis imberbis
  • Tragelaphus imberbis australis (КӀенин гъвечӀи куду): Кения ва Танзанияда
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ГьитӀинаб куду ( аварски )

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♀ Югалъулаб гьитӀинаб куду
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♂ ГьитӀинаб куду

ГьитӀинаб куду (латиназул мацӀалда Tragelaphus imberbis) — Bovidae хъизан гӀалхул кӀудияб антилопа.

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Lesser kudu ( англиски )

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The lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) is a medium-sized bushland antelope, found in East Africa. It is placed in the genus Tragelaphus and family Bovidae. It was first scientifically described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1869. The head-and-body length is typically 110–140 cm (43–55 in). Males reach about 95–105 cm (37–41 in) at the shoulder, while females reach 90–100 cm (35–39 in). Males typically weigh 92–108 kg (203–238 lb) and females 56–70 kg (123–154 lb). The females and juveniles have a reddish-brown coat, while the males become yellowish grey or darker after the age of 2 years. Horns are present only on males. The spiral horns are 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long, and have two to two-and-a-half twists.

A pure browser, the lesser kudu feeds on foliage from bushes and trees (shoots, twigs) and herbs. Despite seasonal and local variations, foliage from trees and shrubs constitute 60–80% of the diet throughout the year. The lesser kudu is mainly active at night and during the dawn, and seeks shelter in dense thickets just after the sunrise. The lesser kudu exhibits no territorial behaviour, and fights are rare. While females are gregarious, adult males prefer being solitary. No fixed breeding season is seen; births may occur at any time of the year. The lesser kudu inhabits dry bushland regions.

The lesser kudu is native to Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, but it is possibly extirpated from Djibouti. It may have been present in Saudi Arabia and Yemen as recently as 1967, though its presence in the Arabian Peninsula is still controversial.[4] The total population of the lesser kudu has been estimated to be nearly 118,000, with a decreasing trend in populations. One-third of the populations survive in protected areas. Presently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature rates the lesser kudu as "near threatened".

Taxonomy and genetics

Giant eland

Common eland

Greater kudu

Balbok

Bongo

Sitatunga

Cape bushbuck

Harnessed bushbuck

Nyala

Lesser kudu

Phylogenetic relationships of the mountain nyala from combined analysis of all molecular data (Willows-Munro et.al. 2005)

The scientific name of the lesser kudu is Tragelaphus imberbis. The animal is classified under the genus Tragelaphus in family Bovidae. It was first described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1869.[3] The generic name, Tragelaphus, derives from Greek word tragos, meaning a male goat, and elaphos, which means a deer, while the specific name imberbis comes from the Latin term meaning unbearded, referring to this kudu's lack of mane.[5] The vernacular name kudu (or koodoo) may have originated from the Khoikhoi kudu, or via the Afrikaans koedoe.[6] The term "lesser" denotes the smaller size of this antelope as compared to the greater kudu.[4]

In 1912, the genus Ammelaphus was established for just the lesser kudu by American zoologist Edmund Heller, the type species being A. strepsiceros.[2] The lesser kudu is now typically placed in Tragelaphus.[3] However, a 2011 publication by Colin Groves and Peter Grubb argues for the lesser kudu's renewed placement in the genus Ammelaphus on the grounds that this species is part of the earliest-diverging lineage of its tribe, having split from the main lineage before it separated into Tragelaphus and Taurotragus.[7]

In 2005, Sandi Willows-Munro (of the University of KwaZulu-Natal) and colleagues carried out a mitochondrial analysis of the nine Tragelaphus species. mtDNA and nDNA data were compared. The results showed that the tribe Tragelaphini is monophyletic with the lesser kudu basal in the phylogeny, followed by the nyala (T. angasii).[8][9] On the basis of mitochondrial data, the lesser kudu separated from its sister clade around 13.7 million years ago. However, the nuclear data show that lesser kudu and nyala form a clade, and collectively separated from the sister clade 13.8 million years ago.[10][11]

The lesser kudu has 38 diploid chromosomes. However, unlike others in the subfamily Tragelaphinae, the X chromosome and Y chromosome are compound and each is fused with one of two identical autosomes.[12]

Physical description

Male lesser kudu

The lesser kudu is a spiral-horned antelope. The head-and-body length is typically between 110 and 140 cm (43 and 55 in). Males reach about 95–105 cm (37–41 in) at the shoulder, while females reach 90–100 cm (35–39 in). Males typically weigh 92–108 kg (203–238 lb) and females 56–70 kg (123–154 lb).[13] The bushy tail is 25–40 cm (9.8–15.7 in) long, white underneath and with a black tip at the end.[14]

Distinct signs of sexual dimorphism are seen in the antelope. The male is considerably larger than the female. The females, as well as juveniles, have a rufous coat, whereas the males become yellowish grey or darker after the age of 2 years. The male has a prominent black crest of hair on the neck, but this feature is not well-developed in the female.[4] One long white stripe runs along the back, with 11–14 white stripes branching towards the sides.[14] The chest has a central black stripe, and no throat beard is present.[13] A black stripe runs from each eye to the nose and a white one from each eye to the centre of the dark face. A chevron is present between the eyes. The area around the lips is white, the throat has white patches, and two white spots appear on each side of the lower jaw. The underparts are completely white, while the slender legs are tawny and have black and white patches.[14] The lesser kudu is characterised by large, rounded ears. Its tracks are similar to the greater kudu's.[15] Females have four teats.[4] The average lifespan is 10 years in the wild, and 15 years in captivity.[14]

Horns are present only on males. The spiral horns are 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long, and have two to two-and-a-half twists.[13] The base circumference is 156–171 cm (61–67 in).[14] The slender horns are dark brown and tipped with white.[4] Male young begin developing horns after 6-8 months, which reach full length after 3 years.[14]

Ecology and behaviour

Herd of lesser kudu in Dvůr Králové Zoo

The lesser kudu is mainly active at night and during the dawn, and seeks shelter in dense thickets just after the sunrise.[14] It can camouflage so well in such dense vegetation that only its ears and tail can indicate its presence.[16] The midday is spent in rest and rumination in shaded areas.[4][17] The animal spends about equal time foraging, standing and lying, and roaming.[13] As a thin tragelaphine, the lesser kudu can move readily through dense vegetation with ease. The lesser kudu is a shy and wary animal. When alarmed, the animal stands motionless. If it senses any approaching predator, it gives out a short sharp bark, similar to the bushbuck's, then makes multiple leaps up to 2 m (6.6 ft) high with an upraised tail. If captured by the predator, the victim gives a loud bleat.[13]

Lesser kudus are gregarious in nature, especially females. No distinct leader or any hierarchy is noted in the social structure; with no territorial behavior, fights are uncommon. While fighting, the lesser kudus interlock horns and try pushing one another. Mutual grooming is hardly observed.[4] Unlike most tragelaphines, females can be closely associated for several years. One to three females, along with their offspring, may form a group. Juvenile males leave their mothers when aged a year and a half, and may form pairs. However, at the age of 4-5 years, males prefer a solitary lifestyle and avoid one another, though four or five bulls may share the same home range. Lesser kudu do not usually associate with other animals, except when they feed in the same area.[13][16]

Diet

Feeding female and juvenile

A pure browser, the lesser kudu feeds on foliage from bushes and trees (shoots, twigs) and herbs.[14] It also eats flowers and fruits if available, and takes small proportions of grasses, usually in the wet season. Despite seasonal and local variations, foliage from trees and shrubs constitutes 60-80% of the diet throughout the year. Foliage from creepers and vines (such as Thunbergia guerkeana and some species of Cucurbitaceae and Convulvulaceae) forms 15-25% of the diet in the wet season. Fruits are consumed mainly in the dry season. Olfactory searching, much in the same posture as grazing, is used to find fallen fruits (such as Melia volkensii and Acacia tortilis), while small fruits (such as Commiphora species) are directly plucked from trees. The size and structure of its stomach also suggests its primary dependence on browse.[4]

The lesser kudu browses primarily at dusk or dawn, or nocturnally, [17] and is sometimes associated with gerenuk and the impala.[4] The lesser kudu and the gerenuk might compete for evergreen species in the dry season.[4] However, unlike the gerenuk, the lesser kudu rarely prefers Acacia species and does not stand on its hindlegs while feeding.[13] The lesser kudu does not have a great requirement for water, and can browse in arid environments.[14] It eats succulent plants, such as the wild sisal, Sansevieria, and Euphorbia species in the dry season, and drinks water when sources are available.[4][13]

Reproduction

Both the males and females become sexually mature by the time they are a year and a half old. However, males actually mate after the age of four to five years.[14] Males and females are most reproductive till the age of 14 and 14–18 years, respectively, with the maximum age of successful lactation in females being 13–14 years.[18] With no fixed breeding season, births may occur at any time of the year. A study at Dvůr Králové Zoo (Czech Republic) showed that 55% of the births occurred between September and December.[18] A rutting male tests the urine of any female he encounters, to which the female responds by urinating. Having located a female in estrus, the male follows her closely, trying to rub his cheek on her rump, head, neck, and chest. He performs gasping movements with his lips. Finally, the male mounts the female, resting his head and neck on her back, in a similar way as other tragelaphines.[4][13]

