Das Haarfarnähnliche Spaltzahnmoos (Fissidens adianthoides) ist eine Laubmoos-Art aus der Familie Fissidentaceae.
Das Haarfarnähnliche Spaltzahnmoos wächst in lockeren, grünen oder dunkelgrünen bis bräunlichgrünen Rasen. Die kräftigen und wenig verzweigten Sprosse sind etwa 2 bis 10 Zentimeter lang und dicht zweizeilig beblättert. Die zungenförmigen bis lanzettlichen Blätter sind in eine scharfe Spitze verschmälert. Gegen die Blattspitze zu sind sie an den Rändern unregelmäßig gezähnt. Der obere Blattspreitenteil ist meist kürzer als der Scheidenteil. Die Blattrippe endet meist knapp vor der Blattspitze.
Die einschichtig angeordneten Laminazellen sind etwas undurchsichtig, rundlich bis abgerundet eckig und etwa 12 bis 20 µm groß. An den Blatträndern sind die Zellen in 2 bis 4 Reihen etwas heller und dickwandiger.
Die rötliche, bis 3 Zentimeter lange Seta entspringt im mittleren Teil der Sprosse und trägt die schwach gekrümmte, geneigte bis waagrechte Sporenkapsel. Der Kapseldeckel hat einen langen schiefen Schnabel. Sporen sind fast glatt bis fein papillös und 14 bis 24 µm groß. Sporophyten werden nicht selten gebildet, Sporenreife ist von Spätherbst bis Frühjahr.
Die Pflanzen sind einhäusig oder zweihäusig.
Das Moos wächst auf nassen, basenreichen, oft kalkhaltigen bis schwach sauren, lichten bis halbschattigen Standorten: Sümpfe, Niedermoore, Feuchtwiesen, Gräben, Quellfluren, Wasserfälle, Ufer von Gewässern.
Vorkommen gibt es in Europa, Asien, Nordafrika, auf den Azoren, Kanarischen Inseln und Madeira, in Nord- und Südamerika, Australien und Neuseeland. In Mitteleuropa ist es vom Flachland bis in die subalpine Stufe verbreitet, jedoch nicht häufig.
Diese Spaltzahnmoos-Art ist eine der größten mitteleuropäischen Arten aus der Gattung. Es ist dem Kamm-Spaltzahnmoos (Fissidens dubius) ähnlich, unterscheidet sich von diesem unter anderem aber durch andere Standortansprüche, die größere Wuchsform und größere Blattzellen.
Durch Trockenlegung von Feuchtstandorten und anderen Entwässerungsmaßnahmen in den letzten Jahrzehnten ist die Art allgemein im Rückgang.
Das Haarfarnähnliche Spaltzahnmoos (Fissidens adianthoides) ist eine Laubmoos-Art aus der Familie Fissidentaceae.
Fissidens adianthoides, the maidenhair pocketmoss,[2] is a moss in the family Fissidentaceae. It was first collected by Hedwig in 1801.[3]
It is found all over North America and even in Greenland and Alaska.
The Nitinaht First Nations of Vancouver Island used maidenhair moss to bandage wounds. It was named by the Anglo-Saxons because it resembles pubic hair.[4]
It is found in shady sites such as nearby moving water, near waterfalls, soil, open fields of grass, around the forest floor, decaying wood, on dripping limestone and stone rocks.[3] This moss can be commonly found on damp or wet soil and peat. It is scarcely found on decaying wood.[5]
Worldwide distribution: It is vastly distributed in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere, extending from the arctic, alpine and prairie regions, often in more sheltered locations.[6] It is widely distributed across North America.[6]
In context of the national and state/provincial distribution of Fissidens adianthoides are in the following:
Canada: AB, BC, LB, NB, NF, NS, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK, YT[7]
United States: AK, AL, AR, CA, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, TN, TX, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY[7]
The plant itself is about 85 x 5mm.[3] It is dioicous. Dioicous is defined as a plant having the male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) reproductive organs in separate individuals. An archegonium is a multicellular reproductive organ that produces female gametes. The antheridium is the male structure that holds, creates and releases sperm. It is a very robust plant and forms dark green to brown-green turfs.[5]
The stem is extremely branched. Fissidens adianthoides have a central strand. The central strand contains thin-walled cells called hydroids that conduct water and sterids which provide structural support.
