Comments
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Seeds of Pinus sabiniana were an important food source for many Indian groups in California, sometimes collectively referred to as "Digger Indians." Because the name "Digger" has been used as a derogatory ethnic term, many people prefer to avoid using the vernacular name Digger pine.
- лиценца
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
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Trees to 25m; trunk to 1.2m diam., straight to crooked, often forked; crown conic to raggedly lobed, sparse. Bark dark brown to near black, irregularly and deeply furrowed, ridges irregularly rectangular or blocky, scaly, often breaking away, bases of furrows and underbark orangish. Branches often ascending; cone-bearing branchlets stout, twigs comparatively slender, both pale purple-brown and glaucous, aging gray, rough. Buds ovoid, red-brown, ca. 1cm, resinous; scale margins white-fringed. Leaves mostly 3 per fascicle, drooping, persisting 3--4 years, 15--32cm ´ 1.5mm, slightly twisted, dull blue-green, all surfaces with pale, narrow stomatal lines, margins serrulate, apex short-acuminate; sheath to 2.4cm, base persistent. Pollen cones ellipsoid, 10--15mm, yellow. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds soon thereafter, persisting to 7 years, pendent, massive, heavy, nearly symmetric, ovoid before opening, broadly to narrowly ovoid or ovoid-cylindric when open, 15--25cm, dull brown, resinous, stalks to 5cm; apophyses elongate, curved, continuous with umbos to form long, upcurved claws to 2cm. Seeds narrowly obovoid; body ca. 20mm, dark brown; wing broad, short, ca. 10mm. 2n = 24.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
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Dry foothills on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, and in the coast ranges, nearly ringing the Central Valley of California; 30--1900m; Calif.
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Brief Summary
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Pinus sabiniana occurs at elevations between 150 and 1500 meters. The bioregional distribution is throughout the California Floristic Province (except extreme northern Northwestern California, northern Cascade Range, San Joaquin Valley); it also occurs in the western Great Basin Floristic Province and in the western deserts of California. This tree is found most often on dry rocky habitats in such varied plant communities as foothill woodland, northern oak woodland, chaparral and infertile soils in mixed-conifer and hardwood forests
This pine can attain a height of of to 38 meters, with a trunk occasionally as large as two meters in diameter. Bark is dark gray with irregular furrows, forming yellow plates when very old. The needles occur as three per bundle, nine to 38 cm in lehgtn; the fragrant foliage is gray-green. The brownish ovate-oblong seed cones are pendant, ten to 28 cm. Scale tip is reflexed, elongated and angled; seeds are winged.
Common Names
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англиски
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добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
gray pine
California foothill pine
foothills pine
bull pine
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
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More info for the term:
freshGray pine is a drought-tolerant, native evergreen conifer. Mature
trees average from 40 to 80 feet (12-24 m) in height and from 12 to 36
inches (30-90 cm) in d.b.h. [
38,
40]. Trees usually maintain a pyrimidal
growth form until the pole stage. Mature trees typically have multiple
trunks [
40]. Gray pine is self-pruning, and lower branches are often
a considerable distance above the understory [
35]. Gray pine grows a
deep taproot where soil depth permits [
4,
40]. In hardpan soils, it
develops a spreading, shallow root system with a weak taproot extending
through the duripan [
40]. The bark of young trees is thin [
40], while
older trees have thick bark [
35]. Needles grow from 8 to 12 inches
(20-30 cm) long and are shed every 2 to 3 years [
39]. Gray pine's
heavily spined female cones are among the largest and most massive in
the genus. Fresh cones average from 0.7 to 1.5 pounds (0.3-0.7 k), and
may exceed 2.2 pounds (1 kg) [
40]. The cones are typically from 6 to 12
inches (15-30 cm) long. They do not form an abscission layer and are
retained long after seeds are shed. The hard-coated, heavy seeds are
from 0.6 to 1.0 inch (15-25 mm) long and have short-winged seeds
[
17,
38,
39]. The lifespan of gray pine is unclear because most older
specimens were cut by early settlers, but it is believed to be 200+
years [
40].
Gray pine cones. Creative Commons image by Keir Morse.
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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More info for the term:
forestGray pine is endemic to California. It is distributed from Siskiyou
County south through the foothills of the Klamath, Cascade, and Coast
Ranges and the Sierra Nevada to Ventura County [
23,
39,
40]. Near its
southernmost Sierra Nevada limit, gray pine is absent from a 55-mile
(89-km) stretch between Kings River and the South Fork of the Tule River
[
23].
Distribution of gray pine. 1971 USDA, Forest Service map digitized by Thompson and others [
52].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
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More info for the terms:
fire regime,
moderate-severity fire,
natural,
prescribed fire,
scarification,
seed,
severityFire is a natural component of the blue oak-gray pine community [
1].
Historically, these woodlands burned at 15- to 30-year intervals [
1].
Fires were typically intense but of light or moderate severity, with
vegetation and fuels extremely dry in summer [
9,
28]. Researchers at the
San Joaquin Experimental Range in O'Neals, California, noted fire
surface temperatures near woody vegetation of 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit
(650 deg C) in a blue oak-gray pine community with a mixed-grass and
sparse brush understory [
28]. A prescribed fire in a blue oak-gray pine
community in Glenville, Kern County, generated subsurface temperatures
of 156 degrees Fahrenheit (69 deg C) at a depth of 2 inches (0.8 cm)
below ground [
35].
Gray pine is highly flammable. The needles contain ether extracts
[
5]. It is a heavy resin producer, with the wood, bark, cones, and
needle sheaths all containing pitch [
35,
40]. Congealed flows of resin
that have dripped from wounds are common on gray pine. Consequently,
it is susceptible to fire damage [
40].
Gray pine has two adaptations which enable it to survive fire. First,
some large trees will withstand moderate-severity fire. Mature trees
with thick bark and self-pruned trunks are best able to avoid fatal
scorching [
35]. Secondly, seed regeneration is favored following fire.
Fire creates a favorable bare mineral soil seedbed, and heat
scarification of the woody seedcoat increases germination rates [
40].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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More info for the terms:
fire suppression,
stand-replacing fireGray pine is increasing in blue oak-gray pine communities due to fire
suppression and lack of blue oak regeneration [
14]. Rangeland managers
are reporting an increase of chaparral brush invading grassy
understories of blue oak-gray pine woodlands, also because of fire
suppression [
8]. Timber species are invading the woodlands as well
[
26]. Prescribed burning would help restore the blue oak-Digger pine
community to a more desirable species balance. Managers, however,
should be alerted to the regeneration capacity of blue oak ecotypes
within their area. See the blue oak FEIS write-up for further
information.
Fire managers recommend broadcast burning of blue oak-gray pine
woodlands in spring after grasses have dried, usually late May, or in
fall after the first rains. Fires are set with drip torches and
permitted to burn downslope. There should be little or no wind.
Recommended relative humidity range during spring is 30 to 35 percent;
recommended ambient air temperature is between 70 to 80 degrees
Fahrenheit (21-27 deg C). In fall, recommended relative humidity is 25
to 30 percent. Fall temperatures of 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit (21-24
deg C) are suggested [
1].
If the woodlands contain a chaparral understory, upslope strip burning
during winter and early spring is recommended. At this time, chaparral
brush is fully green and grass shoots are from 2 to 3 inches (0.8-1.2
cm) high. Acceptable ranges of humidity are from 25 to 30 percent;
acceptable temperature ranges are from 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit
(21-24 deg C) [
1].
Dwarf-mistletoe is eliminated from an infected area following a
stand-replacing fire [
31].
Bark beetles (Arhopalus asperatus) have been observed attacking severely
scorched gray pine within hours following fire [
45].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Gray pine grows on exposed, dry, rocky slopes at elevations from 100
to 6,000 feet (30-1,800 m) [
23,
26]. The climate is Mediterranean, with
mild winters and hot, dry summers [
35]. Annual mean precipitation is 21
inches (530 mm), ranging from 3 to 40 inches (76-1,000 mm) [
6,
40].
Eighty percent of precipitation occurs during winter and early spring.
Snow falls occasionally [
35]. The annual mean temperature is 61 degrees
Fahrenheit (16 deg C), with maximum summer temperatures sometimes above
105 degrees Fahrenheit (41 deg C) [
6,
9]. Relative humidity is often 5
percent or lower in summer [
9].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon - juniper
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - Digger pine
255 California coast live oak
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
More info for the term:
shrubFRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES42 Annual grasslands
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the terms:
forest,
shrub,
woodlandK005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K009 Pine - cypress forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K048 California steppe
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
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More info for the term:
prescribed fireModerate-severity fire kills a substantial number of gray pine. The
prescribed fire in Glenville (see Fire Ecology or Adaptations) killed 83
percent of gray pine present. All surviving gray pine were large trees
[
35].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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More info for the term:
seedThe blue oak-gray pine community is preferred habitat for black-tailed
deer, California quail, and mourning dove [
9]. Gray pine seeds are an
important diet item for various birds and rodents. Scrub jay, acorn
woodpecker, and California gray squirrel are major seed consumers [
40].
Livestock also eat the seeds. High concentrations of resins and
terpenes render gray pine browse unpalatable [
42].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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More info for the terms:
association,
codominant,
cover,
density,
forest,
hardwood,
natural,
shrub,
shrubs,
tree,
woodlandGray pine and blue oak (Quercus douglasii) occur together over much of
California's oak woodlands. The blue oak-gray pine community varies in
stand density and composition, often sharing dominance with several
other tree species. The understory may be mostly grasses, shrubs, or
mixtures of both [
16]. Pure stands of gray pine occur in localized
areas of serpentine soil [
21], but more often, blue oak provides more
cover within the community type. At lower elevations, the blue oak-gray
pine woodland grades into chaparral, valley oak (Q. lobata) woodland, or
Oregon white oak (Q. garryana) woodland. At higher elevations, it mixes
with California black oak (Q. kelloggii) or ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) forest [
16,
26]. In its easternmost distribution, gray pine
merges with desert communities such as western juniper (Juniperus
occidentalis) and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) near the Great
Basin and singleleaf pinyon (P. monophylla)-California juniper (J.
californica) near the Mojave Desert [
16].
Plant associates: Overstory associates not mentioned in Habitat Types
and Plant Communities or SAF Cover Types include Coulter pine (P.
coulteri), California buckeye (Aesculus californica), interior live oak
(Quercus wislizenii), bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa), and
MacNab cypress (Cupressus macnabiana) [
3,
11,
18,
26,
43].