The gestational period is 7-8 months, after which a single calf is born. A female about to give birth isolates herself from her group, and remains alone for some days afterward. The newborn calf weighs 4–7.5 kg (8.8–16.5 lb). Around 50% of the calves die within the first six months of birth, and only 25% can survive after three years. In a study at Basle Zoo (Switzerland), where 43% of the offspring from captive breeding died before reaching the age of six months, the major causes of high juvenile mortality were found to be the spread of white muscle disease and deficiency of vitamin E and selenium in diets. The herd size, sex, interbreeding, and season did not play any role in juvenile mortality.[19] The mother hides her calf while she goes out to feed, and returns mainly in the evening to suckle her young. She checks the calf's identity by sniffing its rump or neck. In the first month, suckling may occur for 8 minutes. The mother and calf communicate with low bleats. She licks her offspring, particularly in the perineal region, and may consume its excreta.[4][13]

Habitat and distribution

The lesser kudu inhabits dry bushland regions.[14] It is closely associated with Acacia and Commiphora thornbush in semiarid areas of northeastern Africa. The animal avoids open areas and long grass, preferring shaded areas with short grasses instead.[1] Found in woodlands and hilly areas, as well, the lesser kudu is generally found at altitudes below 1,200 m (3,900 ft);[13] though they have been recorded at heights about 1,740 m (5,710 ft) near Mount Kilimanjaro.[1] While individual home ranges of these animals are 0.4–6.7 km2 (4,300,000–72,000,000 sq ft) in size, those of males have an average size of 2.2 km2 (24,000,000 sq ft) and those of females 1.8 km2 (19,000,000 sq ft).[20]

The lesser kudu is native to Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, but it is extinct in Djibouti.[1] Largely confined to the Horn of Africa today, the species historically ranged from Awash (Ethiopia) southward through southern and eastern Ethiopia, and most parts of Somalia (except the north and the northeast) and Kenya (except the southwest). It also occurred in southeastern Sudan and northeastern and eastern parts of Uganda and Tanzania. Evidence for its existence in the Arabian peninsula includes a set of horns obtained in 1967 from an individual shot in South Yemen and another in Saudi Arabia, as well as a recent analysis of early and middle Holocene rock art sites in Jubbah and Shuwaymis, Ha'il province, Saudi Arabia.[4][21]

Threats and conservation

The lesser kudu's shyness and its ability to camouflage itself in dense cover has protected it from the risks of poaching. For instance, the lesser kudu is widespread in the Ogaden region, which is rich in dense bush, despite reckless hunting by local people.[1] However, rinderpest outbreaks, to which the lesser kudu is highly susceptible, have resulted in a steep decline of 60% in the animal's population in Tsavo National Park in Kenya.[22] Overgrazing, human settlement, and loss of habitat are some other threats to the survival of the lesser kudu.[1]

The total population of the lesser kudu has been estimated to be nearly 118,000, with a decreasing trend in populations. The rate of decline has increased to 20% over two decades. Presently, the IUCN rates the lesser kudu as "near threatened".[1] Around a third of the population of the lesser kudu occurs in protected areas such as Awash, Omo and Mago National Parks (Ethiopia); Lag Badana National Park (Somalia); Tsavo National Park (Kenya); Ruaha National Park and game reserves (Tanzania), though it occurs in larger numbers outside these areas.[23] Population density rarely exceeds 1/km2., and is generally much lower.[20]

The handsome head of the male lesser kudu, with his elegant spiraled horns, is the symbol of the Saint Louis Zoo.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus imberbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22053A115165887. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22053A50196563.en. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b Heller, E. (November 2, 1912). New Genera and Races of African Ungulates (PDF). Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 15.
  3. ^ a b c Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 698. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kingdon, J.; Butynski, T.; Happold, D. (2013). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 142–7. ISBN 978-1408189962.
  5. ^ "Tragelaphus". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  6. ^ "Kudu". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  7. ^ Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8.
  8. ^ Willows-Munro, S.; Robinson, T. J.; Matthee, C. A. (June 2005). "Utility of nuclear DNA intron markers at lower taxonomic levels: Phylogenetic resolution among nine Tragelaphus spp". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (3): 624–36. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.018. PMID 15878131.
  9. ^ Groves, C. (2014). "Current taxonomy and diversity of crown ruminants above the species level" (PDF). Zitteliana. 32 (B): 5–14. ISSN 1612-4138. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  10. ^ Ropiquet, A. (2006). "Etude des radiations adaptatives au sein des Antilopinae (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Ph.D. Thesis, Université Paris. 6 (1–247).
  11. ^ Hassanin, A.; Delsuc, F.; Ropiquet, A.; Hammer, C.; Jansen van Vuuren, B.; Matthee, C.; Ruiz-Garcia, M.; Catzeflis, F.; Areskoug, V.; Nguyen, T.T.; Couloux, A. (2012). "Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 335 (1): 32–50. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002. PMID 22226162.
  12. ^ Benirschke, K.; Ruedi, D.; Muller, H.; Kumamoto, A.T.; Wagner, K.L.; Downes, H.S. (1980). "The unusual karyotype of the lesser kudu,Tragelaphus imberbis". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 26 (2–4): 85–92. doi:10.1159/000131429. PMID 7389415.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Estes, R. D. (2004). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals : Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates (4th ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 180–2. ISBN 0520080858.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Paschka, N. "Tragelaphus imberbis (lesser kudu)". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  15. ^ Chris, S.; Stuart, T. (2000). A Field Guide to the Tracks and Signs of Southern and East African Wildlife (3rd ed.). Cape Town: Struik. ISBN 1868725588.
  16. ^ a b "Lesser kudu". Wildscreen. ARKive. Archived from the original on 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  17. ^ a b Mitchell, A. W. (September 1977). "Preliminary observations on the daytime activity patterns of lesser kudu in Tsavo National Park, Kenya". African Journal of Ecology. 15 (3): 199–206. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1977.tb00398.x.
  18. ^ a b Váhala, J. (1992). "Reproduction of the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) at Dvůr Králové Zoo". Zoo Biology. 11 (2): 99–106. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430110205.
  19. ^ Besselmann, D.; Schaub, D.; Wenker, C.; Völlm, J.; Robert, N.; Schelling, C.; Steinmetz, H.; Clauss, M. (March 2008). "Juvenile mortality in captive lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) at Basle Zoo and its relation to nutrition and husbandry" (PDF). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 39 (1): 86–91. doi:10.1638/2007-0004.1. PMID 18432100. S2CID 22836125.
  20. ^ a b Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1140–1. ISBN 0801857899.
  21. ^ Guagnin M, Shipton C, el-Dossary S, et al. Rock art provides new evidence on the biogeography of kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), wild dromedary, aurochs (Bos primigenius) and African wild ass (Equus africanus) in the early and middle Holocene of north-western Arabia. J Biogeogr. 2018;00:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13165
  22. ^ Sherman, D. M. (2002). Tending Animals in the Global Village: A Guide to International Veterinary Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 264. ISBN 0470292105.
  23. ^ East, R.; IUCN/SSC, Antelope Specialist Group (1999). African Antelope Database 1998. Gland, Switzerland: The IUCN Species Survival Commission. pp. 132–4. ISBN 2831704774.

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Lesser kudu: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) is a medium-sized bushland antelope, found in East Africa. It is placed in the genus Tragelaphus and family Bovidae. It was first scientifically described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1869. The head-and-body length is typically 110–140 cm (43–55 in). Males reach about 95–105 cm (37–41 in) at the shoulder, while females reach 90–100 cm (35–39 in). Males typically weigh 92–108 kg (203–238 lb) and females 56–70 kg (123–154 lb). The females and juveniles have a reddish-brown coat, while the males become yellowish grey or darker after the age of 2 years. Horns are present only on males. The spiral horns are 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long, and have two to two-and-a-half twists.

A pure browser, the lesser kudu feeds on foliage from bushes and trees (shoots, twigs) and herbs. Despite seasonal and local variations, foliage from trees and shrubs constitute 60–80% of the diet throughout the year. The lesser kudu is mainly active at night and during the dawn, and seeks shelter in dense thickets just after the sunrise. The lesser kudu exhibits no territorial behaviour, and fights are rare. While females are gregarious, adult males prefer being solitary. No fixed breeding season is seen; births may occur at any time of the year. The lesser kudu inhabits dry bushland regions.

The lesser kudu is native to Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, but it is possibly extirpated from Djibouti. It may have been present in Saudi Arabia and Yemen as recently as 1967, though its presence in the Arabian Peninsula is still controversial. The total population of the lesser kudu has been estimated to be nearly 118,000, with a decreasing trend in populations. One-third of the populations survive in protected areas. Presently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature rates the lesser kudu as "near threatened".

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Tragelaphus imberbis ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El kudú menor o pequeño kudú (Tragelaphus imberbis) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la subfamilia Bovinae. Es un antílope autóctono del África oriental y, posiblemente, del sur de Arabia. Las poblaciones de Tanzania y Kenia forman una subespecie propia, Tragelaphus imberbis australis.