There are about 60 pairs of leaves that are slightly undulate (wavy) in texture.[3] The shape is oblong to lanceolate (narrow oval) and tapered to an acute point. Sometimes the leaf can be obtuse in shape.[3] The lamina also known as the leaf blade, is round and then narrows towards the apex.[3] The leaf margin is crenulate (finely scalloped) to regular serrulate (sawlike).[3] The marginal cells are often thinner with thicker cell walls.[3] There are about 2-3 cells in the costa.[3] The leaf cells are very turgid and irregularly round-like hexagons.[5] These leaf cells are unistratose which means they are single layered. They are also smooth and firm-walled.[3]
The perigonium is the reproductive structure which holds the male organs. It is made up of an antheridia, paraphyses and perigonial leaves. Paraphyses are upright sterile filament-like structures that support the reproductive apparatus of bryophytes.
The perichaetium is reproductive structure which holds the female organs. It is made up of an archegonia, paraphyses, and perichaetial leaves. The perichaetium is located on short axillary branches.[3]
A sporophyte is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a moss which produces spores. They are commonly observed in this species. There is one sporophyte produced per perichaetium.[3] The seta, which is a stalk that supports capsule, is relatively short and is 25 mm in length. It is red-brown in colour and inserted laterally.[5] The operculum (lid) is about the same length as the rest of the sporangium.[5] The capsule of the sporophyte is inclined, curved, bilaterally symmetric and about 1.5 mm.[3] As for the calyptra, it is cucullate, smooth and about 2.5 mm. [3] The spores are about 3-22 µm.[3]
Since it is a member of the Bryopsida class it also has arthrodontous peristome teeth which aid in spore dispersal. Fissidens adianthoides have 16 red teeth. Arthrodontous teeth are made up of cell wall fragments. They are also hygroscopic, meaning they move according to changes in humidity. They are about 85–120 μm wide at the base of the teeth and the upper part of the teeth are finely papillose.[5]
Like all bryophytes, Fissidens adianthoides have sporic meiosis as well as asexual reproduction.
Sporic meiosis is the alternation of heteromorphic generations and is characterized by each phase having a different free-living phase: one is the gametophyte which is usually haploid while the other is a sporophyte which is often diploid.[8] Additionally, sporic meiosis is a type of life cycle where meiosis results in spores not gametes.[8] The haploid gametophyte makes gametes from mitosis and the two gametes combine to form a zygote (2n), which then develops into a sporophyte.[8] The sporophyte creates spores via meiosis which are haploid and then develops into the gametophyte.
There are two forms of asexual reproduction in this species. The first is fragmentation where the bryophyte is broken into completely separate pieces and grows to become a new individual from the parent plant. The second method is regeneration from caducous organs.[9] This is when the organs of the plant such as leaves, shoots, leaf apices, and branches detach from the parent shoot. As a result, the moss is able to regenerate from these detached areas and continues to survive.
F. adianthoides was used in the past for bandaging wounds. It was noted that the First Natives of Nitinaht in Vancouver Island, Canada used this moss as well.[10]
The family Fissidens was used in several Asian countries like Bolivia as an antibacterial remedy for sore throats or other bacterial infections.[10] Other usages included burning Fissidens to promote hair growth in China.[11]
Currently, however, it serves no important economic or commercial usage.[12]
Fissidens adianthoides is often confused with many similar species such as F. osmundioides. They both have similar laminal cells.[1] Also they have a serrate leaf apex.[1] The only feature that differentiates the two is that F. osmundioideshas terminal perichaetia and rhizoids papillose in nature.[1]
Another species that it often gets confused with is Fissidens dubius. They both have short perichaetial stems in the top of the proximal leaves and a lighter marginal laminal cell band.[1] The difference between the two is that F. adianthoides is a lot tinier and have more obscure laminal cells that are usually double stratose and irregular.[1] According to molecular studies by L.E. Anderson and V. S. Bryan (1956), they are not closely related.[1]
F. serrulatus is a very similar species as well. However, it has longer leaves and grows on damp soil or gravel nearby very shady streams.[13]
The features that distinguish Fissidens adianthoides from other similar species are by its "unistratose, smooth laminal cells, a lighter band of marginal laminal cells, and its short perichaetial stems."[3] Other distinguishing features are the pronounced teeth on the leaf margins and the tendency for this species to be soft with leaf points that curl downward when dry.[6]
Fissidentaceae is a morphologically homogeneous group that is defined by its distinct leaf structure. The leaf is made of two laminae; a dorsal lamina and an apical lamina.[14] They are also arranged in double vertical rows on the stem in the same plane and attachment.[14]
A molecular phylogenetic study states that the families Fissidentaceae and Dicranaceae are closely related.[15]
Fissidentaceae is an acrocarpous family that is made up of haplolepideous mosses and consists of one genus called Fissidens.[16] Fissidens comprises about 440 species.[16] However, this genus is rather poorly studied phylogenetically compared to other mosses in Bryophyta. Most of the species can be found in humid, warm and tropical areas of the globe and the number of species decreases proportionally to the decrease in latitude.[17]
The peristome teeth of Fissidens are morphologically identical to the members of the family Dicranaceae.[18]
In the study,”Molecular phylogeny of the genus Fissidens (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta) and a refinement of the infrageneric classification”, they have constructed a phylogenetic tree of 50 Fissidens species using DNA sequence of the rbcL and rps4 gene.[14] It was based on the ancestral similarities between the peristomal teeth, limbidium and chromosome number. Based on their findings, three subgenera were created: Pachyfissidens, Neoamblyothallia, and Fissidens.[14] The subgenus Fissidens was made up of five sections: Fissidens, Polypodiopsis, Aloma, Areofissidens, and Semilimbidium.[14]
In a study of the effect of the herbicide Asulam on moss growth, Fissidens adianthoides was shown to have intermediate sensitivity to Asulam exposure.[19]
Its conservation status is G5[12] which means its secure and not endangered by any means.