Common shrub associates include toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia),
wedgeleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus), chamise (Adenostoma
fasciculatum), California scrub oak (Q. dumosa), desert scrub oak (Q.
turbinella), California buckthorn (Rhamnus californicus), common
manzanita (Arctostaphylos manzanita), birchleaf mountain-mahogany
(Cercocarpus betuloides), poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum),
Sargent cypress (Cupressus sargentii), and hollyleaf cherry (Prunus
ilicifolia) [
2,
3,
11,
24,
26].
Common ground associates include slender oat (Avena barbata), California
buckwheat (Erigonum fasciculatum), soft chess (Bruomus hordeaceus),
ripgut brome (B. rigidus), cutleaf filaree (Erodium cicutarium), bur
clover (Medicago hispida), ground lupine (Lupinus bicolor), and tarweed
(Hemizonia spp.) [
3,
8,
24].
Publications listing gray pine as a dominant or codominant species are
as follows:
A classification system for California's hardwood rangelands [
2]
Blue oak communities in California [
3]
Association types in the North Coast Ranges of California [
12]
Natural terrestrial communities of California [
26]
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
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More info for the term:
treeTree
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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More info for the terms:
cone,
treeGray pine is considered an undesirable weed tree by many rangeland
managers. Production and quality of forage growing under gray pine is
less than that growing under blue oak. Additionally, gray pine provides
little shade for livestock during hot summer months [
13,
22,
40]. It has
been extensively cut within the last century in order to clear rangeland
areas [
40].
Diseases: Prominent diseases of gray pine include western gall rust
(Periderium harknessii) and dwarf-mistletoe (Arceuthobium occidentale
and A. campylopodum forma campylopodum) [
1,
20,
31,
40]. Western gall rust
forms galls on gray pine throughout its range but rarely causes serious
damage. Dwarf-mistletoe is a particularly damaging and widespread
disease [
40]. It infects trees of all ages, causing reduced tree vigor
or death. Left uncontrolled, infection can increase sixty-fold within
10 years [
20]. Arceuthobium occidentale also infects Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziezii) and bigcone Douglas-fir, while A. campylopodum
forma campylopodum can infect Coulter, Jeffrey (Pinus jeffreyi),
Monterey (P. radiata), and ponderosa pines [
20,
31]. Dwarf-mistletoe is
controlled by cutting infected trees or removing infected branches [
31].
Gray pine is the specific host for Ips spinifer. This bark beetle
generally attacks fire- or drought-weakened trees. Heavy resin
production by healthy trees provides a strong defense against most
species of bark beetles. Gray pine is host to a variety of cone, twig,
and foliage insects, but the damage they cause is usually minor [
40].
Gray pine growing in hardpan is susceptible to windthrow under
waterlogged soil conditions [
40].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
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The percent composition of gray pine seeds is as follows [
47]:
protein 25.0
fat 49.4
carbohydrate 17.5
Kcal/100 g 571
The concentrations of several essential minerals in gray pine seeds
are available [
47].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
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CA
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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Gray pine seeds were important in the diet of California Indians [
40].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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More info on this topic. The seasonal development of gray pine is as follows:
growth starts: March to April [
35]
pollination: March to April [
15,
40]
fertilization: Spring following pollination [
40]
cones mature: September to October [
40]
seeds dispersed: October to February [
40]
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
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More info for the terms:
cover,
density,
severity,
wildfireInformation regarding postfire recovery of gray pine is sparse. Keeley
[
30] reported a gray pine seedling density of 133 per acre (54/ha)
following a wildfire of unreported severity at Bartlett Springs, Lake
County. Percentage cover provided by gray pine in a blue oak-gray pine
community often decreases when fires are frequent. Many blue oak
ecotypes sprout following fire, and under a regime of frequent fire,
rapidly growing blue oak sprouts interfere with gray pine seedling
growth [
16,
26].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
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More info for the terms:
ground residual colonizer,
root crown,
secondary colonizer,
seedTree without adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - on-site seed
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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More info for the terms:
ecotype,
epigeal,
seed,
stratificationGray pine produces seed at 10 to 25 years of age [
33]. It is a
consistent seed producer, with large crop outputs at 2- to 3-year
intervals [
40]. Gray pine has delayed seed dispersal [
10,
46]. Cones
open slowly, shedding seed over a period of several months [
40]. Seeds
are disseminated by animals, gravity, and water [
1,
40]. Scrub jay and
acorn woodpecker are the most effective animal disseminators [
40].
Seeds require cold stratification for approximately 30 days prior to
germination [
27,
33]. The exact stratification period varies with
ecotype. Seedbank-stored seed remains viable for up to 5 years [
33].
Germination rates improve when the seed is scarified and increase
greatly when the nuclear cap is removed [
40,
48]. Germination is epigeal
[
33]. Seedlings establish best on bare mineral soil under partial
shade. Most first-year growth occurs in the taproot. Subsequent top
growth is rapid; early growth rates of gray pine are among the most
rapid of all conifers. Rate of top growth averages 28 inches (70 cm)
per year for the first 8 years of life [
40].
Gray pine does not reproduce vegetatively [
40].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
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More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
7 Lower Basin and Range
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
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More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
seedBlue oak-gray pine communities are fire climax and are replaced by
ponderosa pine or other coniferous forests in the absence of fire
[
16,
26,
32]. Gray pine readily establishes from seed on disturbed sites
and is common in all seral stages of the blue oak-gray pine community
[
30]. Young trees tolerate partial shade [
40]. Mature trees are shade
intolerant [
25].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name for gray pine is Pinus sabiniana Dougl. [
36,
39].
There are no infrataxa [
40].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
seed,
tree,
xericGray pine has been planted on a limited basis for erosion control.
Commercial nursery stock is unavailable. Seedlings have been
established on rehabilitation sites by planting 1- or 2-year-old
bareroot stock grown from locally collected seed [
27,
29]. Gray pine
is an appropriate choice for planting in soils with calcium imbalances.
It will grow well on both serpentine soil, where calcium is deficient,
and on limestone soil, where calcium is abundant. In addition, it will
grow on xeric sites where establishment of other tree species is
difficult [
40].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
англиски
)
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More info for the term:
densityGray pine wood has minor commercial value. It is used for making
railroad ties, box shook, pallet stock, and chips. Poor form, high
resin content, and high proportions of compression wood result in low
stumpage prices. The mechanical strength properties of the wood have
been detailed [
49]. Gray pine is expensive to log due to low stand
density [
40].
- библиографски навод
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
шпански; кастиљски
)
добавил IABIN
Chile Central
- соработничко мреж. место
-
IABIN
Associated Forest Cover
(
англиски
)
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Digger pine forms a part of variants of seven forest cover types (3) and
is a major component of an eighth, Blue Oak-Digger Pine (Society of
American Foresters Type 250), where together with blue oak (Quercus
douglasii) it forms a climax community in a nearly continuous band around
California's Central Valley between valley grasslands and montane forest
(21).
Associated trees in the cover type Blue Oak-Digger Pine include
California buckeye (Aesculus californica), California scrub oak
(Quercus dumosa), California black oak (Q. kelloggii), and
interior live oak (Q. wislizeni) in the Sierra Nevada; and
California buckeye, coast live oak (Q. agrifolia), California
black oak, and valley oak (Q. lobata) in the Coast Ranges. Digger
pine also grows with western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) in
the Pit River drainage of the Modoc Plateau, and Coulter pine (Pinus
coulteri) in the southern Coast Range. Predominant shrubs include
several manzanita (Arctostaphylos) species, primarily A.
manzanita and A. viscida, buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus),
redbud (Cercis occidentalis), birchleaf mountain -mahogany
(Cercocarpus betuloides), silktassel (Garrya fremontii), toyon
(Heteromeles arbutifolia), hollyleaf buckthorn (Rhamnus
crocea), and western poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum).
Digger pine also grows on ultramafic and calcareous soils within several
forest types, including Redwood (Type 232) west of Healdsburg, and at the
low elevational fringe of Douglas-Fir-Tanoak-Madrone (Type 234) and
Pacific Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-Fir (Type 244). Within Pacific Ponderosa
Pine (Type 245), Digger pine is found on westerly slopes of the southern
Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada. The species also grows in low
elevational fringes of California Black Oak (Type 246), Knobcone Pine
(Type 248), and in portions of Canyon Live Oak (Type 249) and Western
Juniper (Type 238) (3).
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Climate
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Temperatures characterizing Digger pine's range span the gamut of
coastal to Great Basin climates. Yearly means vary from 10° to 17°
C (50° to 62° F), with mean minima of -2° to 3° C (28°
to 37° F), in the coolest months, and mean maxima of 31° to 36°
C (88° to 97° F) in the warmest months (30). Individual summer
days often exceed 38° C (100° F). Few tree species grow over as
wide a range in precipitation as Digger pine, with annual averages varying
from 250 mm (10 in) at the edge of the Mojave Desert to 1780 mm (70 in) at
its upper limits in the Sierra Nevada (6). Sites receiving as little as 80
mm (3 in) of precipitation in a single season continue to support stable
populations (30).
Despite the apparent diversity in climatic tolerance shown by Digger
pine, four climatic conditions characterize most of its natural range:
hot, dry summers; absence of summer fog; precipitation, mostly as rain;
and generally mild winters. Digger pine's ability to withstand summer
drought and to photosynthesize during mild periods of winter and spring
give it a strong competitive advantage over many other species in the
California foothills.
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Damaging Agents
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англиски
)
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Because of the species' ability to grow
throughout the winter, succulent shoots of Digger pine are damaged easily
by sudden frosts after periods of mild temperature. Digger pine also is
particularly susceptible to damage by wind and hail (31). On sites where
winter temperatures fluctuate greatly, stable populations may have evolved
such adaptive strategies as delayed germination of seed (9). The thin bark
of young trees, along with the species' high resin content and the
presence of congealed flows that have dripped from wounds, make Digger
pine susceptible to severe damage by fire.
Prominent diseases of Digger pine include western gall rust (Peridermium
harknessii) and dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium occidentale). Western
gall rust forms branch galls on Digger pine throughout its range but
rarely causes appreciable damage or death. Dwarf mistletoe is a
particularly damaging disease that is widely distributed in even the most
open stands (12,26). Once infection is established, dwarf mistletoe
spreads rapidly (11). Growth loss, deformity, and death often result with
the buildup of the disease, and trees of all sizes are susceptible. Digger
pine also is susceptible to Heterobasidion annosum root disease.
This pathogen seldom is a problem in open stands, although the disease can
spread rapidly in well stocked stands, such as plantations (1).