Referencias

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). «Tragelaphus imberbis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de noviembre de 2010.

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Tragelaphus imberbis: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El kudú menor o pequeño kudú (Tragelaphus imberbis) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la subfamilia Bovinae. Es un antílope autóctono del África oriental y, posiblemente, del sur de Arabia. Las poblaciones de Tanzania y Kenia forman una subespecie propia, Tragelaphus imberbis australis.

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Tragelaphus imberbis ( баскиски )

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Tragelaphus imberbis Tragelaphus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Bovinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. Blyth (1869) 1869 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 55. or..
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Tragelaphus imberbis: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Tragelaphus imberbis Tragelaphus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Bovinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Pikkukudu ( фински )

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Pikkukudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) on Afrikassa elävä nautaeläinlaji.

Tuntomerkit

Pikkukudu on siro ja solakka antilooppi, jolla on 11-15 hyvin selvää pystyä kylkijuovaa harmaanruskeassa turkissaan. Uroksella on koko selän pituudelle ulottuva harja, naarailla se on vain hartioiden alueella. Uroksen sarvet kasvavat jopa 90 sentin pituisiksi. Paino vaihtelee pikkukudulla 90-100 kiloon ja ruumiin pituus 160-175 senttimetriin. Eläimen säläkorkeus on 95-105 senttiä ja sen hännän pituus on 30-40 senttiä.

Levinneisyys

Pikkukudun levinneisyys ulottuu Etiopiaan, Etelä-Somaliaan, Sudanin eteläosiin, Itä-Ugandaan, koko Keniaan ja Koillis-Tansaniaan. Lajin elinympäristö on akasiasavannia, mutta se ei elä kovin avoimilla seuduilla, vaan puolikuivilla pensaikkoalueilla. Siellä turkin väristä ja juovikkuudesta on etua eläimen sulautumiseen ympäristöön. Todellisuudessa pikkukudu tarvitseekin hyvän suojavärin, sillä lajilla on runsaasti vihollisia. Aikuinen kudu sopii saaliiksi leopardille, leijonalle, hyeenalle ja hyeenakoiralle. Nuoria yksilöitä saalistavat myös servaali, karakali, paviaani ja suuret käärmeet.

Ravinto

Pikkukudun ravintoon kuuluu pensaiden ja puiden lehdet. Mikäli vettä on tarjolla, ne käyvät juomassa säännöllisesti.

Lisääntyminen

Naaraan kantoaika on noin 220 vuorokautta ja se synnyttää tavallisesti vain yhden poikasen.

Lähteet

Viitteet

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group: Tragelaphus imberbis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 28.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. ITIS
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Pikkukudu: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Pikkukudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) on Afrikassa elävä nautaeläinlaji.

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Petit koudou ( француски )

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Tragelaphus imberbis

Le Petit koudou (Tragelaphus imberbis) est une espèce d'antilope qui se rencontre en Afrique de l'Est et peut-être dans le sud de la péninsule Arabique.

Description

Le petit koudou est une antilope de taille moyenne, très élancée, fine et haute sur pattes, mais plus petite que son cousin le Grand koudou et elle ne dispose pas de barbe sous le cou. Le chevron blanc est incomplet entre les yeux, seul le mâle porte des cornes en spirale atteignant 60 à 90 cm[1].

Le petit koudou possède 11 à 15 rayures blanches sur un pelage lisse et ras de couleur fauve roux chez la femelle, et un pelage grisâtre chez le mâle. Des points clairs parsèment le cou et deux taches blanches y sont visibles.

La longueur du corps varie entre 110 et 140 cm, la queue mesure de 25 à 40 cm, une hauteur au garrot qui va de 90 à 110 cm selon les individus, les mâles étant plus grands que les femelles[2]. Leur poids varie de 60 à 90 kilos (70 kg en moyenne) pour les mâles, contre 50 à 70 kg (60 kg en moyenne) pour les femelles. Le petit koudou est actif de jour comme de nuit.

Distribution

Les petits koudous vivent dans une grande aire de répartition situé à l'Est de l’Afrique. Elle commence en Éthiopie et en Somalie puis descend jusqu’à la Tanzanie en passant par le Soudan, l'Est de l’Ouganda et le Kenya.

Habitat

Le petit koudou aime les acacias, les brousses denses des zones semi-arides. Les petits koudous ne possèdent pas de territoire, mais un domaine vital d'environ 200 hectares.

Il se mélange de temps en temps avec les impalas, une antilope de taille et d'habitat similaire.

Alimentation

Les petits koudous sont des herbivores phytophages et opportunistes. Ils se nourrissent de feuillages, pousses, bourgeons, tubercules, fruits, racines et un peu d'herbes. Il boit régulièrement, mais peut se passer d'eau pendant de longues périodes. Dans le parc national de Tsavo en Afrique de l'est, les petits koudous consomment 118 espèces différentes de plantes.

Reproduction

Les petits koudous vivent en familles (mâle, femelles et jeunes) ou en petits groupes de femelles (2 à 4) et leur jeunes uniquement. Les mâles forment des groupes de célibataires ou vit parfois solitaire. La gestation dure environ 7 mois, il y a un petit par portée, la maturité sexuelle intervient entre 18 et 24 mois.

Prédation

 src=
Petit koudou mâle

Léopards, guépards, lycaons, lions ensuite les babouins et les pythons s'attaquent aux jeunes.

Vigilant, dotée d'une bonne vue diurne, d'un bon odorat et d'une ouïe très fine. Le petit koudou est un coureur très rapide qui peut atteindre 70 à 80 km/h en course. Il peut bondir jusqu'à 2 mètres de hauteur[3] et jusqu'à 6 à 7 mètres en longueur. Il est plus rapide que le Nyala ou le Grand Koudou de la même famille que lui, qui courent à 50 km/h, lui atteint les 80 km/h à la course.

Statut/population

Vulnérable. Il ne reste plus que 118 000 petits koudous dans la nature.

Longévité

Le petit koudou peut vivre jusqu'à 17 ans.

Photographie

Références

Voir aussi

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Petit koudou: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Tragelaphus imberbis

Le Petit koudou (Tragelaphus imberbis) est une espèce d'antilope qui se rencontre en Afrique de l'Est et peut-être dans le sud de la péninsule Arabique.

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Tragelaphus imberbis ( италијански )

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Il kudu minore (Tragelaphus imberbis) è un'antilope di boscaglia endemica dell'Africa orientale. L'animale fa parte del genere Tragelaphus, all'interno della famiglia Bovidae. Venne descritto scientificamente per la prima volta dallo zoologo inglese Edward Blyth, nel 1869. Si tratta di un'antilope di medie dimensioni, che in media misura circa 110-140 centimetri (43-55 pollici). I maschi raggiungono un'altezza al garrese di circa 95–105 centimetri (37–41 pollici), mentre le femmine possono raggiungere un'altezza di 90–100 centimetri (35–39 pollici), per un peso, nei maschi, di 92-108 kg (203-238 libbre), e di 56-70 kg (123-154 libbre) per le femmine. Le femmine e i giovani hanno un mantello bruno-rossastro, mentre i maschi diventano grigio giallastri o più scuri dopo i 2 anni di vita. Solo i maschi possiedono le corna, che hanno una forma lunga e a spirale, raggiungendo una lunghezza di 50–70 centimetri (20–28 pollici), arricciandosi generalmente due volte o due volte e mezzo.

Il kudu minore è un erbivoro, che si nutre principalmente del fogliame di cespugli e alberi bassi (germogli, ramoscelli) ed erbe. Nonostante le variazioni stagionali e locali, il fogliame di alberi e arbusti costituiscono il 60-80% della sua dieta durante tutto l'anno. Il kudu minore è attivo principalmente nelle ore notturne e durante l'alba, cercando riparo nei fitti boschetti durante le ore diurne. Contrariamente a molte altre specie di antilope il kudu minore non è una specie territoriale e le lotte intraspecifiche sono piuttosto rare. Mentre le femmine sono gregarie, i maschi adulti sono perlopiù solitari. Questi animali non hanno una stagione riproduttiva fissa; le nascite possono avvenire in qualsiasi momento dell'anno. Il kudu minore abita regioni aride, pianeggianti e ricche di boscaglia.

Il kudu minore è originario di Etiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sud Sudan, Tanzania e Uganda, ma è localmente estinto a Gibuti. Alcuni autori hanno ipotizzato che un tempo l'animale fosse presente anche in Arabia Saudita e nello Yemen fino al 1967, sebbene la sua presenza nella penisola arabica sia ancora controversa.[4][5] La popolazione totale di kudu minori è stata stimata a circa 118.000 esemplari, con una tendenza alla diminuzione delle popolazioni. Un terzo della popolazione totale sopravvive in aree protette. Attualmente, l'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN) valuta il kudu minore come specie Prossima alla minaccia.