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The map shows where Fissidens adianthoides is found in North America. Fissidens adianthoides, the maidenhair pocketmoss, is a moss in the family Fissidentaceae. It was first collected by Hedwig in 1801.
It is found all over North America and even in Greenland and Alaska.
The Nitinaht First Nations of Vancouver Island used maidenhair moss to bandage wounds. It was named by the Anglo-Saxons because it resembles pubic hair.
Lettosiipisammal (Fissidens adianthoides) on siipisammaliin kuuluva lehtisammallaji. Sitä esiintyy pohjoisen ja eteläisen pallonpuoliskon lauhkeilla ja viileillä alueilla, Skandinaviassa koko alueella. Suomen alueella lettosiipisammalta kasvaa koko maassa, yleisesti rehevillä seuduilla.
Lettosiipisammal (Fissidens adianthoides) on siipisammaliin kuuluva lehtisammallaji. Sitä esiintyy pohjoisen ja eteläisen pallonpuoliskon lauhkeilla ja viileillä alueilla, Skandinaviassa koko alueella. Suomen alueella lettosiipisammalta kasvaa koko maassa, yleisesti rehevillä seuduilla.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Skrzydlik paprociowaty (Fissidens adianthoides Hedw.) – gatunek mchu należący do rodziny skrzydlikowatych (Fissidentaceae). Występuje w Ameryce Północnej (Grenlandia, Kanada, Stany Zjednoczone[3]), Europie, Afryce Północnej[4] i Azji[3]. W Polsce podawany m.in. pasma Gorców[5] i Bieszczadów[6].
Listek
Puszka
Zarodniki
Gatunek kilkuletni, jednopienny lub dwupienny. Na obszarze Bieszczadów nie obserwowano sporogonów[6].
Gatunek cienioznośny, hydrofilny, słabo kalcyfilny[6]. Rośnie na mokrej glebie. Siedliskiem są wilgotne łąki, źródliska, torfowiska niskie, skały[4] i młaki[6]. Występuje wzdłuż cieków wodnych, w pobliżu wodospadów, u podstawy drzew, na rozpadającym się drewnie, na podłożu z wapienia lub piaskowca i głazach[3].
W Bieszczadach występuje do 804 m n.p.m.[6].
Synonimy[2]: Fissidens gottscheaeoides Besch., Fissidens major Mitt.
Stanowiska gatunku występują w Polsce na obszarze chronionym w obrębie Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego. W Bieszczadach nadano mu kategorię zagrożenia VU (narażony na wyginięcie)[6].
Skrzydlik paprociowaty (Fissidens adianthoides Hedw.) – gatunek mchu należący do rodziny skrzydlikowatych (Fissidentaceae). Występuje w Ameryce Północnej (Grenlandia, Kanada, Stany Zjednoczone), Europie, Afryce Północnej i Azji. W Polsce podawany m.in. pasma Gorców i Bieszczadów.
Fissidens adianthoides là một loài Rêu trong họ Fissidentaceae. Loài này được Hedw. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1801.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến họ rêu Fissidentaceae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Fissidens adianthoides là một loài Rêu trong họ Fissidentaceae. Loài này được Hedw. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1801.
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