Digger pine is host to a wide variety of cone, twig, and foliage insects
and is the specific host for Ips spinifer, an aggressive bark
beetle that often kills trees weakened by fire or drought (5). Heavy
production of resin by healthy trees provides a strong defense against
many bark beetles, and vapors from its resins are toxic to some (28).
Nevertheless, heavy production of resin favors a pitch nodule moth (Petrova
sabiniana), which pupates within resin nodules (5). Thick seedcoats
provide a protective barrier against damage from most seed insects, but
much of the seed production is consumed by rodents and birds. However,
predation does not seem to restrict Digger pine's range (32).
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Flowering and Fruiting
(
англиски
)
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Digger pine is monoecious, and strobili
appear on short stalks in early spring. Male strobili are 3 to 4 cm (1.2
to 1.6 in) long, green or yellow to reddish purple when immature and light
brown when mature. Female strobili are initially small and green or red to
purple. When mature they are heavy, ovoid to subglobose, light- to
chocolate-brown woody cones. The cone is borne close to the branch on
reflexed stalks 5 to 6 cm (2 to 2.5 in) long. Pollination occurs in March
through April and archegonia are fertilized in the spring of the next year
(16). Cones mature by September or October. Although cones have been noted
on 2-year-old trees (30), 10 to 25 years usually must pass to attain full
seed production (16). Seeds of Digger pine are large at maturity,
averaging 19 to 25 mm (0.75 to 1.0 in) long (30), and weighing up to 1 g
(0.04 oz) and more when air-dried (6). Embryos average 18 to 35 mg (0.3 to
0.5 gr) (9) and are surrounded by thick seedcoats. Cleaned seeds average
1,280 per kilogram (580/lb) and range between 1,170 and 1,430 seeds per
kilogram (530 and 650/lb). Among the American pines, only Torrey pine (Pinus
torreyana) rivals Digger pine in average seed weight (16).
One of Digger pine's most prominent features is its massive cones, among
the largest produced by any pine species. Fresh cone weights average 0.3
to 0.7 kg (0.7 to 1.5 lb) and may exceed 1 kg (2.2 lb) (7). Lengths often
reach 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in), although mature cones can be much smaller.
Large elongated cones are frequently found in populations of the north
Coast and Klamath Ranges. Smaller ovoid cones are more common in the
Sierra Nevada (7). Prominent features of Digger pine cones are the
conspicuous spurs that develop at the base of the cone. Formed from the
combined umbo and apophysis of the scale, spurs tend to elongate and
recurve, giving the cone a spiny appearance that is fairly constant within
a tree, but quite variable within and between populations (7). Unlike most
other conifers, Digger pine cones do not form an abscission layer of cells
where the cone joins the branch. Thus, cones remain attached long after
seeds are shed, unless broken from the tree crown by wind or cut from the
tree by the western gray squirrel in quest of seed.
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Genetics
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
The most obvious variation between Digger pine populations is in cone
shape and size (7). Stands in the north Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains
tend to bear large, elongated cones, while those in the Sierra Nevada
produce cones that are smaller and ovoid. Variation within a population is
great enough, however, that small or large cone races probably do not
exist. Early claims of a variety explicata (15), based on
strongly-hooked cone spurs and relatively long seed wings, are not
supported by more recent sampling (7). One isolated Klamath Mountain
population, however, tends to have blunt, straight spurs. Cones from the
northern part of Digger pine's range tend to have lower specific gravities
than those from the southern part.
Seeds collected from sites characterized by cold winters and short
growing seasons show the slowest germination rates and require longer
chilling periods to achieve full germination (6,9), presumably
representing a survival advantage for a species whose seeds normally
germinate during winter. Despite the ability of Digger pine to reproduce
and grow on extremely infertile soils, such as those formed from
serpentinite, no strong evidence has been found that edaphic ecotypes
exist within the species (8). Digger pine is resistant to interspecific
breeding, and no natural hybrids have been recognized although its range
overlaps those of several species of pines. It has been successfully
crossed artificially with Coulter and Torrey pines (2,7,10).
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Growth and Yield
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Early growth rates of Digger pine are among
the highest of any conifer-an amazing fact, considering the droughty sites
on which the species grows. Annual height growth of Digger pine in its
native range may average as much as 70 cm (28 in) for the first 8 years
after germination (30) and often exceeds 1 m (3 ft) during specific years.
When introduced to Challenge Experimental Forest in northern California, a
very productive Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer site at 790 m (2,590 ft)
elevation, dominant and codominant Digger pine averaged 10.3 m (33.8 ft)
in height and 19.3 cm (7.6 in) in d.b.h. 15 years after planting (25).
Growth can begin with the first fall rains and continue until soils
become too dry in the spring or early summer (18). Within the natural
range, high annual rates of growth probably reflect a long growing season
that begins early, rather than rapid growth on a daily basis. Digger
pine's sparse foliage suggests that daily rates of growth probably are
low. On more productive timber sites, the growing season may begin later
but extend further into the summer, producing growth rates similar to
those on the best low-elevation sites within its natural range. In one
study, height and diameter growth rates of Digger pine on a high quality
site were comparable, but not superior, to those of native ponderosa pine
(25).
The stem form of Digger pine seemingly disregards gravity. Even on steep
slopes it may grow nearly perpendicular to the ground. Trees usually
maintain a straight, conical form into the pole stage, but mature trees
generally are twisted and have multiple forks. The poor form of mature
trees probably is a genetic trait but may be traced partly to an
open-grown nature that exposes the trees to the damaging effects of wind
and to the tendency of lateral buds to elongate when the terminal bud
remains static (6). Although Digger pine stands may approach stocking
densities of 46 m² basal area per hectare (200 ft²/acre) (25),
most stands are stocked much more lightly. Mature trees average 12 to 24 m
(40 to 80 ft) in height and 30 to 90 cm (12 to 36 in) in d.b.h. The
largest Digger pine officially recorded measured 48.8 m (160 ft) tall, 160
cm (63 in) in d.b.h., and had a crown spread averaging 20.7 m (68 ft) at
the widest points (22). Size and age potentials are not determined easily
from the trees existing today, because miners, wood cutters, and
agriculturalists cleared Digger pine from its best sites more than a
century ago. The maximum age reached by this species probably exceeds 200
years.
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Reaction to Competition
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Beyond the seedling stage, Digger pine
is one of the least shade tolerant of all trees. It is classed as very
intolerant of shade. The vigor of Digger pine declines rapidly when
competing with such dense-crowned associates as ponderosa pine, blue oak,
California black oak, and the live oaks. The wide spacing of Digger pine
on xeric sites probably stems from root competition for soil moisture,
rather than from mutual competition for light. On mesic sites with better
soil development, the sparse crowns of even-aged Digger pine stands allow
enough light penetration for needles to persist for 3 years, and stand
densities may approach those of moderately-stocked ponderosa pine stands
(25).
Digger pine's ability to persist and sometimes dominate on xeric sites
on zonal soils probably results from its capacity to photosynthesize
throughout the winter and early spring when soil moisture is abundant, and
to minimize transpiration losses of water during dry seasons through low
foliar biomass and good stomatal action. On zonal soils of more mesic
sites, Digger pine cannot compete with forest vegetation. Where they grow
together in natural ecotones, ponderosa pine has more stomates per needle
than Digger pine and maintains slightly lower leaf water potentials (33).
This, coupled with its greater foliar density, gives ponderosa pine a
growth advantage where soil moisture is adequate. However, Digger pine's
sparse crown (and presumably lower absolute transpiration loss) gives it a
sizable survival advantage where soil moisture is scarce.
Digger pine's ability to survive and grow slowly even under severe
drought may not be helpful if it is introduced to more mesic sites. During
3 years of normal precipitation at Challenge Experimental Forest, height
growth of planted Digger pine averaged 76 cm (30 in) per year-an average
almost identical to the 74 cm (29 in) for native ponderosa pine (25).
Annual height growth decreased 29 percent in Digger pine during 2 years of
drought, however, compared with a decrease of only 12 percent for
ponderosa pine.
Digger pine competes well on soils with calcium imbalances. On
serpentinite soils, where calcium availability is low and magnesium
availability high, Digger pine probably owes its success to low nutrient
requirements and preferential absorption of calcium and exclusion of
magnesium. These traits have been identified in some populations of
ponderosa pine (14,24). On limestone soils, where calcium is abundant,
calcium concentrations remain relatively low in Digger pine foliage (34).
Results from such extreme soil conditions suggest that Digger pine is
unusually effective in regulating its calcium supply.
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Rooting Habit
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Digger pine produces a deep taproot where soil
depth permits. However, hardpan soils are common along the margins of
California's Great Valley, and this causes trees to have spreading but
shallow root systems with weak taproots extending through duripans. Large
trees growing on such sites are windthrown easily during the winter if
windstorms coincide with waterlogged soil conditions.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Compared with other species,
Digger pine is a consistent seed producer, with large crops produced at 2-
to 3-year intervals. Cones may open slowly so that dispersal, beginning in
October, sometimes extends into winter. Although open, cones may contain
moderate numbers of seeds as late as February (6,16,30).
Digger pine seeds are disseminated in four ways. Wind, usually the
primary distributor of seeds for most species, has less influence on
Digger pine seeds because wings are poorly developed and seeds are heavy.
Birds, primarily the acorn woodpecker and scrub jay, disseminate seed.
Gravity also aids distribution of seeds. Digger pine cones, because of
their shape and weight, may roll considerable distances on steep hillsides
once severed from tree crowns. The large seeds of Digger pine also may
roll when dropped from high in the crown. Finally, Digger pine cones are
relatively buoyant, with specific gravities varying between 0.59 and 0.96
(7). Cones reaching running water may be transported considerable
distances. In one instance, cones were found on a streambank within 13 km
(8 mi) of the ocean, and 40 km (25 mi) downstream from the nearest known
source (30).
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Seedling Development
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Seeds of Digger pine show both
physiological and physical barriers to early germination when field
conditions may be unfavorable. Embryos require a moist, near-freezing
chilling period of at least 30 days before germination is possible (9,13).
Digger pine growing on sites where winter temperatures fluctuate greatly,
such as the Modoc Plateau, may have adapted a longer requirement for
chilling to prevent germination until spring. Seeds from populations
growing on low-elevation sites with milder winters tend to require less
chilling, thereby favoring early establishment before soil moisture
becomes limiting (9).
Digger pine's thick seedcoat provides a formidable obstacle to water
imbibition and gas exchange, and cracking it or reducing its thickness
improves speed and completeness of germination if the chilling requirement
is satisfied (9,13). A further physical barrier is the nucellar cap, and
removing it improves germination more than seedcoat removal alone (9). No
chemical inhibitors of germination in Digger pine seed are known.