Descrizione

 src=
Un maschio adulto, al Fort Worth Zoo, Texas

Il kudu minore è un'antilope di medie dimensioni dalle corna a spirale. La lunghezza complessiva dell'animale, dalla testa ai quarti posteriori, è in genere compresa tra i 110 e i 140 centimetri (43-55 pollici). I maschi raggiungono un'altezza al garrese di circa 95–105 centimetri (37–41 pollici), mentre le femmine possono raggiungere un'altezza di 90–100 centimetri (35–39 pollici). I maschi hanno un peso medio di 92-108 kg (203-238 libbre), mentre le femmine pesano in media 56-70 kg (123-154 libbre).[6] La coda è folta e lunga 25–40 centimetri (9,8–15,7 pollici), ed è ricoperta da un ciuffo di peli bianchi con una punta nera all'estremità.[7]

Il kudu minore mostra uno spiccato dimorfismo sessuale: il maschio è notevolmente più grande della femmina, e quest'ultime, così come i giovani, hanno un mantello rossiccio, mentre i maschi diventano grigio giallastri o più scuri dopo i 2 anni di vita. Inoltre, solo i maschi hanno le corna mentre le femmine ne sono sprovviste. Le femmine hanno quattro capezzoli.[5] Il maschio presenta una prominente criniera nera sul collo, caratteristica poco sviluppata nella femmina.[5] Lungo la linea mediana del dorso di entrambi i sessi è presente una striscia bianca da cui si diramano 11-14 strisce bianche che coprono i fianchi dell'animale.[7] In contrasto, sulla linea mediana del ventre è presente una linea nera. Contrariamente ad altre specie del genere Tragelaphus, il kudu minore non presenta alcuna barba sulla gola.[6] Il muso dell'animale è più scuro, e davanti a ciascun occhio è presente una piccola barretta bianca. L'area intorno alle labbra è bianca, e la gola presenta due grandi macchie bianche, mentre due macchie circolari più piccole sono presenti su ciascun lato della mandibola. Il ventre è completamente bianco, mentre le snelle zampe sono fulve e coperte da macchie bianche e nere.[7] Il kudu minore è anche caratterizzato da grandi orecchie arrotondate.[8] La durata media della vita di questi animali è di circa 10 anni in natura e 15 anni in cattività.[7]

Solo i maschi possiedono le corna, che hanno una forma lunga e a spirale, raggiungendo una lunghezza di 50–70 centimetri (20–28 pollici), arricciandosi generalmente due volte o due volte e mezzo.[6][7] Le corna sono generalmente di colore marrone scuro e punteggiate di bianco.[5] I giovani maschi iniziano a sviluppare le corna dopo 6-8 mesi di vita, raggiungendo la loro piena lunghezza dopo i 3 anni.[7]

Biologia

 src=
Mandria di kudu minori, nello zoo di Dvůr Králové

Il kudu minore è attivo principalmente durante le ore notturne e durante l'alba, cercando riparo nei fitti boschetti durante le ore diurne.[7] Il suo manto gli permette di mimetizzarsi perfettamente con le boscaglie secche in cui vive, a tal punto che solo le orecchie e la coda possono indicarne la presenza.[9] Durante le ore diurne rimangono nascosti nelle zone ombreggiate, riposandosi o ruminando.[5][10] Il kudu minore trascorre circa il 35% del tempo a nutrirsi, il 36% in piedi e/o sdraiato, e il 29% in movimento.[6] Essendo una delle specie più snelle di Tragelaphus, il kudu minore può muoversi con facilità attraverso la fitta vegetazione. Il kudu minore è un animale timido e diffidente. Quando allarmato, l'animale resta immobile, confermando l'eventuale pericolo. Se rileva un predatore in avvicinamento, emette un abbaio breve e acuto, simile a quello dell'imbabala, per poi scattare per sfuggire all'aggressore, spiccando salti che possono arrivare fino a 2 metri (6,6 piedi) d'altezza. Se catturato dal predatore, l'animale emette un forte belato.[6]

Il kudu minore è di natura gregaria. All'interno del branco non vi è alcun leader o gerarchia; non si osservano nemmeno comportamenti territoriali tra i maschi, pertanto i combattimenti sono piuttosto rari. Durante i combattimenti, i kudu minori si agganciano l'un l'altro con le corna, spingendosi a vicenda finché uno dei due non cede. I branchi non sono particolarmente uniti, e la pulizia reciproca (atto a consolidare l'unione del gruppo) è raramente osservata.[5] A differenza della maggior parte dei tragelaphini, le femmine rimangono in gruppo per diversi anni, formando gruppi composti da una a tre femmine, insieme alla loro prole. I maschi giovani lasciano le madri all'età di un anno e mezzo, età a cui possono già formare un gruppo loro. Tuttavia, all'età di 4-5 anni, i maschi preferiscono vivere uno stile di vita solitario, evitandosi a vicenda, sebbene quattro o cinque maschi possano condividere lo stesso territorio. I kudu minori di solito non formano branchi misti con altri animali, tranne quando si nutrono nella stessa area.[6][9]

Dieta

 src=
Un maschio mentre bruca, Maryland Zoo, Baltimora

Il kudu minore è un erbivoro, che si nutre principalmente del fogliame di cespugli e alberi (germogli, ramoscelli) ed erbe.[7] Si nutre anche di fiori e frutti, se disponibili, e in parte anche di erba, di solito durante la stagione delle piogge. Nonostante le variazioni stagionali e locali, il fogliame degli alberi e degli arbusti costituisce il 60-80% della sua dieta durante tutto l'anno. Le foglie di piante rampicanti e viti (come Thunbergia guerkeana e alcune specie di Cucurbitaceae e Convulvulaceae) costituiscono il 15-25% della dieta dell'animale durante la stagione delle piogge. I frutti vengono consumati principalmente durante la stagione secca. Il senso dell'olfatto è essenziale per la ricerca di frutti caduti, come Melia volkensii e Acacia tortilis, mentre i frutti più piccoli, come le specie di Commiphora, vengono raccolti direttamente dagli alberi. Le dimensioni e la struttura dello stomaco dell'animale suggeriscono anche la sua dipendenza primaria dal brucare.[5]

Il kudu minore si nutre principalmente al tramonto o all'alba,[10] spesso insieme a gerenuk e impala.[5] Il kudu minore e il gerenuk possono competere per le stesse specie sempreverdi durante la stagione secca.[5] Tuttavia, a differenza del gerenuk, il kudu minore si nutre raramente del fogliame delle Acacia e, al contrario del gerenuk, non è in grado ergersi verticalmente sulle zampe posteriori per raggiungere il fogliame più alto.[6] Il kudu minore non ha bisogno di grandi quantità d'acqua, e ciò li consente di vivere anche negli ambienti più aridi.[7] Per assumere acqua durante la stagione secca, il kudu minore si nutre di piante succulente, come il sisal selvatico, la Sansevieria e alcune specie di Euphorbia.[5][6]

Riproduzione

Sia i maschi che le femmine diventano sessualmente maturi ad un anno e mezzo di vita. Tuttavia, i maschi cominciano ad accoppiarsi effettivamente solo dopo i 4-5 anni.[7] I maschi e le femmine sono fertili fino all'età di 14 e 14-18 anni, rispettivamente, con l'età massima per un allattamento riuscito nelle femmine di 13-14 anni.[11] Senza una stagione riproduttiva fissa, le nascite possono avvenire in qualsiasi momento dell'anno. Uno studio presso lo zoo di Dvůr Králové (Repubblica Ceca) ha dimostrato che il 55% delle nascite avviene tra settembre e dicembre.[11] Un maschio in calore esamina l'urina di ogni femmina che incontra, a cui la femmina risponde urinando ulteriormente. Avendo individuato una femmina in estro, il maschio la segue da vicino, cercando di strofinarle la guancia sui quarti posteriori, sulla testa, sul collo e sul petto, eseguendo movimenti ansimanti con le labbra. Infine, il maschio monta la femmina, appoggiando la testa e il collo sulla schiena, in modo simile agli altri tragelaphini.[5][6]

Il periodo di gestazione è di 7-8 mesi, dopodiché nasce un solo vitellino. Quando una femmina sta per partorire si isola dal gruppo, rimanendo sola per alcuni giorni. Il vitello appena nato pesa 4-7,5 kg (8,8-16,5 libbre). In natura, circa il 50% dei vitelli muore entro i primi sei mesi di vita e solo il 25% sopravvive dopo i tre anni. In uno studio presso lo zoo di Basilea (Svizzera), dove il 43% della prole nata in cattività è morto prima di raggiungere l'età di sei mesi, le principali cause di mortalità giovanile sono state identificate nella diffusione di una malattia dei muscoli bianchi e la carenza di vitamina E e selenio nelle loro diete. La dimensione della mandria, il sesso, l'incrocio e la stagione non hanno avuto alcun ruolo nella mortalità dei nuovi nati.[12] Durante il pascolo, la madre nascondo il vitello nella fitta vegetazione, tornando principalmente la sera per allattare, controllando l'identità del cucciolo annusandone la groppa o il collo. Nel primo mese, l'allattamento può durare 8 minuti. Durante questo periodo la madre e il vitello comunicano attraverso bassi belati.[5][6]

Distribuzione e habitat

Il kudu minore abita le regioni aride, pianeggianti e ricche di boscaglie.[7] Si trova spesso in zone dove crescono le acacie e i cespugli spinosi di Commiphora nelle aree semiaride dell'Africa nord-orientale. L'animale evita gli spazi aperti e l'erba alta, preferendo invece zone d'ombra con erba corta.[1] Trovato anche nei boschi e nelle zone collinari, il kudu minore si trova generalmente ad altitudini inferiori ai 1.200 metri (3.900 piedi);[6] sebbene siano stati avvistati a latitudini di circa 1.740 metri (5.710 piedi) vicino al Kilimanjaro.[1] Il territorio individuale di questi animali comprende in genere 0,4-6,7 km², con i territori dei maschi che hanno una superficie media di 2,2 km², mentre quello delle femmine copre 1,8 km².[13]

Il kudu minore è originario dell'Etiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sud Sudan, Tanzania e Uganda, ma è estinto localmente a Gibuti.[1] Oggi in gran parte confinato nel Corno d'Africa, storicamente l'areale di questa specie andava da Auasc (Etiopia) verso sud attraverso l'Etiopia meridionale e orientale, e la maggior parte della Somalia (tranne il nord e il nord-est) e il Kenya (eccetto il sud-ovest). L'animale è stato avvistato anche nel Sudan sud-orientale e nelle parti nord-orientali e orientali dell'Uganda e della Tanzania. Prove della sua esistenza nella penisola arabica includono un paio di corna ottenute nel 1967 da un singolo esemplare ucciso nello Yemen del Sud, e un altro in Arabia Saudita, nonché una recente analisi dei siti di pitture rupestri risalenti all'Olocene inferiore-medio a Jubbah e Shuwaymis, provincia di Ha'il, Arabia Saudita.[5][14]

Tassonomia

Il nome scientifico del kudu minore è Tragelaphus imberbis. L'animale è classificato nel genere Tragelaphus, nella famiglia Bovidae. La specie venne descritta per la prima volta dallo zoologo inglese Edward Blyth, nel 1869.[3] Il nome generico, Tragelaphus, deriva dalla parola greca Tragos, che significa un capro, ed elaphos, che significa cervo, mentre il nome specifico, imberbis, deriva da un termine latino che significa "senza barba", riferendosi alla mancanza di criniera o una barba di questo kudu.[15] Il nome vernacolare kudu (o koodoo) potrebbe aver avuto origine sia dall'Afrikaans koedoe o dal Khoikhoi kudu.[16] Il termine "minore" denota la taglia più piccola di questa antilope rispetto al kudu maggiore.[5]

Nel 1912, lo zoologo americano Edmund Heller istituì il genere Ammelaphus solo per il kudu minore, con specie tipo A. strepsiceros.[2] Il kudu minore è ora tipicamente collocato all'interno del genere Tragelaphus.[3] Tuttavia, una pubblicazione del 2011 di Colin Groves e Peter Grubb sostiene il rinnovato posizionamento del kudu minore nel genere Ammelaphus sulla base del fatto che questa specie fa parte della prima discendenza divergente della sua tribù, essendosi separata dal lignaggio principale prima che quest'ultimo si dividesse in Tragelaphus e Taurotragus.[17]

Nel 2005, Sandi Willows-Munro (dell'Università del KwaZulu-Natal) e colleghi hanno effettuato un'analisi mitocondriale delle nove specie di Tragelaphus. I dati ricavati dall'analisi del mtDNA e nDNA sono stati confrontati. I risultati hanno dimostrato che la tribù Tragelaphini è monofiletica con il minore kudu come membro basale nella filogenesi, seguito dal nyala (T. angasii).[18][19] Sulla base dei dati mitocondriali, il kudu minore si separò dal suo clade gemello circa 13,7 milioni di anni fa. Tuttavia, i dati nucleari mostrano che il kudu minore e il nyala formano un clade e si separarono collettivamente dal loro clade gemello 13,8 milioni di anni fa.[20][21]

Il kudu minore ha 38 cromosomi diploidi. Tuttavia, a differenza degli altri membri della sottofamiglia Tragelaphinae, il cromosoma X e il cromosoma Y sono composti, e ciascuno è fuso con uno dei due autosomi identici.[22]

               

Eland gigante

   

Eland comune

       

Kudu maggiore

     

Nyala di montagna

       

Bongo

   

Sitatunga

     

Imbabala

                   

Nyala

     

Kudu minore

Conservazione

 src=
Un branco di kudu minori, allo zoo di San Diego, California

La timidezza e la riservatezza del kudu minore e la sua capacità di mimetizzarsi nella fitta boscaglia lo ha in gran parte protetto dai rischi del bracconaggio. Ne è un esempio il fatto che il kudu minore sia molto diffuso nella regione dell'Ogaden, ricca di fitte boscaglie, e flagellata dalla caccia incontrollata da parte della popolazione locale.[1] Tuttavia, i focolai di peste bovina, a cui il kudu minore è altamente suscettibile, hanno provocato un forte calo del 60% della popolazione animale nello Tsavo National Park, in Kenya.[23] Il pascolo eccessivo, l'espansione degli insediamenti umani e la perdita dell'habitat sono tra le principali minacce alla sopravvivenza di questo animale.[1]

La popolazione totale del kudu minore è stata stimata a circa 118.000 esemplari, con una tendenza alla diminuzione delle popolazioni. Il tasso di declino è aumentato al 20% in due decenni. Attualmente, la IUCN valuta il kudu minore come una specie Prossima alla minaccia.[1] Circa un terzo della popolazione di kudu minore vive in aree protette come i parchi nazionali Awash, Omo e Mago (Etiopia); il Parco Nazionale Lag Badana (Somalia); il Parco nazionale dello Tsavo (Kenya); il Ruaha National Park (Tanzania), sebbene si presenti in numero maggiore al di fuori di queste aree.[24] La densità di popolazione raramente supera 1/km² ed è generalmente inferiore.[13]

La testa del kudu minore maschio, con le sue eleganti corna a spirale, è il simbolo dello zoo di Saint Louis.

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f g (EN) IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, Tragelaphus imberbis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. accesso richiede url (aiuto)
  2. ^ a b E. Heller, New Genera and Races of African Ungulates (PDF), Washington D. C., Smithsonian Institution, 2 Novembre 1912, p. 15.
  3. ^ a b c (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Tragelaphus imberbis, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, 698, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  4. ^ Range Description in IUCN.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n J. Kingdon, Butynski, T. e Happold, D., Mammals of Africa, Londra, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013, pp. 142-7, ISBN 978-1408189962.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k R. D. Estes, The Behavior Guide to African Mammals : Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates, 4th, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004, pp. 180–2, ISBN 0520080858.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k N. Paschka, Tragelaphus imberbis (lesser kudu), su Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. URL consultato il 2 marzo 2014.
  8. ^ S. Chris e Stuart, T., A Field Guide to the Tracks and Signs of Southern and East African Wildlife, 3rd, Cape Town, Struik, 2000, ISBN 1868725588.
  9. ^ a b Lesser kudu, su ARKive, Wildscreen. URL consultato il 2 marzo 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 marzo 2014).
  10. ^ a b A. W. Mitchell, Preliminary observations on the daytime activity patterns of lesser kudu in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, in African Journal of Ecology, vol. 15, n. 3, settembre 1977, pp. 199-206, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1977.tb00398.x.
  11. ^ a b J. Váhala, Reproduction of the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) at Dvůr Králové Zoo, in Zoo Biology, vol. 11, n. 2, 1992, pp. 99-106, DOI:10.1002/zoo.1430110205.
  12. ^ D. Besselmann, Schaub, D., Wenker, C., Völlm, J., Robert, N., Schelling, C., Steinmetz, H. e Clauss, M., Juvenile mortality in captive lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) at Basle Zoo and its relation to nutrition and husbandry (PDF), in Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, vol. 39, n. 1, marzo 2008, pp. 86-91, DOI:10.1638/2007-0004.1, PMID 18432100.
  13. ^ a b R. M. Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World, sesta, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, pp. 1140–1, ISBN 0801857899.
  14. ^ Guagnin M, Shipton C, el-Dossary S, et al. Rock art provides new evidence on the biogeography of kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), wild dromedary, aurochs (Bos primigenius) and African wild ass (Equus africanus) in the early and middle Holocene of north-western Arabia. J Biogeogr. 2018;00:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13165
  15. ^ Tragelaphus. accesso richiede url (aiuto); Parametro titolo vuoto o mancante (aiuto)
  16. ^ Kudu. accesso richiede url (aiuto); Parametro titolo vuoto o mancante (aiuto)
  17. ^ Colin Groves e Peter Grubb, Ungulate Taxonomy, Baltimore, US, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, p. 139, ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8.
  18. ^ S. Willows-Munro, T. J. Robinson e C. A. Matthee, Utility of nuclear DNA intron markers at lower taxonomic levels: Phylogenetic resolution among nine Tragelaphus spp., in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 35, n. 3, giugno 2005, pp. 624-36, DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.018, PMID 15878131.
  19. ^ C. Groves, Current taxonomy and diversity of crown ruminants above the species level (PDF), in Zitteliana, vol. 32, B, 2014, pp. 5-14, ISSN 1612-4138. URL consultato il 30 gennaio 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 febbraio 2016).
  20. ^ A. Ropiquet, Etude des radiations adaptatives au sein des Antilopinae (Mammalia, Bovidae), in Ph.D. Thesis, Université Paris, vol. 6, 1–247, 2006.
  21. ^ A. Hassanin, F. Delsuc, A. Ropiquet, C. Hammer, B. Jansen van Vuuren, C. Matthee, M. Ruiz-Garcia, F. Catzeflis, V. Areskoug, T.T. Nguyen e A. Couloux, Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes, in Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 335, n. 1, 2012, pp. 32-50, DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002, PMID 22226162.
  22. ^ K. Benirschke, D. Ruedi, H. Muller, A.T. Kumamoto, K.L. Wagner e H.S. Downes, The unusual karyotype of the lesser kudu,Tragelaphus imberbis, in Cytogenetic and Genome Research, vol. 26, 2–4, 1980, pp. 85-92, DOI:10.1159/000131429, PMID 7389415.
  23. ^ D. M. Sherman, Tending Animals in the Global Village: A Guide to International Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, p. 264, ISBN 0470292105.
  24. ^ R. East e Antelope Specialist Group IUCN/SSC, African Antelope Database 1998, Gland, Switzerland, The IUCN Species Survival Commission, 1999, pp. 132–4, ISBN 2831704774.