Germination is epigeal (16). Seedlings are established best on bare
mineral soil and under partial (but not deep) shade. Chaparral cover
purportedly helps establishment (29). Cotyledons of Digger pine are
unusually large, averaging 49 to 72 mm (1.9 to 2.8 in) in length, and
seedlings with cotyledons spanning 20 cm (8 in) tip-to-tip have been noted
(6,8). Cotyledon size and number in Digger pine (from 10 to 21 per
seedling) help provide enough energy through photosynthesis so that, where
soil depth permits, first-year seedlings may develop a deep taproot before
soil moisture is depleted in late spring or early summer. Controlled
studies show that most of the first season's growth is completed and bud
differentiation begins within 5 months of germination. First-year foliage
consists mainly of cotyledons and primary needles, although secondary
needles (in fascicles of three) may be produced on better sites toward the
end of the growing season. Although overall growth is depressed on poor
sites, shoot-root ratios tend to be lower as well so that
transpiration-absorption deficits may be balanced to some degree (8).
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Soils and Topography
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Digger pine grows on soils in five soil orders (Alfisol, Entisols,
Inceptisols, Mollisols, and Ultisols) derived from a wide variety of
geologic materials including granodiorite, dacite, andesite, basalt,
peridotite, greenstone, schists of various types, limestone, river
gravels, and sandstone. The striking feature in much of Digger pine's
range is its association with ultramafic soils, particularly those formed
from serpentinite. Inclusions of serpentinite or limestone in upland zonal
soils produce nutritional imbalances that allow Digger pine to persist
within the mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada and the
conifer-hardwood forest of the north Coast Ranges (6).
Soils supporting stable populations of Digger pine characteristically
have low levels of available moisture. Even on sites where soil moisture
is relatively high, Digger pine tends to dominate only the shallowest
phases. Although found on deep, alluvial valley terraces, Digger pine has
been eliminated systematically from many fertile sites by stockmen seeking
to increase grass production (6,18,30). Today, many of the sites still
supporting Digger pine consist of dry rolling hills, rocky slopes, and
steep canyon walls. Few conifer species can match Digger pine's ability to
persist under such xeric, sterile conditions.
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Special Uses
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Seeds of Digger pine have considerable nutritional value. Their protein
and fat contents are similar to those of Pinus pinea (a pine of
the Mediterranean region whose seeds are harvested for the table), and are
equal or superior to those of other commercial species (4). Although
Digger pine seeds are not raised commercially, they once were an important
supplement to the diet of California valley Indians (23,30).
Digger pine wood has many favorable properties that determine its
special uses. Its 0.43 mean specific gravity almost matches that of
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and its strength properties
are comparable with those of ponderosa pine (27). Kraft pulps made from
Digger pine rate high in bursting and tensile strength and compare
favorably with pulps from most northern conifers (19). Poor form, high
resin content, high proportions of compression wood, and low stand
density, however, characterize a species commanding only minor commercial
interest today.
Currently, the tree's primary value is as a source of railroad tie
material, with secondary values for box shook, pallet stock, and chips
(17). Digger pine is expensive to log because of its low stand density,
and to transport because of its heavy weight and often crooked form.
Consequently, stumpage prices are low (17). One of Digger pine's few
commercial advantages is that foothill stands can be logged during winter,
when species at higher elevations often are inaccessible. Also, some
potential exists as stock for shelterbelt plantings on and sites (29).
Normal heptane, an alkane hydrocarbon of rare occurrence in woody
tissues, is the principal constituent of Digger pine wood turpentine and
constitutes about 3 percent of needle and twig oil (20).
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Vegetative Reproduction
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англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Digger pine does not reproduce
vegetatively in nature. No information is currently available on
artificial reproduction.
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Distribution
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
A California endemic, Digger pine grows between latitude 34° 30'
and 41° 15' N. Generally found between elevations of 300 to 900 m
(1,000 to 3,000 ft) in dry foothill woodland communities of California's
Central Valley, natural stands of Digger pine also grow from as low as 30
m (100 ft) at several locations on the floor of the Sacramento Valley to
almost 2130 m (7,000 ft) near Sawtooth Peak in Inyo County (10). Digger
pine is found in the Coast and Cascade Ranges, Klamath Mountains,
southwestern Modoc Plateau, western Sierra Nevada, and Tehachapi
Mountains, and over a broad environmental sweep, from the westerly edge of
the Mojave Desert, to the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County within
sight of the Pacific surf (6). Digger pine is absent in a conspicuous
89-km (55-mi) gap near its southern Sierra Nevada limit. The cause of the
gap is unknown but was noted as early as 1865 (10).
- The native range of Digger pine.
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Brief Summary
(
англиски
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добавил Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
Robert F. Powers
Digger pine (Pinus sabiniana), also called bull pine or gray
pine, has limited commercial use today, but it once was important to
California Indians, who used its seeds and parts of cones, bark, and buds
as food supplements, and its twigs, needles, cones, and resin in basket
and drum construction (23,30). Indians and early settlers used the resin
of Digger pine for medicinal purposes. During California's gold rush
period, from 1848 to 1860, all foothill timber, including Digger pine, was
heavily used for fuel and structural materials. Despite these uses, Digger
pine was viewed with contempt by many early settlers who placed slight
value on a tree that provided little shade and poor lumber. In fact, the
term "Digger" stems from a contemptuous name given by early
settlers to the many small Indian tribes once occupying central
California.
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Physical Description
(
англиски
)
добавил USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves > 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves twisted, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 3, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings narrower than body.
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Sabini şamı
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азерски
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добавил wikipedia AZ
Vətəni Şimali Amerikadır. 1832-ci ildə Londonda Mədəni Bitkilər Cəmiyyətinin katibi Corc Sabininin şərəfinə adlandırılmışdır. Orta hündürlükdə, çoxaylı gövdəyə malik ağacdır. Budaqları qısa olub, müxtəlif tərəflərə əyilmişdir. Qabığı boz-qonur, qalın, dərin qırışlıdır. Zoğları nazik, mavi-yaşıl rəngli, çılpaq və qırışlıdır. Tumurcuqları xırda, silindrik olub, uzunluğu 1,5-2 sm-dir. Qatranlı, qabıqların kənarları məxməri, açıq-qonurdur. İynəyarpaqların 3 ədədi bir yerə birləşmiş, bir-birindən aralı və sallaqdır, budaqların üzərində 3 ilə qədər qalır. Açıq mavi-yaşıl rəngli olub, uzunluğu 20-30 sm və eni 1,5 mm-dir, kənarları dişlidir, qatran kanalları parenximdə yerləşir. Qozaları iridir, uzunluğu 15-20 və eni 10-15 sm-dir. Toxumların saplaqları əyilmiş formadadır, qırmızı-qonur rəngdədir, uzunluğu 3-4 sm, qanadın uzunluğu 1 sm-dir. Cavan zoğları tez böyüyür, kölgəyə soyuğa və quraqlığa davamlı istisevən ağac cinsidir. Çimləşmiş gillicəli torpaqlarda yaxşı bitir. Dekorativ ağacdır. Azərbaycan da Abşeron da, Lənkəran da, Gəncə də, Astara da becərilir. Qruplarda və ya açıq sahələrdə tək əkinlərdə istifadə edilir.
Məlumat mənbələri:
Деревья и кустарники СССР. т.3.1954; Флора Азербайджана. т.5. 1954; Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. III cild. 1970; Azərbaycanın “Qırmızı” və “Yaşıl Кitabları”na tövsiyə olunan bitki və bitki formasiyaları. 1996; Azərbaycan florasının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008.
İstinadlar
- “Azərbaycan dendraflorasi” I cild, Baki, “Elm”, 2011, 312 səh.
Mənbə
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Sabini şamı: Brief Summary
(
азерски
)
добавил wikipedia AZ
Vətəni Şimali Amerikadır. 1832-ci ildə Londonda Mədəni Bitkilər Cəmiyyətinin katibi Corc Sabininin şərəfinə adlandırılmışdır. Orta hündürlükdə, çoxaylı gövdəyə malik ağacdır. Budaqları qısa olub, müxtəlif tərəflərə əyilmişdir. Qabığı boz-qonur, qalın, dərin qırışlıdır. Zoğları nazik, mavi-yaşıl rəngli, çılpaq və qırışlıdır. Tumurcuqları xırda, silindrik olub, uzunluğu 1,5-2 sm-dir. Qatranlı, qabıqların kənarları məxməri, açıq-qonurdur. İynəyarpaqların 3 ədədi bir yerə birləşmiş, bir-birindən aralı və sallaqdır, budaqların üzərində 3 ilə qədər qalır. Açıq mavi-yaşıl rəngli olub, uzunluğu 20-30 sm və eni 1,5 mm-dir, kənarları dişlidir, qatran kanalları parenximdə yerləşir. Qozaları iridir, uzunluğu 15-20 və eni 10-15 sm-dir. Toxumların saplaqları əyilmiş formadadır, qırmızı-qonur rəngdədir, uzunluğu 3-4 sm, qanadın uzunluğu 1 sm-dir. Cavan zoğları tez böyüyür, kölgəyə soyuğa və quraqlığa davamlı istisevən ağac cinsidir. Çimləşmiş gillicəli torpaqlarda yaxşı bitir. Dekorativ ağacdır. Azərbaycan da Abşeron da, Lənkəran da, Gəncə də, Astara da becərilir. Qruplarda və ya açıq sahələrdə tək əkinlərdə istifadə edilir.
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Borovice Sabineova
(
чешки
)
добавил wikipedia CZ
Borovice Sabineova (Pinus sabiniana) je severoamerická tříjehličná borovice. Ze všech borovic má jedny z největších semen.[2]
Původ jména
Pojmenována po angličanovi Josephu Sabineovi (právník, přírodopisec a spisovatel, který psal o hortikultuře).