Bibliografia

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Tragelaphus imberbis: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Il kudu minore (Tragelaphus imberbis) è un'antilope di boscaglia endemica dell'Africa orientale. L'animale fa parte del genere Tragelaphus, all'interno della famiglia Bovidae. Venne descritto scientificamente per la prima volta dallo zoologo inglese Edward Blyth, nel 1869. Si tratta di un'antilope di medie dimensioni, che in media misura circa 110-140 centimetri (43-55 pollici). I maschi raggiungono un'altezza al garrese di circa 95–105 centimetri (37–41 pollici), mentre le femmine possono raggiungere un'altezza di 90–100 centimetri (35–39 pollici), per un peso, nei maschi, di 92-108 kg (203-238 libbre), e di 56-70 kg (123-154 libbre) per le femmine. Le femmine e i giovani hanno un mantello bruno-rossastro, mentre i maschi diventano grigio giallastri o più scuri dopo i 2 anni di vita. Solo i maschi possiedono le corna, che hanno una forma lunga e a spirale, raggiungendo una lunghezza di 50–70 centimetri (20–28 pollici), arricciandosi generalmente due volte o due volte e mezzo.

Il kudu minore è un erbivoro, che si nutre principalmente del fogliame di cespugli e alberi bassi (germogli, ramoscelli) ed erbe. Nonostante le variazioni stagionali e locali, il fogliame di alberi e arbusti costituiscono il 60-80% della sua dieta durante tutto l'anno. Il kudu minore è attivo principalmente nelle ore notturne e durante l'alba, cercando riparo nei fitti boschetti durante le ore diurne. Contrariamente a molte altre specie di antilope il kudu minore non è una specie territoriale e le lotte intraspecifiche sono piuttosto rare. Mentre le femmine sono gregarie, i maschi adulti sono perlopiù solitari. Questi animali non hanno una stagione riproduttiva fissa; le nascite possono avvenire in qualsiasi momento dell'anno. Il kudu minore abita regioni aride, pianeggianti e ricche di boscaglia.

Il kudu minore è originario di Etiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sud Sudan, Tanzania e Uganda, ma è localmente estinto a Gibuti. Alcuni autori hanno ipotizzato che un tempo l'animale fosse presente anche in Arabia Saudita e nello Yemen fino al 1967, sebbene la sua presenza nella penisola arabica sia ancora controversa. La popolazione totale di kudu minori è stata stimata a circa 118.000 esemplari, con una tendenza alla diminuzione delle popolazioni. Un terzo della popolazione totale sopravvive in aree protette. Attualmente, l'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN) valuta il kudu minore come specie Prossima alla minaccia.

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Mažoji kudu ( литвански )

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Binomas Tragelaphus imberbis

Mažoji kudu (lot. Tragelaphus imberbis, angl. Lesser Kudu, vok. Kleiner Kudu) – jaučių (Bovinae) pošeimio dykaraginis žinduolis.

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Kleine koedoe ( холандски; фламански )

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De kleine koedoe (Tragelaphus imberbis) is een middelgrote Oost-Afrikaanse antilopesoort, verwant aan de grote koedoe (Tragelaphus strepsiceros).

Kenmerken

De kleine koedoe is een middelgrote, slanke antilope met lange poten en een lange, slanke kop. Enkel het mannetje draagt hoorns. Deze hebben twee tot drie draaien en worden 60 tot 90 centimeter lang.

Het volwassen mannetje heeft een grijsbruine vachtkleur, vrouwtjes en jonge dieren zijn roder. Mannetjes worden donkerder en grijzer naarmate ze ouder worden. Over het lichaam, van de schouders tot de romp, lopen elf tot vijftien dunne verticale strepen. Op de wangen, onder de ogen en op de keel en het onderste deel van de hals zitten witte vlekken. De poten zijn taankleurig of oranjebruin met enkele zwarte en witte vlekken. De staart is bruin of grijs van boven en wit van onder. De punt is zwart. Over de rug, van de schouders tot de staart, loopt een strook van kort haar.

De kleine koedoe heeft een kop-romplengte van 110 tot 175 centimeter, een schofthoogte van 90 tot 110 centimeter en een staartlengte van 25 tot 40 centimeter. Het mannetje is groter dan het vrouwtje. Het mannetje weegt gemiddeld 92 tot 108 kilogram, het vrouwtje 56 tot 70 kilogram.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De kleine koedoe leeft voornamelijk in de met Acacia, Commiphora, doornstruiken en struwelen begroeide delen van halfwoestijnen. Hij waagt zich zelden in meer open gebied. Hij komt voor in Kenia, Tanzania, Oost-Ethiopië en de Hoorn van Afrika. Vroeger leefde de soort ook in het zuiden van het Arabisch Schiereiland. De kleine koedoe kan tot op 1300 meter hoogte aangetroffen worden.

Leefwijze

De kleine koedoe is voornamelijk vroeg in de ochtend en laat in de middag en 's avonds actief. De rest van de dag rust hij staand of liggend in de schaduw van dicht struweel. Het strepenpatroon op het lichaam geeft de kleine koedoe camouflage, zodat hij in het dichte struikgewas niet opvalt. De soort leeft voornamelijk van de bladeren, scheuten, knoppen, zaden, vruchten en bloemen van bomen en struiken. Soms eet hij ook vers, groen gras. De kleine koedoe kan langere tijd zonder water, ook in de droge tijd, waarin hij voldoende vocht haalt uit de bladeren van succulenten. Als er een waterbron aanwezig is, zal hij echter wel drinken.

De kleine koedoe heeft een vast woongebied, die hij zelden verlaat. Hij is echter niet territoriaal. Vrouwtjes trekken vaak meerdere jaren op met één of twee andere, waarschijnlijk verwante vrouwtjes, en soms verzamelen vrouwtjes zich in kleine kudden van tot 24 dieren. Een jong mannetje zwerft over een groot gebied, maar als hij ouder wordt neemt hij de intrek in een kleiner woongebied. Oude mannetjes mijden elkaar meestal. Bij gevaar laat hij een luid blaffend geluid horen en vlucht hij weg. Hij is hierbij in staat om sprongen van twee meter hoog te maken, waarbij hij zijn staart en achterlijf hoog in de lucht gooit.

Voortplanting

Het mannetje probeert een vrouwtje te verleiden door haar met hikkende en zeurderige roepen te achtervolgen, waarbij hij aan haar knabbelt en tegen haar aanwrijft, net zo lang tot ze met copulatie instemt. Na een draagtijd van ongeveer 222 dagen wordt één enkel jong geboren. Het jong blijft de eerste twee weken verborgen. De kleine koedoe is na 18 tot 24 maanden geslachtsrijp. Als het mannetje een jaar of vier oud is, zijn de hoorns volgroeid. De kleine koedoe wordt ongeveer vijftien jaar oud.

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Kleine koedoe: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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De kleine koedoe (Tragelaphus imberbis) is een middelgrote Oost-Afrikaanse antilopesoort, verwant aan de grote koedoe (Tragelaphus strepsiceros).

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Kudu małe ( полски )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Kudu małe[3] (Tragelaphus imberbis) − ssak z rodziny wołowatych występujący w Afryce Wschodniej.

Wygląd

Żółta sierść z białymi pasami na tułowiu. Samce posiadają skręcone rogi dochodzące do 1 m długości. Długość ciała ok. 140 cm. Waga: 50-90 kg.

Tryb życia

Zwierzę roślinożerne, żyje w niewielkich stadach.

Przypisy

  1. Tragelaphus imberbis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Tragelaphus imberbis. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
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Kudu małe: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Kudu małe (Tragelaphus imberbis) − ssak z rodziny wołowatych występujący w Afryce Wschodniej.

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Tragelaphus imberbis ( португалски )

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O cudu-menor (Tragelaphus imberbis) é uma espécie de cudo de menor tamanho, pertencente à ordem Artiodactyla da subfamília Bovinae. É considerada de menor tamanho em comparação com a outra espécie de cudo, o Tragelaphus strepsiceros. Diferentemente daquela, os machos não apresentam a barba característica dos grandes cubos, razão pela qual a espécie é também chamada de cudos "imberbes".

É um antílope autóctone da África oriental e, possivelmente, do sul da Arábia Saudita. As populações da Tanzânia e Quénia formam uma subespécie própria, denominada Tragelaphus imberbis australis.[1][2]

Referências

  1. «'Tragelaphus imberbis'». Lista Vermelha da IUCN de espécies ameaçadas da UICN 2022 (em inglês). ISSN 2307-8235
  2. Edmund Heller (2 de novembro de 1912). New Genera and Races of African Ungulates (PDF). Washington D. C.: Smitsonian Institution. p. 15. Consultado em 15 de março de 2013. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 4 de setembro de 2012
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Tragelaphus imberbis: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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O cudu-menor (Tragelaphus imberbis) é uma espécie de cudo de menor tamanho, pertencente à ordem Artiodactyla da subfamília Bovinae. É considerada de menor tamanho em comparação com a outra espécie de cudo, o Tragelaphus strepsiceros. Diferentemente daquela, os machos não apresentam a barba característica dos grandes cubos, razão pela qual a espécie é também chamada de cudos "imberbes".

É um antílope autóctone da África oriental e, possivelmente, do sul da Arábia Saudita. As populações da Tanzânia e Quénia formam uma subespécie própria, denominada Tragelaphus imberbis australis.

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Mindre kudu ( шведски )

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Kudu omdirigerar hit, se även Större kudu.

Mindre kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) är en antilop som tillhör oxdjuren. Man hittar den främst i Etiopien, Uganda, Sudan och Kenya och den trivs bäst i halvtorra savanner med snår och buskar

 src=
Hona med ungdjur.

Den mindre kudun kan ha en mankhöjd på ungefär en meter och den kan väga runt 100 kilogram. Honan är något mindre. Hos kudun är det bara hanen som har horn, de är skruvade 2 till 3 varv och de kan bli mellan 60 och 90 centimeter långa. Den mindre kudun ha en päls som är kort och slät. Hos hanarna varierar färgen på pälsen med åldern från gråbrun till blågrått och de har mellan 10 och 15 vita smala strimmor på sidorna. Hanarna har också en kort man. Honorna har en päls som är mera rödfärgad än hanens.

En kudu är mest aktiv under gryning och skymning då den letar föda. Deras diet består av löv, skott, frukt, rötter och gräs. Hanen brukar antingen leva ensam eller i par. Honorna brukar ofta slå sig samman i hjordar på mellan 5 och 10 djur och då kan de följas av en hane.

Dräktigheten hos en hona varar i ungefär 7 månader och hon brukar oftast föda en kalv. Efter födseln brukar honan gömma sin unge på något säkert ställe. Hon brukar titta till den med jämna mellanrum och låta den dia.

En kudus största naturliga fiender är lejon, leopard och afrikansk vildhund. Om kudun överlever dessa rovdjur kan den leva mellan 12 och 15 år.

Källor

Noter

  1. ^ Tragelaphus imberbisIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Antelope Specialist Group 2008, besökt 27 februari 2009.

Externa länkar

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Mindre kudu: Brief Summary ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV
Kudu omdirigerar hit, se även Större kudu.

Mindre kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) är en antilop som tillhör oxdjuren. Man hittar den främst i Etiopien, Uganda, Sudan och Kenya och den trivs bäst i halvtorra savanner med snår och buskar

 src= Hona med ungdjur.

Den mindre kudun kan ha en mankhöjd på ungefär en meter och den kan väga runt 100 kilogram. Honan är något mindre. Hos kudun är det bara hanen som har horn, de är skruvade 2 till 3 varv och de kan bli mellan 60 och 90 centimeter långa. Den mindre kudun ha en päls som är kort och slät. Hos hanarna varierar färgen på pälsen med åldern från gråbrun till blågrått och de har mellan 10 och 15 vita smala strimmor på sidorna. Hanarna har också en kort man. Honorna har en päls som är mera rödfärgad än hanens.

En kudu är mest aktiv under gryning och skymning då den letar föda. Deras diet består av löv, skott, frukt, rötter och gräs. Hanen brukar antingen leva ensam eller i par. Honorna brukar ofta slå sig samman i hjordar på mellan 5 och 10 djur och då kan de följas av en hane.

Dräktigheten hos en hona varar i ungefär 7 månader och hon brukar oftast föda en kalv. Efter födseln brukar honan gömma sin unge på något säkert ställe. Hon brukar titta till den med jämna mellanrum och låta den dia.

En kudus största naturliga fiender är lejon, leopard och afrikansk vildhund. Om kudun överlever dessa rovdjur kan den leva mellan 12 och 15 år.

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Куду малий ( украински )

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Поширення

Поширений на Аравійському півострові, у Сомалі та інших районах Східної Африки. Мешкають ці антилопи невеликими групами, рідше поодинці на лісистих пагорбах. Харчуються травою і листям дерев.

Опис

У дорослих особин висота в холці близько 1 м, маса 90 кг. Самки дрібніші самців. Забарвлення від рудувато-сірого до блакитно-сірого з білими смугами на боках. Самці цих антилоп дуже красиві. У них по рудувато-бурому тулубу тягнуться білі, яскраво виділені смуги, а голову прикрашають довгі масивні роги, зігнуті у вигляді штопора — їх довжина 90 см, самиці безрогі. З боків тулуба вертикальні білі смуги.

Спосіб життя

Куду малий дотримується виключно сухих, зарослих колючими чагарниками, горбистих районах. Він живе звичайно невеликими групами, по 5-6 тварин, куди входять самець і самки з молодими. Цікаво, що на відпочинку такі череди малого куду поводяться особливим чином. Якщо небезпека очікується з якої-небудь однієї сторони, а інша захищена природною перешкодою, наприклад яром або скелею, тоді все стадо лягає головами в одну сторону. Якщо ж небезпеку можна очікувати з будь-якої сторони, то відпочиваючі тварини утворюють як би зірку, тримаючи під спостереженням всю околицю. Телята завжди розташовуються в центрі стада. У харчуванні, розмноженні й поведінці малого куду багато спільного з великим.

Класифікація

Описано два підвиди[2] Prior to their level as a full species, both A. i. imberbis and A. i. australis were recognized as valid subspecies of the lesser kudu. Further genetic investigation will be needed to determine whether or not this split reflects reality.[3]:

Примітки

  1. Edmund Heller (November 2, 1912). New Genera and Races of African Ungulates. Washington D. C.: Smitsonian Institution. с. 15. Архів оригіналу за вересень 4, 2012. Процитовано липень 17, 2013.
  2. а б Colin Groves, Peter Grubb (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. с. 139. ISBN 1-4214-0093-6.
  3. Melissa Miller, Tim Wild, Steve Shurter. Lesser kudu.

Посилання


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Linh dương Kudu nhỏ ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Linh dương Kudu nhỏ (Tragelaphus imberbis) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Blyth mô tả năm 1869.[2] Loài này được tìm thấy trong Đông Phi. Nó được mô tả lần đầu tiên bởi Edward Blyth vào năm 1869. Một trong những loài cổ xưa nhất, Kudu nhỏ tại một thời điểm được cho là một phiên bản nhỏ hơn của linh dương Kudu lớn, nhưng bây giờ được coi là một loài nguyên thủy hơn. Kudu nhỏ cao 90 đến 110 cm (35 đến 43 in) tại vai và cân nặng 60–100 kg (130–220 lb). Kudu nhỏ sinh sống trong khu vực có bụi gai khô và rừng và chủ yếu ăn lá cây. Chúng hoạt động về đêm và lúc chạng vạng. Chúng sống thành đàn từ 2-5 con đến 24 con. Kudu nhỏ có thể nhảy khoảng cách hơn 7 m (23 ft) và cao 2 m (6,6 ft). Chúng cũng có thể chạy đến tốc độ 73 km/h (45 mph). Chúng là loài bản địa Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, TanzaniaUganda. Loài đã tuyệt chủng tại khu vực ở Djibouti. Được xem là loài sắp bị đe dọa bởi Liên minh quốc tế bảo tồn thiên nhiên và tài nguyên thiên nhiên (IUCN), số lượng loài này đang giảm sút.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Tragelaphus imberbis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2012.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 7 năm 2012.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Tragelaphus imberbis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Heller, E. (ngày 2 tháng 11 năm 1912). New Genera and Races of African Ungulates (PDF). Washington D. C.: Smitsonian Institution. tr. 15.
  4. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). tr. 698. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Tragelaphus imberbis tại Wikimedia Commons