Synonyma
Pinus sabiniana je někdy také hláskována v druhovém jméně s e po n, tedy Pinus sabineana. Binomické jméno Pinus sabineana je sice používané, ale nesprávné a neschválené, a správné vědecké jméno je s i po n, v druhovém jméně: Pinus sabiniana.[2]
Popis
Stálezelený, jehličnatý, větrosprašný, v mládí rychle rostoucí a jednodomý strom, dorůstající do výšky 38 m. Kmen dosahuje průměru 1,2 m, bývá rovný nebo pokroucený, často též rozvětvený. Větve jsou často stoupající, plodonosné větve (větve, které nesou šišky) jsou silné a zpočátku purporovohnědostříbrnomodrošedozelené, později šednoucí a drsné. Koruna je řídká, otevřená, nepravidelná, kuželovitá až rozeklaně lalokovitá. Borka tmavohnědá až černá, nepravidelně hluboce rozbrázděná, s nepravidelně obdélníkovými nebo hranatými, šupinatými, často se odlamujícím, hřbety; základny brázd a nižší vrstvy borky (vnitřní kůra, lýko) jsou naoranžovělé. Letorosty jsou poměrně tenčí než starší větve, zprvu též purporovohnědostříbrnomodrošedozelené a později šedé a drsné. Pupeny jsou vejčité a červenohnědé, 10 mm dlouhé, pryskyřičnaté; pupenové šupiny mají bílé třásně na okrajích.
Jehlice směřují dolů, jsou mírně zakroucené a matně modrozelené barvy, na okrajích nepatrně vroubkované, na špičce se zužují do ostrého bodu; jehlice jsou ve svazečcích (Fasciculus) po 3. Jehlice jsou 15-38 cm dlouhé, 1,5 mm široké, se světlými a úzkými řadami průduchů na všech površích jehlic. Svazečkové pochvy jsou 24 mm dlouhé a s neopadavou základnou; jehlice zůstávají na stromě 3-4 roky.
Samčí šištice jsou elipsoidní, 10-15 mm dlouhé, žluté. Samičí šištice – šišky dozrávají za 2 roky, po dozrání z nich semena brzy vypadávají, šišky zůstávají na stromě 7 let. Jsou 15-28 cm dlouhé, převislé, masivní a těžké, téměř symetrické, před otevřením vejčité, otevřené jsou široce až úzce vejčité nebo vejčitě válcovité, hnědé, pryskyřičnaté, na 50 mm stopkách. Šupiny šišek jsou dlouhé, tlusté, s ostrým kýlem, čtyřhranné, s prodlouženými a zakřivenými výrůstky (Apophysis), spojenými dohromady s přírůstky prvního roku (Umbo) a dohromady tvořícími 2 cm dlouhé, vzhůru směřující "drápy". Semena jsou úzce obvejčitá, silnostěnná, 25 mm dlouhá a 8 mm široká, tmavohnědá, se širokými a krátkými, 10 mm dlouhými, snadno odpadávajícími křídly. Strom kvete v květnu až červenu, semena dozrávají v lednu až únoru. Semena potřebují studenou, asi 4 měsíční stratifikaci v chladných podmínkách, kolem 4 °C.
Příbuznost
Borovice Sabineova je blízce příbuzná borovici Coulterově (Pinus coulteri).
Výskyt
Domovinou stromu jsou Spojené státy americké ,především Kalifornie a malá arela v Oregonu.
Ekologie
Pinus sabiniana roste v nadmořských výškách 50-1800 m, na suchých horách a v podhůřích, obklopujících Centrální údolí (Kalifornie), od okraje Mohavské pouště až po svahy nad Tichým oceánem, v oblastech s rozdílnými srážkovými ročními úhrny - od 250 mm srážek za rok u pouště, až po 1780 mm za rok v horském pásmu Sierra Nevada (USA). Občasně zde také sněží. Průměrná střední roční teplota je 16 °C, maximální letní teploty někdy přesáhnou 41 °C. Tento teplomilný strom, rostoucí ve vnitrozemí od pobřežního mlhového pásu (oblast s častými mlhami), nesnáší příliš silné mrazy. Pinus sabiniana ráda roste s různými druhy dubů (například dubem modrým Quercus douglasii, dubem Quercus chrysolepis), borovicí Coulterovou Pinus coulteri, jalovcem Juniperus occidentalis a jinými. Pinus sabiniana má ráda přímé slunce, nemá ráda stín, je mrazuvzdorná do –10 °C. Půdy vhodné pro strom dobře odvádějí vodu, jsou písčité či těžké jílové, suché nebo vlhké; dospělé stromy snáší dobře sucho a dokáží růst i v na živiny chudých půdách. pH půdy je v širokém rozsahu: 5.6 - 6.0 (kyselá půda), 6.1 - 6.5 (mírně kyselá půda), 6.6 - 7.5 (neutrální půda), 7.6 - 7.8 (mírně alkalická půda), 7.9 - 8.5 (alkalická půda), nicméně nejlépe strom roste v půdách kyselých a neutrálních. Mnoho ptáků se živí semeny stromu: datel zlatý Colaptes auratus cafer, sojka západní Aphelocoma californica californica a holub pruhoocasý Patagioenas fasciata. Jehlice, borka a semena poskytují potravu medvědovi černému Ursus americanus, čikarímu Douglasovému Tamiasciurus douglasii a veverce šedé Sciurus griseus. Jehlice a větévky spásají mula (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) a jelenec běloocasý Odocoileus virginianus.
Nepřátelé a nemoci
Strom je někdy napadán parazitickou rostlinou z čeledi santálovité Arceuthobium occidentale, mšicemi, houbou srpovnička Fusarium circinatum, jmelím, houbou václavkou Armillaria, houbou rez vejmutovková Cronartium flaccidum. Naopak strom je imunní vůči houbové chorobě způsobované houbou Phymatotrichopsis omnivora a proti houbové chorobě Verticiliové vadnutí.
Využití člověkem
Dřevo je pryskyřičnaté, nepravidelného růstu a tvaru, používáno je například pro výrobu palet a jiných věcí. Pro nepravidelnou, otevřenou korunu a pokroucený kmen není strom příliš pěstován jako okrasná dřevina; je pěstován pouze v arboretech a pinetech, s odpovídajícím klimatem – například v jižní Anglii, Austrálii, západní Francii nebo kolem Středozemního moře. V malé míře je pěstována v Evropě pro dřevo. V současnosti již není pro dřevo příliš používána, v minulosti byla používána jako zdroj dřeva hlavně v průběhu Kalifornské zlaté horečky, pro blízkost stromu k polím se zlatem. Semena borovice Pinus sabiniana konzumovalo a dodnes konzumuje mnoho kalifornských domorodých amerických (Indiánských) kmenů.[3] Domorodí Američané semena konzumují syrová nebo pečená, případně rozdrcená na mouku a smíchaná s jinými druhy semen. Semena obsahují kolem 28 % bílkovin. Muži z kmene Sierra Miwok vyšplhávali na stromy, kde ručně, otáčením, trhali nezralé šišky přímo ze stromu, tyto nezralé šišky potom pekli po dobu 20 minut v horkém popelu a tím získávali hnědý a sladký sirup. Západní členové kmene Mono používali pryskyřici jako lék a větve jako kuchyňské nádobí pro míchání žaludové kaše. Členové kmene Ohlone (jiný název Costanoan) používali pryskyřici na léčbu revmatismu. Jehlice byly kmenem Sierra Miwok používány jako došky, lůžkoviny a podlahoviny, borka na obklady domů. V košíkářství kalifornských domorodých američanů byly, a v menší míře i současnými košíkáři dodnes jsou, používány kořeny a větve stromu.
Ohrožení
Strom není ohrožen, jeho populace je považována za stabilní. Přímé ohrožení pro strom představuje kácení vegetace při rozšiřování měst, nicméně se většinou jedná o poměrně malou část území výskytu stromu. Část populace stromu se vyskytuje na chráněných územích, většina populace se ovšem vyskytuje na územích nechráněných.
Galerie
Pinus sabiniana, stromy v národním parku Pinnacles v Kalifornii, USA
Letorost, jehlice, pupeny, borka letorostu a šiška, ve státním parku (=park pod správou státu, obdoba národního parku) Mount Diablo State Park, Kalifornie, USA
Samčí šištice na větvi, národní park Pinnacles
Rozevřená samičí šištice, pohled shora, okres Mariposa County, Kalifornie, USA
Rozevřená samičí šištice, pohled zboku, státní park Mount Diablo, Kalifornie, USA
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ a b Pinus sabiniana (gray pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org [online]. [cit. 2019-02-28]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ Plants Profile for Pinus sabiniana (California foothill pine). plants.usda.gov [online]. [cit. 2019-02-28]. Dostupné online.
Externí odkazy
Rod borovice (Pinus) Podrod
Pinus
Evropa
Asie
Amerika
Podrod
Strobus
Evropa
Asie
Amerika
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Borovice Sabineova: Brief Summary
(
чешки
)
добавил wikipedia CZ
Borovice Sabineova (Pinus sabiniana) je severoamerická tříjehličná borovice. Ze všech borovic má jedny z největších semen.
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Digger-Kiefer
(
германски
)
добавил wikipedia DE
Die Digger-Kiefer oder Sabines Kiefer (Pinus sabiniana) ist ein immergrüner Nadelbaum aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) mit meist zu dritt wachsenden, 20 bis 28 Zentimeter langen Nadeln und sehr großen und schweren, 17 bis 25 Zentimeter langen Samenzapfen. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Kalifornien. Die Art wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als nicht gefährdet eingestuft. Sie wird selten als Holzlieferant genutzt.