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Linh dương Kudu nhỏ: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Linh dương Kudu nhỏ (Tragelaphus imberbis) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Blyth mô tả năm 1869. Loài này được tìm thấy trong Đông Phi. Nó được mô tả lần đầu tiên bởi Edward Blyth vào năm 1869. Một trong những loài cổ xưa nhất, Kudu nhỏ tại một thời điểm được cho là một phiên bản nhỏ hơn của linh dương Kudu lớn, nhưng bây giờ được coi là một loài nguyên thủy hơn. Kudu nhỏ cao 90 đến 110 cm (35 đến 43 in) tại vai và cân nặng 60–100 kg (130–220 lb). Kudu nhỏ sinh sống trong khu vực có bụi gai khô và rừng và chủ yếu ăn lá cây. Chúng hoạt động về đêm và lúc chạng vạng. Chúng sống thành đàn từ 2-5 con đến 24 con. Kudu nhỏ có thể nhảy khoảng cách hơn 7 m (23 ft) và cao 2 m (6,6 ft). Chúng cũng có thể chạy đến tốc độ 73 km/h (45 mph). Chúng là loài bản địa Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, TanzaniaUganda. Loài đã tuyệt chủng tại khu vực ở Djibouti. Được xem là loài sắp bị đe dọa bởi Liên minh quốc tế bảo tồn thiên nhiên và tài nguyên thiên nhiên (IUCN), số lượng loài này đang giảm sút.

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Малый куду ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Куду.
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Жвачные
Семейство: Полорогие
Подсемейство: Бычьи
Вид: Малый куду
Международное научное название

Tragelaphus imberbis Blyth, 1869

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Систематика
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ITIS 625131NCBI 9947EOL 1038789FW 149703

Ма́лый ку́ду[1] (лат. Tragelaphus imberbis) — африканская антилопа.

Внешность

Самцы малого куду значительно крупнее самок и достигают веса до 100 кг при росте в холке около 1 м. Довольно крупные, завинченные рога, насчитывающие до 75 см, имеются только у самцов. Самки весят лишь 60 кг. Шерсть у обоих полов серо-бурая и покрыта пятнадцатью тонкими белыми полосками. На шее находятся два чётких белых пятна. Ноги коричневые с лёгким оранжевым оттенком. Спасаясь бегством, малый куду задирает свой короткий хвост, показывая его белую нижнюю сторону.

Lesser Kudu Male (Tragelaphus imberbis).jpg

Распространение

В отличие от большого куду, встречающегося по всей Африке, малый куду обитает на относительно небольшой территории, включающей части Танзании, Кении, Эфиопии и Сомали. В 1967 году один экземпляр был неожиданно найден в совсем другом месте, а именно в Йемене на Аравийском полуострове. С тех пор учащаются свидетельства о том, что эти животные обитают и в Саудовской Аравии, однако по всей видимости являются там крайне редкими или уже вымершими. Невозможно с уверенностью сказать, является ли Аравийский полуостров естественным ареалом малого куду или же он был занесён туда человеком.

Сферой обитания этой антилопы являются акациевые рощи и густые заросли. По оценке МСОП малый куду зависит от защитных мер со стороны человека.

Поведение

Малый куду почти не мигрирует. Самки живут в небольших группах от четырёх до десяти особей; холостяцкие группы образуют также молодые самцы. Взрослые самцы живут в одиночку и встречаются с самками только в брачный период. Малые куду активны прежде всего в ночное время, но могут бодрствовать и днём, если нет большой жары. В пищу употребляют главным образом листья, но не брезгуют и травами.

Подвиды

Различают 2 подвида малого куду (Tragelaphus imberbis)[2]:

  • T. i. imberbisСеверный малый куду[2], равнины восточно-центральной Эфиопии, северо-запада Сомали[2];
  • T. i. australisЮжный малый куду[2], равнины южной Эфиопии, Сомали, крайнего юго-востока Судана, крайнего северо-востока Уганды, северной, центральной и южной Кении, восточной Танзании[2].

Фото

  • Male Lesser Kudu.jpg
  • Lesser Kudo Tragelaphus imberbis.jpg
  • Tragelaphus imbersis Dvur zoo 3.jpg
  • Lesser Kudu Female.jpg

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 135. — 10 000 экз.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Castello J. R. (2016) Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. — Princeton University Press. — Pp. 556—559. — 664 p. — ISBN 978-0-691-16717-6 [1]
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Малый куду: Brief Summary ( руски )

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Ма́лый ку́ду (лат. Tragelaphus imberbis) — африканская антилопа.

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小旋角羚 ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Tragelaphus imberbis
(Blyth, 1869)

小旋角羚學名Tragelaphus imberbis),又名小林羚,是東非及可能在阿拉伯半島南部的一種羚羊。南部小旋角羚(T. i. australis)是其肯雅坦桑尼亞亞種

特徵

小旋角羚肩高90-110厘米,雌羚重55-70公斤,公羚重70-110公斤,公羚較雌羚大。公羚呈灰褐色,雌羚呈栗色,下身較淺色。背上有10條白色斑紋,頸下有兩條白色斑紋。公羚有細小的鬃毛,角約長70厘米,扭曲一轉。

生態

小旋角羚棲息在乾旱的叢林及森林,主要吃葉子。牠們是夜間及拂曉活動的。牠們會以2-5隻群居,最多可以多達24隻,公羚與雌羚的數目相約。

小旋角羚可以跳遠達9米,跳高2.5米。牠們最高速達每小時80-100公里。

小旋角羚在東非的數量約有12萬隻。

參考

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:小旋角羚

外部連結

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小旋角羚: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

小旋角羚(學名Tragelaphus imberbis),又名小林羚,是東非及可能在阿拉伯半島南部的一種羚羊。南部小旋角羚(T. i. australis)是其肯雅坦桑尼亞亞種

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작은쿠두 ( корејски )

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작은쿠두(lesser kudu, 학명: Ammelaphus imberbis)는 동아프리카에서 발견되는 숲 영양의 일종이다. 소과에 속하는 암멜라푸스속(Ammelaphus)의 유일종으로 분류한다. 1869년 영국의 동물학자 에드워드 블리스(Edward Blyth)가 처음 기술했다. 몸길이는 보통 110-140cm이다. 수컷의 어깨 높이는 95-105cm, 암컷은 90-100cm 정도이다. 몸무게는 수컷이 보통 92-108kg, 암컷이 56-70kg이다. 암컷과 새끼들의 털은 불그스레한 갈색을 띠는 반면에, 수컷은 2살 이후에 누르스름한 회색이나 더 어두운 색으로 변한다. 수컷만 50-70cm 길이의 나선형 뿔이 나며, 두 바퀴 또는 두 바퀴 반이 감겨 있다.

계통 분류

다음은 2013년 비비(Bibi)와 바르만(Bärmann) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[4][5][6]

소과 소아과 닐가이영양족

닐가이영양속

   

네뿔영양속

      트라겔라푸스족

암멜라푸스속

     

니알라영양속

       

스트렙시케로스속

   

일런드영양속

     

트라겔라푸스속

        소족

사올라속

       

아프리카물소속

   

물소속

       

소속

   

들소속

             

영양아과

   

각주

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Tragelaphus imberbis. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2012.1판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2012년 7월 23일에 확인함.
  2. Heller, E. (1912년 11월 2일). 《New Genera and Races of African Ungulates》 (PDF). Washington D. C.: Smitsonian Institution. 15쪽. 2012년 9월 4일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 10월 15일에 확인함.
  3. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. (2005). 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 698쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. Fayasal Bibi: A multi-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny of extant Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and the importance of the fossil record to systematics. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 2013, S. 166
  5. Eva Verena Bärmann, Gertrud Elisabeth Rössner und Gert Wörheide: A revised phylogeny of Antilopini (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) using combined mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67 (2), 2013, S. 484–493
  6. Eva V. Bärmann and Tim Schikora: The polyphyly of Neotragus – Results from genetic and morphometric analyses. Mammalian Biology 79, 2014, S. 283–286
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작은쿠두: Brief Summary ( корејски )

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작은쿠두(lesser kudu, 학명: Ammelaphus imberbis)는 동아프리카에서 발견되는 숲 영양의 일종이다. 소과에 속하는 암멜라푸스속(Ammelaphus)의 유일종으로 분류한다. 1869년 영국의 동물학자 에드워드 블리스(Edward Blyth)가 처음 기술했다. 몸길이는 보통 110-140cm이다. 수컷의 어깨 높이는 95-105cm, 암컷은 90-100cm 정도이다. 몸무게는 수컷이 보통 92-108kg, 암컷이 56-70kg이다. 암컷과 새끼들의 털은 불그스레한 갈색을 띠는 반면에, 수컷은 2살 이후에 누르스름한 회색이나 더 어두운 색으로 변한다. 수컷만 50-70cm 길이의 나선형 뿔이 나며, 두 바퀴 또는 두 바퀴 반이 감겨 있다.

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авторски права
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자
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