Beschreibung
Erscheinungsbild
Die Digger-Kiefer wächst als immergrüner, bis zu 25 Meter hoher Baum. Der Stamm wächst gerade oder gekrümmt, als Monopodium oder gegabelt und erreicht Brusthöhendurchmesser von 100 Zentimetern. Das größte vermessene Exemplar erreichte 1986 eine Höhe von 49 Metern mit einem Stammdurchmesser von 1,5 Metern und einen Kronendurchmesser von 24 Metern. Dieser Baum existiert mittlerweile nicht mehr, das seither größte bekannte Exemplar erreicht nur noch eine Höhe von 37 Metern.[1][2]
Die Stammborke ist dick, rau und schuppig. Sie ist in braungraue bis schwarzgraue, unregelmäßige, längliche Platten geteilt, die durch rötlich braune Risse getrennt sind. Die Hauptäste sind lang, stehen waagrecht oder aufgerichtet. Die Äste bleiben häufig auch im unteren Bereich des Stamms erhalten und fallen nicht ab. Die wenigen Äste höherer Ordnung bilden eine breite, unregelmäßige und offene Krone. Die Zweige können sowohl dünn als auch dick sein. Sie sind unbehaart, anfangs blass graubraun und später dunkler braun, mit einer dünnen bläulichen Wachsschicht umgeben und nur spärlich benadelt. Sie sind durch vorstehende, herablaufende Pulvini, Reste von abgefallenen Nadelbündeln, rau.[1][2]
Knospen und Nadeln
Die Knospen sind harzig, eiförmig-konisch und haben ein spitzes Ende. Endständige Knospen sind 15 bis 25 Millimeter lang, seitständige Knospen sind kleiner. Die um die Knospen wachsenden Niederblätter sind angedrückt, rötlich braun mit blasserem Rand. Die Nadeln wachsen zu dritt in einer anfangs 20 Millimeter langen, sich auf 5 bis 7 Millimeter verkürzenden aber bleibenden, hellbraunen[3] Nadelscheide. Sie sind graugrün, abstehend oder hängend, biegsam, etwas entlang der Längsachse verdreht, meist 20 bis 28 Zentimeter lang, seltener ab 15 und bis 32 Zentimeter und 1,5 Millimeter dick. Der Nadelrand ist fein gesägt, das Ende spitz-stechend bis pfriemförmig. Auf allen Nadelseiten gibt es deutliche Spaltöffnungsstreifen. Es werden meist zwei oder drei seltener bis zu zehn Harzkanäle gebildet. Die Nadeln bleiben drei bis vier Jahre am Baum.[1][2]
Zapfen und Samen
Die Pollenzapfen sind anfangs gelb und werden später orangebraun. Ihre Form ist eiförmig bis ellipsoid und 10 bis 15 Millimeter lang. Die Samenzapfen wachsen meist einzeln, selten in Paaren an der Basis neuer Triebe auf kräftigen, 2 bis 5 Zentimeter langen Stielen. Ausgewachsene Zapfen sind sehr groß, sehr harzig, breit-eiförmig und beinahe symmetrisch. Geöffnete Zapfen sind bei Durchmessern von 15 bis 20 Zentimetern mit flacher oder mehr oder weniger konvexer Basis 17 bis 25 Zentimeter lang. Die 90 bis 120 Samenschuppen sind dick holzig, steif und matt braun. Die Apophyse ist deutlich ausgeprägt, 20 Millimeter breit, schokoladebraun, scharf quer gekielt und geht plötzlich oder graduell in den Umbo über. Dieser liegt dorsal und ist 10 bis 20 Millimeter lang, an der Basis bis zu 12 Millimeter breit, seitlich gekielt und endet in einem scharfen, hakenförmigen Stachel.[4][2]
Die Zapfen erreichen ein Gewicht von 300 bis 600 Gramm und in Ausnahmefällen auch über 1 Kilogramm. Sie reifen nach zwei Jahren[5], öffnen sich dann langsam und bleiben noch bis zu fünf weitere Jahre am Baum. Die Samen sind schmal verkehrt-eiförmig, etwas abgeflacht, 15 bis 20 Millimeter lang, 7 bis 10 Millimeter breit, glatt und dunkelbraun. Die Samenflügel sind kurz und breit und etwa 10 Millimeter lang.[4][2]
Chromosomenzahl
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[5]
Verbreitung, Ökologie und Gefährdung
![src=]()
Verbreitungsgebiet der Digger-Kiefer
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Kalifornien im Westen der Vereinigten Staaten.[6] Es werden auch gefährdete Bestände in Oregon angegeben.[7] Die Digger-Kiefer wächst in den Gebirgen und Vorbergen, die das Kalifornische Längstal umgeben, vom Rand der Mojave-Wüste bis zu den Berghängen am Pazifischen Ozean. Man findet sie in Höhen von 50 bis 1800 Metern. Das Verbreitungsgebiet wird der Winterhärtezone 8 zugerechnet, wo im Mittel jährliche Minimaltemperaturen zwischen −12,2 und −6,7 °Celsius vorherrschen. Das Klima ist sommertrocken, wobei die jährliche Niederschlagsmenge stark variiert und von 250 Millimeter am Rand der Wüste bis 1780 Millimeter in der Sierra Nevada reicht.[8][2]
In Küstennähe wächst die Digger-Kiefer im brand-anfälligen Chaparral zusammen mit Heidekräutern (Erica) und ähnlichen Arten. Auf den niedrigeren Hängen der Sierra Nevada und den höher liegenden Hängen der Küstengebirge findet man sie mit verschiedenen Eichenarten und häufig mit der Coulter-Kiefer (Pinus coulteri), und im Norden des Verbreitungsgebiets mit dem Westamerikanischen Wacholder (Juniperus occidentalis). Die Digger-Kiefer wächst meist in offenem Waldland, mit einzelnen Bäumen, die aus einer Buschschicht herausragen, oder in hauptsächlich von Gräsern und Kräutern bewachsenen Gebieten. Die schweren Zapfen werden von verschiedenen Hörnchen (Sciuridae) und Hähern als Nahrungsquelle benutzt. Die Hörnchen holen sich die Zapfen von den Bäumen und nagen sich durch die dicken Schuppen, um zu den Samen zu kommen. Die Häher spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verteilung der Samen.[8][2]
Die Digger-Kiefer wird vom Rostpilz Peridermium harknessii befallen, der im gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet Gallbildung an den Zweigen, aber keine schweren Schäden verursacht. Die Zwergmistel Arceuthobium occidentale befällt besonders Bäume in lockeren Wäldern und breitet sich sehr rasch aus. Befall führt zu Wachstumseinbußen, Deformierungen und auch zum Absterben von Bäumen. Die Wurzeln werden vom Gemeinen Wurzelschwamm (Heterobasidion annosum) befallen, der in lockeren Wäldern kaum Schaden verursacht, sich in Plantagen jedoch rasch ausbreiten kann. Zapfen, Zweige und Nadeln werden von einer Vielzahl von Insekten angegriffen. Der Käfer Ips spinifer befällt die Borke und verursacht häufig das Absterben schon durch Trockenheit oder Feuer geschwächter Bäume. Durch die erhöhte Produktion von Harz können Käfer abgewehrt werden, für manche sind auch die Harzdämpfe giftig. Das Harz zieht jedoch den Wickler Petrova sabiniana an, der sich im Harz verpuppt. Die Samen werden durch ihre Schale vor Insekten geschützt, doch wird ein großer Teil der Samen von Nagetieren und Vögeln gefressen.[9]
In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird Pinus sabiniana als nicht gefährdet („Lower Risk/least concern“) eingestuft. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine Neubeurteilung notwendig ist.[10]
Systematik und Forschungsgeschichte
Die Digger-Kiefer (Pinus sabiniana) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus), in der sie der Untergattung Pinus, Sektion Trifoliae und Untersektion Ponderosae zugeordnet ist.[6] Erstmals entdeckt wurde sie 1826 von David Douglas im Gebiet der Umpqua, einem im südlichen Oregon lebenden Indianerstamm, doch verlor er die Proben beim Überqueren des Santiam River. Er fand die Art erst 1831 auf einer Reise durch die Gabilan-Berge wieder.[11] 1832 wurde die Art von David Don in Description of the Genus Pinus erstmals formal wissenschaftlich beschrieben, wobei er die Beschreibung von David Douglas wörtlich übernahm.[12]
Der Gattungsname Pinus wurde schon von den Römern für mehrere Kiefernarten verwendet.[13] Das Artepitheton sabiniana könnte sich auf Joseph Sabine (1770–1837) beziehen, einen Finanzbeamten und Sekretär der Horticultural Society, der Douglas' Sammeltätigkeit förderte.[2] Der Name könnte allerdings auch seinen jüngeren Bruder Edward Sabine (1788–1883) ehren, den früheren Präsidenten der Royal Society.[1] Manchmal wird das Artepitheton auch sabineana geschrieben.[11][10]
Die Digger-Kiefer bildet nur sehr schwer Hybride mit anderen Pinus-Arten: Lediglich ein Versuch der Hybridisierung mit der Coulter-Kiefer war erfolgreich (Stand 2010). Hingegen gab es mit Pinus torreyana mehrere erfolgreiche Hybridisierungsversuche. Anders als mit der Coulter-Kiefer gelang keine Hybridisierung mit Jeffreys Kiefer (Pinus jeffreyi) oder einer anderen Art der Subsektion Ponderosae.[2]
Verwendung
Die Digger-Kiefer hat wegen des unregelmäßigen Wuchses und des hohen Harzanteils nur eine geringe wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Das Holz wird zur Herstellung von Bahnschwellen, Paletten und Hackschnitzeln verwendet. Als Zierbaum tritt die Digger-Kiefer kaum in Erscheinung: Man findet sie selten in Arboreten und Pineten in Gebieten mit geeignetem Klima wie in England, Westfrankreich, im Mittelmeerraum und in Australien.
Die indigene Bevölkerung nutzte die Samen als Nahrungsmittel und das Harz sowohl zur Herstellung von Trommeln als auch zum Abdichten von Körben. Der Nahrungswert der Samen ist vergleichbar mit dem anderer essbarer Kiefernkerne, doch werden die Samen kaum wirtschaftlich genutzt. Aus den Zweigen und Nadeln werden Öle und Terpentin gewonnen.[8]
Quellen
Literatur
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World’s Conifers. Band 2. Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3, S. 756–757.
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference. Timber Press, Portland, OR/London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4, S. 476.
-
Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 775.
- Russell H. Burns: Silvics of North America. Band 1 Conifers. United States Government Printing, 1991, ISBN 978-0-16-027145-8.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (englisch).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7, S. 487 (Nachdruck von 1996).
Einzelnachweise
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↑ a b c d Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 756
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↑ a b c d e f g h i James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World, S. 476
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↑ Roloff, Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze, S. 775
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↑ a b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 756–757
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↑ a b Robert Kral: Pinus sabineana in Flora of North America, Band 2
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↑ a b Pinus sabiniana im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 1. Juni 2013.
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↑ Pinus sabiniana. In: NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe, Oktober 2012, abgerufen am 13. Juni 2013 (englisch).
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↑ a b c Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 757
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↑ Burns: Silvics of North America, Band 1, Conifers
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↑ a b Pinus sabiniana in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 1. Juni 2013.
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↑ a b Christopher J. Earle: Pinus sabiniana. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 23. November 2012, abgerufen am 2. Juni 2013 (englisch).
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↑ Pinus sabiniana. In: The International Plant Name Index. Abgerufen am 2. Juni 2013 (englisch).
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↑ Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen S. 487
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Pinus sabiniana bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 1. Juni 2013.
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Pinus sabiniana. In: The Plant List. Abgerufen am 2. Juni 2013.
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Digger-Kiefer: Brief Summary
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Die Digger-Kiefer oder Sabines Kiefer (Pinus sabiniana) ist ein immergrüner Nadelbaum aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) mit meist zu dritt wachsenden, 20 bis 28 Zentimeter langen Nadeln und sehr großen und schweren, 17 bis 25 Zentimeter langen Samenzapfen. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Kalifornien. Die Art wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als nicht gefährdet eingestuft. Sie wird selten als Holzlieferant genutzt.
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Pinus sabiniana
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Pinus sabiniana
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Pinus sabiniana (sometimes spelled P. sabineana), with vernacular names including towani pine, foothill pine, gray pine, bull pine, and digger pine,[2][3][4][5][6] is a pine endemic to California in the United States.[7][8] Some sources discourage using the name "digger pine," considering it pejorative [3][4] ("digger" was a slur commonly used to refer to Indigenous Americans in the Great Basin and California).[9]
Description
The Pinus sabiniana tree typically grows to 36–45 feet (11–14 m), but can reach 105 feet (32 m) feet in height. The needles of the pine are in fascicles (bundles) of three, distinctively pale gray-green, sparse and drooping, and grow to 20–30 cm (8–12 inches) in length. The seed cones are large and heavy, 12–35 cm (4+3⁄4–13+3⁄4 inches) in length and almost as wide as they are long.[5][3][10] When fresh, they weigh from 0.3 to 0.7 kilograms (0.7 to 1.5 lb), rarely over 1 kilogram (2.2 lb).[11] The male cones grow at the base of shoots on the lower branches.[5][3][10]
Distribution and habitat
Pinus sabiniana grows at elevations between sea level and 1,200 metres (4,000 ft) and is common in the northern and interior portions of the California Floristic Province. It is found throughout the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges foothills that ring the Central, San Joaquin and interior valleys; the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges; and Mojave Desert sky islands.[3][10] Multiple specimens have also been found in Southern Oregon as well.[12] [13]It is adapted to long, hot, dry summers and is found in areas with an unusually wide range of precipitation: from an average of 250 mm (10 in) per year at the edge of the Mojave to 1,780 mm (70 in) in parts of the Sierra Nevada.[11] It prefers rocky, well drained soil, but also grows in serpentine soil and heavy, poorly drained clay soils. It commonly occurs in association with Quercus douglasii,[14] and "Oak/Foothill Pine vegetation" (also known as "Oak/Gray Pine vegetation") is used as a description of a type of habitat characteristic within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion in California, providing a sparse overstory above a canopy of the oak woodland.
P. sabiniana in chaparral habitat in Sacramento Valley
P. sabiniana in mountain foothills habitat in Pinnacles National Monument
Ecology and uses
Pinus sabiniana needles are the only known food of the caterpillars of the Gelechiid moth Chionodes sabinianus. Fossil evidence suggests that it has only recently become adapted to the Mediterranean climate as its closest relatives are part of the Madrean pine-oak woodlands found at higher elevations in the southwest US and Mexico.[15] Some Native American groups relied heavily on sweet pine nuts for food[16] and are thought to have contributed to the current distribution pattern, including the large gap in distribution in Tulare County. Native Americans also consumed the roots.[17]
Special uses
Protein and fat nutritional value of the seed are similar to Pinus pinea seeds and figured in the local indigenous diet.[18]
Wood uses historically were determined by its particular characteristics, e.g., 0.43 mean specific gravity nearly equal to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); strength properties similar to ponderosa pine; Kraft pulps high in bursting with tensile strength comparable to some northern conifer pulps; and foothill stands loggable in winter, when higher-altitude species were inaccessible. However, the high amounts of resin and compression wood, the often crooked form, heavy weight, and low stand density, made it expensive otherwise to log, transport and process. Commercial value decreased by the 1960s,[18] to limited use for railroad ties, box "shook",[19] pallet stock, and chips.
It may still offer potential as windbreak shelterbelt plantings.[18]
The main turpentine constituent, heptane, an alkane hydrocarbon, at about 3 percent of needle and twig oil,[18] is unusual in botany; the only other source in nature perhaps being the Pittosporum resiniferum known as "petroleum nut" or kerosene tree.
Taxonomy
Common name
The name digger pine supposedly came from the observation that the Paiute foraged for its seeds by digging around the base of the tree, although it is more likely that the term was first applied to the people; "Digger Indians" was in common use in California literature from the 1800s. The historically more common name digger pine is still in widespread use. The Jepson Manual advises avoiding this name as the authors believe "digger" is pejorative in origin.[20][21] It is also sometimes thought of as a pinyon pine, though it does not belong to that group.
Botanical name
The scientific botanical name with the standard spelling sabiniana commemorates Joseph Sabine, secretary of the Horticultural Society of London. Some botanists proposed a new spelling sabineana, because they were confused with Latin grammar. The proposal has not been accepted by the relevant authorities (i.e. United States Department of Agriculture, The Jepson Manual or Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).[2][3][5][24] The GRIN notes that the spelling sabiniana agrees with a provision in the Vienna Code of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the governing body of botanical nomenclature. In that code, recommendation 60.2C states that personal names can be Latinized in species epithets: 'Sabine' is Latinised to sabinius, with the addition of the suffix "-anus" (pertaining to) the word becomes sabiniana (In Latin, trees are feminine, irrespective if the word ends with a masculine suffix, i.e. pinus).[24][25] The GRIN database notes that Sabine's last name is not correctable and therefore Pinus sabiniana is the proper name for the species.
Notes
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^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus sabiniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42413A2978429. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42413A2978429.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ a b "Data Source and References for Pinus sabiniana (California foothill pine)". USDA PLANTS. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
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^ a b c d e f Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). "Pinus sabiniana". The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
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^ a b Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Pinus sabiniana". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
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^ a b c d "Pinus sabiniana". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
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^ https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinsab/all.html. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) -
^ Cole 1939.
-
^ Beissner 1909.
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^ Lonnberg, Allan (1981). "The Digger Indian Stereotype in California". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 3 (2).
-
^ a b c "Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas". USDA PLANTS. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
-
^ a b Powers, Robert F. (1990). "Pinus sabiniana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 1. Retrieved 2016-03-17 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ Frank Callahan. "Discovering Gray Pine (Pinus sabiniana) in Oregon" (PDF). Npsoregon.org. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
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^ "Pinus sabiniana (gray pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
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^ Hogan 2008.
-
^ Munz, P. "A California Flora and supplement" University of California Press
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^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 94.
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^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 409. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
-
^ a b c d "Digger Pine". USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. -
^ "Shook". 23 December 2021.
-
^ Hickman, J.C. (Ed.) "The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California". University of California Press, Berkeley, 1993 p.120.
-
^ Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). "Pinus sabiniana". The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
-
^ a b Hinton, Leanne (1996). Flutes of fire :essays on California Indian languages. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books. ISBN 978-0-930588-62-5.
-
^ Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 408. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
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^ a b "Pinus sabiniana Douglas". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 1 October 2010.
-
^ International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. 2006. Recommendation 60C.2. Accessed online: 1 October 2010.
References
- Cole, James E. (1939). The Cone-bearing Trees of Yosemite: Digger Pine.
- A. Farjon (2005). Pines: Drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus. Brill. ISBN 90-04-13916-8
- Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.). "Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii)". GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28.
- Discovery Channel (2010), MythBusters, Episode 138
- Beissner, Ludwig (1909). Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde: Systematik, Beschreibung, Verwendung und Kultur der Ginkgoaceen, Freiland- Coniferen und Gnetaceen. Für Gärtner, Forstleute und Botaniker. P. Parey.
- Lonnberg, Allan (1981). "The Digger Indian Stereotype in California". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 3 (2).
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Pinus sabiniana: Brief Summary
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Pinus sabiniana (sometimes spelled P. sabineana), with vernacular names including towani pine, foothill pine, gray pine, bull pine, and digger pine, is a pine endemic to California in the United States. Some sources discourage using the name "digger pine," considering it pejorative ("digger" was a slur commonly used to refer to Indigenous Americans in the Great Basin and California).
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Sabine-pino
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La Sabine-pino (Pinus sabiniana ; kelkfoje literumita P. sabineana), estas pino endemia en Kalifornio, Usono [2][3][4][5].
Priskribo
La Sabine-pino tipe altas 11–14 m sed povas atingi altecon de 32 m. La pingloj estas triope-faske aranĝitaj, karakterize pale grizverdaj, malabundaj kaj pendantaj, kaj longas 20-30 centimetrojn. La strobiloj estas grandaj kaj pezaj, longas 12-35 centimetrojn kaj preskaŭ tiel larĝas kiel ili longas. La masklaj konusoj kreskas ĉe la bazo de ŝosoj sur la malsupraj branĉoj [3][6].
Disvastiĝo kaj vivejo
Tiu nearktisa specio vegetas je altitudoj inter marnivelo kaj 1 200 m, kaj troviĝas en kreskejoj kiuj ricevas jaran precipitaĵon de 750–1250 mm. Ĝi estas adaptita al longaj sekaj someroj kaj estas komuna en la nordaj kaj landinternaj partoj de la Kalifornia Flaŭra Provinco. Ĝi preferas ŝtonan bone drenitan grundon sed ĝi ankaŭ vegetas en serpentinŝtona grundo kaj malbone drenitaj argiloj. Ĝi ofte estas akompanita de Quercus douglasii, kaj la "kverka/sabine-pina vegetaĵaro" servas al priskribo de speco de vivejo karakteriza ene de la ekoregiono kaliforniaj ĉaparalo kaj duonarbaroj, provizante per malabunda kanopeo de la kverkoduonarbaro. Ĝi estas trovita ĝenerale en Sierra Nevada kaj Kaliforniaj Marbordaj Montaroj kiuj ĉirkaŭas Kalifornian Centran Valon, Valon San Joaquin kaj landinternajn valojn; Transversajn Montarojn kaj Duoninsulajn Montarojn; kaj la arbar-insulojn de Mojave-Dezerto.
Ekologio
Pingloj de la Sabine-pino estas la sola konata nutraĵo de la raŭpoj de Chionodes sabinianus (Gelechiidae, lepidopteroj ). Fosiliaj pruvoj sugestas ke ĝi nur freŝdate estiĝis adaptita al mediteranea klimato ĉar ĝiaj plej apudaj parencoj troviĝas en la madreaj pinaroj-kverkaroj kiuj situas je pli altaj altitudoj en sudokcidenta Usono kaj Meksiko [7]. Iuj indianaj grupoj sin tre apogis sur pinsemoj por nutraĵo; ili estus kontribuintaj al nuntempa distribuo-modelo, inkluzive de la vasta areala malĉeestejo en Tulare-Kantono.
Taksonomio
La scienca botanika nomo kun la norma ortografio sabiniana rememorigas Joseph Sabine, sekretarion de la Reĝa Hortikultura Societo de Londono. En botanika nomenklaturo ne plu estas kutime de latinigi nomojn (kiel Sabine al sabinius kaj sabiniana) antaŭ ol formi nov-latinajn terminojn, tial ortografia korekto estis proponita de sabiniana al sabineana far iuj botanikistoj. Tamen la nova ortografia propono ne estis akceptita fare de la Usona Sekcio de Agrikulturo (USDA) - Nacia Planto-Dateno Centro [2] aŭ de la Jepson-Kompendio (The Jepson Manual) de la Universitato de Kalifornio [3]. Nek ĝi estis ĝenerale adoptita, kun la ortografio sabiniana uzita por la endemia arealo far la Universitato de Kalifornio kaj la ŝtataj agentejoj [2]. La GRIN-datumbazo de USDA rimarkigas ke la ortografio sabiniana estas konforma al preskriboj de la Internacia Kodo de Nomenklaturo por algoj, fungoj kaj plantoj, la ĉefa regularo pri botanika nomenklaturo. En tiu Kodo, Rekomendo 60.2C fiksas ke personaj nomoj kiuj estas jam latinlingvaj aŭ greklingvaj, aŭ tiuj kiuj havas bone establitan latinigitan formon povas resti latinigitaj en speciaj epitetoj, alimaniere speciaj epitetoj estas ortografie korektendaj al apta formo [8]. La GRIN-databazo eksplikas ke la nomo Sabine ne estas korektebla kaj tial Pinus sabiniana estas la konvena nomo por la specio .
Referencoj
Bibliografio
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Sabine-pino: Brief Summary
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La Sabine-pino (Pinus sabiniana ; kelkfoje literumita P. sabineana), estas pino endemia en Kalifornio, Usono .
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Pinus sabiniana
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Pinus sabiniana ou Pin gris de Californie est une espèce végétale de la famille des Pinaceae. Ce pin a son aire de distribution naturelle en Californie.
Notes et références
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Pinus sabiniana: Brief Summary
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Pinus sabiniana ou Pin gris de Californie est une espèce végétale de la famille des Pinaceae. Ce pin a son aire de distribution naturelle en Californie.
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Pinus sabineana
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Pinus sabiniana (stundum stafað P. sabineana)[2] er fura sem er einlend í Kaliforníu í Bandaríkjunum.[3][4][5]
Lýsing
Pinus sabiniana verður yfirleitt um 11 til 14 m há, en getur náð allt að 32m hæð. Barrnálarnar eru 3 saman í búnti, föl grá-grænar, gisnar og hangandi, og verða um 20 til 30 sm langar. Könglarnir eru stórir og þungir, 15 til 25 sm langir, egglaga.[5][4] Ferskir eru þeir 0,3 til 0,7 kg, sjaldan yfir 1 kg.[6][7]
![src=]()
Ungt tré af
Pinus sabiniana
Pinus sabiniana vex frá sjávarmáli og upp í 2000m hæð.[4][7] Hún er aðlöguð löngum, heitum og þurrum sumrum og finnst á svæðum með óvenju vítt svið úrkomu: frá 250 mm meðalúrkomu á ári við jaðar Mojave til 1780mm á hluta Sierra Nevada.[6] Hún kýs grýttan, vel drenaðan jarðveg, en vex einnig í serpentinejarðvegi og þungum, illa drenuðum, leirkenndum jarðvegi.
Fræðiheitið sabiniana er til heiðurs Joseph Sabine, ritara Horticultural Society of London.[8][9]
Tilvísanir
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↑ Farjon, A. (2013). „Pinus sabiniana“. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2013: e.T42413A2978429. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42413A2978429.en. Sótt 10. nóvember 2017.
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↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. bls. 87. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
-
↑ „Data Source and References for Pinus sabiniana (California foothill pine)“. USDA PLANTS. Sótt 20. október 2012.
-
↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). "Pinus sabiniana". The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
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↑ 5,0 5,1 "Pinus sabiniana". Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals, including the Consortium of California Herbaria. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database – via www.calflora.org.
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↑ 6,0 6,1 Powers, Robert F. (1990). "Pinus sabiniana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1. Retrieved 2016-03-17 – via Southern Research Station (www.srs.fs.fed.us).
-
↑ 7,0 7,1 „Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas“. USDA PLANTS. Sótt 20. október 2012.
-
↑ International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. 2006. Recommendation 60C.2. Accessed online: 1 October 2010.
-
↑ "Pinus sabiniana Douglas". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Heimildir
- Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas, ritstjóri. „Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii)“. GlobalTwitcher. Afrit af upprunalegu geymt þann 2012-02-28.
- Discovery Channel (2010), MythBusters, Episode 138
- Beissner, Ludwig (1909). Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde: Systematik, Beschreibung, Verwendung und Kultur der Ginkgoaceen, Freiland- Coniferen und Gnetaceen. Für Gärtner, Forstleute und Botaniker. P. Parey.
Viðbótarlesning
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Pinus sabineana: Brief Summary
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Pinus sabiniana (stundum stafað P. sabineana) er fura sem er einlend í Kaliforníu í Bandaríkjunum.
![src=]()
Köngull of Pinus sabiniana
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Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex D. Don – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae Lindl.).
Morfologia
- Pokrój
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Korona drzewa stożkowata do postrzępionej, rzadka.
- Pień
- Osiąga 12–21 m wysokości, rzadko dorasta do 25 m, o średnicy do 60–120 m. Przeważnie prosty, do zakrzywionego. Kora ciemnobrązowa do prawie czarnej, spękana nieregularnie i głęboko.
- Liście
- Igły zebrane przeważnie po 3 na krótkopędzie, o długości 15–32 cm i szerokości 1,5 mm. Opadające, delikatnie skręcone.
- Szyszki
- Szyszki męskie długości 10–15 mm, elipsoidalne, żółte. Szyszki żeńskie (nasienne) są masywne, ciężkie i żywiczne, o długości 15–25 cm. Nasiona o długości 20 mm, ciemnobrązowe, opatrzone skrzydełkiem o długości ok. 10 mm.
Biologia i ekologia
Igły pozostają na drzewie przez 3–4 lata. Na wszystkich stronach liścia linie aparatów szparkowych. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat, uwalniają nasiona krótko potem, pozostają na drzewie do 7 lat.
Liczba chromosomów: 2n=24.
Systematyka i zmienność
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[3]:
Gatunek opisany i skatalogowany raz pierwszy przez Davida Douglasa w 1830 r. Opisany pierwotnie przez Douglasa jako Pinus sabinii, co nie jest poprawną nazwą łacińską.
Zagrożenia
Roślina umieszczona w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych w grupie gatunków niższego ryzyka (kategoria zagrożenia; LC)[2].
Przypisy
Bibliografia
-
R. Kral. Pinus. „Flora of North America North of Mexico”. Vol. 2, 1993. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (red.). Oxford University Press (ang.). [dostęp 2010-03-31].
- Christopher J. Earle: Pinus sabiniana (ang.). W: Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2010-03-31].
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Pinus sabiniana: Brief Summary
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Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex D. Don – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae Lindl.).
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Pinus sabineana
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Pinus sabineana: Brief Summary
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Pinus sabineana é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).
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Сосна Сабіна
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Опис
Дерево Pinus sabiniana зазвичай виростає до 36-45 футів (11-14 м), але може досягати 105 футів (32 м) у висоту. Хвоя сосни зібрана в пучок по три, сіро-зелена, і виросте до 20-30 сантиметрів (7.9-12) в довжину. Шишки великі і важкі, 12-35 см (4.7-14) в довжину і майже так само ширину. Чоловічі шишки ростуть біля основи пагонів на нижніх гілках.[2][3][4]
Поширення
Країни зростання: США: Каліфорнія (нижні частини схилів і гір навколо), Орегон.[5][6][7]
Народні назви
Народні назви Мова Країна Bull pine Eng USA Gray pine Eng USA Grey-leaf pine Eng GBR Digger pine Eng (deprecated) GBR, USA pin de Sabine Fre FRA pin des Sagnes Fre FRA pin sabine Fre FRA Nuß-Kiefer Ger DEU Sabines Kiefer Ger DEU Weiß-Kiefer Ger DEU Karmos mandulafenyo Hun HUN Pino di Sabine Ita ITA
Примітки
Посилання
Фотогалерея
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Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою:
Сосна Сабіна
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Pinus sabiniana
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Pinus sabiniana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Douglas miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1832.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Pinus sabiniana: Brief Summary
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Pinus sabiniana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Douglas miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1832.
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Сосна Сабина
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Вид: Сосна Сабина
Международное научное название
Pinus sabiniana Douglas in Lamb.[1], 1833
Синонимы Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 183377NCBI 268869EOL 1033632GRIN t:28540IPNI 263297-1TPL kew-2562153 Сосна́ Са́бина, или Сосна Сэ́йбина, или Сосна се́рая (лат. Pínus sabiniána) — эндемичный вид рода Сосна семейств Сосновые (Pinaceae), произрастающий в Калифорнии.
Название
Научное название присвоено в честь Эдуарда Сабина (1788—1883), англо-ирландского ботаника. Первоначально писалось sabiniana, что неверно по-латыни (правильно Sabinius), и недавно[когда?] было исправлено на sabineana. Однако пересмотренное правописание ещё не принято ко всеобщему употреблению, и пока чаще встречается написание sabiniana.
Ботаническое описание
Обычно вырастает до 12—15 м, но может достигать высоты 35 м.
Хвоя сосны Сабина редкая и поникшая, растёт отдельными пучками по три иголки, бледно-серо-зелёного цвета, до 20—30 см в длину.
Шишки большие и тяжёлые, длиной 12—35 см. Мужские шишки растут у основания побегов на нижних ветвях.
Распространение и экология
Сосна Сабина растёт на высоте 1200 метров над уровнем моря, на всей территории штата в предгорьях Калифорнийской долины, за исключением самых южных и восточных округов к югу от озера Тахо, на каменистой почве в сухих условиях, в сообществах с дубом Дугласа (Quercus douglasii), образуя верхний ярус смешанных лесов.
Хвоя сосны Сабина — единственный известный корм гусениц моли вида Sabinianus chionodes семейства Gelechiidae.
Примечания
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↑ Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.
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Сосна Сабина: Brief Summary
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Сосна́ Са́бина, или Сосна Сэ́йбина, или Сосна се́рая (лат. Pínus sabiniána) — эндемичный вид рода Сосна семейств Сосновые (Pinaceae), произрастающий в Калифорнии.
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